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PPeettrroolleeuumm

EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg

The Author

Parmanand Thakur

Creation Date: 9th, November, 2000.

PPrreeppaarreedd BByy::

PPeettrroolleeuumm EEnnggiinneeeerr::

MMoohhaammmmeedd ZZoouuhhrryy EEll--HHeelluu..

EE--MMaaiill:: ppeetteenngg..mmzzhheelluu@@ggmmaaiill..ccoomm

Glossary of Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Engineer: M. Z. El-Helu

E-Mail: [email protected]

11.. AA )) ((

Ampere, a unit of electrical current equivalent to the steady current produced

by 1 volt applied across a resistance of 1 ohm.

22.. AA--FFRRAAMMEE TA two-legged (with two legs), metal or wooden support in the form of the

letter "A" for hoisting or exerting a vertical pull with block and tackle or block

and winch line, the block fastened to the 3pex of the A-frame, Such a frame

fixed to move off location before the well is completed. And although the

operators of the drilling vessel know the approximate location of the

temporarily abandoned well, to be able to reenter the hole without diver

assistance, which often is not possible, requires the pinpointing of the location

by electronic means.

33.. AA--hh )) ((

TAmpere-hour.T

44.. AA--mmaasstt )) ((

TAn A-shaped arrangement of upright poles, usually steel, used for lifting

heavy loads. T

566.. AAAAOODDCC )) ((

TAmerican Association of Oil well Drilling Contractors.

77.. AAAAPPGG )) ((

TAmerican Association of Petroleum Geologists.T

88.. AAbbaannddoonn )) ((

TTo cease producing oil or gas from a well when it becomes unprofitable. A

wildcat ) ( may be abandoned after it has been proven

nonproductive. Usually, before a well is abandoned, some of the casing is


22



removed and salvaged ) ( and one or more cement plugs placed

in the borehole to prevent migration of fluids between the various formations.

In many states, abandonment must be approved by an official regulatory

agency before being undertaken. T

99.. AABBAANNDDOONNEEDD OOIILL )) )) ((((

TOil permitted to escape from storage tanks or pipeline by an operator. If the

operator makes no effort to recover the oil, the land owner ) ( on

whose property the oil has run may trap the oil for his own use. T

1100.. AAbbaannddoonneedd WWeellll )) ((

TConverting a drilled well to a condition that can be left indefinitely

) ( without further attention and which will not damage fresh

water supplies or potential petroleum reservoirs. T

1111.. AAbbdd )) ((

Or abdn, abbr abandoned; used in drilling reports.

1122.. AAbbnnoorrmmaall pprreessssuurree )) ((

Pressure exerted by a formation and exceeding or falling below the normal

pressure to be expected at a given depth. Normal pressure increases

approximately (0.465 psi) per foot of depth. Thus, normal pressure at 10,000

ft is 4,650 psi; abnormal pressure is higher than or lower than 4,650 psi.

Formations with abnormally high pressure ) ( must be

controlled to prevent a blowout. (See pressure gradient.).

1133.. AAbbooaarrdd )) ((

Tadon or in a ship or offshore drilling rig.T


33



1144.. AABBSS )) ) () ( ((

(1) Abbr, the American Bureau ) ( of Shipping; an organization

that sets standards and specifications for ships and ship equipment

manufactured in the U.S.

(2) Absolute permeability ) ( , the case with which a fluid flows

through a formation that is 100 percent saturated with that fluid.

1155.. AABBSSOOLLUUTTEE aallccoohhooll )) ))((((

TOne hundred percent ethyl alcohol.

1166.. AAbbssoolluuttee ppoorroossiittyy )) ((

Of the total bulk volume of a rock sample, the percentage that is composed of

pore spaces or voids ) ( . (See porosity.) T

1177.. AAbbssoolluuttee pprreessssuurree )) ((

The pressure reckoned )( from absolute zero pressure, or gauge pressure

) ( plus the pressure of the atmosphere. It is expressed in units of

force per unit of area, as pounds per square inch absolute (psia). T

1188.. AAbbssoolluuttee tteemmppeerraattuurree ssccaallee

A measure of temperature in which zero degrees is absolute zero. The

Rankine absolute temperature scale corresponds to degrees Fahrenheit, in

which water freezes at 491.691 and boils at 671.691. The Kelvin absolute

temperature scale corresponds to degrees centigrade, in which water freezes

at 2731 and boils at 373 T


44



1199.. AAbbssoolluuttee zzeerroo )) ((

A hypothetical temperature ) ( at which there is a total

absence of heat.

2200.. AAbbssoorrbb ))((

To recover liquid hydrocarbons from natural or refinery gas in a gas-

absorption plant. The wet gas enters the absorber ) ( at the

bottom and rises to the top, encountering a stream of a absorption oil (a light

oil or similar fraction) traveling downward over bubble-cap trays

) ( . The lighter fraction removes, or absorbs, the heavier liquid

hydrocarbons from the wet gas. T

2211.. AAbbssoorrbbeerr )) ((

A vertical, cylindrical vessel that recovers heavier hydrocarbons from a

mixture of predominantly )( lighter hydrocarbons. (See absorb.)

2222.. AAbbssoorrppttiioonn ggaassoolliinnee )) ((

The gasoline extracted from natural gas by putting the gas in contact with an

oil in a vessel and subsequently ) ( distilling the gasoline from the

heavier oil.

2233.. AABBSSOORRPPTTIIOONN OOIILL )) ((

An oil with a high affinity for light hydrocarbons but containing few if any of

the light compound, composing gasoline or natural gas. The oil used in an

absorption plant (q.v.). T


55



2244.. AABBSSOORRPPTTIIOONN PPLLAANNTT )) ((

An oil field facility that removes liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas,

especially casinghead gas ) ( . The gas is run

through oil of a proper character which absorbs the liquid components of the

gas. The liquids are then recovered from the oil by distillation. T

2255.. AAbbssoorrppttiioonn ttoowweerr )) ((

T(See absorber.)

2266.. AAbbyyssssaall )) ((

Tof or relating to the bottom waters of the ocean.

2277.. AACC )) ((

Abbr of Alternating Aurrent.

2288.. AACCCCEELLEERRAATTEEDD AAGGIINNGG TTEESSTT

TA procedure whereby an oil product is subjected to intensified but controlled

conditions of heat, pressure, radiation, or other variables to produce, in a

short time, the effects of long-time storage or use under normal conditions. T

2299.. AAcccceelleerraattoorr )) ((

A chemical additive that reduces the setting time of cement. (See cementing

materials.)

3300.. AAcccceelleerraattoorr jjaarr )) )) ( ( ((

(See jar accelerator.) T


66



3311.. AAccccoorrdd IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn AAccttss

The Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord

Implementation Act, S.C. 1988, c.28 and the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore

Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation (Nova Scotia) Act, S.N.S. 1987,

c.3. The federal and provincial "mirror" legislation implements the provisions

of the 1986 Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord and

governs all petroleum activities that take place in the offshore area. T

3322.. AAccccuummuullaattee ))((

To amass )( or collect. When oil and gas migrate into porous formations,

the quantity collected is called an accumulation. T

3333.. AAccccuummuullaattoorr )) )) ((((

(1). a vessel or tank that receives and temporarily stores a liquid used in a

continuous process in a gas plant.

(2). On a drilling rig, an accumulator stores the nitrogen-pressurized hydraulic

fluid used in closing the blowout preventers. (See blowout presenter control

unit.).

(3). A drip accumulator ) ( collects the liquid hydrocarbons that

condense out of a wet gas traveling through a pipeline.

3344.. AACCCCUUMMUULLAATTOORR SSYYSSTTEEMM )) ((

A hydraulic system designed to provide power to all closure elements

) ( of the rig's blowout preventer stack ) ( .

Hydraulic oil is forced into one or more vessels by a high-pressure, small-

volume pump and Its charge of Inert gas, usually nitrogen. The gas is

compressed and stores potential energy. When the system is actuated, the oil


77



under high pressure is released and opens or closes the valves on the BOP

stack.

3355.. aacceettiicc aacciidd )) ))((((

An organic acid compound sometimes used to acidize oil wells. It is not as

corrosive as other acids used in well treatments. Its chemical formula is

C2H4O2, or CH3COOH.

3366.. AACCEETTOONNEE ))((

A flammable ) ( , liquid compound used widely in industry as a solvent

for many organic substances.

3377.. AACCEETTYYLLEENNEE ))((

A colorless ) ( , highly flammable gas with a sweetish odor

) ( ; used with oxygen In oxyacetylene welding ) ( . It is

produced synthetically by incomplete combustion ) ( of coal gas

and also by the action of water on calcium carbide (CaC2). Also can be made

from natural gas. T

33399.. aacceettyylleennee wweellddiinngg )) ((

A method of joining steel components, in which acetylene gas and oxygen are

mixed in a torch ) ( to attain the high temperatures needed to weld. T

4400.. AAcciidd ))((

Any chemical compound, one element of which is hydrogen, that dissociates

)( in solution to produce free-hydrogen ions. (See ion.) For example,

hydrochloric acid, HCI, dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+, and


88



chloride ions, Cl-. This reaction is expressed chemically as HC@-H + + Cl-(See

dissociation.).T

44422.. AACCIIDD BBOOTTTTLLEE IINNCCLLIINNAATTOORR )) ((

A device used in a well to determine the degree of deviation from the vertical

of the well bore. The acid is used to etch a horizontal line on the container,

and from the angle the line makes with the wall of the container, the angle of

the well's course can be arrived at. T

44444.. AAcciidd ffrraaccttuurree )) ((

To open cracks in productive hard-limestone formations by using a

combination of oil and acid (or water and acid) under high pressure. (See

formation fracturing) T

4455.. AACCIIDD--RREECCOOVVEERRYY PPLLAANNTT )) ((

An auxiliary facility at some refineries where sludge acid ) ( is

separated into acid oil, tar, and weak sulfuric acid ) ( . The sulfuric

acid is then re-concentrated.

4466.. RReeccoovveerryy ))((

The total volume of hydrocarbons that has been or is anticipated )( to be

produced from a well or field. T

4477.. AACCIIDD SSLLUUDDGGEE )) ((

The residue left after treating petroleum with sulfuric acid for the removal of

Impurities )( . The sludge is a black, viscous substance containing the

spent acid and the impurities which the acid has removed from the oil. T


99



4488.. AACCIIDD TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT

A refining process in which unfinished petroleum products such as gasoline,

kerosene, diesel fuels, and lubricating stocks are treated with sulfuric acid to

improve color, odor, and other properties.

4499.. AAcciiddiittyy ))((

The relative acid strengths of liquids as measured by pH; a pH value below 7.

(See pH value.) T

5500.. AAcciiddiizzee )) ((

To treat oil-bearing limestone or other formations, using a chemical reaction

with acid, to increase production. Hydrochloric or other acid is injected into

the formation under pressure. The acid etches the rock, enlarging the pore

spaces and passages )( through which the reservoir fluids flow. The acid

is then pumped out and the well swabbed )( and put back into production

) ( . Chemical inhibitors combined with the acid prevent

corrosion of the pipe.

5511.. AACCIIDDIIZZIINNGG AA WWEELLLL )) ((

A technique for increasing the flow of oil from a well by the use of a quantity

of acid pumped downhole and into the rock formation. Hydrochloric acid is

pumped or forced under high pressure into a limestone formation which

dissolves the limestone, enlarging the cavity and increasing the surface area

of the hole opposite the producing formation. The high pressure of the

treatment also forces the acid into cracks and fissures )( enlarging them

and resulting in an increased flow of oil into the well bore. T


1010



5522.. AACCOOUUSSTTIICC PPLLEENNUUMM )) ((

TA sound-proof room; an off Ice or "sanctuary ) ( " aboard an

offshore drilling platform protected from the noise of drilling engines and pipe

handling.T

5533.. aaccoouussttiicc ppoossiittiioonn rreeffeerreennccee )) ((

A system consisting of: a beacon )( positioned on the seafloor to transmit

an acoustic signal ) ( , a set of three or four hydrophones mounted on

the hull of a floating offshore drilling vessel to receive the signal, and a

position display unit ) ( to track ) ( the relative positions

of the rig and the drill site. Monitoring of the display unit ensures accurate

positioning of the rig over the site.

5544.. AACCOOUUSSTTIICC RREEEENNTTRRYY )) ((

A method used In offshore operations, particularly in deep water for

repositioning a drillship or semisubmersible drilling platform over a hole

previously drilled and cased. The technique employs acoustic signals emitted

) ( by equipment on board the ship which are "bounced off

) ( " the submerged wellhead indicating to receivers the location of the

hole. In hostile environments ) ( such as a severe storm or

encroaching ice, a drillship may be forced to move off ) ( location

before the well is completed. And although the operators of the drilling vessel

know the approximate location of the temporarily abandoned well, to be able

to reenter the hole without diver assistance, which often is not possible,

requires the pinpointing ) ( of the location by electronic means. T


1111



5555.. AAccoouussttiicc ssuurrvveeyy )) )) ( (((

A well logging method that measures the time required for sound impulses

) ( to travel through a given length of rock to permit estimation of

the rock porosity of a given formation and of the type of fluid contained in the

rock. This process is also called sonic logging.

5566.. AAccrree--ffoooott )) )) ( (((

A unit of volume often used in oil-reservoir analysis, equivalent to the volume

(as of oil or water) necessary to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot.

5577.. AACCRREE--FFOOOOTT OOFF SSAANNDD

A unit of measurement applied to petroleum reserves; an acre of producing

formation one foot thick.

5588.. AAccrree--fftt

Tacre-foot. T

56600.. AAccrroossss ))((

over. The term usually describes conditions of flow on one side of a piece of

equipment as compared with conditions on the opposite side where a fluid is

flowing (e.g., a pressure drop across a separator). T

6611.. AACCSS )) ((

TAmerican Chemical Society.

6622.. AACCTT

Automatic custody transfer, more commonly called LACT, lease automatic

custody transfer.


1212



6633.. SSYYSSTTEEMM

TAutomatic Custody Transfer System (q.v.),

6644.. AAccttiivvaatteedd cchhaarrccooaall )) )) ( ( ((

A form of carbon characterized by a high absorptive and adsorptive capacity

for gases, vapors, and colloidal solids.

6655.. AACCTTUUAATTOORR

See Operator.

6666.. AACCVV )) )) ( (((

Air cushion vehicle. See Air Cushion Transport

) ) (( . T

6677.. AADDAA MMUUDD )) ((

A material which may be added to drilling mud to condition it in order to

obtain satisfactory core samples.

6688.. AADDAAPPTTEERR )) ((

A device to provide a connection between two dissimilar parts or between

similar parts of different sizes. See Swage. T

6699.. AADDDDIITTIIVVEE )) ((

TA chemical added to oil, gasoline, or other products to enhance certain

characteristics or to give them other desirable properties. additive a

substance or compound added in small amounts to a larger volume of

another substance to change some characteristic of the latter. In the oil

industry, additives are used in lubricating oil, fuel, drilling mud, and cement

for cementing casing. T


1313



7700.. AADDDDMMVVEE

A chemical added to oil, gasoline, or other products to enhance certain

characteristics or to give them other desirable properties. T

7711.. aaddhheerree ))((

To stick or bond to (as paint to a metallic surface).

7722.. aaddiiaabbaattiicc cchhaannggee )) ((

A change in the temperature of a gas, caused specifically by a change in the

pressure of the gas. T

7733.. aaddjjuussttaabbllee cchhookkee )) ))((((

A choke in which a conical needle and seat vary the rate of flow. adsorption

the adhesion of a thin film ) ( of a gas or liquid to the surface of

a solid. Liquid hydrocarbons are recovered from natural gas by passing the

gas through activated charcoal, which extracts the heavier hydrocarbons.

Steam treatment of the charcoal removes the adsorbed hydrocarbons, which

are then collected and recondensed. T

7744.. AADDSSOORRPPTTIIOONN ))((

The attraction exhibited by the surface of a solid for a liquid or a gas when

they are in contact.T

7755.. AADDVVAANNCCEE PPAAYYMMEENNTT AAGGRREEEEMMEENNTT )) ((

A transaction )( in which one operator advances a sum of money

) ( or credit to another operator to assist In developing an oil or gas

field. The agreement provides an option to the "lender" to buy a portion or all

of the production resulting from the development work. T


1414



7777.. AAEECC )) ((

TAtomic Energy Commission.

7788.. aaeerraattiioonn )) )) ((((

The technique of injecting air or gas into a fluid. For example, air is injected

into drilling fluid to reduce the density of the fluid. T

7799.. AAEERRIIFFYY ))((

To change Into a gaseous form; to infuse with or force air into; gasify.

8800.. aaeerroobbiicc ))((

requiring free, atmospheric oxygen for normal activity. T

8811.. AAFFRRAA )) ((

TAverage freight rate assessment (for tankers). T

8822.. aafftt

toward or near the stern of a ship or offshore drilling rig. T

8833.. AAGGAA )) ((

American Gas Association.

8844.. aaggee )) ((

to allow cement to mature, or reach a stage harder than that of immediate

setting. This process is sometimes called curing.

8855.. AAGGEENNCCYY CCOONNTTRRAACCTT

A type of agreement which in many cases has replaced the concession (q.v.)

as the form of petroleum development agreement in the Middle East and with

OPEC countries elsewhere. Under an agency contract, title to oil installations


1515



and oil produced arc held by the host government, but !he government bears

none of the costs of initial exploration. Also, the foreign company does not

have a long-term, exclusive right to exploit the minerals as is the case under

a concession agreement.

8866.. AAIICChhEE )) ((

TAmerican Institute of Chemical Engineers. T

8877.. AAIIMMEE

Tthe American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New

York City-based parent group of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. The SPE,

headquartered ) ( in Dallas, Tex., publishes the Journal of Petroleum

Technology. T

8888.. AAIIMMMMEE

TAmerican Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. T

889900.. AAiirr

balanced beam-pumping unit (See sucker-rod pumping.)

9911.. AAIIRR--BBAALLAANNCCEEDD BBEEAAMM PPUUMMPPIINNGG UUNNIITT

)) ((

An oil well pumping jack equipped with a piston and rod that works in an air

chamber to balance the weight of the string of sucker rods. The device is

attached to the well end of the walking beam and, acting as a shock

absorber, does away with ) ( (eliminate) the need for counterweights

on the rear end of the walking beam.


1616



9922.. AAIIRR BBOOTTTTLLEE

A steel cylinder of oxygen for oxyacetylene welding, an air chamber (q.v.); a

"bottle" or welded steel tank with air under pressure for use in starting certain

types of gas engines on leases or at pumping stations. The compressed air at

a pressure of 200 pounds or so per square inch is piped from the tank to the

engine's cylinderhead. To start the engine a hand-operated, quick-opening

and closing valve is instantly opened admitting the high pressure air into the

firing chamber. This pushes the piston as on a power stroke. After a burst of

air. the valve is shut off until the piston moves back on another compression

stroke. Then the valve is opened for another shot of air. By this time the

engine is rolling so the fuel (gas) valve is opened, fires engine fires and

begins running.

9933.. AAIIRR BBUURRSSTTSS

A geophysical technique used in marine seismic work in which bursts of

compressed air from an air gun towed by the seismographic vessel are used

to produce sound waves. Air bursts do not destroy marine life as did explosive

charges. T

9944.. AAIIRR CCHHAAMMBBEERR

TA small tank or "bottle" connected to a reciprocating pump's discharge

chamber or fine to absorb and dampen the surges in pressure from the

rhythmic pumping action. Air chambers are charged with sufficient air

pressure to provide an air cushion that minimizes the pounding and vibration

associated with the pumping of fluids with plunger pumps. T

9955.. AAIIRR--CCOOOOLLEEDD EENNGGIINNEE

TAn engine in which heat from the combustion chamber and friction is

dissipated to the atmosphere through metal tins integral to the engine's

cylinder head and block assemblies. The heat generated flows though the


1717



engine head and cylinder walls and into the fins by conductance and is given

off by the fins acting as radiators. A small, two-cycle engine without water

jacketing, water pump, or conventional radiator. T

9966.. AAIIRR CCUUSSHHIIOONN TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT

TA vehicle employing the hover craft principle of down-thrusting air stream

support, developed to transport equipment and supplies in the arctic regions.

The air cushion protects the tundra from being cut by the wheels or treads of

conventional vehicles. T

9977.. AAiirr--ccuutt

Thaving inadvertent mechanical incorporation of air into a fluid system.

9988.. AAIIRR DDRRIILLLLIINNGG

TThe use of air as a drilling fluid. In certain types of formations, air drilling is

considered a better medium than conventional drilling mud. It is more

economical (mud is expensive and the preparation of the slurry and

maintaining its condition is time consuming), drilling rates are higher,

penetration is faster, and bit life is longer. Although air does a good job of

cooling the bit and bringing out the pulverized rock, it has severe limitations.

With air drilling, water in the subsurface formations and downhole gas

pressure cannot be controlled. When drilling in an area where these two types

of intrusions may occur, a mud system must be on standby to avert possible

trouble. air drilling a method of rotary drilling that uses compressed air as its

circulation medium. This method of removing cuttings from the wellbore is as

efficient or more efficient than the traditional methods using water or drilling

mud; in addition, of penetration is increased considerably when air drilling is

used. However, a principal problem in air drilling is the penetration of

formations containing water, since the entry of water into the system reduces

its efficiency. T


1818



9999.. AAiirr ggaapp

Tthe distance from the normal level of the sea surface to the bottom of the hull

or base of an offshore drilling platform. T

110000.. AAIIRR HHOOIISSTT

TA hoist. a mechanism for lifting operated by a compressed air motor; T

110011.. AAIIRR--IINNJJEECCTTIIOONN MMEETTHHOODD

TA type of secondary recovery Ii production by forcing the oil from the

reservoir into the well bore. Cc-,c-3u-,t, of the dangers inherent in the use of

air, this method is not a common practice except in areas where there is

insufficient gas for repressuring. T

110022.. AAIIRR WWRREENNCCHH

TSee Impact Wrench.

110033.. AAIIRREEDD UUPP

TRefers to a condition in a plunger pump when the suction chamber is full of

air or gas blocking the intake of oil into the chamber. Before the pump will

operate efficiently, the air must be bled off and vented to the atmosphere

through a bleeder line or by loosening the suction valve covers to permit the

escape of the air. T

110044.. AALLIIPPHHAATTIICCSS

TOne of the two classes of organic petrochemicals the other is the aromatics

(q.v.), the most important aliphatics are the gases, ethylene. Butylene,

acetylene and propylene. T

110055.. AALLKKYYLLAATTIIOONN

TA refining process that, simply stated, is the reverse of cracking. The

alkylation process starts with small molecules and ends up with larger ones.

To a refining engineer, alkylation is the reaction of butylene or propylene with


1919



isobutane to form an isoparaffin, alkylate, a superior gasoline blending

component. T

110066.. AALLLL--TTHHRREEAADD NNIIPPPPLLEE

TA short piece of small-diameter pipe with threads over its entire length; a

close nipple. T

110077.. AALLLLOOWWAABBLLEE

TThe amount of oil or gas a well or leasehold is permitted to produce under

proration order of a state regulatory body. Under a lease allowable, the lease

is considered producing unit. In some instances if a lease has eight wells, for

example and one of eight is unable to make its production for some reason

the other seven wells can increase their flow to make up the loss of the ailing

well. allowable the amount of oil or gas produced from a well per unit of time.

In a state using proration, this figure is established monthly by its

conservation agency. T

110088.. AALLLLUUVVIIAALL FFAANN

TPertains to the silt, clay, sand, and other sediment deposited by a stream as it

spreads out on a plain or overflows its banks and then recedes. Also the silt

laid down by a tributary stream as it joins the mainstreamT

110099.. aallpphhaa ppaarrttiiccllee

Tone of the extremely small particles of an atom that is ejected from a

radioactive substance (as radium or uranium) as it 'disintegrates. Alpha

particles have a positive charge. T

1111111.. AALLTTEERRNNAATTEE FFIIEELLDDSS

TFuels-gas, gasoline, heating oil-made from coal, oil shales, or tar sands by

various methods. Alternate fuels may also include steam from geothermal


2020



wells where super-heated water deep in the earth is used to generate steam

for electric power generation. T

1111133.. AALLUUMMIINNUUMM CCHHLLOORRIIDDEE

TA chemical used as a catalytic agent in oil refining and for the removal of odor

and color from cracked gasoline.

1111155.. aammbbiieenntt tteemmppeerraattuurree

Tthe temperature of the medium by which an object is surrounded.

111166.. AAMMEERRIIPPOOLL

TThe trade name for products made from a type of synthetic rubber.

111177.. AAMMIINNEE

TOrganic bases used in refining operations to absorb acidic gases (H2S, COS,

C02) occurring in process streams. Two common amines are

monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA). T

111188.. AAMMIINNEE UUNNIITT

TA natural gas treatment unit for removing contaminants-H-S, COS,

CO@th6'us-o of amines (q.v.). Amine units are often f,,kid-motinter.1 so they

can be moved to the site of new gas production. Gas containing H2S and

other impurities must be cleaned up before it is acceptable to gas

transmission pipelines. T

111199.. AAMMMMOONNIIUUMM SSUULLFFAATTEE

TA salt having commercial value which is obtained in the distillation of shale

oils.

112200.. AAMMOONNDD DDRRIILLLL BBIITT

Drill bit with many small industrial (man-made) diamonds set in the nose or

cutting surface of the bit. Diamonds are many times harder than @ hardest


2121



steel, so a diamond bit makes possible longer bit runs before round trip is

necessary to change bits. T

1112222.. aammoorrttiizzaattiioonn

T1. The return of a debt, principal, and interest in equal annual installments. 2.

the return of invested principal in a sinking fund. T

1112244.. aammppeerree

Ta unit of electrical current equivalent to the steady current produced by 1 volt

applied across a resistance of 1 ohm. T

112255.. aammppeerree hhoouurr

Ta unit of electricity equal to the amount produced in 1 hour by a flow of 1

ampere. T

1112277.. AAMMYYLL HHYYDDRRIIDDEE

TThis fraction in the distillation of petroleum was used as an anesthetic by

J.Bigelow and B. Richardson in the year 1865. T

1112299.. aannaaeerroobbiicc bbaacctteerriiaa

Tany of several types of bacteria that do not require free oxygen to live or are

not destroyed by its absence. Under certain conditions, anaerobic bacteria can

cause scale to form in water-handling facilities in oil fields. T

1113311.. aanncchhoorr

Tany device that secures or fastens equipment. In downhole equipment, the

term often refers to the tail pipe. In offshore drilling, floating drilling vessels

are sometimes secured over drill sites by large metal anchors like those used

on ships. T

113322.. AANNCCHHOORR BBOOLLTT

TA stud bolt; a large bolt for securing an engine or other item of equipment to

its foundation. T


2222



1113344.. aanncchhoorr bbuuooyy

Ta floating marker used in a spread mooring system to position each anchor of

a semisubmersible rig or drill ship.

1113366.. aanncchhoorr wwaasshh

Tpipe spear a fishing tool attached to washover pipe by means of slips and

released from the pipe once the fish is engaged by the tool. It provides a way

to perform a washover and retrieve a stuck fish off the bottom in one round

trip. T

113377.. AANNEEMMOOMMEETTEERR

TAn instrument for measuring and indicating the force or speed of the wind. T

113388.. aannggllee--aazziimmuutthh iinnddiiccaattoorr

T(See riser-angle indicator.)

113399.. aannggllee ooff ddeefflleeccttiioonn

Tin directional drilling, the angle at which a well is deflected from the vertical

by a whipstock or other deflecting tool. T

114400.. aannggllee ooff ddeevviiaattiioonn

T(See deviation.) T

114411.. aannggllee ooff ddrriifftt

T(See deviation.)

1114433.. TTaannggllee ssuubb

T(See bent sub.)

1114455.. AAnngguullaarr uunnccoonnffoorrmmiittyy

Tan unconformity in which formations on opposite sides are not parallel. T


2323



114466.. aannhhyyddrriittee

Tthe common name for calcium sulfate, CaSO4, sometimes called gypsum or

gyp. Anhydrite formations are sometimes encountered during drilling T

114477.. aannhhyyddrroouuss

Twithout water.

114488.. aanniilliinnee ppooiinntt

Tthe lowest temperature at which the chemical aniline and a solvent (such as

the oil in oil-base muds) will mix completely. Generally, the oil of oil-base

muds should have an aniline point of at least 150 F to obtain maximum

service life from the rubber components in the mud system. T

114499.. aanniioonn

T(See ion.)

115500.. AAnnnnuullaarr BBlloowwoouutt PPrreevveenntteerr )) )) ((((

Ta large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, which forms a seal

in the annular space between the pipe and wellbore or, if no pipe is present,

on the wellbore itself T

115511.. AANNNNUULLAARR SSPPAACCEE )) ((

TThe space between the well's casing and the wall of the borehole. The ring of

space surrounding the well's casing, defined by wall of the borehole. See

Annulus of a Well. the space surrounding a cylindrical object within a cylinder.

2. the space around a pipe in a wellbore, sometimes termed the annulus, the

outer wall of which may be the wall of either the borehole or the casing. T

1115533.. AAnnnnuulluuss

T(See annular space.) T


2424



115544.. AANNNNUULLUUSS OOFF AA WWEELLLL

TThe space between the surface casing or conductor casing and the producing

or well-bore casing. Annular and annulus are often used interchangeably as

both derive from the Latin stem word annularis which means "relating to or

forming a ring." T

1115566.. aannooddee

Tthe positive element of any electrical device from which electricity flows. T

115577.. AANNOODDEE,, BBUUOOYYAANNTT

TA source of electric current (DC) for protecting offshore plat forms and other

steel structures resting on the sea floor against corrosion. The anode is

anchored to the se t floor a few hundred feet away from the structure but is

held off bottom by is buoyancy. The anode is connected to a source of DC

current on the platform by an insulated cable. The weak current is supplied

by a transformer-rectifier, the negative terminal of which is grounded to the

steel structure. This the completion of the circuit from rectifier to anode to

structure is through the sea water. The weak current moving from anode to

the structure reverses the flow of current associated with the corrosion of

metal. See also Rectifier Bed. T

115588.. aannoommaallyy

Ta deviation from the norm. In geology, the term indicates an abnormality

such as a fault or dome in a sedimentary bed.

115599.. AANNSSII

TAmerican National Standards Institute.

1116611.. TTAANNTTIICCLLIINNAALL FFOOLLDD TT

TA subsurface formation resembling an anticline. T


2525



1116633.. aannttiicclliinnaall ttrraapp

Ta hydrocarbon trap in which petroleum accumulates in the top of an anticline. T

116644.. aannttiicclliinnee

Tan arched, inverted-trough configuration of folded and stratified rocks; the

opposite of a syncline. T

116655.. aannttiiffrreeeezzee

Ta chemical compound that prevents the water in the cooling system of an

engine from freezing; ethylene glycol.

116666.. AANNTTIIKKNNOOCCKK CCOOMMPPOOUUNNDDSS

TCertain chemicals which are added to automotive gasolines to improve their

performance, to reduce 'ping" or knock in high-compression, internal

combustion engines. Tetraethyl lead is one well-known compound. The

addition of small amounts of these chemicals has the effect of slowing down

the explosion or burning of the air-gasoline vapor mixture in the combustion

chamber, thus giving the piston a "push" instead of a sudden explosive blow.

The compounds contribute also to smoother performance, of the engine and

more mile; per gallon of fuel. antiknock compound any substance added to

the fuel of an internal-combustion engine to prevent detonation of the fuel;

specifically, tetraethyl lead. Antiknock compounds effectively raise the octane

rating of a fuel so that the fuel burns properly in the combustion chamber of

the engine. T

116677.. AAOOSSCC

Tthe Association of Oil Well Servicing Contractors, based in Dallas, Tex., which

sets some standards, principles, and policies of oil-well servicing contractors. T


2626



1116699.. TTAAPPII TT

TAmerican Petroleum Institute the oil industry's trade association. The API,

through its research and engineering work, establishes operating and safety

standards for all segments of the petroleum industry; issues specifications for

manufacture of pipe, pressure vessels, and other equipment; and furnishes

statistical and other information to government agencies having to do with

the industry. the American Petroleum Institute. Founded in 1920, this national

oil trade organization' is the leading standardizing organization on oil-filed

drilling and producing equipment. It maintains departments of transportation,

refining, and marketing in Washington, D.C., and a department of production

in Dallas. 2. (slang) indicative of a job being properly or thoroughly (as, "His

work is strictly API"). 3. (slang) when used sarcastically, indicative of

substandard performance that is predictable or usual (as, "It's API for that

engine to be broken down"). 4. degrees API; used to designate API gravity. T

1117711.. TTAAPPII BBIIDD SSHHEEEETTAANNDD WWEELLLL SSPPEECCIIFFIICCAATTIIOONNSS TT

TA form many operators use in soliciting bids on a well to be drifted and

completed. The form is submitted to drilling contractors in the area of the

proposed well. The operator asking for bids fills out the part of the form

giving the name and location of the well, commencement date, depth or

formation to be drilled into, and other information. When a drilling contractor

submits a bid, he lists the rig and equipment to be furnished by him draw

works, slush pumps, derrick or mast size, make. capacity, drill-pipe, tool

joints, etc. The bid sheet brings operator and contractor together. as it were;

then they arrive at rates and other matters.


2727



117722.. AAPPII cceemmeenntt ccllaassss

Ta classification system for oil-well cements, defined in API Specification 10A.

1117744.. TTAAPPII GGRRAAVVIITTYY TT

TGravity (weight per unit of volume) of crude oil or other liquid hydrocarbons

as measured by a system recommended by the API. API gravity bears a

relationship to true specific gravity but is more convenient to work with than

the decimal fractions which would result if petroleum were expressed in

specific gravity. API gravity the measure of gravity of liquid petroleum

products on the North American continent, derived from specific gravity in

accordance with the following equatio T

1117766.. AAPPPPRRAAIISSAALL DDRRIILLLLIINNGG

TWells drilled in the vicinity of a discovery or wildcat well in order to evaluate

the extent and the importance of the find. T

117777.. AAPPRROONN RRIINNGG

TThe bottom most ring of steel plates in the wall of an upright, cylindrical tank. T

117788.. AAQQUUAAGGEELL

TA specially prepared bentonite (clay) widely used as a conditioning material in

drilling mud. T

117799.. AAQQUUIIFFEERR

TA water-bearing rock strata. In a water-drive field the aquifer is the water

zone of a reservoir, underlying the oil zone. When wells are drilled in the

reservoir, the water pushes the oil toward the wells boreholes. If the wells are

produced at an excessive rate the water may bypass the oil and break into

the well bore, leaving much of the oil behind. See Channeling, also Water

Coning. aquifer 1. a rock that contains water. 2. the part of a water-drive

reservoir that contains the water. T


2828



118800.. AARRBBIITTRRAAGGEE,, PPRROODDUUCCTT ((PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM))

TThe buying, selling, or trading of petroleum or products in various markets to

make a profit from short-term differences in prices in one market as

compared to those in another. A sophisticated method of trading in world

petroleum markets. T

118811.. aarrcc wweelldd

Tto join metals by utilizing the arc created between the welding rod, which

serves as an electrode, and a metal object. The arc is a discharge of electric

current across an air gap. The high temperature generated by the arc melts

both the electrode and the metal, which fuse. T

1118833.. TTAARRCC WWEELLDDEERR

T(1) An electric welding unit consisting of a gasoline direct connected to a DC

generator. In the field the welding unit is usually skid mounted. (2) A person

who uses such a machine in making electric welds. The term arc welding

derives from the arc of electricity which spans the gap between the tip of the

welding rod (the electrode) and the piece of metal being welded. The flow of

electricity jumping the gap produces the heal to melt the rod onto the moiten

area of the metal. T

118844.. AARREEAALL GGEEOOLLOOGGYY

TThe branch of geology that pertains to the distribution, position, and form of

the areas of the earth's surface occupied by different types of rocks or

geologic formations; also, the making of maps of such areas.

1118866.. aarreennaacceeoouuss

Tpertaining to sand or sandy rocks (as, arenaceous shale). T


2929



118877.. AARREEOOMMEETTEERR

TAn instrument for measuring the specific gravity of liquids; a hydrometer

(q.v.). T

1118899.. aarrggiillllaacceeoouuss

Tpertaining to a nonproductive formation that consists of clay or shale (as,

argillaccous sand).

119900.. AARRGGOONN

TAn inert, colorless. odorless gaseous element sometimes and in some

locations produced with natural gas. T

1119922.. AARROOMMAATTIICCSS

TA group of hydrocarbon fractions that forms the basis of most organic

chemicals so far synthesized. The name aromatics derives from their rather

pleasant odor. The unique ring structure of their carbon atoms makes it

possible to transform aromatics into an almost endless number of chemicals.

Benzene, toluene, and xylene are the principal aromatics and are commonly

referred to as the BTX group (q.v.). T

119933.. AARRTTIIFFIICCIIAALL DDRRIIVVEESS

TMethods of producing oil from a reservoir when natural drives-gas-cap,

solution gas, water drive, etc.-are not present or have been depleted.

Waterflood, repessuring or recycling, and in situ combustion are examples of

artificial drives. T

119944.. aarrttiiffiicciiaall lliifftt

Tany method used to raise oil to the surface through a well, after reservoir

pressure has declined to the point at which the well no longer produces by

means of natural energy. Sucker-rod pumps, hydraulic pumps, submersible

pumps, and gas lift are the most common methods of artificial lift. T


3030



1119966.. aassbbeessttooss ffeelltt )) ((

Ta wrapping material that protects pipeline coatings, consisting of asbestos

saturated with asphalt.

119977.. AASSKK SSYYSSTTEEMM

TAutomatic station-keeping system; the name applied to a sophisticated

drillship positioning technique consisting of subsurface acoustical equipment

linked to shipboard computers that control ship's thrusters. The thrusters fore

and aft reposition the ship, compensating for drift, wind drag, current, and

wave action. See Dynamic Stationing. T

119988.. AASSMMEE

TAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, a New York City-based organization whose equipment

standards are sometimes used by the oil industry. Its official publication is

Mechanical Engineering.

119999.. AASSPPHHAALLTT

A solid hydrocarbon found as a natural deposit. Crude of high asphaltic

content when subjected to distillation to remove the lighter fractions such as

naphtha and kerosene leave asphalt as a residue. Asphalt is dark brown or

black in color and at normal temperatures is a solid. See Brea.

220000.. aasspphhaalltt eennaammeell

an asphalt-base enamel applied as a coating to pipe that is to be buried. The

asphalt is combined with finely ground mica, clay, soapstone, or talc and

applied while hot. Combined with a subsequent wrapping of asbestos felt, this

coating protects the buried pipe from corrosion.


3131



220011.. aasspphhaalltt mmaatteerriiaall

one of a group of solid, liquid, or semisolid materials that are predominantly

mixtures of hydrocarbons and their nonmetallic derivatives and are obtained

either from natural bituminous deposits or from the residues of petroleum

refining.

220022.. AASSPPHHAALLTT--BBAASSEE CCRRUUDDEE

Crude oil containing very little paraffin wax and a residue primarily asphaltic.

Sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen are often relatively high. This type crude is

particularly suitable for making high-quality gasoline, lubricating oil, and

asphalt. See Paraffin-base Crude.

220033.. aasspphhaalltt--bbaassee ooiill

(See naphthalene-base oil.)

2220055.. AASSPPHHAALLTTEENNEESS

TAt the very bottom of the crude oil barrel are the asphaltenes, composed of

complex molecules. Asphaltenes are polyaromatic compounds with high

carbon-hydrogen ratios in their molecules from which asphalt is made. T

2220077.. AASSPPHHAALLTTIICC PPEETTRROOLLEEUUMM

TPetroleum which contains sufficient amounts of asphalt in solution to make

recovery commercially practical by merely distilling off the solvent oils. T

2220099.. AASSPPHHAALLTTIICC SSAANNDDSS

TNatural mixtures of asphalts with varying proportions of loose sand. The

quantity of bituminous cementing material extracted from the sand may run

as high as 12 percent. This bitumen is composed of soft asphalt. T

2221111.. AASSSSEE

Tthe American Society of Safety Engineers, which establishes safety practices

for several industries. It maintains national offices in Chicago. T


3232



221122.. AASSSSEEMMBBLLYY

TA term to describe a number of special pieces of equipment fitted together to

perform a particular function; e.g., a drill assembly may include other pieces

of downhole equipment besides the drill bit, such as drill collars. damping

subs, stabilizers, etc. T

2221144.. AASSSSEETT,, WWAASSTTIINNGG

TSee Wasting Asset. T

2221166.. AASSSSIIGGNNEEEE

TA recipient of an interest in property or a contract; in oil and gas usage. the

recipient of an oil or gas lease; a transferee. T

2221188.. AASSSSOOCCIIAATTEEDD GGAASS

TGas that occurs with oil, either as free gas or in solution. Gas occurring alone

in a reservoir is unassociated gas. T

221199.. aasstteerrnn

Tin the rear of, or abaft, the stern of an offshore drilling rig; moving

backwards.

222200.. AASSTTMM

Tthe American Society for Testing and Materials, based in Philadelphia, which

sets guidelines for the use of equipment and materials for oil fields. T

222211.. AASSTTMM DDIISSTTIILLLLAATTIIOONN

TA test of an oil's distillation properties standardized by the American Society

for Testing and Materials. A sample of oil is heated in a flask, the vapors pass

through a tube where they are cooled and condensed, the liquid is collected

in a graduate. When the first drop of "distillate" is obtained the temperature

at which this "initial boiling point" of the oil. The test is continued until all


3333



distillable fractions over and have been measured and their properties

examined. T

222222.. aatthhwwaarrtt

Treaching from one side to the other side of an offshore drilling rig. T

2222244.. aattmm

Tatmosphere.

2222266.. AATTMMOOSSPPHHEERREE,, OONNEE

TThe pressure of the ambient air at sea level; 14.69 pounds per square inch.

Air at sea level, 29 92 inches of mercury or 33.90 feet T

2222288.. aattmmoosspphheerriicc pprreessssuurree

Tthe pressure exerted over the surface of the earth by the weight of the

atmosphere. At sea level, this pressure is approximately 14.7 psi. T

2223300.. aattmmoosspphheerriicc pprreessssuurree ccuurree

Tthe aging of specimens for test purposes at normal atmospheric pressure for

a designated period of time under specified conditions of temperature and

humidity. T

2223322.. AATTMMOOSSPPHHEERRIICC SSTTIILLLL

TA refining vessel in which crude oil is heated and product is distilled off at the

pressure of one atmosphere.

2223344.. aattoomm

Tthe smallest quantity of an element capable of either entering into a chemical

combination or existing alone. T


3434



223355.. aattoommiicc wweeiigghhtt

Tthe average, relative weight of an element as compared to another element

taken as a standard. Usually carbon, with a weight of 12, is used as the basis.

Every element is assigned an atomic weight. T

2223377.. aattoommiizzee

Tto spray a liquid through a restricted opening, causing it to break into tiny

droplets and mix thoroughly with the surrounding air. T

2223399.. AATTOOMMIIZZEERR,, FFUUEELL OOIILL

TA nozzle or spraying device used to break up fuel oil into a fine spray so the

oil may be brought into more intimate contact with the air in the combustion

chamber. See Ultrasonic Atomizer. T

2224411.. aattttaappuullggiittee

Ta fibrous clay mineral that is a viscosity-building substance, used principally in

saltwater-base drilling muds. T

224422.. AAUUSSTTRRAALLIIAANN OOFFFFSSEETT

TA humorous reference to a well drilled miles away from proven production.

2224444.. AAuutthhiiggeenniicc

TRefers to rocks/minerals which were formed or were generated in place.

2224466.. aauuttoommaattiicc ccoonnttrrooll

TA device that regulates various factors (as flow rate, pressure, or

temperature) of a system without supervision or operation by personnel. (See

instrumentation.)


3535



224477.. aauuttoommaattiicc ccoonnttrrooll

A device that regulates various factors (as flow rate, pressure, or

temperature) of a system without supervision or operation by personnel. (See

instrumentation.)

2224499.. aauuttoommaattiicc ccuussttooddyy ttrraannssffeerr

TA system for automatically measuring and sampling oil or products at points

of receipt or delivery. (See lease automatic custody transfer.) A system of oil

handling on a lease; receiving into tankage, measuring, testing, and turning

into a pipeline the crude produced on a lease. Such automatic handling of oil

is usually confined to leases with settled production. T

2225511.. aauuttoommaattiicc ddrriilllleerr

T(See automatic drilling. control unit.)

225522.. aauuttoommaattiicc-- ddrriilllliinngg--ccoonnttrrooll uunniitt

Ta mechanism used to regulate the amount of weight on the bit and not

requiring attendance by personnel. Automatic drillers free the driller from the

sometimes tedious task of manipulating the drawworks brake in order to

maintain correct weight on the bit. T

2225544.. aauuttoommaattiicc ggaauuggee

Tan instrument installed at eye level on the outside of a tank to permit

observation of the depth of the liquid inside. T

2225566.. aauuttoommaattiicc ggaauuggee

Tan instrument installed at eye level on the outside of a tank to permit

observation of the depth of the liquid inside.

2225588.. aauuttoommaattiicc ppuummppiinngg ssttaattiioonn

Tan automatically operated station installed on a pipeline to increase line

pressure when a fluid is being transported. T


3636



2226600.. aauuttoommaattiicc sshhuuttddoowwnn

Ta system in which certain instruments are used to control or maintain the

operating conditions of a process. If conditions become abnormal, this system

automatically stops the process and notifies the operator of the problem. T

226611.. aauuttoommaattiicc sslliippss

Tan air- or hydraulic-fluid-operated device that fits into the opening in the

rotary table when the drill stem must be suspended in the wellbore (as when

a connection, or trip, is being made). Automatic slips, also called power slips,

eliminate the need for roughnecks to set and take out slips manually. (See

slips.) T

226622.. AAUUTTOOMMAATTIICC TTAANNKK BBAATTTTEERRYY

TA lease tank battery (two or more tanks) equipped with automatic measuring,

switching (full tank to empty and full tank into the pipeline), and recording

devices. See Automatic Custody Transfer. T

2226644.. AAUUTTOOMMAATTIICC WWEELLDDIINNGG MMAACCHHIINNEE

TAfter two joints of pipe are joined by tack welds, automatic wire-welding

machines are used to put on the filler beads.

2226666.. aauuttoommaattiioonn

Tautomatic self-regulating control of equipment, systems, or processes. (See

instrumentation.) T

226677.. aauuxxiilliiaarryy eeqquuiippmmeenntt

Tequipment subsidiary or supplementary to the main equipment used in an

operation.

2226699.. aavvgg

Average.


3737



2227711.. AAXXLLEE GGRREEAASSEE

TA cold-setting grease made of rosin oil, hydrated lime, and petroleum oils.

See Grease. T

227722.. aazzeeoottrrooppee

Ta liquid mixture that exhibits a maximum or minimum boiling point. A mixture

of an azeotrophic liquid and another liquid or liquids boils at a temperature

either higher or lower than that of its components. T

227733.. aazziimmuutthh

Tin directional drilling, the direction of the face of the deviation tool with

respect to magnetic north as recorded bra deviation instrument.


3838



T 227744.. BB

Tbottom of; used in drilling reports.

2227766.. BB..HH..PP..

TBrake horsepower (q.v.). T

2227788.. BB//DD

Tbarrels per day.

227799.. BBAABBBBIITTTT

A soft, silver-colored metal alloy of relatively low melting point used for

engine and pump bearing; an alloy containing tin, copper and antimony.

228800.. BBAACCKK--IINN FFAARRMM--OOUUTT

A farm-out agreement (q.v.) in which a retained nonoperating interest of the

lessor may be converted, at a later date, into a specified individual working

interest (q.v.).

2228822.. BBAACCKK--IINN PPRROOVVIISSIIOONN

A term used to describe a provision in a farm-out agreement whereby the

person granting the farm-out (the farmer) retains an option to exchange a

retained override for a share of the working interest.

228833.. bbaacckk--iinn uunniitt

a portable servicing or workover rig that is self-propelled, using the hoisting

engines for motive power. Because the driver's cab is mounted on the end

opposite the mast support, the unit must be backed up to the wellhead. (See

carrier rig.)

228844.. BBAACCKK OOFFFF

To raise the drill bit off the bottom of the hole; to slack of 1 on a cable or

winch line; to unscrew.


3939



228855.. bbaacckk--ooffff jjooiinntt

a section of pipe with left-hand threads on one end and conventional right-

hand threads on the other. In setting a liner, a back-off joint is attached to it

so that the drill pipe may be disengaged from the liner by conventional right-

hand rotation.

228866.. BBAACCKK--OOFFFF WWHHEEEELL

See Stripper Wheel.

228877.. BBAACCKK PPRREESSSSUURREE

The pressure against the face of the reservoir rock caused by the control

valves at the wellhead, hydrostatic head of the fluid in the hole, Chokes and

piping. Maintenance of backpressure reduces the pressure differential

between the formation and the borehole so that oil moves into the well with a

smaller pressure loss. This results in the expenditure of smaller volumes of

gas from the reservoir, improves the gas-oil ratio, and ensures the recovery

of more oil.

228888.. BBAACCKK--PPRREESSSSUURREE VVAALLVVEE

A check valve (q.v.).

228899.. bbaacckk uupp

to hold one section of an object (as pipe) while another is being screwed into

or out of it. A backup wrench is any wrench used to hold a pipe or bolt to

prevent its turning while another length of pipe or a nut is being tightened or

loosened.

229900.. BBAACCKK--UUPP MMAANN

The person who holds (with a wrench) one length of pipe while another

length is being screwed into or out of it.


4040



229911.. BBAACCKKFFIILLLL

To replace the earth dug from a ditch or trench; also, the earth removed from

an excavation.

229922.. BBAACCKKHHOOEE

A self-propelled ditching machine with a hydraulically operated arm equipped

with a toothed shovel that scoops earth as the shovel is pulled back toward

the machine.

2229944.. BBAACCKKSSIIDDEE PPUUMMPPIINNGG

See Pumping, Backside.

2229966.. bbaacckkuupp ttoonnggss

the tongs used to back up the drill pipe as it is being made up or taken out of

the drill stem. (See make up and tongs.)

2229988.. BBAACCKKWWAASSHHIINNGG

Reversing the fluid flow through a filter to clean out sediment that has

clogged the filter or reduced its efficiency. Back washing is done on closed

system filters and on open-bed, gravity filters.

229999.. bbaacctteerriiaa

a large, widely distributed group of typically one-celled microorganisms. (See

anaerobic bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria.)

3330011.. bbaacctteerriicciiddee

anything that destroys bacteria.

3330033.. BBAADD OOIILL

Cut oil (q.v.).


4141



3330055.. bbaaffffllee ppllaattee

a partial restriction, generally a plate, placed to change the direction, guide

the flow, or promote mixing within a tank or vessel.

330066.. BBAAFFFFLLEESS

Plates or obstructions built into a tank or other vessel that change the

direction of the flow of fluids or gases.

330077.. BBAAIILL

To evacuate the liquid contents of a drill hole with the use of a long.

cylindrical bucket (bailer).

330088.. BBAAIILL DDOOWWNN

To reduce the level of liquid in a well bore by bailing.

3331100.. bbaaiilleedd--uupp bbiitt

(See ball up.)

331111.. bbaaiilleerr

a long cylindrical container, fitted with a valve at its lower end, used to

remove water, sand, mud, or oil from a well. bailing

331122.. BBAAIILLEERR DDAARRTT

The protruding "tongue" of the valve on the bottom of a bailer. When the dart

reaches the bottom of the hole. it is thrust upward opening the valve to admit

the mud-water Slurry.

331133.. bbaaiilliinngg lliinnee

the cable attached to the bailer, passed over a sheave at the top of the

derrick, and spooled on the reel.


4242



3331155.. bbaaiillss..

to recover bottomhole fluids, samples, or drill cuttings by lowering a

cylindrical vessel called a bailer to the bottom of a well, filling it, and

retrieving it.

331166.. BBAAIITT BBOOXX

A pipeliner's lunch pail.

331177.. BBAALLLL AANNDD SSEEAATT

A type of valve used in a plunger pump.

331188.. bbaallll ccoocckk

a device for regulating the level of fluid in a tank, consisting of a valve

connected with a hollow floating ball, which by rising or falling shuts or opens

the valve.

331199.. bbaallll jjooiinntt

(See flex joint.) ball sealers balls made of nylon, hard rubber, or both, and

used to shut off perforations through which excessive fluid is lost.

332200.. bbaallll uupp

to collect a mass of sticky consolidated material, usually drill cuttings, on drill

pipe, drill collars, tool joints, etc. A bit with such material attached to it is

termed a bailed-up bit. The condition frequently is a result of inadequate

pump pressure or insufficient drilling fluid.

332211.. bbaallllaasstt

weight added to make a mobile offshore drilling rig more seaworthy, increase

its draft, or sink it to the seafloor. Ballast is usually seawater, but sometimes

concrete or iron is used additionally to lower the rig's center of gravity

permanently.


4343



332222.. bbaallllaasstt ttaannkkss

vessels that contain ballast water.

332233.. bbaallllaasstteedd CCoonnddiittiioonn

the condition of a floating offshore drilling rig when ballast has been added

332244.. BBAALLLLIINNGG OOFF TTHHEE BBIITT

The fouling of a rotary drilling bit in sticky, gumbo-like shale which causes a

serious drag on the bit and loss of circulation.

332255.. bbaalllliinngg uupp

the failure of an anchor to hold in a soft bottom, instead pulling out with a

large ball of mud on it.

332266.. BBAALLLL VVAALLVVEE

A type of quick opening valve with a spherical core, a ball with a full-bore

port, that fits and turns in a mating cavity in the valve body. Drilling engine to

the crank and pitman assembly that actuates the working beam. Used in

former years in drilling with cable tools. Old pumping wells still use a band

wheel.

3332288.. BBAARREEFFOOOOTT CCHHAARRTTEERR

A contract or charter agreement between the owner of a drilling rig, semi-

submersible, or drillship and a second party in which the owner rents or

leases his equipment (usually short-term) barefoot, i.e., without the owner or

his representative taking any part in the operation or maintenance of the

equipment. The lessee agrees to man or stiff the equipment and operate it

without assistance from or responsibility by the owner. Also bareboat charter

for boats or ships.


4444



332299.. BBAARREEFFOOOOTT CCOOMMPPLLEETTIIOONN

Wells completed in firm sandstone or limestone that show no indication of

caving or disintegrating may be finished "barefoot," i.e., without casing

through the producing interval.

3333311.. bbaarrggee

any one of many types of flat-decked, shallow-draft vessels usually towed by

a boat. In cargo service, barges are used widely to transport crude oil and

refined products on rivers and other inland waters. A complete drilling rig may

be assembled on a barge, which usually is submersible; that is, it has a

submersible hull or base that is flooded with water at the drilling site. Drilling

equipment, crew quarters, etc., are mounted on a superstructure above the

water level.

333322.. BBAARRGGEE,, RREEEELL

See Reel Barge.

333333.. bbaarriittee

barium sulfate, BaSO4,,; a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling

mud. Its specific gravity is 4.2 (i.e., it is 4.2 times heavier than water). (See

mud.)

3333355.. bbaarriiuumm ssuullffaattee

1. a chemical combination of barium, sulfur, and oxygen; barite.

2. a tenacious scale that is very difficult to remove.

333366.. BBAARRKKEERR

A whistle-like device attached to the exhaust pipe of a one cylindered oil field

engine so that the lease pumper can tell from a whether or not the engine is

running. The noise the device makes resembles the back of a hoarse fox.


4545



333377.. BBAARROOIIDD

A specially processed barite (barium sulfate) to which Aquagel has been

added, used as a conditioning material in drilling mud in order to obtain

satisfactory cores and formation samples.

333388.. bbaarrrreell

(bbl) a measure of volume for petroleum products. One barrel (1 bbl) is the

equivalent of 42 U.S. gal or 158.97 liters. One cubic meter (1 m') equals

6.2897 bbl.

333399.. bbaarrrreell ccoommpprreessssoorr

a special type of centrifugal compressor with a barrel-shaped housing.

3334411.. bbaarrrreell--mmiillee

a unit of measure for pipeline shipment of oil that signifies 1 bbl moved 1

mile.

334422.. BBAARRRREELLHHOOUUSSEE

A building on the refinecy grounds where barrels are filled with various grades

of lubricating and other oils, sealed, and made ready for shipment oil house.

See Drum.

334433.. bbaarrrreellss ppeerr ddaayy

(BPD, bpd, BID, b/d) a measure of the rate of flow of a well;. the total

amount of oil produced or processed per day.

3334455.. bbaassaalltt

an igneous rock that is dense, fine-grained, and dark gray or black.

334466.. bbaassee

a substance capable of combining with charged hydrogen atoms (ions) to

form a salt. A typical base is sodium hydroxide (caustic), with the chemical


4646



symbol NAOH. For example, sodium hydroxide combines with hydrochloric

acid to form sodium chloride (a salt) and water; this reaction is written

chemically as NAOH + HCI NACI + H2O4.

334477.. bbaasseemmeenntt rroocckk

either igneous or metamorphic rock, usually not containing petroleum.

Ordinarily it lies below sedimentary rock. When it is encountered in drilling,

the well usually is abandoned.

3334499.. BBAASSIICC SSEEDDIIMMEENNTT

Impurities and foreign matter contained in a tank of crude oil, e.g., water

sand, oil-water emulsions. When produced, crude oil may contain one, or

more of these impurities. In the lease tank the impurities settle to the bottom

of the tank, with the relatively clean oil on top. After repeated filling and-

emptying of the tank, the sediment builds up to the pipeline connection and

must be removed. This is done by unbolting the plate from the clean out box

on the back of the tank and shoveling out the heavy, accumulated sediment.

3335511.. bbaassiicc sseeddiimmeenntt aanndd wwaatteerr ((BBSS&&WW))

she water and other extraneous material present in crude oil. Usually, the

BS&W con. tent must be quite low before a pipeline will accept the oil for

delivery to a refinery. The amount acceptable depends on a number of factors

but usually runs from less than 5 percent to a small fraction of 1 percent.

335522.. BBAASSIINN

A synclinal structure in the subsurface, once the bed of a prehistoric sea.

Basins. composed of sedimentary rock, are regarded as good prospects for oil

exploration.


4747



3335544.. bbaasskkeett ssuubb

a fishing accessory run above a bit or mill to recover small pieces of metal or

junk in a well.

3335566.. BBAASSTTAARRDD

(1) Any nonstandard piece of equipment. (2) A kind of file. (3) A word used in

grudging admiration, or as a term of opprobrium.

335577.. BBAATTCCHH

A measured amount of oil or refined product in a pipeline or a tank. a

shipment of oil or product by pipeline.

335588.. BBAATTCCHH IINNTTEERRFFAACCEE

See Interface.

3336600.. bbaattcchh ttrreeaattiinngg

the process by which a single quantity of crude oil emulsion is broken into oil

and water. The emulsion is gathered and stored in a tank or container prior to

treating. Compare with flow-line treating.

336611.. bbaattcchhiinngg sspphheerree

a large rubber ball placed in a pipeline to separate batches.

336622.. BBAATTHHOOLLIITTHH

A great mass of intruded igneous of metamorphosed rock found at or near

the surface of the earth. The presence of a batholith, often referred to as a

shield, usually precludes drilling for oil or gas as there are no sedimentary

formations above it. The largest batholith in the U.S. is in Idaho, underlying

nearly two-thirds of the state.


4848



336633.. BBAATTTTEERRYY

Two or more lease or stock tanks connected together to receive oil production

from a well or a producing lease; a tank battery. The lease tank batter y is

the starting point for crude oil on its way to the refinery-via gathering line,

pump station, and trunk line to the refinery tank farm. It is at the tank battery

where the pipeline gauger measures and tests the oil, and after making out a

run ticket (q.v.) opens the tank valve, turning the oil into the pipeline system.

A battery is two or more units of equipment linked together in the

performance of a function, e.g., separator battery; heater battery; filter

batters., and tank battery.

3336655.. BBAATTTTEERRYY,, TTRRIICCKKLLEE--CCHHAARRGGEEDD

See Trickle-charged Battery.

336666.. BBaauummee ggrraavviittyy

specific gravity as measured by the Baum6 scale. Two arbitrary scales are

employed one for liquids lighter than water and the other for liquids heavier

than water. This scale also is used to describe the density of acid solutions.

336677.. BBAAUUMMEE,, AANNTTOOIINNEE

The French chemist who devised a simple method to measure the relative

weights of liquids using the hydrometer (q.v.).

3336699.. bbbbll

barrel.

337700.. bbbbll//dd

barrels per day.

3337722.. BBCCDD

Barrels per calendar day. See Stream Day.


4949



337733.. BBccff

billion cubic feet of gas.

3337755.. BBccff ((BBiilllliioonn CCuubbiicc FFeeeett))

A volume measurement of natural gas measured in billions of cubic feet.

3337777.. BBccff//dd

billion cubic feet of gas per day.

3337799.. BBDDCC

bottom dead center.

3338811.. BBEEAADD

A course of molten metal laid down by a welder (electric or oxyacetylene) in

joining two pieces of metal. See Pipeline Welding.

338822.. BBEEAAKKEERR SSAAMMPPLLEERR

A metal or glass container with a small opening fitted with a stopper that is

lowered into a tank of oil to obtain a sample of oil.

338833.. bbeeaamm

the extreme width of the hull of a ship or mobile offshore drilling rig.

338844.. bbeeaamm ccoouunntteerrbbaallaannccee

the weights installed on the end of the walking beam, which is opposite from

the end over the well. The counterbalance offsets, or balances, the weight of

sucker rods and other downhole equipment installed in the well. (See sucker-

rod pumping.)

338855.. bbeeaamm--ppuummppiinngg uunniitt

a machine designed specifically for sucker-rod pumping, using a horizontal

member (walking beam) that is worked up and down by a rotating crank to

produce reciprocating motion. bean (See choke.)


5050



338866.. BBEEAAMM WWEELLLL

A well whose fluid is being lifted by rods and pump actuated by a walking

beam (q.v.).

3338888.. BBEEAANN

A choke used to regulate the flow of fluid from a well.

338899.. BBEEAANN JJOOIINNTT

In early pipeline parlance, the joint of line pipe laid just before the break for

lunch. When the bean joint was bucked in (q.v.) the pipe liners grabbed lunch

buckets from the gang truck and found a comfortable place to cat.

339900.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, BBAALLLL

A type of revolving bearing. The other type is the roller bearing (q v.),

339911.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, IINNSSEERRTT

Thin, bimetal, half-round bearings that fit in the journal box around a shaft to

provide a smooth, hard surface. One-half of the insert (in cross section, a

semicircle) fits into the journal box, the other half into the journal box cap.

Insert bearings era designated bimetal because although the bearing surface

is made of babbitt (q.v.) it is backed with a layer of bronze, brass, or steel.

There are also trimetal insert bearings. They are made with steel backing, a

"soft" alloy middle layer, and a babbitt outer layer. Babbitt metal, an alloy of

tin, copper, and antimony. was invented by Isaac Babbitt in 1862.

339922.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, OOUUTTBBOOAARRDD

A shaft-supporting bearing outside the body or frame of a pump's gear box or

engine's crankcase; a bearing on a pump's pinion shaft outside the gear box;

a line-shaft bearing.


5151



339933.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, RROOLLLLEERR

A type of cylindrical. Revolting bearing. The other type is the ball bearing

(q.v.).

3339955.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, SSAADDDDLLEE

See Saddle Bearing.

339966.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, SSTTIIRRRRUUPP

A bearing and its frame in the shape of a saddle stirrup; e.g. the bearing

connecting the pitman and the walking beam on an early-day cable tool

drilling or pumping well.

339977.. BBEEAARRIINNGG,, TTHHRRUUSSTT

A bearing to support the endwise or downward thrust or weight of a

machinery part against another. Thrust bearings can be constructed of ball

bearings or cylindrical roller bearings held in a circular frame or housing that

fits over a shaft

339988.. bbeedd

a specific layer of earth or rock in contrast to other layers of different material

lying above, below, or adjacent to it.

339999.. bbeeddddiinngg ppllaannee

the surface that separates each successive layer of a stratified rock from its

preceding layer.

440000.. BBEEHHIINNDD TTHHEE PPIIPPEE

Refers to oil and gas reservoirs penetrated or passed through by wells but

never tapped or produced. Behind the pipe refers usually to tight formations

of low permeability which, although recognized, were passed through

because they were uneconomical to produce at the time. Today, however,


5252



with the growing scarcity of oil and high prices, many of these passed-

through formations are getting a second look by producers.

440011.. BBEELLLL AANNDD SSPPIIGGOOTT JJOOIINNTT

A threaded pipe joint; the spigot or male end is threaded and screwed into

the bell or female coupling. The female end of a coupling has threads on the

inside circumference.

440022.. BBEELLLL HHOOLLEE

An excavation dug beneath a pipeline to provide room for the use of tools by

workers; a hole larger in diameter at the bottom than at the top.

440033.. BBEELLLL--HHOOLLEE WWEELLDDEERR

A welder who can do oxyacetylene or electric welding in a bell hole. This

requires a great deal of skill as the molten metal from the welding rod is

being laid on upside down and tends to tall away from the weld; a skilled

welder.

440044.. BBEELLLL NNIIPPPPLLEE

A large swage nipple for attaching casinghead fittings to the well's casing

above the ground or at the surface. The bell nipple is threaded on the casing

end and has a plain or weld end to take the casinghead valves.

4440066.. bbeelllloowwss mmeetteerr

(See orifice meter.)

4440088.. bbeelltt

a flexible band or cord connecting and passing about each of two or more

pulleys to transmit power or impart motion.

440099.. bbeelltt gguuaarrdd

a protective grill or cover for a belt and pulleys.


5353



4441111.. BBEELLTT HHAALLLL

A wooden shed built to protect the wide belt that runs from the engine to the

band wheel on a cable tool rig or an old beam pumping well. The belt hall

extends from the engine house to the derrick.

441122.. BBEENNCCHH--SSCCAA--LLEETTEESSTT

Testing of methods or materials on so small a scale that it can be carried out

on a laboratory table or specially constructed bench.

4441144.. bbeenntt ssuubb

a short cylindrical device installed in the drill stem between the bottommost

drill collar and a downhole mud motor. The purpose of the bent sub is to

deflect the mud motor off vertical to drill a directional hole.

441155.. bbeennttoonniittee

a colloidal clay, composed of montmorillonite, which swells when wet.

Because of its gel-forming properties, ben-tonite is a major component of

drilling muds. (See gel and mud.)

441166.. BBEENNZZIINNEE

An old term for light petroleum distillates in the gasoline and naphtha range.

4441188.. BBEENNZZOOLL

The general term which refers to commercial benzene which may contain

other aromatic hydrocarbons.

441199.. bbeettaa ppaarrttiiccllee

one of the extremely small particles, sometimes called rays, emitted from the

nucleus of a radioactive substance such as radium or uranium as it

disintegrates. Beta particles have a negative charge.


5454



442200.. BBEEVVEELLIINNGG MMAACCHHIINNEE

An oxyacetylene pipe-cutting machine. A device that holds an acetylene

cutting torch so that the ends of joints of pipe may be trimmed off It an angle

to the pipe's long axis. Line pipe is beveled in preparation for welding joints

together

442211.. BBFFPPHH

barrels of fluid per hour; used in drilling reports.

442222.. BBHHPP

bottomhole pressure.

4442244.. BBHHTT

bottomhole temperature.

4442266.. BBIIGG IINNCCHH PPIIPPEELLIINNEE

A 24-inch pipeline from Longview, Texas, to Norris City, Illinois, built during

World War 11 to meet the problem caused by tanker losses at sea as a result

of submarine attacks. Later during the war the pipeline was extended to

Pennsylvania. Following the war the line was sold to a private company and

converted to a gas line.

4442288.. BBIIGG SSPPRROOCCKKEETT,, OONN TTHHEE

Said of a person who is moving in influential circles or has suddenly gone

from a small job to one of considerably larger responsibility; a big operator.

often used pejoratively.

442299.. BBIIJJRRTTOONN,, WWIILLLLIIAAMM MM..

The petroleum chemist who developed the first profitable means of cracking

low-value middle distillates into lighter fractions (gasolines) by the use of heat

and pressure.


5555



443300.. BBIIOOCCHHEEMMIICCAALL CCOONNVVEERRSSIIOONN

The use of bacteria to separate kerogen from oil shale. Certain bacteria Will

biodegrade the minerals

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