: 18843

18915

1 14

2 18

2/1 - 24

2/2 26

2/3 32

2/4 43

3 57

4 68

5 76

6 83

7 91

8 101

9 109

1884

. - - . . " " " " " " *.

. (1) . . : . : . . : . . . . . .

. . - - (2) . . . 26 1884 F. Engles. " Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats" Hottingen-Zrich,1884 .:1. " . " "" .2. E.A.Freeman,"Comparative Politics". London, 1873 ( . " ". 1873). 1891 ( - ) * . . . . . . . . : " " 1885. : " " "Contemporanul" 1885 1886 : " " . 1888 .*** . (). - - . .- . - , . " .." .. 1865 (3) " " . 1861 " "(4). :1. "" ("Htrisme").2. - - .3. ("" Gyncocratie " ").4. ( ) . . "" - - . . "" . . (Erinnyes) . - - . . . :" "**

. . ""- . " " . "" : . . - - . . . . . 1861 . . . 1865 . .. . . - . . " " . ( 1865 ) . " " Exogamos " " Endogamos "" "" . . . -: . - - . . - . . - - ." - - ... " (- " " ").(5) - . . - -- (" " 1859)(6) - . 1847 ( " "- " " ("American Review") 1851 " " (7) - . - . " "(Kinship through female only) . . - . :" "()" "( ). : " ". . . "" "" . - "" "" . . : . . (" " 1870)(8) (Communal marriage) .\ 1871 . . :1. .2. .3. . " " 1871(9) . . - . - " "(" " 1876). . ( "" 20) (Bretons) ! . . - . - - : . : . - . . "" "" . - . . " "(1874) " "( 1882)(10). " "(1877)(11)- . 1871 . " " . - - . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . " " . ! . - . "" "" . - : ! - - . - " " - 1884 . 1874 (" ") - ! . . . . . ***. 16 1891

"Die Neue Zeit" (" ") 2 41 1890-1891 Friedrich Engles. " Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats", Stuttgart, 1891 . . .:(3) E.B.Tylor "Research into the Early History of Manking and the Development of Civilization". London, 1865 (. " ". 1865). (4) J.J.Bachofen. "Das Mutterrecht.Eine Untersuchung ber die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religisen und rechtlichen Natur". Stuttgart, 1861. (. " . ". 1861).(5) J.F.Mac-Lennan "Studies in Ancient History comprising a Reprint of "Primitive Marriage. An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies"". London and Newyork, 1886. (- " " . ". 1886). (6) R.G.Latham "Descriptive Ethnology". Vol I-II, London,1859. ( " ". . 1859).(7) L. H. Morgan "Leage of the Ho-d-no-sau-nee or Iroquois". Rochester, 1851. (. " ---- " 1851).(8) J. Lubbock. "The Origin of Civilization and the Primative Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages". London ; 1870. (. " . ". 1870).(9) L. H. Morgan "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family". Washington, 1871. (. . . " ". 1871).(10) A. Girard- Teulon . "Les origines de la famille" Genve, Paris, 1874. J. Lubbock. "The Origin of Civilization and the Primative Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages". 4th Ed . London 1882. (-. " ". 1874. . " . ". 1882). (11) L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization" . London,1877. (. . . " " . 1877).1

. - . " . " (12). .

1-

1- : . . . . . . .2- : ( ) . . . palaioslithos ( ) . . , . . .3- : . . ( ) : ( ) (- neoslithos). . . .

2-

1- : . . . . . . . .2- : "" ( ) . . ( ) . . (13) : "" : . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .3- . . . . . . "". . (14) . . . : . . .:(12)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(13) ( ) . pueblo ( ) 5 6 .(14) " " "".2

( ) . " ". : . . . . . . . " " ( ) . ( ) . . . . - (15). . . () . ! . . . :" . . . " (16). :" "(17). . . . . . . . . . . - - (18). . . *

. "". (" " 1888) (19) . . : . 50 200 . : . - . (" " 1891)(20) (21) :" "(22). (" " 1877) :" . "(23). . . ! . . . . . " . ... . ... ... . : ". (. . " " 1884). . : . . . ( ) . . : . . . . . ( ) . . . : . . . . . (" " 1875 (24)) . ( ) "" . - . . . . ( ) . :" " " (25) ". . .:(15) - : "Primitive Marriage. An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies" Edinburgh, 1865; "Studies in Ancient History comprising a Reprint of "Primitive Marriage. An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture in Marriage Ceremonies"". London; 1876 ( 1891) - 1886.(16)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(17) . " . " "".(18) J.J.Bachofen. "Das Mutterrecht.Eine Untersuchung ber die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religisen und rechtlichen Natur". Stuttgart, 1861. (. " . ". 1861).(19)Ch. Letourneau. "L'volution du mariage et de la famille". Paris, 1888 (. . " ". 1888).(20)E.Westermarck. "The History of Human Marriage". London and New York 1891. ( . " " 1891).(21) . A. Girard- Teulon . "Les origines du mariage et de la famille" Genve, Paris, 1884. (-. " ". 1884.(22)Ch. Letourneau. "L'volution du mariage et de la famille". Paris, 1888 (. . " ". 1888).(23)A.Espinas. "Des socits animales". Paris, 1877 ( . . " " 1877 ). 518 ( 20) .(24)H.H. Bancroft. "The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America" Vol I-V, New York, 1875. (. . . " " 1-5 1875).(25)E.Westermarck. "The History of Human Marriage". London and New York 1891. ( . " " 1891).

:2/1 - : . ( ) . . .* ( ) . . . . .

(26) . 11 1884.(27) " " "" " ". R. Wagner. "Der Ring des Nibelungen, erster Tag, die Walkre", zweiter Aufzug (. . " " )." "- . ( ). 1200.(28)"" . 1643 (" ") (" "). "" . .""- " " . 32 36 .(29) ." " ( ) ( ) "Heimskringla" (" ") . .2/2 . . ( ) ( ) . " " (30). . . . . ( ). . . ( ..) "" Punalua associ * . . . . . . : ( ) ( ) . . . ""**. Bretons " " (33) . . " " . . . (" " (34)) ( ):" " ( )" ". . (35) : . . . . . . . ( )- - ( ) . . . . . . . . 1871 (36). . . . . (37). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) . ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . ( ): . . ( ) . . . . .: (30)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(31)J.J.Bachofen. "Das Mutterrecht. ". Stuttgart, 1861. (. " . ". 1861).(32) . " . " "".(33) . " ". . 14-45.(34)"The People of India". Edited by J. F. Watson and J. W. Kaye. Vol. I-VI. London, 1868-1872. (" ". .. ... 1-6. 1868-1872). .(35) , . 4 8.(36)L. H. Morgan "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family". Washington, 1871. (. . . " ". 1871).(37) L.Fison and A. W. Howitt. "Kamilaroi and Kurnai". Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane , 1880. (. . " ". 1880).2/3 ( ) . . (" "" . . . . . . . :" "(38). . . . . . . - : " " " ". ( ) . . ( ) . . . . . . . . :" " ( )"... "" clan " () " """ ()" "."... . . "" () "" - . " () " . "(39). . . . . "" (lady,frowa,Frau= ) . . . . . ( ) "" (40). . . . 28 29 "" (41) : .. . . . : . . :" : "(" "). . . (" " 1886(42)) . :nao tem pai, filha da fortuna - ." . .. ". . . - . jus primae noctis* (" " ) ( ) - . 1486 (43). :" "( senyors) "... ". ( "" 1861 (44)) "" " " . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ) . . ." !"()(45) ." "()(46). - - . " " 1890 (47). . . . (). " . "(48). . . familia . famulus familia . familia, id est patrimonium ( ) . ." "(49). :" (servitus) () . "(50). . . . . (" " 1890) zdruga ( ) Bratstvo () . . . . (domcin) . . (domcica) . . . - ... (51). . "" (52) (Vervj *) (53) . (" "(54) " " . . . paronneries . ( - - ) 6 8 . (55) . . . "calullis" (56). ("Ausland" 42-44 1890 (57)) "" ( "" marca) . . . - . . . - - . . . () () . . . . ... - . - .:(38)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(39) ( L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877)) . ( 19 1874 1873 ) "American Anthropologist", New Series, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A, 1933 (" ". . . 1933 ).(40)H.H. Bancroft. "The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America". Vol I, New York, 1875. (. " ". 1875.(41) () . . . "" .(42) Professor and Mrs.Louis Agassiz. "A Journey in Brazil". Boston and New York, 1886. ( . " ". 1886).(43) " " 21 1486- . . .(44)S. Sugenheim. "Geschichte der Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft und Hrigkeit in Europa bis um die Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts". St. Petersburg, 1861 (. . " ". 1861). (45) . " . " "".(46) . " . " "".(47)M. Kovalevsky. "Tableau des origines et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit". Stockholm; 1890. (. . " ". 1890).(48)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(49)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(50) . " . " "".(51) " . . ". 1866. 1875 1878 .(52) "" " " .(53) ( ) " ".(54)A. Heusler. "Institutionen des Deutschen Privatrechts", B. II, Leipzig,1886. (. " ". . 1886).(55) "" .(56)Calpullis () . (Calpulli) () , "Rapport sur les diffrents classes de chefs de la Nouvelle Espagne , sur les lois, les murs des habitants, sur les impts tablis avant et depuis la conqute, etc..". (" "). "Voyages, relations et mmoires originaux pour servir l'histiore de la dcouverte de l'Amrique, publis pour la premire fois en franais , par H. Ternaux compans " .Vol 11, Paris, 1840. (" -". 11 . 1840). (57) "Die altperuanischen Dorf- und Markgenossenschaften" (" ") "Ausland" 20 27 3 1890.

2/4 . . . . . ( Code Napolon * (58)) . . . (59) . "" (60). "" . . (61). . . . . . . . . . : ( 560 ) . . "" "" . (62). . (63). . . . . . . . . (64) (65) . oikurema (66) ( **) . . . . . . . . . - . . .***

. . . 1864 :" "(67). : . . . ." ... "(68). . . . . (69) ""( bailadeira ) . . . . : . - . . . . . . . . . . 312 :"L'enfant conu pendant le mariage a pour pre le mari" " ". . - - . . . . . . . . . . . " "(70) . - - . . . . . - - . . . (71). . . ( ) - - . . . (72) "" albas Tageliede ( ). - - alba . . . . . . . . . " ": . . " " . " " . . . :" "(73). . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . : . "" . . . .. . . . . . (74) . - . . . "" eros . "" eros . . . . : - . . . . . " " :" . " (75). . "" Gudrun (76) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . "" . .. *from status to contract (77) " "(78) . . "" "" . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . ** droit de l`homme *** droit de la femme. . - - -- . . . . - - . . . . ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -" : . . . " (79).: (58) 230 1804.(59) . " . " "".(60) . "". .(61). ". ".(62). " ". . G.F. Schoemann. "Griechische Alterthmer" , Bd. I, Berlin, 1855. (. . . " " . 1855).(63) . . .(64). " ".(65). "". . 105. W.Wachsmuth, "Hellenische Alterthumskunde aus dem Gesichtspunkte des Staates", Th. II Abth. II, Halle , 1830. (. . " ". 1830).(66). "".(67) " ".(68)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(69) Hirodule . .

(70). "" 18 19.(71) . " 31 ". . . " " . ( " ").(72) ( ) ).(73) "Thorie de l'unit universelle":Vol: III;2-em d. Oeuvres compltes, t. IV, Paris, 1841.( ." " . . 1841). "Trait de l'association domestique- agricole", T. I-II, Paris- London, 1882 (" ". 1822). (74) - . .(75)" ". .(76)"" ( "") .(77)H.S. Maine. "Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas"( . " : ") 1861 170 .(78) . " ". .(79)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).

3

. genea gentes "" phratria ( ) . . 1871 (80) . gens ("") genos gan ( kan g k) "" "". gens genos dschanas kuni ( ) kyn kin knne - """". gens genos ( ) . . . . . . "" . : 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- . :1. "" sachem ( ) ( ). "" . . "" "" "" . . . . "" . "" . .2. "" . . . "" .3. . . . : "" "" thum . . - : ( ) ( ). . - .4. . . .5. . . . . . . . .6. . .7. . . . . .8. . "" " " .9. . . . ..10. . "" " " . (vergeld ) . . ." - "" . . . "(81). . . phratria ( fraternit) . () 1-4 5-8. . . . - . . "" "" . . . :1. . .2. .3. . - .4. . "" .5. "" . . . .6. mdicine- lodges *. . .7. lineages () (82) - - . lineages . . . 1. . . . - suves () sarnholt ( jarnved, limes Danicus) branibor (:" ")- - . . . . "".2. dialecte . . . . 2000 26000 .3. "" .4. . . .5. () ." "(83). - - . . . . .6. . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . (84) . . . .7. . "" . . . . . . . . : . . . 20000 . . " "- confdration 1675 . ( (85) ). :1. . . . . - - . . .2. 50 "" . .3. "" 50 . . "" . .4. "" "" .5. .6. .7. .8. . . .9. .10. ( ). . . . "" - "" (86). "" - "" "" . . - - . - . . . ! . - . - . . . . . 1651 " "(87) . . . . - - - (88). - - . - . . . . . . . . . : . . . . - - . .:80) 36.(81) " . " "" .(82) 1519-1521.(83)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(84) "".(85) . 13. (86) "Einleitung zur Geschichte der Mark, Hof-, Dorf- und Stadt-Verfassung und der ffentlichen Gewalt". Mnchen, 1854. (" ". 1856) " Geschichte der Fronhfe, der Bauernhfe und der Hofverfassung in Deutsch-land". Bd. I-IV, Erlangen, 1862-1863 (" ". 1-4. 1862-1863) "Geschichte der der Hofverfassung in Deutsch-land". Bd. I-II, Erlangen, 1865-1866 (" ". . 1865-1866). " Geschichte der Stadt-Verfassung in Deutsch-land". Bd. I-IV, Erlangen, 1869-1871 (" ". . 1-4 1869-1871).(87)" " . .(88) . 1879 . 1887 . 1881 1883 1884 . . 1899 .

4

: . . . *. . . . : . ( )(89) :1. .2. ( "" (90)).3. .4. .5. .6. "" () . . ""(" " phylobasileus) ("" eupatrids). :" ( )"(91). . :7. .8. . . . (92) "" (93).9. . .10. . "". . . . . . . . . :" : "(94). . (genntes) ." "(95). " "()(96) . "". ( ):" . "( !) " - "( !)" "( ideal carnal !)" "(97). :" - - . . . . . . . ** "" . "(98). . :" "" "(99). . : (100).- . . (phratriarchos) (101). . . 30 . . . . . . . . . . . :1. bul ( kratistoi) (102). . (103) . "" snat ( ).2. (agora). . "" (Umstand) . . . ( "" ) . (" ") " "(104). . .3. (Basileus). :" . " ""(105):" . "(106). . . . - . . . - - "" (rex) . "" " " . : . ( )(107)." . () : " " . : " " " " ""- . "" dioi theioi "" "" "" "" ***. basileia ( ) "()(108). . . . basileia () knig () knig (Kuning) Kuni () Knne () . knig () basileus . basileia patrik () (109). basileia basileia (110). ****. : . . . .: (89)G. Grote "A History of Greece". Vol . I-XII. ( . " ". 1-12). 1846-1856 54 55 1869).(90) . .(91) . " . " "".(92) "Hellenische Alterthumskunde aus dem Geschichtspunkte des states". Th. I, Abth. I, Halle, 1826. (" ". . . 1826).(93)W. A. Becker . "Charikles. Bilder altgriechischer Sitte. Zur genaueren Kenntniss des griechischen Privatlebens ". Th. II , Leipzig .1840. ( . ". ". . 1840).(94) . " . " "".(95)G. Grote "A History of Greece".A New Ed, Vol . III , London 1869. ( . " ". . 1869).(96) . " . " "".(97)G. Grote "A History of Greece".A New Ed, Vol . III , London 1869. ( . " ". . 1869). ( ) " . " "".(98) . " . " "".(99)G. Grote "A History of Greece".A New Ed, Vol . III , London 1869. ( . " ". . 1869).(100) "" . (101)Fustel de Coulanges. "La cit antique ". livre III, chap. I ( . " " . 1864).(102) . " ". . .(103). " ".(104)G.F. Schoemann. "Griechische Alterthmer ". Bd.I, Berlin 1855. (. . " ". 1855).(105) W.E. Gladstone . "Juventus Mundi" The Gods and Men of the Heroic Age", chap 11. (.. . " . " ) 1869.(106) . " . " "". (107) "" . (108) . " . " "".(109). " ". .(110). "". .

5

" " " " . . . : . . . . . . . . . : . . . : eupatrids () gomores () dmiurges () . . . . . . . . 600 . . . . . . ( ) . . . . . . . - ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . naucraries () 12 . . . . . . ( 594 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 100 . . . 500 300 150 ( 41 ) . . . . . . . . . . . (111). . . . . . . - - . ( )(112). ( 509 ) (113) . . "" . . demos () - . () () . . . (114) . . . phylarque* taxiarque stratge . . . - . . . - - . . . . . . (nations polices). (Landjger) . . . . . . . 90000 365000 - - 45000 . 18 . . : . . . - (115)- .:(111) "" ( ) . ( .).(112) mtques ( ) ( ..). "" .(113) 510-507 .. () .(114)L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).(115) 560 .. - . ( ) 527 . 510 .. . .

6

( ) . . . curia ("") "".

. . .

:1. . . (116) "" agnats ( ) . . : - - "" . .2. . . (117) gentilitius tumulus * (Quintilia-) .3. . sacra gentilitia** .4. . . . . . "" . . .5. . . . ( jugerum). .6. . . . (118). (119) ""( ) . 7. . .8. . ( ) .9. . "" "" (principes) . . " "(120).

. (" " 1864 (121)) :" ... "( gens ("")) " ... - . . "" - gentis enuptio- ... . . . "

. ( 39 19 (122)) 568 186 :"uti Feceniae Hispalae datio, deminutio, gentis euptio, tutoris optio item esset quasi ei vir testamento dedisset, utique ei ingenuo nubere liceret, neu quid ei qui eam duxisset, od id fraudi ignominiaeve esset"-" "()" ". . .

. . . . . . :" "

. . .

. . . .

. . . . . . . . .

: :" (libertae) e gente enbere" ( )" capitis diminutio minima *** liberta "(. " " 1856 195 (123) ).

. enuptio gentis enubere- - . . . ingenuae .

. 306 .

"" . . . . populus romanus.

. . ( ) (124) patres ( senex ). . ( ) . . bul . comitia curiata ( ). . rex ("" ) ( ) . rex ("") basileus (125) ****. . . "" . . .

"" . . "" .

. ( clients ) populus romanus . . . plbs () . populus () . plbs populus plbs () .

- . plbs populus.

populus plbs . . : 100000 75000 50000 25000 11000 140000 10500 7000 3600 1570 (126). . Centuties (comitia centuriata) 100 . 80 22 20 22 30 . 18 . 193 . 97 . 98 . .

( ) . .

. .

"" "" () ( )- : .

: (116) . . . ( ). .

(117) ( 9 ) . .

(118) 451 450 .. () . 449 . () . .

(119) (218-201 .) . .

(120) ( 91).

(121) Th. Mommsen, "Rmische Forschungen". 2 Aufl, Bd I, Berlin , 1864. ( . " ". 1864).

(122) . " ".

(123) "Rmische Alterthmer". Bd I, Berlin, 1856. (" " 1856. ) . . "De Privilegiis Feceniae Hispalae senatusconsulto concessis" (Liv XXXIX,19), Gottingae, 1822. ( . " ( )". 1822). (124) B.G. Niebuhr. " Rmische Geschichte" Th I-III ( . " " ) 1811.

(125) Th. Mommsen, "Rmische Geschichte ". Bd I, Buch I, Kap 6 ( " ". ) 1854.

(126) Dureau de la malle. "Economie politique des Romains" .T.I-II, Paris ( . " ". . 1840). .7

. . . - * (127). (128). .

.

(129) . . . ( 1869 (130)) . . . . : . . . . . . . ( ) :" " (131).

: . (gobr merch marchet marquette) . . " " . .

(sept "") clianne-"") "" . "" . ( caput cognationis) . . rundale () . "" ("Gewann") "". . . rundale (Gehferschaft) . factions* . . . ""**.

1745 (133). "" . "" . "" - -

" ... "" "" ... "" "" "(134).

"" (135) . "" .

*** . . cimrbes teutons suves . (gentibus cognationibusque)(136). genibus gens Julia* . . . " "(alaman) (genealogiae)(137). genealogia - . genealogiae (138) . fara () - - genealogia " ". .

. genos ("") gens ("") kuni ("") knne ("") . : gyne zena qvino kona kuna. fara fisan-. faran* - - . .- sibja - sib sippiasippa- **. sifjar- (Sif). " " (139) :" ... " "eddo hulhhes cnuosles du ss".

kuni kuning* -- . sibja () sifjar sif . . : (140) .

. *. "" . . . .

. . : (145). . . . .

. . ( ) . . . . . .

. wergeld () . "" . . . ("" 21) .

. Suves (146) . 150 - ( )- . . : ( ) (147). .

. . ( ) . . . - . .

. : . . . .

. . Codex Laureshamensis (148) - . . . .

. . . (149) ( ). : . . . ( ) . . . . - .- . . . .

. (principes) . . (principes) (duces) . . . . . . . . . : . . . .

. . . . . . .

(Gefolgschaften). . . . . . . . . . . - . .

: . . . .

: (128) M. Kovalevsky. "Tableau des origines et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit". Stockholm; 1890. (. . " ". 1890).

(129) 1283. . .

(130) 1869 1870 . .

(131) : "Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales" Vol. I, 1841 (" ". 1841).

(132) 1891 .

(133) 1745 1746 () - -. . . . . .

(134) L. H. Morgan . "Ancient Society". London,1877. (. . . " " 1877).

(135) Beda Venerabilis "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" ( . " ". .

(136) . " ". . .

(137) " " (alamans) . . 81 (84) " ".

(138) . " . . " 1866 "Tableau des origines et de l'volution de la famille et de la proprit". Stockholm; 1890.

(139) " " .

(140) . "" .

(141) . " ". . .

(142) "Vlusp" (" ") " " ( 28).

(143) :

Vlusp og de sibyllinske orakler" 1879 A.Ch. Bang. " (. . . " " 1879) S. Bugge. "Studier over de nordiske Gude- og Heltesagns oprindelse". Kristiania , 1881-1889. (. . " ". 1881-1889).

(144) G. L. Maurer. " Geschichte der Stadt-Verfassung in Deutsch-land " Bd I, Erlangen, 1869.

(145) 69-70 ( 69-71 ). . .

(146) . " ". . .

(147) . "" .

(148) "Godex Laureshamensis" (" ") . . .

(149) . " 37 ". .8

. 180000 . 100 * 20 . 10000 182 . Germania Magna** 500000 . 100000 Germania Magna . : 10 550 . . (150). 180 . . . . . . . . ( ) () . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .

. . . . . . - .

. (latifundia ) : villas . . . . . partiarii* . colonus contubernium . . . . . . . colonus ( poor whites* ). . : **. . . : . . .

. . . . . . . 475 "" (152). .

. . . . allod. . . . - . -- - . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. Gau - . . "" . bnficium (153). .

. . . . . . - Gaugrafen (154) - . .

. . . . tenure . . . --- (155). 2788 . 2080 35 * 220 8 ! . angaries () (156) - . . : . . . . . . . .

. . . . " " . . - - . . : . bnficium commende (157) .

. . .

- -

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(158) fournit aux cultivateurs des moyens d'affranchissement collectif et progressif * ( ) - :

. . . .

:(150) . " 37 ". .

(151) " ". .

(152) . "De gubernatione dei" (" ". ).

(153) Bnfice ( bnficium : ) . Bnfice (bnficiaire) . . . . Bnfices . " " .

(154) (Gaugrafen) . . . 877 .

(155) ( ) " ". P. Roth " Geschichte des Beneficialwesens von den ltesten Zeiten bis ins zehnte Jahrhundert". Erlangen, 1850 (. . " ". 1850 ).

(156) angarie . .

(157) Commende ( Commendare ) "" ("") "" ("") ( "" ). .

(158) Ch. Fourier "Thorie des quatre mouvement et des destines gnrales" 3-me d, uvres compltes, t. I, Paris 1846 ( . " ". . . 1846). 1808.9 : . . " " .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. - . . . . " " 1066 (159). . . . . . : . . . . .

. . . . .

. . -rex,basileus,thiudans ( ) . . - . . . : . . . . . . : . " "()(160) .

***

. . . . . . ( ) : . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . ( ). . : tu l`as voulu, George Dandin!*. . ( ) . * .

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*** . : . plbs . . () *. . " " " " (162). . "". .

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:1. .2. .3. .4. . . . : . . *. . . . . .

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. . - *. :" . . . . . . . . - - "( " ")(164).

() 26 () 1884. 1884. 1891.

:

:

(159) " ". 139. 1066 . - . .(160) . " . " "". (161) . . . : . . 1559 . .

(162) G.W.F. Hegel. " Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts" ( " " ). 1821.\

(163) F. Lassalle. "Das System der erworbenen Rechte" Th II. "Das Wesen des Rmischen und Germanischen Erbrechts in historisch-philosophischer Entwickelung" ( . " " . " ") 1861.

(164) " . " "".

(1) ( 448 .) ( 471 451) (451-450) .(2) . ( 465 425 .) ( 405 359 .) ( 359 338 .). (3) ( 446- 385 .) . .(4) (384-322 .) . .(5) ( .) (574-520 .) .(6) ( 540- 467 .) .(7) (525-456 .) . .(8) (Agassiz) (1807-1873)- . . 1864 .(9) (356-323 .)- .(10) ( 322- 400)- . "" 96 378.(11) ( .) .(12) (1820-1895).(13) ( .)- 560 . .(14) ( 434- 493) . 476 "" .(15) ( 480- 406 .) . .(16) (63 .- 14 )- (27 .-14).(17) () ( 311- 383) . . .(18) (Irminon) ( 826)- - (812-817).(19) (Espinas) (1844-1922) . .(20) (Bang) (1840-1913)- . .(21) (Bancroft) (1832-1918)- . .(22) (Bachofen) (1815-1887)- . " ".(23) (212-166 .)- (179-168 . ).(24) ( 562). . 8 " ".(25) ( 46- 125). . " " 50 . .(26) (Bleichrder) (1822-1893)- . () . .(27) ( ) (23-79)- . " " 37 .(28) (Bugge) (1833-1907) (). .(29) ( 673-735)- .(30) (Bismarck) (1815-1898). . (1871-1890). .(31) ( 600-827 .) (560-827 . ).(32) (Becker) (1796-1846). . . .(33) ( ) ( 55- 120)- . "" "" "".(34) (Taylor) (1832-1917) . .(35) (534- 509 .)- ( ) . .(36) (42 .- 37 )- (14-37).(37) : - ( 418 451) ( 453 466) ( 474 526).(38) ( 460- 395 .) . " ".(39) - ..(40) (Giraud-Teulon) ( 1839)- .(41) (Darwin) (1809-1882) . .(42) (Dureau de La Malle) (1777-1875)- .(43) ( .)- . . .(44) (384-322 .)- . . .(45) ( 80-29 .)- . " ". (46) ( .- )- . " ".(47) - . .(48) (Wright) (1803-1875)- . 1831 1875 . .(49) (Sugenheim) (1811-1877) .(50) ( )- . (69-70 69-71).(51) (578-534 .)- .(52) (Scott) (1771-1823). . . .(53) ( 390- 484)- " ".(54) (Zurita) - .(55) (Saussure) (1829-1905) .(56) ( 638 558 .) . .(57) ( 742-814)- (768-800) (800-814).(58) (Schmann) (1793-1879)- . .(59) ( )- . .(60) (Grote) (1794-1871- " ".(61) (Grimm) (1785-1863)- . .(62) ( ) ( 540- 594)- . . 573 (). " " " ".(63) (Gladstone) (1809-1898)- . ( ) (1868-18741880-188518861892-1894).(64) (Geothe) (1749-1832)- . .(65) ( patricians).(66) ( )( 53 .-9 )- . (7-9 ). .(67) (Wagner) (1813-1883) .(68) (Wachsmuth) (1784-1866)- . .(69) (Waitz) (1813-1886) . . .(70) (Fison) (1832-1907) . (1863-18711875-1884) (1871-18751884-1888). . 1871 " " " ".(71) (1452-1516) (1474-1504) (1507-1516) (1479-1516).(72) (Freeman) (1823-1892)- . . .(73) (Westermarck) (1862-1939)- .(74) (Fourier) (1772-1873)- .(75) (1830-1889) . .(76) - .(77) ( )- . (69-70 69-71).(78) ( ) ( 100-44 .) . . " ".(79) (Kaye) (1814-1876)- . .(80) ( patricians).(81) - 510-507 . .(82) (1851-1916).- .(83) (Cuvier) (1769-1832). . . .(84) - .(85) (Gunow) (1862-1936)- - . . . .(86) - ( patricians).(87) (Lassalle) (1825-1864) . 1863. . " " .(88) (Lange) (1825-1885)- . .(89) ( 120- 180)- . .(90) - .(91) (Lubbock) (1834-1913)-( 1899- )- .(92) (Latham) (1812-1888)- . . .(93) (Letourneau) (1831-1902)- .(94) (59.-17 )- . " ". (95) ( 922- 972)- . . 961 ( ). " ".(96) - . .(97) (Marx) (1818-1883).(98) - (Mac-Lennan) (1827-1881)- . .(99) (Maine) (1822-1888)- .(100) (Morgan) (1818-1881) . . .(101) (Maurer) (1790-1872)- . . .(102) (Molire) ( ) (1622-1673)- .(103) (Mommsen) (1817-1903) . .(104) - ..(105) (1769-1821)- (1804-1814 1815).(106) ( 360- 312 .)- . . (326-324 .).(107) (Niebuhr) (1776-1813)- . .(108) (1854-1928)- . . .(109) (Howitt) (1830-1908)- . (1862-1901). . 1871 " " " ".(110) (Huschke) (1810-1886)- . .(111) . "" "".(112) (Heusler) (1834-1921)- . .(113) ( 484-425 .)- .(114) (73-4 .)- (40-4 . ).(115) (Hegel) (1770-1831) . . .(116) (Watson) (1827-1892)- . . 1858 1879 . .(117) ( 1170- 1220)- .(118) (978-1054) (1019-1054).(119) - ( patricians).

(1) - .(2) - .(3) - . .(4) - . "" .(5) - "" " " .(6) - "" . . .(7) - .(8) - . .- .(9) - .(10) - "".(11) - "" "" .(12) - "".(13) - " ".(14) - . " ".(15) - "".(16) - "" .(17) - " " .(18) - .(19) - . " ".(20) - . (21) - "" .(22) - .(23) - . .(24) - "" .(25) - " " .(26) - ( - )" ". .(27) - "" "" .(28) - .(29) - .(30) - " ".(31) - "". .(32) - "" .(33) " ".(34) - .(35) () "" () 13 . .(36) " " .(37) - " " .(38) - . .(39) - . . "".(40) - " " .(41) - ( ) " " .(42) - " ".(43) - .(44) - " ".(45) "" .(46) - .(47) - "".(48) - .(49) - () .(50) .(51) - " ".(52) - " " .(53) - "" () .(54) - "" (55) .(56) .(57) - "" .(58) - "" .(59) - " ".

(1) - .(2) (Almans)- . .(3) - ( ).(4) ()- .(5) - . .(6) - ( ).(7) - . .(8) - . .(9) - . .(10) - .(11) ()- . .(12) - - .(13) - . .(14) - ( ).(15) - . . .(16) - .(17) - .(18) - .(19) (Bretons) - -().(20) - .(21) .(22) .(23) - .(24) - . .(25) - . .(26) - .(27) - .(28) - . .(29) .(30) - .(31) . .(32) - .(33) - .(34) - . . .(35) - . . . .(36) - . .(37) - ( ).(38) - ( ).(39) .(40) - .(41) - .(42) - ( ).(43) .(44) - .(45) - ( ) . .(46) - . .(47) .(48) . . .(49) ( )- .(50) - .(51) - - .(52) - . .(53) .(54) - .(55) ( )- . .(56) ()- 500 .(57) .(58) - .(59) - ( ) .(60) - . .(61) - .(62) - . .(63) - ( ).(64) - ( ).(65) ()- .(66) .(67) ()- .(68) - - .(69) .(70) ()- . . ( ) .(71) - () .(72) - .(73) - .(74) - . .(75) ()- . . (76) - . .(77) .(78) ( ).(79) ()- . .(80) ()- . .(81) - .(82) ()- .(83) - ( ).(84) - . .(85) -- ( -)- - .(86) - ( ).(87) - .(88) - . . .(89) - .(90) - . . . .(91) - . .(92) - . - .(93) - .(94) ()- .(95) ()- .(96) ()- .(97) - .(98) - .(99) - .(100) - . .(101) - ( ).(102) - .(103) - .(104) - . - . ( ) .(105) - .(106) - .(107) . . .(108) .(109) - .(110) ()- .(111) - . . "Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines