تحلية المياه

אא

٢٥٨٢٥٨

א ٢٥٨

א א

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א ?? ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

א ؛ א אאאK

אאאא

אאאא

אא

א

א

١

א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא

- ١ -

אאאאאא Jאא J،אאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאK אאאאא

אK אאאInternational Desalination Association:

IDA-٢٠٠٠،١٢٠אאאאKאאא١٤٠٠٠א٣٠אK

אאאאאFאאאאאEא٥٠٪אKאאאא٢١٪

אאK אאאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאא אאאK

אאאאאאאאFאאאEא،Fאא،אאKEא،א

אאאאאKאאאאאFאאאא

EאאאאאאFאKEאאא

٤٠٠Kאאא١٠٪אKאא٤٠אKאא


- ٢ -

אאאאאאFאEאאאאK

אאאFאאאאא،אEאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאF

Eאאאא،FאKEאאאא

אאאאאKאאFאEאאאFא

KאאאאEאא אאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאK


- ٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאW אאאW

١ J ،אאאאא ٢ J ،אא ٣ J ،אאא ٤ J ،א ٥ J אאאאK

אאאW

אא٩٠K٪

אאW אא

אאW

אאאאאK

אאW אאאאא Jאאא J

אאאאאאK


- ٤ -

אא

א٨٠٪אאאאאא،אא٩٧א٪אאאא،א٢٪

אאאאאK

אאאאW F١EאאK F٢EW FE،אא،،א

א،אאא،אאאאא،אאא،אא

אאKאאאאאאK

FE،،אאאאאאאK

אאאאK FEאאK

FEאאאK F٣E،אאאא

אאאאאK


- ٥ -

אא אאא٩٨٪א

،אאאאאאאKאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאK

א١WאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאF١KE

אאאאאאW

١ Jאא א א ،א א א א א Kא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאK


- ٦ -

אאאאKאאאאאKאאא

אאאאא١٠٠א،אאא،אאW،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאKאאאא

אאאאאאא٢٠٠٣٠٠אאאK ٢ JאW

אאאאאאאאא،אK

אF١EאאאאאאאאאאאW

Jאאא،אאאאאא،אאאא،אא،

א،K Jאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאא،אK אאאא אאאאא

א א א F٢ E א אאאK

א א٤٠א א،אאאאF٣Eאא

אK א א א אא

א ،א א א F٤ Eא


- ٧ -

א،אאאאאK

W١אFאEאא ٧٠٠٠ א

١٣٠٠٠ אא ٢٥٠٠٠ אא ٣٣٦٠٠ אא ٣٣٨٠٠ אא ٣٩٤٠٠ אאא ٤٢١٠٠ אאFאE٤١٢٠٠ אאFE ٤٢٣٠٠ אא

٢אWאאאאאאW

אא אFאE א ٠٨}٦٨ 23476 אNaCl ٤٩٨١ ٤٤}١٤ אMgCl2 ٣٩١٧ ٣٦}١١ אNa2SO4 ١١٠٢ ٢٠}٣ אCaCl2 ٦٦٤ ٩٢}١ אKCl ١٩٢ ٥٦}٠ אNaHCO3 ٩٦ ٢٨}٠ אKBr ٢٦ ٠٨}٠ א HBO3 ٢٤ ٠٠٧ אSrCl2 ٣ ٠١}٠ אNaF ٣٤٤٨١ ١٠٠ אא


- ٨ -

٣Wאאא א Cations אא

١٠٥٥٦ Na+ א ١٢٧٢ Mg++ א ٤٠٠ Ca++ א ٣٨٠ K+ א ١٣ Sr++

١٢٦٢١ J אאW

א Anions אא ١٨٩٨٠ Cl- ٢٦٤٩ SO4

-- ١٤٠ HCO3

- ٤}١ F- ٦٥ Br-

٤}٢١٨٣٥ אאW ٢٦ J

٤}٣٤٤٨٢ J אא


- ٩ -

٤Wאאא

אאE٪F א

א א א ١٠٥٥٦ ١٣١٦٢ ١٢٣٦٠ ٦١}٣٠ ٦٠}٣٠ ٩١}٣٠ Na+

٣٨٠ ٤٧٣ ٤٠٠ ١٠}١ ١٠}١ ٩٣}٠ K+

٤٠٠ ٤٩٧ ٤٧٥ ١٦}١ ١٦}١ ١٠}١ Ca++

١٢٧٢ ١٥٨٤ ١٥٥٥ ٦٩}٣ ٦٩}٣ ٦٠}٣ Mg++

١٨٩٨٠ ٢٣٥٩٠ ٢٣٥٠٠ ٠٤}٥٥ ٩٢}٥٤ ٣٧}٥٤ Cl-

٢٦٤٩ ٣٤٥٨ ٣٦٧٥ ٦٨}٧ ٠٥}٨ ٥٠}٨ SO4--

١٤٠ ١٧٣ ١٤٦ ٤١}٠ ٤٠}٠ ٣٤}٠ HCO3-

٤٢٩٥٣ ٤٢٢٢١ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ 34482 TDS

٢ J٤WW אא،אאאא

אאאא،אאא،א

א א F٥ E א א א א א א א ،אא א א،א א א

א א א א ،א אאFBrackish WaterEאאאאאא

אK


- ١٠ -

٥WאאFBrackish WaterE אאFאEאK

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ אא ١١٧٠ ٥٠٠ ٤٩٤ ٥٤٢ ٧٤ א

١٤٨ ١٢٠ ٦٥ ١٠٢ ٢٠٤ א ٤٨ ٧٢ ٤٠ ٥٤ ١٢٧ א J J J ٩ J א J J ٢ J ١ א J J ١ J J א J J J ٣ J א

١٣٦٦ ٧٠٣ ٦٠٢ ٦٩٨ ٤٠٥ א

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ א ١א ٢٠٤٠ ٢٥٢ ٧٢ ١٠٩٠ ٥٠ א

١٣٧ ١١٧٠ ١٠٦٠ ٣٨ ٩٨٤ א ٢٦٠ ١١٠ ١٥٩ J ٩٦ א J J J J J א J J ٨}٠ ٤ J אא J J J ٢}٠ J א

٢٢٧٣ ١٤٢٣ ١٣٩٦ ١٢٣٨ ١١٩٣ א J J J J ٢٥ א

١٥٩٨ ١٩٣٦ ١٩٩٨ ٢١٢٧ ٣٦٦٤ א ٢}٧ ٨}٧ ٤}٧ J ١}٧ אא


- ١١ -

אאאאW W٥٠ J١٥٠٠אא

א١٥٠٠ J٢٥٠٠٠אא ٢٥٠٠٠ J٥٠٠٠٠אא

FBrineE ٥٠٠٠٠א

٤ J٤אאאאאאאW אאאאא

אאאא،אKאאאאא،א،אא

א،אאאא،אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אFאאאאאEאאאאאאאKאא

אאא٢אK אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אא١٠ J١٠٠א،אאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK


- ١٢ -

אאאאאאא ١ JאאW

אאאאא،אא٦٠٠،אא٣٠אאאא

אאאאא،אK

א א

Lא Lא אאא٥٦٨ ١٥٠

אא ٤٦٥ ١١٠ אא ٣٤٠ ٩٠

א ٣٠٣ ٨٠ א ٢٩٠ ٧٧

אאא٢٤٥ ٦٥ ٢٢٥ ٦٠

אאאאאא٤٠٪אא٣٣٪אאKאאאא

אאאאאאK א ٪ א ٣ אא ٣

אאא ٥ א ٤

א ٦ אא ٣٨

אא ٤١


- ١٣ -

٥ J٢ Jאאא אאאאאאא

אאאא،א٥٠٠אאאאאאאאאאKא

א،אאאא١٥٠٠אKאא

٤٠٠٠אא٣٤٠٠א،אא٣١٣٠אאא،אאא

٦١٠٠אK אאאא،א

אא،אא،א،אאאאאא،א

،אאאאK אאאאW

JאאאאאאW

א

FLE ٠.٠٥

٠.٠١

٠.٠٥

٠.٠١

٠.٠١

٠.٠٠١


- ١٤ -

JאאאאאאאאאW

א א אאא

אאFE אא

L אא

L ١٠ J١٢ ٩}٠ ٨}١

١}١٢ J٦}١٤ ٨}٠ ٥}١ ٧}١٤ J٦}١٧ ٨}٠ ٣}١ ٧}١٧ J٤}٢١ ٧}٠ ٢}١ ٥}٢١ J٢}٢٦ ٧}٠ ٠}١ ٣}٢٦ J٣}٣٢ ٦}٠ ٨}٠

Jאאא،אאא

אאאאא،Fא٧א٨EK


- ١٥ -

٧אWאאאאאאאאאFאLE

אאא

א

אאאא

אאא

אאא

אאא

٥}١ ٧}٠ J٥}١ ٥}١ ٢ ٥}١ J J ١ ٥ J J J J

١}٠ J J ٢}٠ J J ١}٠ א ٢}٠ ٢}٠ J J J J J J א ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ J J J J ١}٠ ١ ١ J J

٠٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ١}٠ J٥}٠

J J J J J J J J ١}٠ ١ ١}٠ ١ ١ ١ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٥}٠

٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٣}٠ ١}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ J J

٠٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٠٢}٠ ٠٠٠٥}٠ J J ٠٥}٠ J J J J J J

٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ J J ٥ ١}٠ J٣ ٥ ٥ ١


- ١٦ -

٨אWאאאאאא

אאא

אא

אאא

אא

א

א

אא J J ٠١}٠ J J J J ٣}٠ אא J J ٥}٠ ١}٠ J J J J

אא J J ١}٠ J J J J J J א ٠٣}٠ J J ٧}٠ J J J J

١ J J ٣٠ J J J J אא ٣ J J ٤ ٤}٠ J J

٣٠ J J ١٠٠ ١٠٠ J J א ١٠ J J J J ٥ J J

א

٠١}٠ J J J J J J J J

א١٠ J J J J J J J J א J J ٥}٠ ٢ J J ١

א J J ٢}٠ J J ٥}٠ ٥}٠

אאאא

א

א

א

٢


- ١٧ -

אאא

،אאאא،Kאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאא?Wאא

K?،אא١٦٥٠،אאאא١٨٠٠אK

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא

אא،K ٦٢٥٠٠٠، Jא

אא١٩٣٠אK ،אאאא

אאא١٩٣٦אFWOLF AND MARREאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאK

١٩٥٠אאאאאאאK אא١٩٥٠

אאאאאאK


- ١٨ -

אאאאK אאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאK

אא Jא Jאאאא٨٠٠٠אאF٢KE

אאאא،אאאאאאאK

،אאאאאאא،אאאאא

א،אאK אאKאא

אאאא،אאאאK


- ١٩ -

אא

אא אאFאEאא(flashing)

אאאאFEאאאאא،אאFאE

אאאאK

אF١EאאFאאEאאאאאFאKE

אאאאאאאFאE،אאאאKא

אאF،אאאאאאE

א(distillate) product water)(K

אאאא،אאאאאאאKאFEאאא

אאאאא(demister) אאאאאאא،א

אא،אאאK


- ٢٠ -

אאאM.S.F

،אאאאאאאאFאKEאאא

אאאKאאאא(multi stage flash-MSF) א

אא،אF١E،אאאאאFאKEאאאאא

אאאFEא،אא(multi stages) K

אF١Eאאא(MSF)אאF١EאאאFאאE Kא

אאאFאאEאאאF٢EאF٢Eאאא

אbrine heater אאKאאאאF٣Eאאאאtop

brine temperature (TBT )א،F٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאTBT א،،אאK

אF٣EאאFאF٩٠ J١٢٠EE،אאאTBTFא

אF٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאאFאsuperheated water Eא،FאE

אאFאEflashing אאFאEאF٤Eאאאא،

אאK אאאאאFאאEא،

אאFאEאFאEאF٥KEאא


- ٢١ -

אFאEאאאא،א،אאאאאF٥Eא،superheated

water א،אאאאFאאEאא

،אאF٦Eא،אא،،אאאF٧Eא،FאאEאא

אאאKאאאאFאאE،אFאאEא،

،אאF٨E،אאא F٩KEאאאאא١٥–٢٥K

אאאאonce through א FאאאאאEא،

אאאאאאאKאאאאFאאא

אאאאאא،אאאEKKKKאFאאKEאא

KאאאאאK

אא(brine recycle) אאאK

،אאאאאאא(recirculation method) אא (brine recycle) א،F٣E

אאא،FEאאא(heat recovery section)،אאאheat rejection Kא

אFא cooling water E،F١EאאFא J،אאאאאאF٢KE

FאאE،F٣Eא،א(make-up water) ،אאאא


- ٢٢ -

(pre-treatment) אא،(deaerator) KאאאאאK

،אאאF٤E،Fאאreject/rejected brine אblow downEאאא

،אאאF٥E،אא،F٦Eאא،אאאאheat recovery section אא

אאאאאאF٧KEאאאF٨EאTBTא،

אאאF٩Eאאאאאא،אאF١٠EF٤EאאאF

אEאאKאאF١١EאאאאKK

אא(recirculation method) אאאFאאא،אאאאEא،אאאא

אאKאאאאא،(brine heater) Kאא(heat recovery section)אאא

،אאאאאאאאאFא٦٠٠٠٠אEאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אF١Eאאאאאאאא٥٠٠٠٣Lא–K אF٢Eאאאאאא٢٥٠٠٠٣LF٥}٥

אEאF٤٦אאKE


- ٢٣ -

F١Eאא٥٠٠٠٣L F–א–E

אא א א אא

אא א

אא אאא

אFE אא

אאא אא

אא אאאא

אאא א

אאא אFאאE

אא א

אא

٥٠٠٠ ٨ J٩

١١٠ ٢٥ ٢٧

١٥٧٠ ٤٣٩٠٠ ١٨٤٧ ٦٣٠٠٠

٢٠ ١٧ ٣

٧}٢٥ ١٠١ ٢}٣٩ ١}٣٨ ٥٤٥ ٣٣٧

٣Lא L

א

٣Lא

א ٣Lא

א א

Lא

Lא Lא


- ٢٤ -

F٢Eאא٢٥٠٠٠٣Lא Fא–אE

אא א א אא

אא אFE

אFEאא

אאא אא

אא אאא

אא אאאא

אאא

٩٨٦ ٤٤}٣ ٦}٩٠ ٨}١١٢

٢٥ ٣٥

٥٠٠}٤٦ ٦٥٠٠٠ ٢٤٥}٧٠

٢٢ ١٩ ٣

٣Lא L

א

א א א

אאאאאא

אא،אאאאFא

אאEא،אא،א،KKKKKKKKKKאW

JאאW

אאאאאאFאאE،אאאאאאאאF

אKEW J אאFאאZEאאאא


- ٢٥ -

אאא אאאאFאEאFאE

אאCאאאאCאflashing range Fאאאאא(TBT)،א

EW J אאאZאאCאאאאCא

אאא אLאאא،LאאאLאK

אאF٤ J١EאאW אאZ١٨٤٧٣LאC١٨}٤LKCF١١٠_٤٠E

٢٢٨٣L JאאW

אאPerformance Ratio ( P.R)אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאFאE

،אאאW J אאZאאFLאE

אאאאFאE אאאLFLEK

אא،אאאאאGain Output (over) Ratio (G.O.R).

א( G.O.R.)ZאאFLE אאאFLE

אFEFEאא،٧ J٩Kאא٧–٩אאKא

אאאא(Flashing Range)،אאKאאF٤ J١EאW


- ٢٦ -

אZאאZ٥٦٨٠L٢٤Z٢}٩ אא٧}٢٥

ZאCאאאC אCאאאCאאא

ZאDאא אZ z١١٠ J٢}٣٩xDz١١٠–٧}١٠١Zx٥}٩

אאאK JאW

אאאאאא(Availability Factor A.F.)אאאא،( In Service Time )

אאאא(A.F) ،אאKאאאא،אא،א

א،אא،אאאאKKKKאא٨٥٪אF١٥٪אEאא،

אאK JאW

אאאאאאאKאא،א،אאא،א

KKKKאאאאאאFא،אא،KKKEא،Fאא،א،KKKKE


- ٢٧ -

אאאאאאא

אאאאא (Mature Technology)FאאE

אאאאKאאא F١٠٠٠٠٠אKEאא٥٢٥

אKאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

FאאKEאאאא٢٠Fא١٩٧٩אאKEא( Rehabilitation )

א٣٠–٤٠אFאאאאE،אאאאאאאF

אאאאאאאKEאאאא

אאKאאKאאאאאא

אאKK אאאאאא

Kאאא١٢٠،אאKאאאא

אאFאאKEאאאאאKאF١E،F٢Eאאא٧–١٠אאא

אאא٨אFאE،٤KK FEאאK אאאאאאאKאF٨E،F٩E،אאאאא


- ٢٨ -

א٦٤א٪אא٥٠٠٠א٧٠٪אא١٠٠אK אF١٠Eאאאאאאא

אאאאא٣٣٪אאא،٢٤٪،א١٤K٪

אאאאאאא

אF١١EאאאK

אאאאאאW ١ Jאא،FאE،،א

אאאא( De- superheater )،אאאK

٢ Jאאא،אFEא،אאאאאאאאK

٣ JאאאאאאMake – upא

FDistillate EBlow Down K ٤ JאאאאאK

אF١٢Eאאאאאאא(T)א(m) K

אאאא،אאאא(TBT)،אאאאא

אאW אאאK

אאאאK אאK

אK


- ٢٩ -

אאK אאאא،אK

אאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אF١٣Eאאא٢٠

٣Lא،א(TBT) ٧٠٤٠FאאKEאאאאF٨٠E٧٠E

FEאא ( Process Calculations ) אZאCאאאCאא

אאא אZאCאאא

אאאCאא Z٢٠FLאEC٢٣٧٠LF٥٥E

١٨}٤LKCF٧٠ J٤٠E Z٢٠FLאEC٩}١٨Z٣٧٨Lא

אאאF٩}١٨EאאRecirculation Ratio KאאאK

FEאאאאא אאאאאFאאא

EW אאZאאאK

FאאאCאאאCאאE FZאאCאאאCאאKE


- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאאFEא

א٣٧٨אLאK FEאאאW

אאאאא ZאCאאאCאא Z٣٧٨LאC١٨}٤LKC١٠ Z٤٣٧٥LאC١٨}٤LKC١٠ Z٩}١٨٢LZ٩}١٨٢א Fאא١٠٠אF

אEW אאZאא

אאאF١٠٠E Z٩}١٨٢Lא

٢٢٥٨L Z٠٨١}٠LZ٧Lא

FEאאאW אאאW

אZאאLאZ٢٠Z٨٥}٢ אL٧א

אאאאFLEW אאZאאZF٢٠C١٠٠٠FLE٢٤C٣٦٠٠ELZ٢٧}١L אאא٩}١٢٢L

EאBrine Concentration Ratio אzZאxDzאx

ZאFאא–אE אאCאא


- ٣١ -

אZאHאאZ٢٠H٢٠Z٤٠٣Lא Z٤٠CF٣٧٨–٢٠EZ٨٩}١

٢٠C٣٧٨ אZ٨٩}١אאאא

אאאאאאZ٤٠א٢٠אא٦٠אאW

אzZ٦٠F٣٣٨–٢٠xEDz٤٠C٣٧٨Zx٤٢}١ EאW

אאאאFאאאEאאאאא،

אאאאאFLאEאאאW

אאאאZאאאא אאCאאאZ

אCאאאCאא אאWא Z٣٣}٠C٢٠LאC٢٤١٩LF٣٥EZ٢٨٥Lא

١٨}٤FLKEC١٠ Fאאאאא

אאZאאאאKאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאE

Eאאאא אאאא

אאאW


- ٣٢ -

אאאZאאאאCאאאאCאאK

FאאאאEאאאZ٨٠٠אL٢KF–E،٢٠٠٠FאL٢KFE–KEא

אא אאאZ

z٩}١٨٢אC١٠٠٠אLאxDz٨٠٠FאL٢KEC١٠FZxE٨٦}٢٢٢ Z١אאF٢٨٧٥}١Eא

W אzZאאxDzאCאCאx Z٨٦}٢٢٢Dz١C٠١٢٨٧٥}٠C١٤}٣Zx٥٦٥

א٢٥F٪אאאאאEאא٧٠٠אK

אאאא١٠٠אא٦٥אאאF٢٠٠אL٢KE

אאאא٩٠٨٠Kאאאא

K אאאאZ

אאאDzאאאCאאx אאאאZאCאאאCאא

Z٣٧٨FLאEC١٨}٤FLKEC٥Z٤}٩١א אאFZ٥H١٠ED٢Z٥}٧

אאאZ٤}٩١אD٢FL٢KZE١}٦٢ אZ١}٦٢Dz١C٠١٢٨٧٥}٠C١٤}٣Zx١٥٠ ٢٥٪א١٨٨


- ٣٣ -

אאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאF٧Eאאאאאאא(Brine recirculation)אW

EאEvaporator אאF١٤Eאאא

א٢٥אאKאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאF١٥E

EאאBrine Heater אF١٦Eאאאאא

אFאאKEאאאאאאKאא،(Heater )אא

א( Condenser )אא( cooler ) אK

Eאא Ejector W אאאאאאא

Fאאאא،אאאאKEאאא

( Vacuum ) אאאאF١٧Eאאאא،אא Condenser אאאאאK

Eאא Circulating Pumps אאאא( Brine

Recirlculation Pump )אBlow Down Pump אא Product Water Pump אאCondensate Pump


- ٣٤ -

אאStand- by pumpאאאFאEאאאK

Eא Seawater cooling system אאאאאHeat Rejection Section

،F٧EאMake –up water אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאFאא

אא–אאאאEאאFאאאאאEאאאא

אאאאאTempering K Eא Make – up seawater system

אאאא Product Water אא Blow Down אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא

אPHK EאHeating Steam System

א،אאאא( TBT) אאKאאאאאאאFE

אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאDe – superheater אאאאאFא

אאEאא Condensate אאK


- ٣٥ -

EאVenting system אאאאאא،אא،

אאDeaerater אאאאאאאEjectorKאאאאאK

EאUtilities & other systems FאאEאאא

אא،אאאאFire Fighting Systemאא،אא Electric Metors،אאא

א،אאאאא،אFאEאאKKKK EאאBrine Recirculation System

،אאאאאאKאאאאBrine Recirculation Pump

אאאאKאאאאאFאאאEאא،Kא

אאאאאאTBT אאSaturation Temperature אא

א،אאFEאאאאאאFEאאאא

אאKא،אKאאאBlow Downא،

אא،אאאאאK

EאאProduct Water System

،אאא،FאEאFK،אEאאKKKא

Kאאאאאאאא


- ٣٦ -

KאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאK EאאBlow Down System

אאFאאאEאWeir،א،אאא

אFKEאאאאא،אאאאאK

Eאאא

אאאFeed Water Pre- treatment System אאאProduct Water Post Treatment System

אאאאK


- ٣٧ -

אא

אאMulti ( multiple ) Effect ( ME or MED ) אאFאאEא،

אאאאאאאKאBoiling אאFאאE،אK

אאאא،אאאאFE،אאאאאא

٧٠،אאאאאאFאאאאא١٢٠KE

אאאאFאאE،F–Effect Eאא

אאKאאאFאEאאאאKא

FאאאאאאKE

אא אFאEאאאFאE

אאאKאאאאאאKאF١٨Eאא

אאאאKאאאאFcooling water EאF١Eא

אF٢KEאאF٣EאאאF٤KEאאאF٥E

،אאF٦EאF٧KEאאאF٨Eא،אאא

אאאאאאF٩EאאאאF


- ٣٨ -

אEאאאאF١٠E،אאאאאאF١١KEא

אאאVacuum SystemאF١٢KE

אF١٩EאאאאאVertical type

אKאאאFEאF١EאאאF٢EF٣E

אFeed Water Pumpא،א،אאאF٤EאאאFא

א،FE٥EאאאאBoiling temperatureאא٧٠Fא٣}٠KE

אאאFאאEאאאFאאFE٦EאאאKאאא

אאאאאF٧FEאאאאאKEאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאK

אאאFאאEאא٣ J١٦Kא٢٠٠٥٠٠٠٣LאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK


- ٣٩ -

אאאא אאא

אאאאאאאKאאאFאEאא

אאאK

אאאאא אאא

אאאאאאKא١٢٠KEאאאFאאE١٠–K١٥F

٨}٠CאאאKEאאאאא١٢אאFאE،٨}١FE

אאKא٥٠٠٠٣אא٥א٢٥אKאא

אאאאא،אאא،אאאאאא

Availability אא Reliability Kאאאא٢٠KאFאאאאEאא

אאFאאאאאאKEאאא،אאאKאאא

אאFאאאאאE،אאאאאא٧٠

אK

אאאאאאFאאאא٣٠KEא


- ٤٠ -

אאאאאאא،אאKאF٨E،F٩Eאא

אאאא٦}٣٪אא٤٠٠٠،א٤٪אא١٠٠

אאאאאאKאF٢٠EאאאאאME א

VC FאEאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

אא אF٢١EאאאאK

אא ( Qin ) F٨٠٧٠Eאאאא٥א٦٥Fא٦٥א

٢٥}٠KE

א،K،אאאאא

FאאEאאFEF٢١Eאאא،א٦٥אא

א٦٥KאאאאFאאאאKE

،אאאאאW


- ٤١ -

אאאאW אאאא( Qin ) ١٨٣אKא

٢٠LאF٢٣٢}٠LEאא ( B / D ) ٢٠אLאF٢٣٢}٠LKEא٤٦٤}٠LK

אZאאאא

אאאCאא Z١٨٣LDz١٨}٤LKC١٠Zx٢٧٧}٤L

א(Sea water) אKאאאאאאאZאאKאF٢١EW אאאZQin Hאאאא

אאאZאאFאHEאא (PW)Hאא( B/D )

אאW ١٨٣LzHFLEC١٨}٤FLKEC٣٠x FZ–٤٦٤}٠EC١٨}٤FLKEC٤٠FHE٢٣٢}٠FLEC١٨}٤FL

KEC٤٥FHE٢٣٢}٠FLEC١٨}٤FLKEC٤٥FE אFE١٣}٤LF٢}٣٨٥LאKE

אאאאW

EאאF٢١WE אאאZQin HאK

אאZאHאאאK אאW

١٨٣LFH٤٦٤}٠C١٨}٤C٤٠zZEM1xC٢٦١٨FH٤٦٤}٠–M1EC١٨}٤C٦٥


- ٤٢ -

אאאאZ٠٥٧}٠LF٩٦}٤LאKE EאאF٢١WE

אאאZאF٦٥HEאF٦٥E אאZאאF٦٠HEאאF٦٥HE

אF٦٠KE M1C٢٦١٨FH٤٦٤}٠–M1 EC١٨}٤C٦٥Z M2C٢٦١٠HM1C٢٧٦FH٤٦٤}٠–M1–M2 EC١٨}٤C٦٠K

F M1 Eא٠٥٧}٠LאאאאFM2E٠٦}٠LF٢٢}٥LאKE

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאK


- ٤٣ -

אא

אא(Vapor compression)

אאאאאאאF٥٠٠٠٣אKEאא١٩١٠،א١٩٢٠

אאאאאאאאאFאKE

אF٢٢EאאFאEאFאEF١EאאFאאPreheater E

אאא(PW) FאאאE(B/D)אFאאאEאאא،F٢EF

EאF٣EאאאאאאאKאאFEאא

،F٤EאאאאFאאאאא،אאKא

אאאאאאFאEאאאאאאKא

אא،אאאFאאאאKEאF٢٣E،F٢٤Eאאאא

אK א

אאאאאאW J Eאא(Mechanical Vapor Compression MVC)

FאאKאאאאאאאKאF٢٢EF٢٤E


- ٤٤ -

אאאא،אאאאא،אאאK

Eאאא(Thermal Vapor Compression TVC) אFEEjectorאא

אאאאאא(Suction Pipe)Nozzel،אאKאF٢٥Eאא

אאאאאאאK אF٢٦E،F٢٧EאאאאאK

אF٢٨Eא٢٥٠٠٣L אאאא

אאאאאKאא١٠٠٥٠٠٠٣Lא

א٥א٢٥אKאאאאאFאKE

אא٧٠،אאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאKאאאא٢٠FאאEאFא

אאאEאאאאFאאאאאאאאאאאKE

א،אאאאאKאאK

אאKאF٢٨EאאאאאאKאאFאא

אאKEאאא٢٥٠F٪אאאאאE(Live or Driving Steam)א


- ٤٥ -

אאא(Entraind System) ،אאKאאאאאאא

אאFאאאאאE،אKאאאא

٧٠אאאאאK אאאאאאא٧ J٩KKF

EאאאאאאFאKאאאאE٢٥٠٪אאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאKאF٨E،F٩Eאאאאאאא٢٪

א٥٠٠٠א٣Lא،٤א٪אא١٠٠אKאF٢٠EאאאאאאK

אא

אF٢٩EאאאF١٣KEאאאאאאא

אאאאKאF٣٠EאאאאאאאאF٢٩KE

אW

אאאFaEאאאFcKEא(a)(b)Fא–אEאא (b) אא(b)

אא(c) (d) א،אF٣٠E(d) אאאא٤٠F٠٧٤}٠EW

א(d)zZא(b) Hא(c)xD٢ zZ٢٥٨٣H٢٥٧٤xD٢Z٢٥٧٨L


- ٤٦ -

אF٣Eאאא אאאאאFא

אEאEאא١}١Kא٦٥٪אאאאאF٢E

F٣EאאאF٢٩E

אFאEא אFאEא

٤٢٩

٥}١٢٥

١٤٠

٤

٥

٦

٢٥٨٣

٢٥٨٣

٢٥٧٤

٢٥٧٨

٣٤٧٣

a

b

c

d

2

3

אZ zאF٢E–א(d)xDzאF٢E–א

(d) x FאF٢EאאאאאK

٦٥}٠zZ٣١٦٠_٥}٢٥٧٨xDzF٢E–٥}٢٥٧٨x אאF٢ZE٣٤٣٧L

אאאZF٢E–(d) Z٣٤٣٧ J٥}٢٥٧٨Z٨٩L

אאאFEZ

C٢٠LאFZ٢٠D٦ELאZ٠٣٨٦}٠L


- ٤٧ -

אFZ٢C٠٣٨٦}٠ELC٥}٨٩٤LZ٦٩אK אאאאאW

אאא٣٣٠Kאאאא١}١א١٠٢Kאאאא

אאW אאאאCF٢HEאאCZ

FאHאECאF٣E F٠٧٧٢}٠C٣٤٧٣HEM d/sC٤٢٩FZE٠٧٧٢}٠HM d/sEC٢٦٨٠

אאFM d/sZE z٠٧٧٢}٠F٣٤٧٣ J٢٦٨٠xEDz٢٦٨٠ J٤٢٩Zx٠٢٧١٩}٠LZ٣٥}٢Lא

אאאאאFאאE

אCאאZאאCאא אאZאאZ٢٠LאאZ٢Cא

אZ٤٠Lאאא٤٠א٣٥F٥Eאא٥}٢٣٠٥}٣٢K

אאZ٢٠LאF٢٣}٠LEC١٨}٤LC٥Z٨٣}٤א אאzZ٨٣}٤FאxEDz٥}٠FאL٢KEC٢٥}٦Zx٥٥}١٢ אZ١

א٥٥}١٢Dz١C١٤}٣C١٢٨}٠Zx٧٥

אאאFאEF٤ J٣١E

אאאW F٢٠D٣ECF١٠٢–١ZE٤٠CF٤٠ J٣٥E١Z١٠٢–F٦C٥ZE٧٢

אאאW ٤٠F٣٥ J٥}٣٢FZE٢٠D٣ECF٢٧ J١FzHE٢٠C٢ED٣xCF٥٠–E

١٢٠C٥}٢Z٢٠F٧٢–٢HE٤٠F٥٠–٢E


- ٤٨ -

٦٠ Z١٤٤٠ J٢٠٢H٢٠٠٠ J٤٠٢ ٦٠Z١٤٤٠H٢٠٠٠ J٣٠٠Z٣١٤٠ ٢Z٣}٥٢

אאZ٤٠LאC١٨}٤CF٤٠–٥}٣٢ZE٥}١٤א אא٥}١٤אDF٥}٠C٧٥}٢٣ZE٢}١٢

אאא

אאאאאאMRאאאאאFאEW

אCאאאCאאZאאCאאאMRLאC١٨}٤LKC١٥Z٢٠L٦٠FLאEC٢٣٧٠FLEMRZ

٣٧٨Lא אאZ٢٣٨D٢٠Z٨}١٨

אאאאW

אאZאאCאאאCאא ٣٧٨LאC١٨}٤C١٠Z٩}١٨٢א

אאZ٩}١٨٢LD٢CFz٣٢H٤٢ED٢Zx٤٧}٢٢ א٢

אZ٤٧}٢Dz٢C٠١٢٨٧٥}٠C١٤}٣Zx٥}٣٠ א٢٥٪אא٤٠


- ٤٩ -

אאאW אאZאאZ٤٥}٩١א

אאZאאאZ٤٧}١٢ אZ١

אZ٤٠אF٢٥٪E אאאאאא

אF٤E،F٥EאאאאאFאאאאאאאEW J

Eאאאא(MSF) Eאא(ME) Eאא(VC) Eאא(RO)


- ٥٠ -

F٤Eאאאאא

א אא

אא

אא

MSF

١LאFאEאא٣

٢Lאא٥א J٢٥א

٣Lאאאא

٤Lאא٣LאF

٦٠٠٠٠٣LאE

٥Lאאאא

٦Lא

אא

ME

١LאFאEאא٣

٢Lאא٥א J٢٥א

٣Lאאאא

٤Lאאאא

Eאאא

Eאאא

Eאאאא


- ٥١ -

אVC ١LאMVC

٢Lאא٥א J٢٥א

٣Lא

٤Lא

٥LאאאאW

EאאאK

Eאאא

Eאאאא

אא

R.O.

١LאאאאK

٢Lאא٣٠٠–٥٠٠אK

٣LאאF١٠٠١٠٠٠٠٠٣LאE

אא

٤L٢٥א J٣٠٪

אK


- ٥٢ -

F٥EאאאאאאאW

א אא

אא

אא

F٣LאELא

٧٠ F١٤E

٢٤٠٠٠F٥}٤E٥٠٠٠ F٣}١E

١٠٠٠ F٢E

אא FLE

٧ J١٠ ١٠ J١٥

אאF٣L٣

٨ ١٢

אאFLE٣

٤ ٨}١ ٧ J٩ ٤FE٨FE

אF٣LאFELא

E

F١٠٠٠ J٣٠٠٠E

٤ J١٢

F٥٠٠–٢٠٠E٢ J٨

F١٥٠٠ J٣٠٠٠

٦ J١٢

F٨٠٠ J٢٤٠٠E

٣ J٩ ٣א L٣

٥}٠ J٥}١٥}٠ J١ ٥}٠–١٧٥}٠ J٢٥}١

אאאא٤٠٠٠٣LאE٪F

٦٤ ٦}٣ ٢ ٧}٢٥

אאאא١٠٠٣LאE٪F

١}٤٨ ٤ ٩}٣ ٩}٣٥

אF٣٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאאK


- ٥٣ -

אאאאא אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאF٢٦E،F٢٧E

אאאאFאאאEאF٢٨Eאאאא

٢٥٠٠٣LאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאא

אאאאאאאאאFא١٠٠٪אE

אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאF٣٤Eאאאאא

אאאF٦EאאאאאK


- ٥٤ -

F٦Eאאאא

אא א

אאFLE ١٠٠ J٦٠٠

אאאFLאE ٩}٠ J٥}٥

אאאFE ١٦٥–١٩٥

אFLE ٥–٣٤٠

אאאFE ٣٠–٩٥

אFLE ٣}٣–٢٠

אאFE ٣٦٥–٢٢٠٠

אאאFE ٥}١–٧}٣


- ٥٥ -

א אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אא

אאFreezingאFאEאאאאאא

אאFאאEאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאF٤א J٣٥EאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK

א٣٦אF١EאאDeaeratorאFאאEF٢E

אאRefrigeration unitאאF٣EאאFאא

אאEאאF٤EאאאאאאF٥Eאאאאא

F٦EאאאאאאאאאאאF٧Eאאאא

אאאאאאאאאF٨،٩EאאFEאאאF١٠E


- ٥٦ -

אאאאFאEאאאאאאאאאEא

אאאאאאאKאא٤٠אא

אאאאאאאאאK אאא

אאאאאאאאאFאEא،

אא KאF٣٧Eאאא،א،אאאאא،

אאאאאאאאKאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאKאאMembrane Distillation א،אאאאFאאE

،אאF٣٨EאאאאFאאאEFאאE

אאאא،אאאאאFE

KאאאאאאאאFאL

٣EאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא


- ٥٧ -

אאאאאאאאא،אF٣٩EF٤١E،אאK

אאFאאE אאאאאאאFאאאE

אאFאאאאEאאCo- generation אאאאאK

אאFאאאEאאאKאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאF٤٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאא

אא١٢٠אא،אאאאאFאא

אKE

אאאאאBrine HeaterאאאKאאא

אאKאF٤٣EאאאK،אאא

אאאאFאKEאאFEא،FECommon system

אאאAuxillary SystemK אאאאאאא

אאאאKא


- ٥٨ -

אKאאאFאאKE

KאאאW Membrane and Other Desalination Technologies

אאאאאאFאאKE

אFאEאא(Reverse Osmosis :RO) אא(Electro -dialysis ED or EDR)K

אאאאKאאK אא،אאאאא

א،אאאFאאKE אאאא،אא

אאאאאK אאאאאא

אK،אאאאאאאאK


- ٥٩ -

אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O)

١}١Wאא אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

א(Osmosis)KאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאFאאאאאאKEא،K

אא(Reverse Osmotic Process)אאאאאאאאFאאKE

אא(Semi permeable)،א،אאאK

٢.١-אא

אאא،אאאאKאאאא

אאאאא(Softening)אאK١٩٥٢אאא

אKאאאאאFאאאאKEאא

אאאKאא(Spiral Wounded)אאאא

א(Hollow Fine Fibers)אאאאאKאאאאאאFאE

אאאK


- ٦٠ -

٣.١-אאא א،אאא

FEאאFאאEאאFאאEא،אאאאKא(Osmosis Process)K

אאאאאאאאאא JאF١E JK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאא(Osmotic Pressure)Kאאאאאאאא

אאאאFאאEאאאאFאאKEאאאאא

אאאאKאא(Reverse Osmosis)אאאא

אאKאאאאFאאEאא(Osmotic Pressure) א

אFF١KEE אאאאא(Total Dissolved

Solids: TDS)אאאאאKאאאאFאEא٦٠٪אא١ J١}١LאאF

א٠٧}٠EאאאאFא١٤٣٠אE JF٢KE

٥٠٠٠אאא٥٠٠٠G٠١}٠G١Z٥٠LאאFא٤}٣E،٣٢٠٠٠אאא

٣٢٠אLאאFא٢٢Eאאאאאאאאא

W


- ٦١ -

אאאאאאא، ،אאאאא

،אא،אאאאאא אאאאאאאא

،אKKKKKאK אאאא(Saline Feed Water)

(Pressure Vessel)אאא(Membranes)אאאא،אא

א(Brine)KאאאאKאאאאאא

אאFאאאKEאאא٢٠א٧٠א٪אאאאאא

אא(Rject)Kאאאאאא(Permeate or Water Product) JF٣E JK

אאFאאאאאאEאאאא،Fא

אEאאאאKאאאאאאאאF،א

אאאאא،אEאאאא،אאאFאEא

א JF٤KE ٤.١- א

אא(Semi Permeable)אאKאאאFאאE

،אאFEא(Hollow Fine Fibers)–F٥E–Uא،(Spiral

Wounded Sheets)KאאאF


- ٦٢ -

אEאאFאאKEאאאא١١٥אא

א(Micro Filteration)אאאKאF٦EF٧EאK

٥.١-אאא אאאאא

٠٤}٠١}٠אא٠١}٠ JF٨KE٩٠אאKאאא J٩٩٪

אאאא١٠٠٪אאאFאEFKEאאאאאאא

א(Diffusion)KאאאאאF١EאאאK

١אWאא א אא

אאא

אאאאאאK

א א

אא٣ J١١א

אאאאאאא

א

אאאאא

אאאאK א

אאאא

٥}٣ J٥}٦ א

אאאאאאא

א


- ٦٣ -

١-٦.אאאאא אאאאא

אא(Micro Filtration)אאאאא(Ultra Filtration)אאא(Nano Filtration)א

אאאאKאאא(Hyper Filtration)KאF٢EאאאאKא

F٣EאאאK ٢WאאאאאK

א א אא

א אאאא

א א

א אאאא

אאא אא

FאאE

אאאאאא

אאא אאא

א אאאא

א אא

אFאE

F٥E

אאאאאאא


- ٦٤ -

٣אWאאK א אאא

א אא

א

אא

L٢

אFÅE

א

Tubular

Poly Salfone

J

א J

١٠ J٣٠ ٥٠ J٢٠٠٠

Micro Filtrati

on (MF)

א

L

Lא

א

א

٢٠ J٧٥ 1000-10

Ultra Filtrati

on (UF)

Flat Sheet Composit

es

אאא

Arom. Polyamides

א

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Derivatives

אCa++/M

g++

٥٠ J١٥٠ ٧ J١٠٠

Nano Filtrati

on (NF)


- ٦٥ -

Asymmetirie Fla

Flat

Composite

א

Asym.HFF

אCA

אאAliph.Polya

mides א

Arom.

Polyamides

Polysulfone

אpolyfuran

א

א

150-300LP

350-600 St. Br 800-

1200 Br

١ J١٥ Rever

se Osmo

sis (RO)

١-٧.אW

אאא،אאKאאא

אW

١ J אאא(Pre-traitment Pump)، ٢ J א(High Pressure Pump)، ٣ J (Membrane Assembly (Modules)، ٤ J אאא(Final) Post Treatment UnitK


- ٦٦ -

אF٩EאאKאאאאאא،אאא

אFא،אאאאאאאאKEאאאF

אE،אאFאEאאאאאאFאEאא(Micro Filtration)

אאK

אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאאאKא

א١٧א J٢٧FEא٤٥ J٨٠אFאאKE

אא(Pressure Vessel)،FאF١٠E

אאאא(Semi Permeable Membranes)אאאאאK

אאאKאאאא،א

אאאאKאאא(Second Stage)אF٩EKאא

Kא،אאLאאאא(Hollow Fine Fibers)Kאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א(Alkalinity)אאK


- ٦٧ -

אאאאFא،אאא،א،Eא،

אאאאאאאאאא(Auxiliary Components)KאאKאאאא

אא،אאאא(Energy Recovery)אאאאאK


- ٦٨ -

١-٨.-אאא אאאאW

١K אFאE، ٢K אאFאEאאאא،א،

א(Recovery Ratio)، ٣K אאאאא،אאא

،א ٤K אא ٥K אKKKאK

אאאא

אאאאFאאאKE

٩-١.אאאאאא אאאאW

١K ،א ٢K ،אא ٣K ،אא ٤K אK

א(Brine Flow)אא،(Reject)אאא

אאאאאKאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאFאאKEא

אאKאאאאא،אאK


- ٦٩ -

אא،אאאKאאאK،

אאאאK

אאאאFא25°CאאKEאאאאאF

אKEאאאאאKאאא(Compaction)אא،K

אאאאאאאא(Hdrolysis)Kאאא

אאאאאKאאאK ٩-١Kאאאאא

אאאאFאאBrackish waterEא،٣٦٪אאאאא

١٠٠א،א٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠אK אאאא(Availability Factor)F

אאאEאאא،٤ J٨אLFאE،אאא

אאKאא٤٠٠ J٥٠٠אFא١٠٪אEא،

Kאאאאאאא١٠٠ J١٥٠אK

אאאאאF٤EאאK


- ٧٠ -

٤Wאאא

אא ١ J ،אאא

א ٢ J אאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠

א ٣ J אאאאא٣Lא J

אW ١ J אאW٤FE J٨FEKKL٣ ٢ J אאאW٨٠٠ J٢٤٠٠FL٣LאE ٣ J אW٧٥}٠ J٢٥}١L٣F،א

אE ٤ J W٣٦٪א١٠٠F٣LאE

٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠F٣LאE Jאאאאאא


- ٧١ -

אF٦EF٧EאאאאאאK ٦Wאאאאא

אא א ١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א

٤ Jאא٥١٠٣Lא ٥ Jאאאא ٦ Jא

אאאא

FMSFE

١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א

٤ JאאאאW

١K אאא ٢K אאא ٣K אאאא

אאFMEE

١ JאFMVCE ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא ٤ Jאאא ٥ JאאאאאW

J אאא Jאאא Jאאאא

אFVCE


- ٧٢ -

١ Jאאאא ٢ Jאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠א ٣ JאאF١٠٠٥١٠٣Lא

אא ٤ Jא،٢٥ J٣٥٪

אK

אאF

R.OE

٧Wאאאאאאא

אא

FROE

א

FVCE

א

FMEE

אא

FMSFE

א

٧٠٠٠٠ ٢٤٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ א ٣Lא

א ١٠ J٧ ١٥ J١٠ אא FLE

١٢ ٨ אא ٣L٣

٤FE ٨FE

٧ J٨}١ ٩ ٤ אאL٣

٨٠٠ J١٥٠٠ ٢٤٠٠ J٣٠٠٠

٥٠٠ J٢٠٠٠

١٠٠٠ J٣٠٠٠

א ٣L

٧٥}٠ J٥}٠ ٢٥}١ J٥}٠ ١ ٥}٠ J٥}١ אאFL٣E

٦}٣ ٢ ٧}٢٥ ٦٤ אאאאא

٤٠٠٠٣LאE٪F ٤ ٩}٣ ٩}٣٥ ١}٤٨ אאא


- ٧٣ -

אא ١٠٠٣LאE٪F

٢ JאFאאEא(Electro-Dialysis (ED/EDR)) אאאאFא

Eא،K،אאאאFEא،

אFNa+E(Cation)אאFCl-E(Anion)KאF٨Eא

אאאאK ٨Wאאאא

Cations Anionsא Sodium Na+ א Chloride Cl-

א Calcium Ca++ א

Bi-carbonate

HCO3--

א Magnesium

Mg++ א Sulfate SO4--

א Potassium

K+ אא Nitrate NO3-

٢-١ Kאאא אאאFאאEאא،א

FאEאKאאא،אאאאKאאא

אאא،אHHF J JEא،אאאK

אאאאאL Jאא–אאK

אLK


- ٧٤ -

٢-٢.אא אאאFאאKE

אאאאאF٢٠٠٠אEאאK

،אאאאFאאDirect Current-DC-)KEאא

אאאאKאאא(Electrode)(Electric Charge)K

אאאFEK אאאאאEHFא،F JEא،EHHF،

אF J JE JF١١E Jאא،KאאFאE،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאא(Neutralization)K

אאאאאאאאFאE JF١٢E JKא

אאא Jאאא،אאאאאא

אא JF١٣E JKאאא(Feed Water)אאא(Product Water)،

אאאא(Reject)א،Kאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאא،אאאאKאאאא

אאאא،אאאאFאKEאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאא


- ٧٥ -

،אאאאאאKאאאFEאא،FאאEאא

אKאאאאאKאאאFאאאEאאFא

אאE JF١٣EK


- ٧٦ -

٢-٣Kאא אאאא،אא JF١٤EW

١ J אא، ٢ J א ٣ J א ٤ J K

אאא(Rectefier)אא،،אאאאאאאאאא

א JאF١٥KE אF١٤Eא،אא

א(Membrane Stack)Kאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

אFאE،אאאF٣٠٠٥٠٠KE

FאאEא، Jא Jא،אFאאEאא، Jא

א JKאF١٦EF١٧EאאK אאאאאאאא،

אאאאאא،אKFEאאאא،

،אאאKא אאאא

אאK אאFאEאאאא،אא

אא،אאאאא


- ٧٧ -

אאאFאEאK

٢-٤ .אאאאאא ،אאאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאאאאKאאאאW

אא ،،אא،אאא

אאאאאא،אאאKאאא٢٧ J٤٥K

א א١}٠א،א

FEא،אאא،אאא אא K א א

אKאאא٣}٠א،אאאאא(Clean in Place (CIP))

K

K אאא אאא

אאK

K אא ،א א א א

אאאK

K אאאW


- ٧٨ -

J

Jא

Jא١٠א

J١}٠א

J٣}٠א

٥-٢.אאא(Electro-Doalysis Reverse (EDR))

אאאאKאאאאאא א،

א א א א א א Kא א אאF١٥٢٠Eא،אא

א،אאאאאאא Kאא א א א K א א א

אאאאאאאKא١ J٢אKא

א ،א א א א אאFאאKEאאא

،אאאאאאאK


- ٧٩ -

٦-٢.אא אF١٨EF٢٠٠٠אE

א אא K א ،Fאא אא א Eא א K

אFאEאאKאאאא א (sand Filters)א א א אא

(Cartridge Filters)א א א אאאKא א אא א F א א١٠٪١٥٪

אKEאאאאאאאK

٧-٢.אאא אאאאW

١K א א א Fא א אE

٢K אאאא ٣K א א א א א

א ٤K אאאא


- ٨٠ -

٩ Jאאאאא

א א

٩٠٪

٩٥٪

١٢٠٠٠א

١٠٪אF١٠אE

٥٥

٣א

١١٠

אא

אא

א

א

אא

אא

אאא

١٠ Jאאאאא

אא אא א

אאא

אאא

א

אאאאאא

אא

J

א

א

אא

אאאא

،א

א

אא אאא


- ٨١ -

אאאאאאאאא

א

אא אא

א

א

א

١٠٠٠٠אא

א١٠٠٠٠א٤٠٠٠٠

א

א

٥K אאאאאאאK א א א אא ٢٠٠٠

אFאאאא١٢٠٠٠אKE א אא א א א א א K

א K אא א١٠ ٤٠٠٠א Kאא א١٠אKאF٩Eאא

אאא،אK


- ٨٢ -

٨-٢٢.אאאאא אF١٠EאאאאK

אאFIon ExchangeE ١ J אא

אא،א،אKאאאאFResinEא،אא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאFאResinEאאאאFCationsKEאאא

אא،אאFAnoinsE،FF١KEE אאאאאא

KאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

K

אא

אא

א

٣

א ٢٥٨ אא א א א

- ٨٣ -

אאאא

אאאאאאא א א א אא ،א

א א א ٧٠א ٪אאאאאאא

א א א א א א א אאK

אאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאK אאאאאW

١ JאאF١٣٩٠WE

אאאא١٣٨٩אא١٩٨٣Lא

אאאאK ٢ JאאאאF١٣٩٠L١٣٩١١٣٩٤L١٣٩٥WE JאאW אאאאאאאK

אאא١٣٩٠١٨٩٢٥٣Lאא٥٠אKאאא

אK


- ٨٤ -

JאאאW אאאאאKא

١٣٩٣٢٨٤٠٠٣LאאKאאא

JאאאW אאאאא

٥٥٠א٣LאKאאא١٣٩٤אאאאK

٣ JאאאאF١٣٩٥L١٣٩٦١٣٩٩L١٤٠٠E JאאW

אאאאאKא١٣٩٥א٤٧٣٣LאK

אאאאK JאאW אאאאאא

אא١٣٩٨א٣٧٩١٦٣Lא٨٥אאאאK

JאאאאאW א،אא

אא١٠٧٥א٣LאK١٣٩٨א١٤١٠אאK

JאאאW אאאKא

١٣٩٩א٤٧٣٣L،אאאאאK


- ٨٥ -

JאאW אאאא٤٧٣٣Lא

אאKא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٣אאK

JWאאאא٤٣٠٣LאאאKאא١٣٩٩אאא

K JאאW

אאאFאאאאEאא٧٥٩٨٧٣Lאאא

א٢٥٦אאאאK JאאW

אאאאאKא٧٧٤א٣LאאאK

אאא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٤אאאK

٤ JאאאאF١٤٠٠L١٤٠١١٤٠٤L١٤٠٥WE

אאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאW

JאאW אאאאאא

אKאאא١٤٠١Kאא٩٤٦٢٥א٣Lאאא٣٥٧אאKא

אאK


- ٨٦ -

JאאאW אאאאאא

אKאא١٩٠٥٥٥א٣Lאאאא٥٩٠٧אKאאאK

JאW אאאא٨٥٢٣LאאאKאא١٤٠١

א١٤٠٦אאK JאאאW אאאאאK

אא١٢٠٤٣LאאאKאאא١٤٠٢אאאK


אKאא١١٨٤٤٧א٣Lאאאא٣٦٠אKא١٤٠٢אא

אK


אKאא١٩١٧٨٠א٣Lאאאא٧١٠אKא١٤٠٢אא

אK JאאאאW

אאאאאא،١٤٠٣אאא١٠٣٢٣Lאאא

אאא١٤٠٣אאאK


- ٨٧ -

JאאאW אאא،אאאאאאאאא

אKאא٨١٨١٨٥א٣Lאא١٢٢٥אאא١٤٠٣א

אK JאW

אאא١٩٥٢٣Lאאא١٤٠٣אאאK

٥ JאאאאאF١٤٠٥L١٤٠٦١٤٠٩L١٤١٠WE

JאאאW אאאאאאאK

אא١٩٦٨٢א٣Lאאא١١אאKא١٤٠٦אK

JאאW אאא٣٧٨٤٣Lאאא

אאא١٤٠٦אאK JאW א،א٣٨٧٠٣LאאK

א١٤٠٧אאK JאאאW אאאאאא

אKאא٨٣٤٣٢א٣Lאאאא١٠٨אKא١٤٠٩אK

JאאאW


- ٨٨ -

אאאFאאאאEא،٨٣٤٣٢٣Lאא

١٠٨א،א١٤٠٩אאK JאW

אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣Lאא،אא١٤٠٩אאK

JאאW אאאא٣٧٨٤٣LאK

١٤٠٩אאאK JאאW

אאאא٣٧٨٤٣L،א١٤١٠אאאK

٦ JאאאאF١٤١٠L١٤١١١٤١٤L١٤١٥WE JאW

אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣L،א١٤١٤אאאK

٧ JאאאאF١٤١٥L١٤١٦١٤١٩L١٤٢٠WE JאאW

אאאאאאא،אאאאא

١٢٠٠٩٦٣Lא١٥٠אKאא١٠٦٩٠٤אא

א٢٢٧٠٠٠אאאאאאאKאא١٤٢٠K


- ٨٩ -

٨ JאאאאF١٤٢٠L١٤٢١א١٤٢٤L١٤٢٥WE JאאW

אאא،אא٧٨١٨٢٣LאFאאKE

JאאאW אא،אאאאא

٣٩٠٩٠٩א٣Lאא٥٢٠אK אאאאאא١٩٤٠٠

L١٣٨٩אL١٣٩٠٢}٢L١٤١٩אL١٤٢٠٧}١٦K٪

אאאאא٢١٪אאאאא،אא

א٣٠אא٣٣LאF٨٥٥EF٥٠٠٠אEK

אא

אא

א

٤

א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א

- ٩٠ -

אאא Feed water Pre- treatment

אאאאא

א אא א feed treatment Fאא א E אא א Pre-treatment K א

אאאcorrosionאscale depositesאאאאאKאאאF،E

א א ، F ، א KKKKKKKKK Eא אאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א1אאאאאאאאאW

Lאאscreening system LאFאאאא( Biocides K L א אא F א Anti Scalants א א Anti

FoamEK Lא אאאא אDeaerationאא،א

א Fא Eא א אEvaporatorsK

אאאW LאאScreening systemK

LאאאאK LאאאFאאאCoagulantsK


- ٩١ -

١Wאאאא LאsedimentationK

LאאאאFא_אE LאאאאאFאאאאKE Lא،אאאאאEאK

אאאאאא א אא א א א א

،א א אא אא،א אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאאא،אאFאאאאEאאKא

א אא אאא אא א F٦٠٪אאאEK


- ٩٢ -

١Wאאא אא א

אאW - אFאE- א - א - א - א

אFאאE אFאאE

אאא א

אאא

אאW - אL

א - א

אW - אL

א - א - אLאL

א - אא - אK

אא

אא

אאא

אאא

אאאא

אאאאא

אא

אאא؟ א א א א K א

אאא،אK Eאא،א،אK


- ٩٣ -

Eא،אאאאאאK EאאאאאK EאFאEאאאאFא

אאKE Eא א א א ،

א ، א א א ١אא א אא א،אאאאאא٢א

אאK אאאאW

אאאאאא K א J–אא א

،א א ٣ א א ، א א א א אא

א Jא–א؛אאאאאאאEK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא٤אFאאאאאEאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא٥אאK

א٦ א א ،،א

א א א א א אאאאאאאאK


- ٩٤ -

אTurbidiy ، א א א א K

אאKאאאא،(NTU)אK

אאאאאאאא،אFאאאEאאאאK אאSDI

אאFאאאEאאאKאאאSlit Density Index א

אאאאאאאאאא א אא K ،א א ٧ F٤٥}٠ E

Kא١}٢אא٥٠٠אאT1א

١٥אF،אאאEא٥٠٠אאאFT2 EאSDIW

SDI = ( 1- T1/T2 ) ( 100/15 ) אT2אאT1SDI=5SDIאאאא٧}٦אאאFאא

אEאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK אאFאEאאא

אאאאאKאW

א W א א א א א F א א E א ،אW


- ٩٥ -

אאSand ( media ) filters א א א א א א K

אאאאאא،אאאאאאFiber Glassאאא

،אא٤אאאאאאאKאאא

א Kא א אgravelאsandאאK

אאCartridge filer א א א א א Kא

אאאאFEאאא א א אא א א א Kא א

אאאאאאא٥٣FאאEאאאאאאאאF

אאאKE W

א א א א א א א אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאF،אאE

אK


- ٩٦ -

٢Wאא

٢Wא


- ٩٧ -

٤WאK


- ٩٨ -

٥Wאא

٦W


- ٩٩ -

٧Wאא


- ١٠٠ -

אאאא Product Water post Treatment

אאאא

אאא،אאאאאW

Eאאא EאK EאאאאK EאאאK

EאאאאpH EאK

אאאאאאאאאFאא،א،אEא

אאFאאKEאאאKאאאאא

א Jא א–אFאאא،אKא

אאאאאאאאאK א אא F א Eא א

אא،אאא ،אKאא א אאא ،א אא

אאאאK


- ١٠١ -

אא Scaled Deposits and Corrosion

א א אאאאFouling F א אאאE

אא אא א Fא ،א א ،אאאEאKאF

אאEא אא Fא אאאאEא

אאאאאאאא Kאאא ،אא א K אא

אאאאאK אאאאאאW

EFאאאEאF א א E F א אא – א

א– אא א אא Eא א א אא F א א א E

א א א א א א ،א א א K א

אאאאאK EFאאEאא

K א א א אאאK٨אא

אאאK אאאאא،אF

אא אא א،א א אאKELאא،


- ١٠٢ -

אא،אאאא Kא،א אא א אא

אK

٨WאאאאK

אאFאScaleE אאCaCO3،

אMg(OH)2אCaSO4א،אאאאK

אאאאKאאאFEאאאא

אאא،אאFאאEאאFWאאאאאא

אאא٨אאאאאאאאא،א

אאאF،אאא،Eאאאא

،אאא،א،אא،אא،אאאK


- ١٠٣ -

אא––א١٠٠ א א ٧٧א ٨٢ F

אאאEW אאא٦٠K

א٨٠ אאאאK

א ١٠٠ א אK

אאאFאE? אא א אא א

אא א א א Kא א א א

אאאאא،אאK

א א א אא א א F אאE،אא אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKE אאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאא

א א אא ، א אא א K א،אאאאא

א ،א אא ، א א אK

א א א א א א א F א E

אאKאאF٩٦٪אEKאאאא


- ١٠٤ -

אא א א אאאאאאאא٧אK

אאאאא

אא א ،א א א، F א אEאא،א

א،אאאK אא א ،אא א א

א F Eאא א א אא Fאא،אאאE

אW אאאא Jא–אא

א א א א א א ،– א – אא אא א א

אאאKא،א،אאאאFאאאא

KEאאא אK

א א א א א אא Fאאאאאא

EFאEאFאאEאא

א א א א אFא א E ٩ K א א א אאK


- ١٠٥ -

אW אW

Eאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא–

،א E א א א א

،א א א א א א אאאFEאאאאאK

EאאFאאא،E،אאאFאאאא

אאKE Eאאא Wאא א א

אאאאאKאאאF א،אאא،אאאאא

אא אאא K אא אא א א א א א

FאEאאאאFאEאאא

א א F٧٠–٣٠ ،٩٠ J١٠ Eא א א אא Kא٢אאאאK


- ١٠٦ -

٩Wא


- ١٠٧ -

٢WאאאW א

א ٣١٦

א L٧٠L٣٠F٧٠٣٠٥}٠E

L٩٠L١٠F٩٠١٠٨}٠E אא–א

L١٠א٪

אאאא אא אא

א א F E א אK،אא،א،אא

K Z؟אאאאאא

א א א א א א،א،אא،אאאאאא

K אאאאאאא

אאא،אאKאאא א א א א ،א א א


- ١٠٨ -

٧א J٨ K א אא א KאאאאאK

אאאאאK אאאאא؟؟

אאאאאאאאKאאאאFאאאEאאא

אא،אאאאא،א F Eא א אא א א

אאKא،אאאKKKKKKKK אאאאא Kאא

א א Kא א F א E א ،אאאK ؟אאא

אאאאאF، ، KEא אא א אאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאFאEאאא א א ، ،א

א א א K א א א א א א א ،

אאאאאאK א٣ א אא אא א ،א א

אאאאאFאאאEאאא٢٠٠٠אאאא٢٠٠٠אK


- ١٠٩ -

א אאא א K،אאאאא

א،KאאKאאאאאאא א

א א K א א א א אאK

٣אWאאאאאאאW א אא אאWmg/LF

E درجات فوق املعدل السائد١٠ال تزيد عن درجة احلرارة

٩-٦ pHالرقم اهلدروجيين خالية من املواد امللونة Colour اللون

٦٠ B.O.Dاملمتص األكسجني احليوي ١٠٠ C.O.Dاألكسجني املستهلك كيماويا ٢٠٠٠ T.D.Sجمموع املواد الصلبة الذائبة

٦٠ املواد العالقة Turbidity NTU 50العكارة ١ الكربيتات

١٥ Oils & Creasesالزيوت و الشحوم ٠.٥ اهليدروكربونات من أصل بترويل

٥ الفوسفات ٤٠ النيترات

١ الفيونوالت ١ الفلوريدات ٣ األلومنيوم ٣ )نيتروجني(األمونيا

٠.٠٠٥ بقالزئ ٠.٥ الرصاص


- ١١٠ -

٠.٠٥ الكادميوم ٠.٠٥ الزرنيخ ١ الكروم ١.٥ النحاس ٠.١ النيكل ١.٥ احلديد ١ املنجنيز ٥ الزنك ٠.١ الفضة ٢ باريوم ٢ كوبالت

٠.٢ املبيدات بأنواعها ٠.١ السيانيد

مايل للمجموعة القولونية يفالعدد االحت ٣سم ١٠٠

٥٠٠٠

אא

٥

א ٢٥٨ אא א א

- ١١١ -

אאא FMSFE30 °Cאאא90 °CK

אאאאאאאא4.22 kJ/(kg °C )אא2330א kJ/kg؟

אאא אאאא1000 kg א

א15000 ppmאאאאK1500 ppmאWאא30 %א ١ J ؟א ٢ J ؟אאאא ٣ J אאppm؟א

אאא FMEEEאאKאאאא

א120%אאאאא1800 kg/hrKאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאא25א °CK אK אאא؟ - אא؟ - אאאא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ -

אW Cp = 1.2 kcal/(kg °C) Hv = 540 kcal/kg


- ١١٢ -

אאאא אאא6000 kg/min

א95 °Cא560 kg/min Kאאא1000א kcal/kgאאאא1.5 kcal/(kg °C)W

אאאאא؟ - אאאאא؟ -

אאאא؟ -

אא؟ -

אאאאא؟ -

אאא אאאאאא1500 m3/day

،30 %2500 ppmאאאKאאK

אאאא؟ - א؟ -

- אא؟אא

- א؟אא

אאא אRO١٥٠٠אאא2500

ppmאא25000 ppmאא60 %KאאאאאאK


- ١١٣ -

אאא אRO4400 m3/dayאאאאא

900 ppmKאאאא2500 ppmKא50א %אK

אW א؟ - א؟ -

אא؟ -


- ١١٤ -

אא

١ J، Jא J،

אא

،،אא١٩٨٧

٢ Jאאאאא،،،אK

،אאא١٤١٩א

٣ Jא

א

،،،אא٢٠٠١א،KK

4- Geankoplis, C, Transport Processes and Unit Opetartions

3th edt, Printice Hall International Inc,USA, 1983

א ٢٥٨ א א א

א

.................................................................................................................................... - ١ -

אאא: .................................................................................................................. - ٣ -

אאW ................................................................................................................ - ٣ -

אאW ...................................................................................................................... - ٣ -

אאW ...................................................................................................................... - ٣ -

א٤ - ................................................................................................................ א -

א٥ - ............................................................................................................ א - - ٩ - ................................................................................. مقارنة الترآيب األيوني لمياه البحار: ٤جدول

- ٩ - ............................................................................................. :مياه مالحة من مصادر أخرى: ٤- ٢אאאאאא١٢ - .................................................................................... א -

אאא .......................................................................................... - ١٧ -

א١٩ - ............................................................................................................ א -

אא .................................................................................................... - ١٩ -

אאאאאא٢٧ - ............................................................. א -

א٣٧ - ................................................................................................................ א -

א٤٣ - ................................................................................................................. א -

א ............................................................................................................ - ٥٥ -

אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O) ............................................................................... - ٥٩ -

٤.١- א ........................................................................................................... - ٦١ -

٥.١ -אא٦٢ - .......................................................................................... א - - ٦٢ - ............................................................................................... مقارنة مواد األغشية: ١الجدول

١- ٦.אאאא٦٣ - ................................................................ א - אאא .................................................................................................. - ٦٣ -

١- ٧.אW ............................................................................................... - ٦٥ -

٩- ١.אאאאא٦٨ - .............................................................. א - א٧٠ - ....................................................................................................................... א -

Jאאאאא٧٠ - ............................................................ א - אא ...................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -

א ...................................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -

א ٢٥٨ א א א

٢- ٤ .אאאאאא ................................................... - ٧٧ -

אאאא ........................................................................................ - ٨٣ -

אא٩٠ - ........................................................................................................ א - Feed water Pre- treatment ............................................................................................... - ٩٠ -

אאאא٩٠ - ...................................................................................... א - - ٩٢ - .............................................................................. אאא؟

אאא١٠٠ - ............................................................................................. א - Product Water post Treatment ...................................................................................... - ١٠٠ -

א١٠١ - ................................................................................................................... א - Scaled Deposits and Corrosion ..................................................................................... - ١٠١ -

...................................................................................................... - ١٠٧ - - ١٠٨ - ................................................................... אאאאא؟؟

.................................................................................................................... - ١١١ -

א١١٤ - ............................................................................................................................... א -

تحلية المياه

Documents

Transcript of تحلية المياه