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Sumatra = 473,970 ..(: = 369,881 ..)Java = 132,090 ..(: = 131,945 ..)Bali = 5,700 ..(: = 5,765 ..)

AFGHANISTAN (Taxila)

PAKISTAN

GUJA RAT

(Ellora)

(Bamiyan/Bamian) (Peshawar)

CHOLA

(Ajanta) (Valabhi)

(Bodh Gaya)

(Rajgir)/ (Patna)

NEPALBH UTAN

BANGLADESH

MYANMAR

THAILAND

LAOS

CAMBODIAVIETNAM

TAIWAN

PHILI

PPINE

S

SOUTHKOREA

NORTHKOREA

MALAYSIA

/(Guangzhou/Canton)

(Nakhon Pathom)

KEDAH

Borneo

(Nalanda)

(Delhi)

SRI LANKAAJEH

Sumatra (Malacca/Melaka)(Kuala Lumpur)

(Calcutta)

/ (Thaton)

(Jakarta) (Jogjakarta)

(Surakarta)

(Singaraja)

(Kadiri)

(Singosari)

Java Bali

(Khotan)

(Kucha/Kuqa) (Turfan/Turpan)

/(Chang-an)

/(Luoyang)

CHINA

INDIA

(Palembang) / (Jambi/Malayu )

(Tibet)

IRAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

KAZAKHSTANMONGOLIA

INDONESIA

RUSSIA

RUSS

IA

- - !

( ) ..1206/.. ..622/..

- -

(. . )

- ..65/.. ..78/.. ( Peshawar)

(Silk Road; /Roman roads )

( )

() *

* /French Indochina 1893/ 1954/

(. . ) (Indochina/Indochine/Indochinese peninsula)

() ()

(Indonesia) ( -: Indo- [] + ns [] + -ia [, ])

Indianized kingdoms

2 ( ..; 939/ 1471/)

(Funan; ) .. 1 ( ..)

(. . )

-( ; ) .. 6 7 /Angkor /Angkor Wat & Angkor Thom .. 9 .. 15 /Phnom Penh .. 15

Indianized kingdoms

.. , ../309 BC ( 249 BC)

The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia (1993) ( )

() ( )

(. . ) .. 6 .. 11 .. ( )

.. 13 ..

( / Thaton) ( Anawrahta) 1057/ ( ..)

.. 11 .. 13 .. .. ..

..100/.. ( )

Indianized kingdoms/ ( )

(. . )

- *

Lankasuka Langkasuka Lengkasuka Alang-kah-suka Lakawn Suka Lang-ya-hsiu Lang-hsi-chia ( )

(Ilangasoka) () 1025/

..100 ( ..)

* ( ) Singhasari Singasari Singosari Singaraj /Singapore

(. . )

( ..)

( )

(Kedah) ( )

( )

(in the vicinity of Pattani/Patani)

[ Pattani Patani /Maluku /Moluccas Patani ]

The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History (1999) (Kedah ) (Singgora ) (Ligor - )

(. . )

-

- ()

.. 6 ( ..800 ) ()

( ; 1365/)

( Nagarakertagama Nagarakartagama Nagarakrtagama Nagarakritagama )

( )

..15 ( ..)

(. . )

:

()

(Fa-hsien/Faxian) (Hsuan-tsang/Yuan-tsang/Xuanzang) (I-ching/I-tsing/Yijing)

399/ (405-411/) - ( )

..

(. . )

- .. 5 ()

629/ 633/ () 645/

671/

689-95/

(Strait of Malacca/Melaka; ) (Sunda Strait; )

()

(. . )

1025/

( Tumasik Temasek)

1025/ .. 13 .. 7

671/

(Sindh Sind = Sindhu ) 712/ 775/

(. . )

-

()

/ 711/

(Delhi Sultanate) ..1206/..

1001/ * (Gujarat) 1297/

1310/ (Madura Madurai)

( /Surat /Bharuch

* ( 1001/ 1008/)

(. . ) /Cambay) .. 13 ..

( ) ()

- (tribal warfare) 622/

.. 13( ..)

.. 13 (Samudra-Pasai) (Perlak) Sultan Malik al Saleh ( /Aceh )

(. . )

-

1025/

(Malayu/Melayu) (Jambi; ) (Minangkabau) .. 2 ( .. )

.. 7 (.. ) ..1100/..

( 1025/ )

.. 14 -

.. 14 1389/

(. . )

(Malayu/Melayu) ( Province )

(Malay Peninsula)*

.. 14 ( ..) .. 16 ( 1527/)

.. 15 ( 1401-1425/

1500/ (Johor, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Terengganu)

* Professor Leonard Y. Andaya The Search for the Origins of Melayu Journal of Southeast Asian Studies October 2001

(. . )

-

..1511/..

/Aceh .. 16 (.. )

.. 7 .. 16

(Sunda Strait)

.. 5 ( ..) /

(. . )

(Jakarta) .. 5-6/.. (Taruma; /Tarumanegara / To-lo-ma) ( )

.. 7 ()

.. 8( ..) (Mataram)

.. 8 ( ..) (Sailendra) (Kedu Plain)

( Borobudur Prambanan )

(. . )

-

Borobudur ( ) 800/ ( .. 9; Jogjakarta/Yogyakarta .)

Borobudur ( ) .

.. 9

.. 10 (900-930/) / Prambanan (/Prambanam )

Borobudur ( .)

Borobudur

(Jayavarman II; ) .. 8 790/

(. . ) 802/

..9 ( ..) .. 11

.. 11 (Kadiri; Kediri) (Daha; - )

- .. 8 ( 732-778/ )

.. 10

1019/ ( Airlangga Erlangga )

( 1135-57) ( )

(. . )

- 1222/ ( Kertajaya Kritajaya) (Singhasari/Singasari/Singosari; )

( Kertanagara Kritanagara; 1268-1292/)

1289/

1292/

( 1292/)

1293/

( )

(. . )* 1389/

1402-03/-

1478/ ( 1486/) .. 16 1527/

(Bali ) . (Balinese Hinduism)

( )

* - ( , )

- Majapahit Mataram

(. . )

-

()

.. , () Indianized states

1389/

.. 15

( ..16 .. 17 1819/

(. . )/Federation of Malaysia 1963/ / Republic of Singapore 1965/)

1390/ - ( )

(Melacca; Melaka) 1400/

1402/ 1403/

( - 1347/ )

1405/

(. . )

-1411/

1445/ 1456/

( ) (; )

( )

1511/

1641/

(Penang/Pinang)

(. . )(sultan of Kedah) 1786/ 1819/ 1824/ 1895/ Federated Malay States

1957/ Federationof Malaya 1963/ (Federation of Malaysia) 1965/

-

1511/ (Sultanate of Aceh/Acheh/Atjeh/Achin) 1524/

( ; ) /Qur`an 1640-1661/

(Dutch) 1903/

(. . )

- .. 16

- 1019/ (1584/-1755/)

(Pajang-) (Senapati Ingalaga; ) (Adiwijoyo )

.. ( Sultan Agung/, 1613-1645)

( )

(. . )

()

- (Demak) .. 16 ( ..)

(inland interior kingdom)

.. 17 ( .. ; )

(. . )

- .. 19 ( ..)

( ) 1602/

1749/ (Dutch East India Company) 1755/ Surakarta Yogyakarta/Jogjakarta/Djokjakarta

1799/ / (Dutch EastIndies; 1816/)

1942/ 1945/ (Sukarno) 1949/ (Republic of Indonesia)

(. . )

-

1945/ ( 1950/ 1959/ ) (Pancasila; )

:

()

( Aceh/Acheh/Atjeh/Achin)

( )

(. . )

: ~ E ~

) . (. . ) . . () .

) . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .

..

() -

(. . )

(. . )

(. . ) ()

..

(. . )

..

-

-

(. . ) (

)

) ) ) ) )

-

(. . )

(. . )

Barua, B.M. Asoka and His Inscriptions, Part I. Calcutta:New Age Publishers Private Ltd., 1968

Dutt, Sukumar. The Buddha and Five After-Centuries.London: Luzac and Company Limited, 1955

Joshi, Lalmani. Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987

Mookerji, R.K. Ancient Indian Education. Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass, 1989

. Asoka. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989OFlaherty, Wendy Doniger. The Origins of Evil in Hindu

Mythology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India. London:

Oxford University Press, 1988Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,

1980

(. . )

( )

.. .. () ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..,..

() .. .. .. .. .. .. ().. .. .. ().. .. .. .. .. ()

() .. .. ()

()

(. . )

-.. ..

() ().. . .. ().. .. .. ().. ..

() ().. .

() . .. ()

() . .. ()

() . .. .

() ().. ..

() ().. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . ..

()

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