ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΡΑΦΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ
description
Transcript of ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΡΑΦΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ
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.... (...) . ... , , . .... ... . ...., , . .... . 1.119.455 m3/y 7.276.457,5 kwh/y. 11.422 m3/d 29 t/d . 36.570 38.536 CO2 . 29.658 CO2 . , 43.211,49 CO2e 11.684,14 CO2e. 34,54 % 98,75%. .... 1.000 150,64 GWh/y. .
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Abstract The organized waste management facility (OWMF) at the Region of Western Attica is a typical example of the wrong practices that are used on municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Greece. In Attica Region, as well as in Greece, the majority of MSW goes for landfilling without any treatment. However, this situation could be changed, should new sustainable treatment methods be adopted at OWMF of Western Attica. Specifically, a wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) could be developed in a neighboring area of OWMF. At the WWTF the wastewaters of Fyli Municipally will be co-digested with the organic fraction of Fylis MSW. The proposed area for the establishment of the WWTF is located at the northwestern borders of OWMF and it fulfills the land use requirements. The major advantage of establishing the WWTF at this location is the cooperation of the WWTF with the facilities of OWMF. From this facility 1,119,455 m3/y of biogas with calorific value of 7,276,457.5 kwh/y could be produced. At the same time, there will be an outflow of 11,422 m3/d of irrigation water and 29 t/d of compost. The produced water will be able to irrigate 36,570,000 m2 of pine forest over a 20-year period. This forest area can capture nearly 38,536 tons of CO2 over a 20-year period which overbalanced the emitted CO2 (29,658 tons) from the facility. Furthermore, the existing process of landfilling for the compostable fraction of the Fylis MSW would emit 43,211.49 tons of CO2e over a 20-year period. On the other hand, for the same period, the anaerobic co-digestion of the compostable waste fraction would emit only 11,684.14 tons of CO2e. In addition, the recovered amount of biogas from the co-digestion of compostable waste could be increased by 34.54 % compared to landfilling with an increment of calorific value reaching 98.75%. Finally, a total area of 1,000,000 m2 at OWMF could be covered by photovoltaic systems. These systems can produce 150.64 GWh of energy per year. Additionally, the use of wind energy does not seem to be advantageous.
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1. 2. ......................................................................................................... 1 ................................................ 82.1. ....................................................................................... 8 .......................................................................................................................... 8 ................................................................ 8 .............................................. 12 ................................................................... 15 ....................... 17 ....................................................................................................... 20 ................................................................................. 20 ........................ 26
2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.1.6. 2.1.7. 2.1.8.
3.
...
...................................... 293.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. ...................................................................................................... 29 . 29 ... .. ........................... 32 ... ...
GRINDSTED ....................................................................................................... 34
4.
. .................................................. 444.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. .................................................................................................................................. 44 (...) ............. 45 ........................................................ 50 ............................................................ 55 ........................................................................................................................ 59
5.
(....) ......................................................................... 615.1. 5.2. .................................................................................................................................. 61 (....)
61 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. .................................................................................................................... 61 ................................................................................................................. 69
...................................................................................................... 71
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5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. 5.4.
................................................................................................. 71 .......................................................................................... 75 ...................................................................................................................... 76
........................................................................................................... 81 ...................................................................................................................... 81 ................................................................................................................ 82 ........................................................................................................................ 83 ............................................................................................................... 84 .......................................................................................................................... 85 ..................................................................................................... 87
5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. 5.4.5. 5.4.6. 5.5.
.............................................................................................................................. 89 ........................................................................................................................ 95 - .................................................................................. 96 ............................................................................................................. 97 .................................................................... 99
5.5.1. 5.5.2. 5.5.3. 5.5.4. 5.6.
- ..................................................... 101 ...................................................................................................................... 101 ........................................................................................................................ 102 .... 105
5.6.1. 5.6.2. 5.6.3.
5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10.
................................................................................................................. 105 ........................................................................................................................ 106 ............................................................................................................................. 107 ...................................................................................................................... 107
6.
.................................................................................................................... 1086.1. 6.2. ................................................................................................................................ 108 ....................................................... 110 ...................................... 110 .................... 111 ............................................................ 111
6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.3.
112 6.3.1.
2011 2031 ........................................ 112
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6.3.2.
2011 2031. ............................................................................................................................. 119 6.4. .............................................................................. 130 ................................................................................................... 135
6.4.1. 6.5.
....
........................................................................................ 137
6.5.1.
... ...................................................................................................................... 138 6.5.2. (....) 139 6.5.3. 6.5.4. 6.5.5. 6.6. ................................................................................................ 143 ......................................... 143 ................................................................................................ 144
....
. ............................................................................................................................................ 145
7.
.... . ........................................................... 1487.1. 7.2. ................................................................................................................................ 148 148 7.3. .......................................................................................... 150 .................................................................................................................... 150 153
7.3.1. 7.3.2. .... 7.3.3.
........................................................................................................... 154 7.3.4.
..................................................................... 158 7.3.5. ....
/ 159 7.3.6. 7.4. .... ........................ 166
......................................................................................... 169 .................................................................................................................... 169 ... ........................................... 171
7.4.1. 7.4.2.
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7.5.
....
............................................................................................................ 175
7.6.
...................................................................................................................... 176
8.
1788.1. 8.2. ............ 178 ...
.............................................................................................................................. 179
8.3.
... .............................................. 184 8.4.
............................................................................. 188
8.5.
................................................................................................ 193
9.
......................................................................................... 194
10. ............................................................................................. 197 11. ................................................................................................ I11.1. ....................................................................................................................................... I .... ................................................... II ............................................... III / .... IV
11.1.1. 11.1.2. 11.1.3.
1: ... (/), (FA: FANGEL, HA: HASHJ, NY: NYSTED) (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ..................................... 3 2: (/) (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ........................................................................... 3 3: ... (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005)................................................................................................ 4 4: ... (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ..................................................................................... 4 5: (, ., 2010). ................................................................................................................................ 13
6: , 2005.(SWEDISH GAS CENTRE, 2005), (ENERGINET,
2005), (CLEMENTSON, 2007).............................................................................................................. 21
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7: (CLEMENTSON, 2007). ...................................... 22 8: (ZHANG, EL-MASHAD, & HARTMAN, 2007)........................................................................................................................... 30 9: ... ... (HARTMANN, ANGELIDAKI, & ARHING, 2003). ............................................................... 32
10: .../ (HAMZAWI, KENNEDY, & MCLEAN, 1998). ............................................................................................................................... 33 11: . (MCATEER, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 35 12: (BJARNE, 2009)..................................................................... 37 13: (BJARNE, 2009). .......................... 38 14: COD (BJARNE, 2009). ........................... 39 15: (BJARNE, 2009). ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 16: (BJARNE, 2009)............................................................. 41 17: ( 2006) (MCATEER, 2010). ........................... 42 18: ( ) (EUROSTAT, MUNICIPAL WASTE [ENV_WASMUN], 2012). .......................................................................................... 46 19: % .(EUROSTAT, 2012). .......................................................................................... 55
20: . : (EUROSTAT, 2012). ............................................................................. 56
21: .... '87 ( .., 2009). ................................................................................................ 63 22: 1971 2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ......................................................................................... 71 23: 1971 2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ............................................. 72
24: 1970, 1980, 1990 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). .......................................................................... 72 25: , 1991-2001 ( , 2011), ( , 2007). .......................................................................... 73 26: .... () ( , 2011), ( , 2007). ......................................................................................... 73 27: 2011 ( , 2011)..................................................................................................................................... 74
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28: (2001) (2006-2021) (, , & , : 2001-2021, 2011). ................................................................. 74 29: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 82 30: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 83 31: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 84 32: EAUFORT, (METEO.GR, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 85 33: & (KT) . 1958-1997 ( , 2011)....................... 86 34: [KWH/(M2.MO)] ( , 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 87 35: / (KWH/M2.MO), () , () () , (
, 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 88 36: ( , 2010). ....................................................................................................................................................... 88 37: / , , , 1999-2000. ( , 2010). ..... 93
38: ( ) - ( , 2010). .......................................... 101
39: - ( ) ( , 2010). ......... 103
40: - (, ) ( , 2010). .............................................................................................................................. 103 41: - () ( , 2010).
..................................................................................................................................................... 104 42: ( , 2010).
....................... 104
43: . ........................... 113 44: (, 2003). ........... 114 45: 1997 (-, , & , 2005). ........................................................................................................................................... 114
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46: ... (, 2000). ........................................................................................................................................... 115 47: ... . ............... 115 48: ... . ..................................................................................................................................................... 116 49: QE . ....................................................................................................................... 120
50: ( . ., 1995). ................................ 124 51: . ..................................................................... 124 52: 2011 2031. .......................................................................................... 126 53: 2011 2031. ....................................... 128
54: ....... 129 55: ....( .., 2010). ............................. 131 56: ( , 2001). .............................................................................................................................. 136 57: COMPOST ( ) (ENVIROPLAN .., .., . & - . .., 2008) .............................................................. 142 58: COMPOST ( ) (ENVIROPLAN .., .., . & - . .., 2008) .............................................................. 142 59: (SAMPSON, 2009). ............................ 157 60: .... '87 ( ..)................................... 160 61: ( ) .... '87 ( ..). ............................................................................ 162 62: ( ) .... '87 ( ..). ................................................................................ 163
63: .... '87 ( ..). .................................................................................................... 164
64: (GREENENERGIA, 2008). .................................................................................................... 168
65: .... '87 ( ..). ....................................................................................................... 172 66: . ..................................................................................................................................................... 178 67: CO2E . ........................... 178 68: . ........................ 178
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69: CO2E . .............................. 179 70: . ................................................................................... 180
71: , 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 181
72: , 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 182
73: 2011 2031 . ................................................................................................................... 183
74: , ... . ........................................................................................ 185
75: . ..................................... 187
76: . .......................................... 189
77: . ................. 189
78: , ( 80568/4225/91). ................................................................................................ 192
1: . : --, . (MADSEN, ESBEN, & HOLM-
NIELSEN, 2010). .................................................................................................................................. 9 2: ( ) (HAANDEL VAN & LUBBE VAN DER, 2012). ....................................... 12
3: (STEFFEN, SZOLAR, & BRAUN, 1998). ........ 16 4: (STEFFEN, SZOLAR, & BRAUN, 1998). ................................................................................................................................. 17 5: GRINDSTED (BJARNE, 2009) ..... 34 6: (APPELSA, ET AL., 2011). .............................. 53 7: (, 2009). ........................................ 55
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8: (, 2009). ......................................................................................... 59 9: (GOOGLE, 2011),( , 2010). ....................................................................... 62 10: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010) ..................................................................................................... 62 11: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). .................................................................................................... 63 12: .... (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ............................................................................................... 65
13: .... (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ................................................... 66 14: .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ................................................................ 66 15: T (.... ) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 67 16: .. 23,5MW (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). .................................................... 67
17: (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 68 18: ( 2008). ................. 68 19: (GOOGLE, 2011). .............................................................................................................................. 69 20: (GOOGLE, 2011). ................................................. 70 21: .... ( 2008). ....................................................................................................................................................... 71 22: ( 2008) .................................. 77 23: ( 2008)......................................................................... 77 24: ( 2008) .............................................................. 78 25: ( 2008) ..................................... 78 26: ( 2008) ............................................................ 78 27: .... (OPENSTREETMAP, 2011)........................................................................................... 79 28: ) .... . ) .... ................................................................................... 79
29: ... ( ) ( ) (GOOGLE, 2011). ............................................................................................ 80
30: . ................................ 80 31: .. (GOOGLE, 2011). ........................................................................................................... 81
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32: ( , 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 82 33: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 83 34: . 1958-1997 (: ). ............................................................................................................... 84 35: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ...................................................................................................... 85 36: . 1958-1997 ( , 2011). ......................................................................................... 87 37: 38 ( , 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 89 38: CORINE ( , 2010). .................................................................................................... 90 39: Z ( ) Z ( ) (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , 2010). ........................................................................................................ 90 40: - . ( , 1999). .................................................. 91 41: .... (, , & , 2009). .............................................. 94
42: .... ( ,
1996). ............................................................................................................................................. 95 43: 2 1,2 .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ...................................................................................................... 96 44: .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ........................................................................... 97
45: .... 220 (GOOGLE, 2011). ....... 97 46: 67 (...) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ............................................................................................................................................. 98 47: 206 .... (GOOGLE, 2011). ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 48: , , (GOOGLE, 2011). .................................. 99 49: () T , 4 . .X., ( & M,
2005) () (, 2008). .............................................................................. 100
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50: .... (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ..................................................................................................................... 101 51: .... (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2010). ..................................................................................... 102 52: . 1: , 2: , 3: , 4: , 5: ( ), 6: , 7: -
, 8: (-), 9: , 10: .(, , & , 1999). ........................................................................................................................ 106 53: (GOOGLE, 2011), ( , , 2010). ...................................................................................................... 107
54: . ............................. 109 55: .... (, , & , 2010) ............................................. 131
56: ... ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010), ( , 2011). .................................................................................................. 132 57: ( ) ( ) .... ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010),( , 2010). ................................................................... 133 58: .... (GOOGLE, 2010). ................................................. 133 59: (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................ 134 60: ( 2008).................................................. 134 61: ( 2008). ................................................ 135 62: .... (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 138 63: .. (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2012) ............................................................................................................................................ 138 64: (....) (MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2012) ...................................................................................................................... 140 65: , (ENVIROPLAN .., .., .
& - . .., 2008) ................................................................................ 140 66: ( ) ( ) (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................................................................................................................ 143 67: ( 2008). ..................................................................... 144 68: ( 2008). .................................................................................... 145 69: ( 2008)....................................................................... 145
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70: (GOOGLE, 2010). ............................... 146 71: , .... , , (GOOGLE, 2010). ................................ 147
72: FORT CARSON, CO LACKAWANNA, NY (EPA, 2008). .......................................... 149
73: . (EPA, 2008). .................................................... 150 74: HAMBURG(BECK ENERGY GMBH, 2008). ..................................................................................................................... 151 75: / .................................................. 151 76: BROMLEY................................................ 151 77: (SWANA, 2010). ........................................................................................................... 152
78: / (SWANA, 2010) .......................................... 152 79: / (SWANA, 2010). ................................................................ 153 80: UNI-SOLAR (UNI-SOLAR, 2009). ................................................................................ 154
81: (TANSEL, 2010). ............................................................................................... 155
82: PENNSAUKEN LANDFILL NEW JERSEY (SOLARFEEDS, 2009). .. 156 83: ... FORT CARSON ARMY BASE (GALENTINE, 2008). ..... 157 84: .... ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). .................... 161 85: ... ( 2008)....................................... 161 86: / ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ........................................................................................................................................... 163 87: / ( 2008)........................................................................................................................... 164 88: ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ................................................ 165 89: .... (GOOGLE , 2012). ...................................................................................... 165 90: (INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY UNIT, 2007)............................................................ 167
91: (GREENENERGIA, 2008). ............................... 169 92: ) ) HULL (FISCHER, 2011),(WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). ............... 169
93: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). ........................................................................................................................... 170
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94: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). .................................................................................................. 170 95: HULL (WRIGHT & FOURNIER, 2010). .......................................................................................................... 171 96: ( ) (GOOGLE , 2012). ..................................................................................................................................................... 172 97: (, 2001). ......................................... 173 98: (, 2001).174 99: () ( , 2006). ........................................................................................................................................... 175 100: .... (GOOGLE , 2012). .................................................... 176 101: ( ) . ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
1: 27 & 15 ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2012). ............................................................................................................................................. 46 2: ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2012).. 47 3: (KG/) 1995,2002 2009 2009. (EUROSTAT, 2011). ................................................................... 47
4: 27 (KG/) 19952009 :(EUROSTAT, 2011). .......................................................................................................... 48 5: ... , . (EUROSTAT, 2011). .............................................................................................. 49
6: - 2000/01 2010/11 (DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, 2011). .............................................................................. 50 7: 2006 2005. (EUROSTAT, 2011). ........................................................................................... 51
8: 1990 2008 (EUROSTAT, 2011). .................................................................................................................. 52
9: ( KG CO2-EQ) 1 ( ) (EUROSTAT, 2011). .... 54
10: 2009 (% ) (EUROSTAT, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 57 11: 2009 (EUROSTAT, 2011). ............................................................................................................................ 58
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12: (EUROSTAT, 2012). ................................................................................................................ 58 13: ... 2011 2031. ............................................................................ 116
14: ... 2011. ................................................................... 117
15: ... 2031. ................................................................... 118
16: ... . ........................................................... 118
17: . ...................... 129 18: ....................... 130 19: , 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 182
20: , 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 183
21: 2011 2060 . ................................................................................................................... 1843
22: (M ) . ......................................................................................................... 1853
23: % (M ) . ......................................... 186 24: CO2E (M ) 2011-2031. ..................................................... 1863
25: CO2E () 2011-2031. ................................................ 187
26: (KWH) . ................................................................................................... 188
27: . ................................................................................. 191
1: ... (.....) GRINDSTED, LBORGAND RHUS. (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). ............................................................................. 5
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2: - , N.D.: , FA: FANGEL, HA: HASHJ, NY: NYSTED (HARTMANN, MLLER, & AHRING, 2005). .............................................. 6 3: 30 C (JORGENSEN, 2009). ....................................................................................................................... 23 4: , .. ... (HARTMANN H. , 2002). .................................................................................................... 30
5: H GRINDSTED: (AL SEADI, 2010) .................................................................................................................................... 37 6: (MCATEER, 2010). ........................................ 43 7: . ........................ 45
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1. (...) (Eurostat, 2011). 47% ... (, 2003), . 31/1999 . , , . . . ... . (....) . .... . , ... . 1980 ... . , ... ... 1980 Refcom (refuse conversion to methane). Pompano Beach (WALTER, 1984). 1
, Vaasa . WABIO-Vaasa, , Ecotechnology JVV OY. (Deublein & Steinhauser, 2011). . ..., ... , , . (TS) 10-15%. , Kil . . , 1.325.000 , 20 , 50.000.000 m3, 1 PJ ( . , 2008). 20 (Fangel, Grindsted, Hashj, Nysted, Snertinge, Studsgrd, lborg and rhus) ... , .... Studsgrd 129.000 . 5% ..., 7% 88% . 35 m3 m3. 2.700 700 (Hartmann, Angelidaki, & Arhing, 2003). 1 ... , 2001, .
2
1: ... (/), (FA: Fangel, HA: Hashj, NY: Nysted) (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted FA, HA, NY 6000 12000 lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus
2001
2000
300 3000
900 1800
11000 11000
2000 17000
4000
2 ... . Grindsted ... ... 2: (/) (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted ... FA, HA, NY 175.000 .. lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus
28.000
-
40.000 -
113.000 -
100.000 -
4.000
-
8.000
9.000
-
... , ( Studsgrd). , , ... ... . 3 .
3
Grindsted. 3: ... (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted FA, NY HA, lborg Snertinge Studsgrd rhus
..., , . 4 , ... . 4: ... (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindste d FA, NY + 3% 25-30% 15-45% 20-40% 15-25% 15-45% Dewaste r HA, lborg Snerting e Dewaster Studsgr d rhus
Grindsted, ...,
4
1% (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). 97% ( 4). , , , . ... ... ( 1).
1: ... (.....) Grindsted, lborg and rhus. (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). lborg rhus Grindsted ( 4). ... 33% 1% Grindsted . ... (CADDET Danish National Team, 2001).
5
Grindsted : , , , 80 / (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005).
2: - , n.d.: , Fa: Fangel, Ha: Hashj, Ny: Nysted (Hartmann, Mller, & Ahring, 2005). Grindsted , 3 . ... . ... Viareggio Treviso (Bolzonella, Battistoni, Susini, & Cecchi, 2006). Viareggio 100.000 Treviso 70.000 . ... . Viareggio 3 / ... 1.0 1.2 kgTVS/m3d. 50%. 6
... Treviso. 99% 90% . 3.500 m3/ 17.500 m3/ . 50 / . ... Treviso pH , VFAs 100 mg / l ( COD). , , , . , ... (Zupancc, Uranjek-Zevart, & Ros, 2008) ... 50.000 . , , 0,8 kg m-3d-1 . 25% 1,0 kg m-3d-1 . 80% 0.39m3 kg-1 0,60 m3 kg-1 0,89 m3 kg-1. 50 kW, . 130% 55%. 71% 81% .
7
2.
2.1. ... . 2.1.1. . (CH4) 55-70% (CO2) 3045%. , , , , 20 25 MJ/m3 ( . , 2008). : + CH4 + CO2 + NH3 + H2S + + 2.1.2.
. , : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ( 1).
8
1: . : --, . (Madsen, Esben, & Holm-Nielsen, 2010). . . . (, ., 2010),
(AGROENERGY S.A. ):
9
1:
. (, , ), . , , . , . , , , . . . 2:
, . , (CH3COOH) (50%), (CO2) (H2) (20%), (VFAs) (30%). 3:
, . , , . . . . , . , .
10
4:
. 70% , 30% CO2. , . ( 20% ) . . , , pH . , ( ), (DO) . : : 2 CH3CH3OH+ CO2 2 CH3COOH + CH4 CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 (.. ) CH3OH + H2 CH4 + H2O CO2 CO2 + 4 H2 CH4 + 2 H2O
11
2: ( ) (Haandel van & Lubbe van der, 2012). 2.1.3. , pH, , , . : 10-25C ( ), 30-37C ( ) 48-55C ( ). , , , 12
. (.. -10C 90C) . 5: (, ., 2010). < 20 C 30 42 C 43 55 C 70 80 30 40 15 20
, . . , , . (, , ) . ( ) . , . , (.. ) . , . , . , ( ), . 13
. (.. ). , . . . . 1-2C . , , (.. ) . , : . , , , . (, ., 2010), (Biomass Energy , 2012) PH pH / ( ) (ppm). pH , (, , ). pH, 5,5 8,5, 7-8 . , , pH (, ., 2010). , , , , , , , , . , , , (C::P:S) 600:15:5:1. 14
, . . , . , , , , (, ., 2010). (VFA). (, , , ), , . , VFA , pH. VFA, , pH, . .. , VFA pH. , (, ., 2010). 2.1.4. ( 3). ( , , ) . , 1970, , . , 15
, COD .
3: (Steffen, Szolar, & Braun, 1998). ( 4) ( ) .
16
4: (Steffen, Szolar, & Braun, 1998). . . . 2.1.5. : , , . , (, ., 2010). 17
(Adhikari & Visvanathan, 2006): 8% - (-) , 7-15%. , 20-40%.
15% . 15% ( 20% 40%) . . , , , . . : : . , . . . . : . . 18
. .
. : . . , . 14 28 . (Verma, 2002). : . , , . . (WtERT Germany GmbH, 2009). . . . . . 19
. 12-14 15-30 . . , (Monnet, 2003) 2.1.6. . (Monnet, 2003): 1. 2. 3. . 4. . , , . 2.1.7. . . . , . (CH4) 65% , 20
( 6). (N2), ( 6). 6 , 2005. 6: , 2005. (Swedish Gas Centre, 2005), (energinet, 2005), (Clementson, 2007). , MJ/Nm3 kWh/Nm3 MJ/kg Wobbe, kg/Nm3 MJ/Nm3
16
23
40
4,4 12,3 1,3 18 > 130
6,5 20,2 1,2 27 >135
11 48 0,83 55 72
, CO CO2 CO2,
vol-% vol-%
45 35-65
65 60-70
89 -
vol-%
0
0
0
vol-% vol-% vol-% vol-%
0-3 0 40 15-50
0 0 35 30-40
0 0 0,9 -
21
N2 N2, 2 2, , Cl-
vol-% vol-% vol-% vol-% ppm ppm ppm mg/Nm3
15 5-40 1 0-5