KOMIIIOTbPH14C}ICTEMI,T

@ciclo

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@ IllaueNxa EopoBc:r'a, asmopO Jlro6ovup lIeao4 xydocrcecmaeu dusa u Hq Kopuqama

@ CI4EJIA _ COOT EHA IIAEJII4INI4HT

CoQr.rr o 2003

lstlN 954-649-633-2

NNAMEHKA EOPOBCKA

KOMNNTbPH14

cvtcTEMt/l

@ciclo

CbAbP}KAHI,IE

l.;1, Alrxrrrcrcr.yprrit lo/l/(l)t,xKil la MyJrrnllpoqecopHu cl{creMr.r .,.. ,.-..-...-.-15411.5. llxo;uro ll:jxo/ull cn()t.oMlr ....,.....,,.. 163-1.7. lllrrrrrrir :tpxt.r'rcx.r.ypa....... ......-......... t7 6

I 'Ot43tlOAhTEJ'IHOCT HA KOMTIIOT:bpHu cI{cTEMll.................. 1 85

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IIAPAJTEJIHI4 KOMIIIOTT,PHII CVICTEMT4 .....-........1g75.1 . I-lapa.uc.luu KoMnrortpHri apxnreKTyprr ...............-....lg7.5.2. Tarcolrovus Ha napareJrHrrre mimd KoMlror;pnz apxurerrypu .......204

5.2.I . flporpavlu MoAeJru 3a napzure:rnu KoMrrrorpu ........................... 2055.2.2. Apxl.rrenrypn c o6qa $z:uvecxa nauer: apxtrreKrypa

PRAM................. ...................2095.2.3. MIMD apxr.rreKrypr.r c pa3npeAeneHa rraMer .................. ....-.....-..Zll5.2.4. Ocnoruu Kareroplru apxr4TeKrypz c pa3rrpe.qe:reHa naver .-......2125.2.5. Apxurer<rypu c pa3rrpeAeJreHa o6qa rraMer...........................-.....2155.2.6. MrroronuurKoBn apxr.rreKTypu .......................... ..........................-...2205.2.7. Apxrarer<ryplr c Br.tpryanHa naMer.................. ......................-.........222

-5,3. B LrpeunocncreMHr-r r{oMyHrrKarlrroHHH Mpexrr 3a napa;reHrr r(oM_rrorprr..,.,............ .....,.....--..,.-...,......,,2245.4. I{ovynr.rxaqurr B MyJtrr.rKoMnrorprr ...................... ..........................-..........2345.5. Crpyrrypa u opraHr-r3arlur rJa Mpexfi 3a napaJreJ]uu KoMnrorprr c

r<onnefieprasnpaN rpaucQep ........... ......-.-.....................2405.6. IlpousnogreretHocr u erfer<rzarrocr Ha napaJIeJrHrr KoMrrrorbpHlr

cHcreMrr ..............2665.6,1. flpocrpancrBeHr{ H3Mepenu, Ha rrpon3BoArirenHoct.r.a Ha

rrapaJreJrHr.rre KoMnrorprr ............-..,.---........,.....2665.6.2. IlpousnogureJlHocr Ha B:brperrrHocucreMHr_I KoMyHuKarIlIoHHrr

Mpex(rr 3a napareJrHr{ KoMnlorplz -..,...-...,,,..,...273

nI4TBPATPA ........285

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ll rnurara ca npeAcraBeHu ocHoBHrrre reHAeHrlun B pa3Brruero Har\1lll( l)oilpxllTeKTypaTa Ha C:bBpeMeIrHIITe npoqecopu - CyIIepcKaJlapua O6pa-l,r , r r(ir, xHrrep u rKoBa Texflolroru{, c[eKyJraTr.rBnH npeADaprrTenHr.r l[3qncJ]e-lllttl, llll IeH3LIBHO I.I3IIOJI3BaIIo Ha KeIII IIaMeTIt Ha H.SKOIKO Irl.fga, RISCrrl)rrrlcKlypu. Aua:rurr,rpauu ca npo6reMuTe na cyrepronneilepH3r.l paHaTa

r\1I r( l)orllxHTexTypa Ha c'LBpeMeHHnTe npoqecopu, cB:bp3aHu c 6roKxpaHeTorrir uorrnci.iepure - rpe rno npe.qcKtl:,alrn ycnonrru trpexo.{u, Jrrrncr,r B KerJra,

r pcr( r,crrilrrHr u Ap. Pa3ureAaHu ca apxrrreKTypHrire acrreKTrr Ha c:bBpeMenHrr-l(' r\r )Mr uO'r];pHI-I CI4CTeMV - BltpTyanlla naMeT, BXOAHO-II3XOAHa ClICTeMa,

rlrrr:r lpxr.rreKTypa. Oco6eHo BHrrMaHrre e or.qeJreHo Ha rrapa-rreJrurrre KoM-

rro r r,l)rr{ apxr.rreKTypr.r naro PRAM, MHoroHHrrrKoBr{Te apxnre(Typu, apx}I-r ( r\ r yl)rr c pa3npege,rena o6u1a naueT, rrapaJreJrHrr apxuTeKTyprr c Brr pTy:LlrHa

rrtt\r(:r. Myll'l HKoMnrorprr v Ap. IlpeAcraBeHara x,raclrSuraqu.s Ha naparer-lrr r( r(oMrrror6plru apxurenrypuu $opMu ce ocHoBaBa Ha r{3non3BaHr.rre npo-rpilr\rrr MOAeJrr.r H MoaeJru Ha KoMynlrraquure. Pa:r:reAalrlr ca crpyrTypara H

rrlll iurlrilrlfi,l'ta IIa KoMyHI{KaIIIIOIIHI,ITe B:bTpeInHOCIICTeMHU MpeXIr 3a napa-Ir'rrll l(oMrrroTprr - TorroJrornH, KoMyHr.rKaur{oH}ru IpoToKoJ[r, MaprxpyTu3a-rrr, rrl)u.rlo lBparrBaHe lr eJruMnuupaHe lra MtprBo 6:rorupane, apxr-rreKTypalir r,( )r\ry lir'r'oprrre. flpegcraoenu ca Mero,qrr rr rexHrrKrr 3a orIeHKa Ha npor.r3-Il.rllrr r(:.rrrocrra u e(terrlranocrra Ha cGBpeMeHHHTe KoMnIoTbpIIH ctlcTeMIr.

l(rnrla la c rtpeAHa3Hatreua 3a cryAeHTure or rexnrrqecKHTe crrequaJruo-

' III IIII YIIIIIICPCHTCTIITC II TEXHIIqECKI,ITC KOJICXIi, I]3YqABAXTU AHCqIINJIUHIITC

, I r rr,rrrrrrr"r,llllr cncreur,r" u ,,Korrurorrpur,r apxnreKTyprr", a c:brqo raKa r.r 3ar, ,r\ | | )l)l r'r'r,r l,r cneqrraJrncru, pa6orellr,r s o6racrra Ha KoMrrrortpHr{Te apxu-l,r,rvl)lr.

Alroprcalzr /'l? fIJraMeHKa Eoponcna e IorIeHT B Karegpara rlo KoM-rr,r r,l)rr crrclcMr.t KT,M q)aKyrrera IIo KoMrlrorr,plru cIrcreMLI u ylpaBJeHlrerir I( \rll,rocr(r'rr Vrrnrrcpcn'r'cr' - Co(rux.

KOMII}OTbP

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faaea 1' I' I'XH O N O f VILIrIVI. I4 APXI4TEKT}? HLI ACIIEKTI4

HA KOMIIOTbPHT,ITE CI4CTEMI,I

Ocronnure $yurquu Ha KoMnrcr6pHara cncreMa ca uH$opuaquonnauftprr6rrlra, ctxpaHrBaHe na uuQoprraaqurra, un$oprr.raqlroneu rpanct!ep zytr prr rurcrruc (r[ur. 1.1). Kolrnrorr,puara crrcreMa rpr6aa 4a ocr,ulecrnaua uu-rlrolrvrrrlHorren o6Nren c sr,Hurur.rx ca.ar. OnepaqlrouHara cpeaa Ha KoMnror'rb-

fllft Il cr'tclcMa nr.nrouoa ycrpoficrBa, Kor{To npeAcraBr.sBar :a3Toqrvr\r4 mhur(iyMl'ropr{ ua uuQopuaqra.a. floryvanauero nJrrr npeAaBaHero na ran$op-urrrlrur or'/xr,u r(oMrrrortpa ce osbrrecrBtBa rrpe3 T.Hap. nepu$epun ycrpofi-I I ll,,,tr.r pcltrrro cBbp3aHrr K:bM KoMnrofi,pa, a npoqecbr ce Hapltqa Bxog/r,Isxog(lfl lrIl/Output). Koraro ranQopua\v*Ta ce rroJryqaBa or rrJrrr ce npeAaBa Ha

u r,/ulJrc,r0no ycrpoficrro, lpoqecbr ce Hapuqa KoMyHr-rKaqr.r.s.( i'r'pyr< rypara sa roMnlollpuara cI.IcreMa BKJIIoqBa qerupu 6a:onlr rpa-

/l Ir ll Mo,rlyJja:

I . I [orrlpaleu npoqecop, osbrqecrBrnarq lrut[oprraqr.rouuara o6pa6orr<a;2. I I a rnrc'r, ocrrlecrB.rBaula sbxpau.rrBaHero ua uu$opwaqlr-ara;il. ll/tr4 (BxogHo/rrxo4na) clrcreua, ocr,IqecrBtBaqa uuSoprraaqlronnrrr

ll0Mc Mcr(lty KoMrrrorlpa u BTlHnrrlr.f, cDtr;4. llulpcrulllr cucreMHr.r Bp'b3(r{, oc:bulecrBsBaull KoMyrlr.Iraqlrr.rre Me)r(ay

llflt I lfiJ nl'l llpoqccop, naMeTTa I, BXoAHo-rr3xoAHaTa cr.rcTeMa.

KOMYHHKAI&M

l l,Nlllli ) l'l,l'llAIII I|II|I'IiI'IItI

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tltu,'. I. I. ()yttxquouaaeu uodea ua KoMnrombpHama cucmema

I (ctr piurrrnrrl upoqcoop o6c21rlrrlna Ale KoMnouerrru: apurMeruqHo-rrr rrr(\(:r((no yc'r'poiic'r'rro (AJIV), <llloloprro 3a o6pa6orrara rra untloprva-

qrrflra n yrpaBnrBarrloro ycrpoficrBo (yy), KoopAr.rHr.rpauo .qefiHocrra HaKoMrrroTlbpHr.rTe pecypcr.

Crpyrrypara ua roMrrroTr,pHara cr.rcrervra o6xaarqa 6a3oBr.rre rpaAzBHuMoAyrIr u HatIr.IHa Ha rrxHoro cBbp3BaHe. Oyurqnour,rpanero Ha KoMrrrorlpanurovna geficrwleTo Ha BceKu KoMrroHeHT KaTO qaCT OT CTpyKrypara, Kov-nroTapHaTa apx TeKTypa BKrrroqBa crpyKTypaTa Ha KoM[ror6pa, MoaeJra Hat43qucn;areruvr rlpoqec I{ arpn6yrure, Kol,rro Ar,IperrHo BJrlrqrr Bcpxy Jrof}r-qecroro H3[6JIHeHIze Ha nporpaMara r{ cncreMHara npov snogr.rrenuocr. Bax-rru apxl,rreKTypltu 6enegr.r ca clrcreMara or r.rncrpyKr{r.rr4, Ir,Ju(lrHara HaMarrHHHaTa AJ {a, pexr4MnTe 3a aapeclpaHe Ha rraMeTTa, MexaHIt3MUTe 3aDXOA-r{3XOA r.t Ap.

llcropuuecru nbpBa ce e nof,BrrJra KJracuuecrara $on Hofiuanona ap-xrrre(Typa (no uuero Ha aMeprrKaHcrrrs rrpoQecop von Neumann). 06o6-r{eHrrrr crpyKrypeH MoAeJr Ha KoMnrorbp c K:racvqecKa Qou Hofiualroaaapxr,rTeroypa e rlpe.4cTaBen Ha 0rrf. 1.2. Toi cr,g:rpNa qeHTpaJreH npoqecop,o6eAr,rHrBarq AJIV u W, nauer (uranua r.r BTopr.rrrHa) 3a c:bxpaHsBaHe HarrporpaMrrre Lt AaHHr,rre I,I BxoAHo-r3xoAHa cr.rcreMa. I{3qlrclenusra ce oct-uIecTBsBaT noa ylpaBJreHreTo Ha Hapeaerra [ocJreaoBaTeJIIIocT oT rr]rcT-pyrquu (lralrr.runn xouangz), napeqeHa KoMrrror.bpHa nporpava. Xapar(Tepno3a ruIacutrecKara tlon Hofiwanona apxr4TeKTypa e rrricro nocneAoB arerHtlts-fxaparTep Ha u3rrbJrrieHrrero Ha rrporpaMara, T.e. u3n,bJrueHr.rero Ha i+ 1 rrH-cTpyKurzs 3anoqBa eABa cJrea 3aBbprrrBaHeTo rra v3nbJrrreHr.reTo Ha r-TaTa uH-cTpyKrlr4r.

Kounrorl,pnlrre apxnreKTypr{ ce pa:}BxBar B ABe ocHoBHu HanpaBne-ttr4s.: eaoltnquoHHo u paduxatuo. Eeontu4uoHHomo pa3eumue Ha KoMl.ro.fap'nr{Te apxlrreKrypr{ ce ocHoBaBa Ha ycbBlpueHcrBaHeto ua r:racuuecxara $ouHofivauosa apxr,rreKT)rpa, Karo ce 3ana3Ba MexaHr.r3M.r,T 3a yrrpaBneur.re Hav3qLtcrrr4Te[Hut npoqec oT nHcTpyKquu Ia ce 3noI3BaT [apa-]reJrr43Mu Ha Bcrrq-Ku HLrBa: [apaJreJIa3'I]M Ha Hr.rBo tlHcrpyKqura (cynepcranapnra apxzrerrypu),[apaJIetrr3Mr4 rra Hr,IBo Irr4rrrKr,r (xr.rnepuzlrr<onra apxurexrypll), napaJreJrn3Mrarra HnBo npoI1eclr (uynrunpoqecopu H MynrrrKoMnrorpr{).

P ad urcaluomo nanpa&1eHue Ha pa3Br4TI.Ie Ha KoMnlor:bpHr{Te apxr.rreK-'rypr.r BKnrcqBa MoAeIIt Ha rrapaJreJIHIt l,r3qr,rcJreHut, KorrTo ,qpacTrrqHo ce pa3-JrHqaBaT no MexaHrr3MrrTe crn 3a yrrpaBJIeHr.re Ha I43qI.rcJtr4TeJIHr.rr npoqec oTdrou Hofiuauorara apxr.rreKTypa: lapaJreJrrr]t KoMrrrorpr.t c ynpaBJreHue orrrorora AarrnH (data flow), pegyKrlr.roHHr.r apxnTeKTypr,r, nou{qecrrz rrapaJren-rrl.r KoMnrorprr. flplr pa4lrranuure KoM[rorl,pHr{ apxureKTypr.r orrraAar r.rH-

o'l'pyl(qrrnTe, oflepaToprzTe 3a npucBorBaHe, r,r3rroJr3BaHeTo Ha npofpaMeH6po.nu.

l0

l,l3xo/{EH14ll'lrI\DErlc

1.2. O6o6u4en cmpyKmypeH "Moden Ha Koltnrombp c KJracuqecKa

$ou Ho nauoea apxumercmypa

I(tutoctloro piBBI4TI.Ie Ha (oMrlror"bprrara rexr ,rKa Bo,qE .qo HerIpeKT,c-

I t(] y cJtHqaDaHe Ha 6r,p3oAeficrBlrero Ha KoMrrrorprrTe, Kaltto ll yBeJr,rqa-

lllcto lil (auaqurera Ha IraMerra, Kounrorrpnara flpor.r3Bo4l,rreJrnocr'lurrclr ooloDrro or rexHoroflr.sra u apxurennpara. C:bBpeMeHrrr{Te KoMrrrorpr,r('II (:JI0)I(IIII CI4CTEMI,I, KOI.ITO CGA:bP)KAT MIAJII,IOHI,I EJICMEHTAPHII EJIEKTPOHIIII

hl,Mll()llCll l H, HlITefpUpaHI,I B III{IIOBe C MHOrO BI,ICOKa CTeIIeH Ha I{IITerpa[Ur.Or rrolrulla rrit nrpBu.s Mr.rKpoflpoqecop (Intel@, 1971 r.) npouanogr,rrelurellll rllllloll0 cr,3/(allaT noao TexHoJrorlrqHo rroKoJrer{rre Ml,IKpofipoqecopu Ha

rrcxu r'l)n t tuluru.r. flplr [por.r3BoAcrDoro Ha AI.IuaMI,IqHI.r naueru, 6a.:onatar(!xll(,Jr(,lllr :lil l)r:lll lTa KoMrrroTbpHa naMeT, I(anauI.ITeTaT Ha qr{rroBeTe IIa-M(!r t'0 ylrcJn{rralit rtpn6rtnsurcltto qerupuKparllo 3a Bctro HoBo noKoJleglrer\.flr x ltolr lx)l(gooprr. Hrr()I}flqunrc D l cxrroJrofrrqTa Do,u,nT Ao B],BexAaIteTo lia

ll

rI()-Moll(IIt{ }l yc,Lt}'I,prucllcTDaIrU apxr.ITeKTypHr.r peueHl.rs. ToBa ce B14 x(aa u oTllpcllJroxclMfi no-aoJly eKcllpeceH [perJIeA Ha TexHoIorurrH[Te u apxr.rTeK-'ryprrui c o0o6euocru Ha rcoMepcr{aJrHrrTe MuKporrpoqecoprz Ha O}rpMar; Intel@:

, . nbpBusr yHr.rDepca-rreH 8 bits rr.rurponpoqecop IgOg0 (raxrona vecro_ra 2MHz, 6000 rpausncropa, 64K r[usuuecna naver) 6L-" ,rrrorr."ur.u

""rgu_Darrero lra rrlpBu.{ rrepcouaren r<olrnror:sp Altair._- . Mnrponpoqecopar 18086 (16 bits, l0 MHz, 29 000 rpausacropa,I Mbyte) noggrpxa Kerrr 3a r.rHcrpyKqr{u }r onarrrxa or rrpe.qBapr.rrenHo rr3Bne-qerrlr riHcrpyKrrrru, Tofi e lrsro:rcsau 3a [por3BoAcrBoro Ha n.bpBrz., nepcoHa_ncn rorrnror.rp na IBM.

. Murponpoqecopr,r 1802g6 (16 bits, 6MHz, 134 000 rpaHsracropa,l6.Mbytes Snslr.recr<a tauer) noggr,pxa uerupuQa:eu rrHcrpyKrrr4oHeH r(oH_uefiep, nzpryalua naver I Gbytes , Ilrro.oau4u"o pex<rlM.

_ __ . Muxponpoqecoptr 1803g6 (32 bits, 33MH;, 275 000 rpansucropa,

4 Gbytes $z:uuecna nalrer) noggr,pxa urecr$a:en nncrpynqzonen ronrefi_cp, BnpryanHa naver 64 Ttrytes r.r Muoro3aAaqeH pexr4M.

. __ . Murponpoqecop.br 180496 (32 bits, 50MHz, 1.2 v:rH. rpan:ucropa,

4 Gbytes (ln:uvecr<a nauer) no4g:spxa BlrpryaJrHa naMer 64 Tbytes, vorq"ar(crrr TexHoJrotvr, BtpaAeH MaTeMaTHqeH KOIrpOqecop.

. B vunponpoqecopa pentium@ (3 2bits, 166 MHz, 3.1 MnH. rpaH3rzcro_pa, 4 Gbytes $nsravecra nawer, 64 Tbytes olrpryanna naver) 3a npEB rrr,rIntel u3noJEBa cylepcKaJrapHI] TexHI.rKr.r, npu Kouro MHox(ecrBo rHcrp)rKqr_r]rce u3r6IHqBaT napaJIenHO.

. . flpr4 Pentium@ Pro (64 bits, 200MH2,5.5 wn. rpar:ucropa, 64 Gbytes(u:uuecra nav.er, 64 Tlrytes aupryanua nauer) ce ycbB.r,prreHcrBa cyrrep-cKaJIapHaTa apx[TeKTypa c arpecr.rBHo r,nnoJ]3BaHe Ha npeuMerryBaHeTo Hapefllcrpz, peacKa:]BaHe Ha rrpexo.q[, alrajrlr3 Ha noToKa AaHHrr Ir crleKyJra_'l'fiDHr.r l-I3qrlcjreHrrr, cpe.4cTBa, rroMl,pxaqu MyJrTI.rnpoqecopHr.r clrcTeMrr.. Pentium@ II (64 birs, 300 MHz, 2.5 wrn. rpauiuc ropa, 64 Gbytes gu-3rlqecra naMer, 64 Ttrytes rzprya;lua nalrer) nog4rpNa rexno:roruara MMXrra Intel, Kosro ce rr3noJr3Ba e$errunno sa o6pa6orxara Ha Brrl{Eo-, aynr4o- 11rpa{x.rvnu qaunu.

. B Pentium@ III (rarrona _vecrora 1.26 GHz, cuwe;olrHa rrruHa 133 MHz)ca 3a:ro)Kerru aonr,JrHv reJrHt4 rrrrcrpyKrlrru 3a noA,qp6)KKa ua coSryepa sa 3Dt'pad)Izra.

. Intel@ Itanium@ 2 (rarrota vecrora 1.5 GHz, raKToBa trecrora Ha cH_olcvuara urnna 400 MHz c uupzua l2gbits, 6 Mbytes L3 reur) npegcraBrsBa,t(llyrlpoqecopHa rou$urypaqta 3a r.r3rpaxAaHe Ha sr,pB:bpHr.r n:rarsopwu lar)ncol(olrpoH3Bo,qrrreJrHr,t TexHrrqecru, 6u:uec v Hlnycrpuarlv npnroxeHn.s.

t2

Hgnor:sa ce rexHoJrorlrrra c eKcntuul.rrHo rrapa:reJrro 3qr,rcJIeHI.Ie Ha rrHcr-pyKrlr.rzre (EPIC - Explicit Parallel Instruction Computing);

. Muxpoapxurerrypara Ha rrpoqecoplrre Pentium@ M (ranrona uecro-Ta 1.6 GHz, TaKToBa qecrora lra ctrcreMHara ur,rHa 400 MHz, L2 xeur I Mbytes)ocllryprBa Br.rcoKa rrporr3BoAr{TeJrr{ocT Ha BfpaAeHn ctrcTeMrr c Hr]cKa KoHcy-Marlu.s 3a KoMyHr.rKartrlru, TpaH3aKqI,IoHHr.r TepMuHajrr.l, IrIlTepaKTv BHr.r KJrr{eH-

TII I,I IrHAyCTprraJrHa aBTOMaTU3aTIUC;

. Mnrcponpoqecoprr Celeron (ranrona qecrora 2.5 GHz) e npe4uas-HaqeH 3a BrpaAerri cr{cTeM}I 3a KoMyHvKaqri[, raHTepaKTnBHl,I KJrrreHTrr u aB-TOMaTr,r3arIlU Ha HH.4yCTpr.rZIJrHU [peAIIpU.STrAr;

. flpu Pentium@ IV (rarrona .c,ecro'ra 2 G}lz - 3.2 GH4 42 Mr4rrr{oHaTpaH3r,rcropa, TaKToBa qecrora Ha cr.rcreMHara [rr.rHa Ao 800 MHz) ce nocrn-ra H3KJrIorII,rrerHo BI.Icora npoI.I3Boar{TeJrHocr 6laro4apenue Ha xr{nepurrrl-KOBaTa apxr.rTeKTypa.

. Intel@ Xeon'" (rarrona qecrora 3.06 GHz, rarrona qecrora rra cuc-TeMHara rrruHa 533 MHz, qzn c 604 r.r3BoAa, AByrrpoqecopna rou(lllrypaqlrx,lMbyte L3 xelr, B/III nponycKareJrHa crroco6Hocr ao 4.3 Gbytes/sec) e npe4-Ha3HaqeH 3a l€rp (.{aHe Ha MyJrrr{npoqecopnz n:rarSoprr,rrr Ha cr,pBbprr }rpa6orHr.r craHrlr4u c u:screpu. Z:noJr3Ba uHoBaqnoHnr.r rexuo:rorlrlr rato Intel@Netburst" Microarchitecture u xJ.r[epHurxxoBa rexHoJrornr.

Crrpelrennzre KoMnlorbpH14 crrcreMrr rpx6na ga ocuryptr Br4coKoc-Kopocrrra peanr.r3arrrrs Ha rlpunoxeHu.r, cB6p3aHr,r c o6pa6orKara sa lrso6-paxeHlr.s, rroAAtpxaHe na rngeorou$epeHTHrr Bpr,3Kr{, Mynr}rMeAvr,pa3no3HaBaHe r.r crrHTe3 Ha roBop, o6pa6orra Ha rpaH3aKrlur{ 3a eJreKTpoHeH

6ll:uec, noggpr,xKa Ha roJreMr, 6asu or AaIrHu, HayqHu r-r rexHrzqec(u npu-JroxeHI.II croJqM o6eu na r-rgqracleHx.fiTa, noAApr,)KKa Ha KoMnrortpHIl Mpe-xrr KJrueHT-c.6pBbp.

Ctrpel,rennlrre rexHoJrorlrqHr.r rrJrar$opw arurrounar ocHoBIro cr.IJnrqrre-nr.rTe HaHoTexHoJloruu, ocnrypqBalllr{ Bb3Mox(HocT 3a BbBexIaHeTo Ha peAr-Iqa

apxrrTeKlpHr4 rrrroBarlvu B Mr.trpoapxr.rTeKrypaTa Ha MrrKponpoqecoprare. oc-rroBHr,rTe TeH.4eHuHIr B pa3BzTr,reTo Ha MrrKpoapxJ.ITeKTypaTa Ha cr,BpeMeHHtrTe

MHr(ponpoqecopr{ ca yc6B:bprreHcTBaHe Ha xr.rnepHI.IIIrKoBrrTe TexHoJrorltlr B

Ircfiunre rpra pa-auoBr4Anocrlt: MHoroHr.rruKoBr.r r.r3qucJreHl.lfi B eAHoquloBu Myr-'f Hnpoqecopu, cuMyJrTaHTHr.I MHoroHr.rrrrKoBrr rr3qvclIellvg, lt I.uHaMrrqHrr MHo-rofllr r(oBlr l,z'3.'lvcrrel:vx. Crrqo rara ce paBrr u3KJrroqurerHo LIHTeH3rrBHra

H3CJreABaHLrg npu yC:LB:bprleHcTBaHeTo Ha TexHuKr.rTe 3a npe.{ct(a3BaHe rralrpcxoArrTe, aHa-I[r3a Ha IIoToKa AaHHrr, cB'6p3aH c nJraH]rpaHeTo Ha r.I3n,LJrHe-

[r,rcTo Ha HHcTpyr(qur.iTo r{ c[eKyJraTHBHr.rTe rr3qr.rcJreHu.{ c rleJr MaKcHMa-J]Ho|la'r'oDapDarre rra ,l3qI.IcrHTerrruTe pecypcH r{a qeHTpaJ rua npoqecop.

t3

It0rtrn't'ttc't'o rra c6BpeMeHur.rre KoMnlorr,prrn crrcreMrr e geng6exsoc[}ft'!o o 0 ]0 rrr] bprueHcTBaHero Ha crpyKT)rpara u opraHr3aqHqra Ha ire-

llflpxulllt ll0 rraMcrra. flnrrsocrra Ha rrnlloBere AuHaMuqHa RAM nauer,Gllotrttru 'tcxtloJlorug Ha DraBHara KoMrrrolbpHa naMer, pacre c eAHoBpe-Mol to1o IIaMarqBaHe Ha BpeMero 3a aocr:6rr. Ha $ona Ha Herrper(hcHaroroyrcJu4q[Danc rra 6r,p3oAe crBr.rro Ha ctBpeMeHHrrre Mr.rKponpoqecoptr rr rra-MC lr.r KPI,I l'lrrrHoTo MJrcTo 3a IIpou3Boar.rTelHocTTa Ha KoMnroT6prraTa cI,IcTe-MB ocraBa nponycKareJruara cnoco6Hocr Ha rparTa rIeHTpaJreHllpoqecop-rnaBHa naMeT, rro KoiTo ce no,qabpxa nocTorHeH IIoToK oT r,rHcT-pyr(qr{H r{ AaHHr'r Me)KAy qr{[oBeTe IIaMeT r.r quna Ha rleHTpiurHr,rs lpoqecop.3a npeogo:rxnane Ha roBa r.scHo M.scro ce npaotr HerrpeKlcHarr.r yc6B6p-lu0rIcTBaHr4.r Ha crcTeMHaTa apxl.rTeKrypa B cJreAHr{Te HanpaBreHr,t.s:

. PasrrruprsaHe Ha rnvpr4nara Ha vnQopvaquonuure nr,Tltura Ha rpaK-Ta rleHTpzureH npoqebop-rnaana rlaMer r,r ctorBerHo ,,pa3[rupsBaHe" Ha rrH-

$opvaquouuure e,qr.IHIaqll B qunoBere rraMerlr;. C qeir nosuuanaue ua e$errr,rnHocrra sa ranrep0efica c naMerra ce

n3noJr3Ba Kerrlr.rpaHe nlu 6y$epupaue B qr,rnoBere naMer;. 3a Aa ce peAyllrrpa rrecrorara Ha o6pr,utegr.rsra Kr,M naMerra ce oc -

ryptBa KerDrpaHe Ha rrrKoJIKo HHBa MeXAy npoqecopa rr naMeTTa, KoeTollKJlroqBa KeIIIoBe B paMKrrTe na npoqecopHl,It qu[ u KernoBe B HenocpeAcTBe-Ha 6r[3ocr Ao Hero.

. Ynelnqasane Ha lpolycrarenHara cfloco6gocr Ha rpaKTa qeHTpa-neH npoqecop-rJraBHa naMer qpe3 Br.rcoKocKopocrHlt lur.rHr4 c fiepapxuuuacrpyKrypa 3a 6y$epupaue lr crpyKrypvpaHe Ha norora AaHrrn.

3a Aocrnraue Ha Br.rcoKa rrpor,r3Bo.ul.ITenuocr Ha KoMnlo'rr,pHara crrcre-Ma e or cbrqecrBeHo 3HaqeHr.re et$exrrannocrra lra BxoAHo-Ir3xoAHara crrcre-Ma. B paMKhre Ha KoMrrrorr,pHara cr.rcreMa Morar Aa 6r4ar nrnro.renr.r urupor<cnerr-rp nepu$epHr{ ycrpo crBa c Br.rcoKrr rr3rrcrBaHnr K6M [ponycKareJrHa-ra cnoco6gocr Ha BxoAHo-rr3xo.quara cr.rcreMa. Crparerlrlrre BKJrK)rIBar Ke-uJHpaHe, 6ySepupaue u Mnoroeror(Hu crpyKrypr,r Ha rfit.rHrrre, Karo eraxrrreca tfynnqzoua:rno o6oco6enlr a gborBercrBr,re cr,c cropocrHr.ITe xapaKTepr.rc-'rr..rKr{ Ha cBap3Banr.rre ycrpofi crna.

t4 l5

fnaaa 2

APXT4TEKTyPA HA rIEHTpAnHr4{ IIpOrIECOp

2.1. OEIII IPEIJIEA

I{eurpa:rnmr rlpoqecop e rr3rpaAen or eJreMeHTapH]t eneKTporrHn ycr-poficrra, Kouro cbxpaHrBar un$opuaqraxra B rBoraqHa (6unapna) $opva nu3ntJHsBar rlpocru Jrortrqecrr,r onepaqlrlr HaA,qanHrire. Jloruvecnure npo-MerrJrr.rBr,r ca raKr.rBa rrpoMeHJruBr.r, Kor.rro Morar Aa nptreMar ABe croiHocrlr:ucmuua (,,lrue") t4 nbJtca (,,false"). .{eficrnulra c JroruqecKr.r npoMeHnaBr.r cao6err na pa:rnexgaue n Eylenara a.nre6pa. B rolrnrorr,pa npeo6pasytanerora JlorlrqecKnre npoMeHJrnBu ce ocbrltrecrBqBa or xov6llaaquonHr.r Jrorrrqec-I<t.r cxeMr. Te npe4crauaoar MHoroerDKHra crpyxTypr{ or rortzqecKu ere-MeHTn, KoI,ITo oc:bulecrnroar npeo6pa:)yBanero Ha nor14qecKr4Te rrpoMeHJutBr4cr,o6pa3Ho JrorlrqecKrrre rfynrqvr.r, Kouro re peanx3trpar. tr{sxo4urare cnrua-:ru ua nou6ranaqlronHr4Te rorl4qecKn cxeMu 3aKT,cH.xBar cnprMo BxoAHrarec[fHaJrr.I c BpeMe, paBHo Ha 3aK6cHeHI.IeTO 3a pa3npoCTpaHeHue Ha cr,trHtu lTeB cxeMara. Te ca anrugsu AororaBa, AoKaro ca aKTLTBHn Bxo.4Hllre cr{tHa-Jltrra Jroruirecrara cxeua, r.e. rov6unaquoHHr,rre JrorlrqecKr.I cxeMv He cl,xpaH.s-rrar ran$opuaqu.a, a caMo s. npeo6pasynar. Crxpanrnauero ua unQopvaqr.rr-Ta ce ocT,uecTBrBa B eJreKTpoHHr.r eJreMeHTr{ naMeT, HapeqaHti Tprzfep}r.-fpureprr

rrpeAcraBn.sBa rot]rqecKa cxeMa c gne ycrofivuar.r cbcroruu.s: Jo-luqecra I n lorr.rqecra 0. Tofi ctxpaxna eglru 6ur uutlopuaqlrr. PerucrlplrrrpeAcraBrqBa na6op or rpnrepu,6poxr Ha Korrro B o6rqn c:ryuafi ce onpe-,/IoJIfl OT A:bJr)Kr,rHaTa Ha MaIIII.IHHaTa AyN{a, T.e. OT pa3ptAnOCTTa Ha MrrKpo-Irpoqecopa. flpr.r 64-6llrooure npoqecopu AaJrxr{rrara na perncrpure e 646ura, r.e. Te c6A'r,px(ar 64 rpurepa. Ilpoqecopr.rre Morar Aa c6,q:bpxar perfi-crplr c A:blrxLrHa gnofiua unu qerBopHa MarIltHHa AyMa.

I{n$opruaquonurrre eAr.rHr.rq}r B KoMrrrorpnre ca KaKTo cJreABa:. I 6ailr cbAtpxa 8 6ura (lbyte : 8 bits);. I rruo6ur ccAr,pxa 2ta 6ura utu 1K6ura (lKbits: 1024bits:2r0bits). I nrro6aiir cb.46pxa2t0 6ainawmlK6afira(lKbltes:l024bytes:2r0bytes). I Mbytes cr,A6p)r(a 1024 Kbytes. I Gbytes c6Ar,pxa 1024 Mbytesc I Tbytes c'bAcpxa 1024 Gbytes

.I{r,,trxcurra'rn ra Manrntrnara A;vlvLa ua 64-,6uroaure rrpoqecopn e g 6afira.I-lcrrlpa.rrrrnrr tlpou,ccop Ha cr,BpeMeHeu KoMrrrorap nrrloqsa 6orar

crrcKr-rrp or rlryrrxqnorralun 6rorose: lruuuo r.rurep(leficno ycrpoficrno, u:-rrr>JrrrHTcJnto ycrpo crno, ycrpoficrBo 3a aucrpyKrlrru, aApecHo ycrpoficroo,cTparrHqHo r{ cerMeHTHo ycTpoficrna, ylpaBnrBaqo ycrpoficrno, Kerrr 3a uH-CTPyK{UH, Kel]r 3a AaHrrr{.

I4:nt:lrurelnoro ycrpoicruo ar_nrcrrBa apHTMeruqHo-ror-uqecKoro yc-rpoficrro (AJIV), roero octrqecrBsBa aprrrMerrrquraTe u roruqecKr.rre orre-paqulr Ha,[ .qanHrrre. Onepaugure n pe3yJrrarr.rre or apuTMerr.rqHr.rre uJrorHqecKuTe orrepautru ce cT,xpaHtBaT B pefl.rcTpr{, Kor.rTo ocrrryprBaT Bpe-Merrrroro r.rM ctxpaHsBaHe 3a rloAaBalre Ha onepaugrare rr,u AJIV u noeuanerra pe3yJrrara cJreA rr3rrr,Jruerrrrero Ha orrepaqrllra or AJTV. BxoSur_me curua_;rr.r :a AJIV ca onepar{Anre or perucrpr.rre r.r c[r.Hi]n]r or ynpaBnrBarrloro yc-rpoiicrro Ha qeHTpa-rrHr.rr lpoqecop, a r{3xo,4Hure cr.rrHaJrlr ca pe3ynrarrrreor r.r3r6JlueHr.rre olepaulllr, ctxpaH.sBaHI.I BpeMeHHo B perllcrpr{ z $larooe,oTpa3qBauu BnAa Ha rrolyqeHnTe pe3yJlTaTr.r,

I{enrpanurarr npoqecop $ynrqaoHripa B ,qBa ocHoB:uu p"otcawai cucme_MeH peucuu (S - System) u nompe6umettcrcu petcuit (U - User). Cucrevur_r_rrr pexr4M (naprava ce oqe pe)Kr.rM cyneprafi:op) e npr.iBr.rJrerlrpoBaH rr rrplrrrero e aKTr,rBHa olepaqtroHuara cr.tcreMa. flpu uero Bcrrirrra r{HcrpyKrlll}r orrra6opa uucrpyxunr Ha npoqecopa ca pa3perrreHr.r 3a r,r3rn JrHenr.re, KaKTo HBcr-rqKr.r pecypc[ Ha KoMnIorbprara cr,rcreMa ca Aocrl,rrHu. B pexvM rrorpe_6urel ce u:n'ulrsBar npr4JtoxHure nporpaMrr. flpu nero ne ca pa3perrreHr_r 3an3rrbirHeHr4e r.Hap. npnBrJrernpoBaHr.r r.rHcrpyKqru (parpeurenu 3a rr3nr,rHe_rIHe caMo B pexrlM cynepBafi3op), KaKTo rr He ca Aocrr,nHlr Bcr.rtrrr.r pecypcr4lra KoMnIoTTpHaTa CUCTeMa.

2.2. TIPEACTAB'HE I{A AAHH'ITE

O6qzre Kareroplrrr aaHHr-r B KoMnrorpr,ITe ca \uc.na, adpecu, cuueo-Jtu, J'IoeulrecKu dauau. I7o cBo.sra clrqHocr a.qpecr,rre ca qvcra 14 B KoM_nror'6pa re ce rpeTl-Ipar KaTo qeJIIl qUCla 6eg gnan. B Hgrou I{oMrllorpr{ ca3ajroxeHr.r no-cJroxHr,r TunoBe AaHHr.r KaTO HanpnMep cTpyKTypH OT AaHHr.rHJrH crpurlr or crrMBoJrr4. {ncnogure AaHHrr B KoMnrorpr.rre ca rpr.r rnna:qanu uucna (uucna c $urccupana mouxa), uucta c nlraaaula mouKa ununaKenupaHu decemuqnu rrucaa.

Epo tttt cuanem. B qouenrxara npa(Tr,rKa ce u3rroJrsaar 4na nzga 6poii_rr ctrcreMu: rreno3rzqrloltHr.r u no3uquolrHu. flpu nenosu4uoanume 6po xu

t6

cucmeMu rerJroro Ha quQpara He 3aBucu or HeiHara rro3r.rqu.s. Ilpuuep :aHenorlrur-roHHa 6pofiua cllcreua e pHMcrara 6pofiua cacreva.

flpu nosu4uouuume 6po Hu cucmeuu rerJroro Ha ncxr<a qraSpa n vuc-Jroro 3aBrrcra or Hefiuara no:lrqr.rr. TaKa HanpuMep qu$para 5 lrva pa:lnvuoTerJro B qrcJroro 5555 s,qecerlrqHara 6pofiHa cr-{creMa, Kosro ce r,r3rroJr3Ba B

Haurero exeArreBrae. flrpnara qr.r$pa 5 trMa rerrro 1000, uropara - 100, rpe-rara - 10, a qerB:bprara - 1.

flpra no:raquounure 6pofiHr.r clrcreMrr .<vcna'ra ce npeAcraBsr Karo rro-JII{HOM OT BIAAA:

A =la,.S',zai eL-m,+ nf ,

KtAero a. e qr{$para s i -rara no3rlqr.ls Ha rrucnoro, S - ocuoBara Ha 6pofiHa-'ra crcreMa, a r4lr.qeKcbr i nora:na nosnquma ua qu(tpara B grlcJloro.

Ocnonara Ha 6po Hara cr4creMa nona:ea 6po.r ua pauuvnure qu$pu,r(olrro ce rfnoJr3Bar 3a rrpe.qcraBsHe sa quclara. Tara HanprrMep npr.I Aecerr4q-rrara 6pofina clrcreva (ocxona l0) sa npegcranquero Ha qucrara ce lr3rron3Barl0 pa::ruvrrra qu$plr: qra@pure or 0 Ao 9. flpeAcraBqnero na vuc-iloro 5555, 55r]r,B BI4A Ha rroJrr.rHov n 4eceruvna 6pofina cucreua rqe r.rMa cJreAHrrs Br4a:

5555,55(10):5*103 + 5*102 + 5x10r + 5+100 + t*tO ' * 5*1gz (2.2)

flpu guollvuara 6pofina cucreua (ocuona gne) ce r.r3rroJr3Bar caMo ABe

,rt8orrqHa c[cTeMa ue l,IMa cJreAHur B]r,4:

I 1010 (2) - l+24 + l+2t + 0+2, + l>rr + 0.20 (2.3)

flpn mecrnaiceruruara 6pofina crcreMa ce r{3rroJr3Bar l6 clrvsora saorrratraBaHe Ha qr.rcrara: qu$pure or 0 go 9 u cuuronr{Te A - 3a t 0, B - sa I 1,(' * sa 12, D - :a 13, E - sa 14 ll F - 3a 15. Ipegcranxnero Ha qltcJro qpe3

roJrr.rHoM s rectHaficern.rHa crrcreMa lqe rrMa cJreAHLrt BrrA:

l3A4C (16): 1*164 + 3*16r + 10*16' + 4+161 + 12+ l6a Q.4)

B'rn ncxra 6pofiua ctrcreMa rrpeAcraBrrrero Ha ocHoBara e S=10, sarqo-lr) S= | *Sr+0*S0. B .asol,qHa 6po nacucreva S : 10,r,: |*21 I0+20:2110sl! r rrccruaiicerlrqHa 6pofiHa cr.rcreMa S:10,16): I +16r + 0x160 : 16(10).

flpeo6pasynauero Ha npeacraBsHero Ha riucrara or npousoo:ria 6po -ril oHcreMa B Aecerr.rqHa 6poina cucreua craBa qpe3 pa3Br{BaHero My B rro-.,nrroM rrpu rrpe,qcraBrrrero na qu<[pure E Aecerr.rqHa 6pofina cucreua (nx.).3 u 2.4). flpeo6pasyaanero Ha npeAcraB.sHero na qlrcrara or Aecerr.rtrHa

(2.r)

17

6pofina cucreua n gnouvxa 6pofina cucreMa ce ocbrqecrBrBa, Karo qucJoroce pa3Aent nocneAoBarenHo Ha ABe Ao rroJqrqaBaHero xa qaclro 0. BnocreA-crlrr,re ocralbql{Te ce 3anlzcBar o6parHo Ha peAa Ha rrxHoro noryrraBaHe.flpeo6parynanero Ha qucroro 13 or Aecernqna B ABoHqHa cr.rcreMa 1101 e

rroKa3aHo Ha sI.Ir. 2.1. 3a 4a nponepuu aepHocrra Ha rrpeo6pa3yBaHero, pa3-

DHDaMe noJlyqeHoro ABoLtqHo tIlIcJIo B rroJrlrl{oM c ocuoBa 2, T.e.

ll0l,r,:1t23 + l+22 + 0+21 +1420:8 + 4+ 1: l3u, Q.5)

flpu npeo6pasynauero Ha qr,rcJrara or ABor.rtrHa B trrecrHaficerr,r.rHa 6pofi-ua cracreua ra o6parxo ce rr3[oJr3Ba Sarrl,r, ve egna lrecrnaficerzuna qu$pace npegcran.r c 4 6ura, r.nap. rerpa4a. flplr npeo6pa3)tsaHero Ha qr.rcrara orurecrnaficeruqsa n gnouuua 6pofina clrcreMa Bc.{Ka rrrecruaficeruuua quSpace rrpeAcraBr qpe3 sborBerHara ir rerpaga B aBorirreH Ko.q (Orr. 2.2).

,{norurro npeacrannrre

13 1ro; : 110112;

rDuz. 2.1. Ilpeo6pasyeane Ha rrucnomo 13 om decemuqua s dsouqHacucmeMa

3a rpu.noxenux c r,rHTeH3r{BeH Bxo,ql{3xoA rr cpaBHrrrenHo MaJrKo rr rrpo-cTr,r rr3rrucreHr.s ce lpearroqHTa \ lcra'fa xa ce qbxpaHtBaT I-t o6pa6oTBaT B

naKemupaH decemuqeu rod (packed decimal). Tosu rog e no-MaJrKo KoMrraK-

TeH or altpe(Tuoro 6unapuo npegcraB.sHe, Ho 3a cMerna ua rosa ce ug6.{rsal,qorrtJrHvreJrHr,rre pa3xoAn 3a npeo6pa:ynauero.

F1A3 04C2tt t tt ttttttt_ttltlttrt------a

1111 0001 1010 0011 0000 0100 11000010tltuz. 2.2. Ilpeo6pasyeane Ha qucnama om ruecmuaficemuqua e deou,lua

6po ua cu'cmetua u o6pamno

Hafi-rorl{Mara quSpa o aecerr,rqHa 6pofina cucrerr.ra e 9, vuero npeg-craD.sue r.r3HcKBa eAHa reapaaa (1101). Cre4onareJrHo 3a aBonqnoro npe.q-

cTaDgHe Ha AeceTI{qHo tIlIcJIo ca HeO6Xo,qI,MI,I ToJIKoBa TeTpaAI,I, I(OJII(OTo ca

4lrdrpure ua aecerr.rqlroro qucro. Brs BcsKa rerpaAa ce 3arrr4cBa ABor.rqHr.rrr

l8

.{c.rcnr.rc Ha 2 tlacrrro Ocrarr,xt3/26146t2301fi I ll

eKBr.rBaJreHT rra cborBerHara aecern.rua qr.r$pa na qncnoro. flpn npeo6pa:y-BaHero Ha Aa.qeHo qrcro or.qBoltqua n gecerr,rura 6pofina cncreua gBoI.rvno-TO qIrCJrO Ce pa3AeJIt Ha TeTpaAII Ii 3a BCSKa TeTpaAa Ce 3arIUCBa AeCeTr,rqHI.I.gTeKBrrBaJreHr (Sur. 2.3).

sr73 0492tt t il rI r---J I LL-virt-----a

0101 0001 0 111 0011 0000 0100 1001 0010<Due. 2.3. Ifpeo6pazyeane Ha 4ucno om deou.rua e decemuuua 6po na

cucme.^4a u o6pamuo npu naKemupaHo decemu,Ho rcodupane

Qopttam na dannunte c fiut<cupaua moqxa. flptt roBa npeAcraBrHeo6xaarr,r na npeg craBfrHure qacta3aBr.rcn or Al,JrxotHara Ha Maur.rHuara ,qlrua(pa:prgnocrra na peruerrara). flpra 64-6lrrorure Mr.rrporrpoqecopu pa3prA-Irara pelrerKa clA'bpxa 64 6ura. Elrrosere ce rroMepupar or ,qrcHo Ha JrsBo(tltnr.2.4), raro nafi-nesu.sr 6ur e nair-craprnus u ce oslaqaBa c MSB (MostSignificant Bit), a uait-aecuuxr 6ur e nafi-loragruur 6rar r.r ce ogna,rasa c LSB(Least Significant Bit). Hai-reBr.rlr 6zr cr,grpxa 3HaKa Ha qracrroro, Karor roJroxr4 TeJrHr{Te qr.rcJra vMar 3naKoe pa:prg 0, a orpurlarenHr4Te rlv cra - 3Ha-(oB pa3psA 1. flpra 4:r:rxuna na pa3psAHara pemerra n 6ura, uarcr.rMzlrrHorotnrcro, Koero Moxe Aa 6r,ge npegcraneno, e 2'-t-1, a nafi-valroro orpnqa-lcJrHo npeAcraBtgo quclo e -2"-1.

MSB - Haii-crapruu paspq T sR _ tr"i,

3Haror parp.rg:

0 sa nonoNlrrerHu .{rrcra

I la orprqarelnr.r ulrcla

Qopttam ua danuume c $urccupaua mourcarDue.2.4.

l9

fipegcranrnero Ha AaHHr,rre B npae rcod r.rMa cneAHlrs Br.rA:

Aft

OcHoseN HeAocrarbK ua Sopvara Ha AaHHr{Te c Srar<cupana rourca e{)r'pa }rqeHrrrr o6xBar Ha npeAcraB.{Hure rrv cJa. MHoro Ma-rrKrrre qr,rcJla cerpcTr{par raro Mar[r.rHHa HyJra. flpe.qcraBsnero Ha vr.rcJra r€B:r,H npeacraB.{-rrar $opvar, r.r3r,rcKBa Mar{a6}rpaHe.

(Dop'uan Ha da Hume c nrraeat4fl movt<a. Hegocrarbrrr,rre Ha (bopMa-

'll c {)nKcupaHa roqKa ce rlpeoAoJrrnar npu $opuara c rrJraBarrla ToqKa. flputrclo npeacraBtnero Ha qr{ctoro r'rMa cJeAHH.s Sopvar:

A: + M + BIE (2.e)

r(lt{oro I € npeAcraB.sHoro g'ncno, M - :|..,.arJT'jca, E - noprA:bK, B - ocuona,t(ol'r'o He ce 3a,[aBa B rBeH nz4, rlfi Karo e eAHa r,r cr,qa 3a Bcr.ttrKr.r qucra.

Ha $ur. 2.5 e rrora:,aH TrrrlqeH 32-6uros $opuar c n:raBau{a 3anerar.I lafi-resusr 6ur c:bA'r,pxa 3HaKa Ha qrrcnoro (0 - 3a [oJro)KrrreJrHu uuura,l -'tit orpr,IrlareJrulr qucna). Crofiuocrra Ha noprA';Ka ce c64:r,p)ra B cJIeABaxIs-r c 8 6ura. Ocranarnre 23 6ura u,arpxar MaHTrrcara.

llr0x tla MaHT cara

t ,. tu"u

,, "u"'u ,I

I I noPrrbr( | MAHrhcA I

@ue. 2.5. 32-6umoe $opuam ua daunume c ntaaaula 3anetna.E

llucrara c uagarqa 3arreras Morar Aa r,rMar pa3nuqulr $oprran ua npeg-c'tausse. Tana sanpr{Mep, AaAeHo qr.rcJro Moxe,qa HMa npegcrar.auero 0.1l1+25,lll+22 uts 0.0110*26.3a ga ce orpocrr.r o6pa6orrara H^ svcra c nlraBaqa'rorrra, Te ce [peAcraBrr B HopM:rnrr 3r,rpaH nr.rg. Hopua:ru:upaHoro qlicno clJtanauIa roqKa r.rMa cre,qHl.Iq sua: 10.1 aaa...a*218, K:bAero d ca ABoLrrIHrtrlrrrlrpn (0 u:ru 1). Tona osuavaoa, ve uafi-leoulr 6rlr Ha Manrr4cara rpl6na ga0r,71c nuuaru l. flopa4z Qarra, ue rosr.r 6r-rr runars nua croiisocr 1 n nopva-Ju3npau sr.ra, rofi He ce sbxpaHrBa B rBeH BrrA. flo ro:u naqr.ru 23-6lrrosoror()Jrc ce rr3rroJr3Ba 3a clxpaHqBaHe H a 24-6urosa t$artlrca c aonycruvra ctofi-rocru Mexgy 0.5 u 1. O6xsarlr Ha npeAcraB.EHtrre qr.rcJra rrn $opuara crJraBarqa roqKa e no(aa,aH ua $ur.2.6.

Cle4uure vncla ne ca o6xsauatu or npeAcraBrHero Ha AarrHnre c nlra-lanla ToqKa: oTpI,IIIaTenHnTe qHcJra, no-MaJrKL ot na -ua,troTo npeAcTaBt-ro olpuqare;rHo qr.rcJro, ce rperrapar Karo orprrrlareJrHo npentnBaHe (negativeovcrflow). Orpuqare:ruure qrrcJra, fio-roJreMn or ua -roa.nuoro flpencraBq-ro o l'pHuareJIIIo qucJlo D o6xsara n [o-MaJrKH or 0, ce rperr.rpar Karo

f o, a"-r,a,_, -..a3,a2,at,ao3a A > o

-fl, u,-r,u.., ...a3,a2,a1,ao3aA < o

. [n* 3aA>0^* =

1oo* + o.ooo...o r sa A < o

(2.6)

Taxa Hanpr.ruep, fipaBusr KoA Ha +5 e 0, 0101, a npanra-rr ro4 na _5 e l,010r.

Hegocrarrqare Ha rrpaBr.rr xog ca neo6xoguMocfia or puBrr.rquo rpe_Tr.rpaHe Ha 3HaKorme r,r qaSponure pa3prarr rlplr ,3n.bJrrreHrze Ha aprrMerr.rq_wure geitcraut u groiicrnenoro npeAcraB.sHe Ha Hyrara (0, 000000000000000u 1, 000000000000000).

flpegcran-anero Ha AaHnr.rre n o6pamen rcod uvra cre1lrrlrr Rna:

o _ J u' a^.,

' a".r ... a3. a2, ar, a0 3a A > 0

.'oK-l[l, a"_2, a"-r -..a ),az,at,ao 3a A <0

(2.1)

Tara nanpr,rrraep, o6parnlrar r<oA Ha +5 e 0, 0101, a o6parnu.ar r<og na-5 e l, 1010.

flpegcran.anero Ha AaHHI4Te g dononnumeten rcod u:vra cJre,qnr,r, BIIA:

(2.8)

Tara nanpralrep, AonurHr.rrerHu.sr l<oA Ha +5 e 0, 0101, a AorlbJrurrre:r_ut4rr KoA na -5 e 1, i011.

flpeAnlracrnara na ao[6JrHr.rTenHH.s Ko,[ ca eAHo3HaqHOTO npeACTaBrHeIra HyJrara u eAHo3HarrHoro rperr.rpaHe Ha 3HaKoBrzre u qutfponure pa3ps1 lrIpu apHTMerr,rrrHllre gefi crnu.n.

Hegocrar, r Ha rrpeAcraBeHr.rre KoIoBe e rpyAHoro ugeirrlrSuqupaneHa npenbJIBaHeTO Ha pa3pr.4HaTa pe reTKa, KOfaTO pe3yJrTaT:bT oT r.r3nbJlHe_noro gefictnrae e no-roJlrM or MaKcHMa-IIHo Bl,3Moxuoro npeAcraB.suo quc_JIo 3a pa3ptAHara pe[rerra. 3a npeogoruraue Ha ro3r.I rreAocrar.Lx ceI{3rroJnBar r.nap. uodu$utqupauu rcodoee, [pr.r Kor.rro 3HaKoBn.rc pa3p.{Ar.r caABa: noJroxurenHrrqr 3HaK ce KoAr,rpa c ABe uy-lu (00), a orpnqareJrnr.rrr 3HaK- c ADe eAr.rHnqu (l l). Ilolyuanauero ua l0 u:ru 0l s 3HaKoBrrr€ pa3psAn riape3yJlTara or apl.ITMerlrqHoro 4eficrnue rroKiI:,Ba BT,3Hr.tKHaro nperrbJlBaHerra pa3prAHara peuerra. Bcraqrn aprarveruvnr_r geficrnur uag vzclara c $ur_cr4parra ToqKa ce r.r3BlprrlBaT B AOnbJrHr.rTeneH xo,q.

20 2l

Orpruorenro

{l-2n!r"2'r -O.5+2n,1 O y2nl" (r-2'u)*2nt

<Itue. 2.6. O6xeam ua npedcmaeanume ,tucla c 32-6umoe $op*tamc MaSaula moqKa

oTpr4rlarenHo He3anbnBaHe (negative underflow). IloJroxureJrHr.rre qr.rcJra, Iro_MaJrKrI or Haii-MarKoro npeAcraBsHo notoxrrreJrHo rrucno BEB $opvara cnJraBarqa roqKa, ce rperr.rpar Karo noJroxureJrHo He3arrb:rBane (positiveunderflow). floloxulelulrre qllcJra, Kolrro ca tto-roJreMH or uaii-rolquoronpeAcraB.sHo rroJroxr.rreJrHo qrrcJro u.r,n $opuara c n;raBarrla roqKa, ce rperu-par Karo noJro)Kr.rreJrHo nperrtJrBaHe (positive overflow). flpenr,lnane nb3HrrxBa,KOfaTO pe3yJrTaT',r,T OT apIITMeTUr{HaTa Onepaqu.s uMa rroptAcK, no_ror.gM oTMaKcLrMaJrHo AolycruMu.{ nplr npeAcraBsHeto. Hesan:bJsaHe B63HuKBa, Ko_raro nop.sA6(T,T e rB.r,pAe MaJr.r,K, 3a .qa Moxe ga 6r,ge npe4cragen. Tosuc:ryuafi e no-MaJIKo ceprlo3eH or nperrbJlBaHero, 3arrloro nopaAu MiurKr{Tecrofinocru Ha rropqg.r,qure Ha qvcrara Moxe Aa ce npueMe s.r,c 3aAoBoru-TerHa roqHocr, qe re3n qrzcra zuar clofinocl: npu6rusurerno 0. Hynaracr,xlo rre Mo)Ke Aa 6r4e npegcraneua n'rn $opvara c uanarqa ro.rra. 3a ra:r.rrle:r ce r.r3non3Ba cnerlr4arHo npeAHa3HaqeHa noNr6lrnaqu.s.

flpu.Qopwara Ha aaHHr{Te c rrJrararqa rovra 6porr Ha npeacraB.snureqr{cJra He e no-ror.sM or ro3r.r npu $opuara c $urcnpaxa rovr<a. flpegcrana_Hr4Te !'vcJra c nJraBatqa ToqKa He ca p,BnpeAeneHra paBHoMepHo no qracJIoBa-Ta oc KaKro npu $oplrara c $r.rKcr.rpaHa roqna. Bb:Moxriure crofiuocru nanpeAcraB.{Hr,rre q}rcra c rrJraBalqa rorl(a ca crucrenl{ 6llr:o go HyJrara Lr cepa3pex(Aar c orAtllerraBaHero or He_s. Tosa e Ir eAltH or ocHoBHl,rre HeAo-craT'Lqu Ha npeAcraBrHeTo c rrJraBaqa 3arleraJr. Pe:ylrarlrre, Kor4To ce rro-ryqaBar npz ll3qvcreausra, He ca rovuz z re rpr6oa Aa 6rAar 3aKpbrJIrBaHI4go uafi-6.lusroro npeAcraB.suo vuc.no. Cr,rqecrnyBa 3aBucr.rMocr naexgy o6_xBara Ha npe,qcraBqHr.rre qr.rcJra r{ TorrHocrra Ha v3.trrcrenrtnra. 3a ga ce yne_IHqaT KaKTO O6XBaT:bT, TaKa r,1 TOqHOCTTa e HeO6XOAUMO Aa se r.r3nol3BaTroreqe 6zrone n:sn $opuara c nJlaBarrla roqKa. flose.rero KoMlrrorpr,r ocllry-psBal qrrcJra c elr.rHl,rqHa roqHocr v c 4roiua roqHocr.

22

Hgno:rssaHeto Ha no-ror.sMo nore 3a flopq.qbxa B paMnure na Sopuarao rJraBaula 3aleras BoAr,r Ao pa3rrrtlptBaHero Ha o6xBara r{a npeAcraBrHlreIIIICJIA 34 CMETKA HA HAMA.'I'BAHETO HA TOiIHOCTTA.

flo.rra npu Bcr.rrtKr.r cr,BpeMeHrrr.r KoMrrlorplr 3a npeAcraBrHero Ha .qaH-rrllc BRB tfopuar c nJraBaula roqKa ce npnrara craHAaprbr na I{ucrlrryraril 0Jrerrpor.ru)r(eHeprre rr uHxeHepr.rre no e:reKTpoHrara IEEE Standard 754,xoii'ro e pa"apa6oreu c qeJr ocvryprBaHero Ha npeHocr.rMocrra Ha nporpaMrr-lij !r cruMytr.rpaHero ua pa:pa6orBaHero Ha nporpaMr.r 3a rzrrreH3lrBHz qIac-

,l0ru.r [pr.rJroxeHnx. To:z crangapr qeQranzpa egznlr qer 32-6ntos u 64-6sros,rlrxrcrr (ropvar c n:ranaqa rovr<a. Cralrgaprr,r 4e$raHrrpa sbrqo raKa ABa pa:l-rrrpcuu {topvara, egrrHrrqen r,r ABoeH, Ko}rro ce u3loJr3Bar nprr Mex(At4HHr.Itt r,rHcreHI,Iq. flo-ror.sMara roqHocr ua pa:ruupenure $opMarrr AaBa B:b3Mo)K-roo'r'Aa ce HaMa-[sr rperul{Te npri sarpruxoane. Oco6enl-rre cryqall B63Hr.rK-rlr', xoraro [orero Ha [opsA6Ka cr,A6p)Ka caMo eAr.rHr.rqu (255 :a egunuuenrfx4rvar u 2047 sa asoer $opvar) lrJrr{ caMo HyJrr{:

. HopvarugrapaHltre HeHyJreBr4 ql{cna ce lpeAcraB.sr npu crofinocrral0 uop.f,AbKa or 1 ao 254 3a eArrH[qeH $opuar u or 1 lo 2046 3a ABoenrlxpuar.

. B c.nyqaure, Koraro rIoprA:r,KT,T clAtpxa caMo HyJlr{ n MaHTllcaracl,rr(o gba.6pxa caMo HyJru, ce cqltTa, qe e npe,qcTaBeHa HyJraTa.

. Koraro nops.qr,Kbr c6A6pxa caMo eArar ,rqlr, a MaHTrrcara caMo HyJrlr,co oquTa, qe e npeAcraBeHa 6erpafiuocr, noJIoxETeJrHa r,rJrl-r orpr{rlareJrHa, B'lllrcttMocr or ctofinocrra Ha gHaroglr.{ 6n:r.

. Koraro rrop.rAbK:br cr'Alpxa caMo nyJ]r{, a MaHTr{cara e HeHyJreBa, To(! lrpcAcTaBeHo aenopManl.I3l-IpaHo qr,rcno.

. Koraro [oprA:bK6T clAapxa caMo eAr.rHHIIIr, a MaHTI.Icara e HeHyre-rr, rrpecraB.sHero ce cqrrra, tre He e Ha qucno, NaN (Not a Number) lr ceI Iror3Ba 3a cr.rrHall[I3r.rpaHe Ha lBKjrroqeHrrr.

O6pa6omrca Ha LncJxd c nraeat4a mourca. Ct6npanero r.r t43BaxAaHerorl ,rrrcJra c rrJlaBarqa roqKa o6xrarqa cJre,qHrlTe crbnKz:

l. Itlspanurnane na noplg:rqzre (vpe3 ctorBerHoro r{3MecrBaue Ha MaH-urcure);

2. Cywupane (u:naxgane) Ha MaHrr.rcr.rre;3. Hopr,,aalnsupaHe Ha p$yJrrara.Vr'auoxeuuero (,ueleuuero) Ha u:acna c nJraBanra roqKa o6xnautra cneg-

llrrt c cT'bIIKIi:

l. Vvnoxenue (ae.nenne) Ha MaHTlrcrrre;2. Cr,6upate (u:naxgaue) rra noprar,uure;3. Flopruanu:nparrc rra pc3yJn a ra.

23

flpo6revu vorar aa B!3HIrKIrar B cre,qnure cnyqau:. flpenrnsaHe Ha noJlero Ira fiopt,qrKa ua peylrara (noJroxs{TeJllrara

crofinocr Ha rropflabKa npem'rBa noJlero Ha nop.aqt,Ka). B u.sKoz ctrcreMl{

cHTyaqlrsra ce o3HaqaBa Karo +co I,Iru -co'

. Hesan:hrsaHe Ha norero Ha nopt.[T,Ka Ha pe:y.nrara (orpuqare:lnaracrofisocr Ha nopsA;Ka e npera.neno va-nKa, 3a Aa 6rAe npeAcraseHa) u umc-

Jroro ce npeAcras.{ xaro 0.. He3anrrsaHe Ha vaurlrcara. flprl Ir3MecrBaHero Ha MaHTlrcara c qeJI

r3paBHqBaHe Ha nopa,qr'qure, qntlplrre rlpenbnBar pelrerKara r,t I'I3ru3ar Ir3Br,H

uafi-pecnut paspag. B ro:lr cnyuafi e ueo6xoar.ruo 3aKpbrntBaHe.. flpenbrsaHe Ha MagTlrcara. flpu cyl,Iupane Ha MaHTLIcU c eAHaKBIT

3Harlu Moxe aa Bb3HrrKHe npeHoc or Hafi-craprrrlrq 6r.rr. B ro:r,r c:ry'rafi e ne-

o6xoauuo r,r3MecrBaHe ua MaHTI{cara Ha pe3ynrara.Ilpedanaaane'na cllfuao"tu- Ter<crogata <Poprvra ua ,4aIruI'ITe e Mlroro

yao6na 3a qoBeKa, Bo ue e yao6ua 3a aarL'ITa-IIHH cA creMI,I, Koaro I'I3rtoJI3Bar

6unapno rrpe.qcraB.rHe. 3arosa cnl{sorlre ce npeAcraB.sr qpe3 rocreAoBa-TeJrHocrH or 6rarose. Hafi-uonylrpnruIT KoA 3a rlpeAcraB.gue Ha cI{MBoJIHH

aaHHr{ e aMepr.rKaHcKlr.sr craHAapreH KoA 3a un$opl'aaquoneu o6uen ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange). flpu ro:u xog ncenu

crrMBoJr ce npe.qcraBs c [ocJreaoBareJ]Irocr or 7 6ura, npra roero e B63Mox(-

Ho r,r3rroJr3BaHero sa 128 rorra6usaquu. Err;.a qacr or KoaoBere ce H3noJI3Ba

3a npeAcTaB.sHe Ha crlMBoJIIrTe, OCTaHanaTa qacT ce Ir3noJBBa 3a Ko4lrpaHe Ha

ynpaB.lrqBaulu cnMBoJrrr, HarrpltMep 3a ynpaBnsHHe Ha orrleqarBaHeTo Ha crpa-H r\a vnu 3a KoMyHv KaIIttoHIrn lpolreaypl{. Kogupanlrre crtMBoJII.I ce cbxpa-HcBar n ce rrpeAanar e 8-6uron $opMar, Karo ocMlrxr 6r,rr rtloxe ga cr,a:Lpxa

0 lrrn ronrporeu 6rar :a npoaepra no ueruocr. ,{pyr rcog, roiro ce ll:rlor3Ba3a npe.qcraBrHe Ha cItMBoJrI-r, e EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded DecimalInterchange Code). Karro ASCII Ko.q'br, raKa 14 KoA:br EBCDIC ca qbBMec-

Tr.rMu c rlaKerr,rpaHoTo aeceTl4qHo Ko.qllpaHe.

fI p e d c nn e nr e na ao z uv e cxu d a arta. I'Int[oplraquoHHl,ITe e.quHIrItrrr, Ko-

HTo Morar ,qa ce aApeclrpar r.rH.qI.IEI,IAyaJIHo B KoMnlorr,pa r<aro 6air, ayva,rroJryayMa r{ T.H., ce rpernpar Karo qsrocrHll un$opvaqlrouuz eanHlrqrl.Jlorlr.{ecr[re orrepaqrru B npoqecopa, o6ave, ca [o6uroBu, T.e. ouepaq]IllTece l.r3B6prrrBar Haa 6r-rrose c eAHaKBI.I no3I-IqqI.I B oflepaHAlrre. C.leAonarelnolpe.qcraBsHero Ha JloruqecKlrre AaHHIT B KoMrlrorapa rp.a6na la 6t le 6sr-opfierrrupaHo, T.e. AaHHr.ITe Morar aa np]IeMar caMo aBe crofiuocru: 1 (true)

u 0 (false). Bur-opneuTnparroro npeacraBsue Ha AaHHlrre e seo6xoguvo cruoTara npn rr3MecTBalIeTo Ha MaHTI,ICaTa npII HopMarH3aqvFTa vlg I43paBHq-

Barrclo rra nop[,q],qnrc nplr q]rcJrara c nJIaBalrra roqKa, npu rpanupopr'aupa-

24

nero na ASCII Koa B rraKerrrpaH ,qecerllqen Koa n ap. Eanlr u crrr1ra gannuvorar ga 6r,gar rpervpaHu Karo rrrlcJroBr,r, Jror]rqecru l,tlul c]rl,rsorur.r. Tuntrrra AariHrrTe ce onpeAelr oT orrepaq[rrTe, Kor.rTo ce rr3Bl,pulBaT c T.flx.

2.3. CI4CTEMA L{HCTPyKIII4I4

@opnam a uHcntpyKquunte. Cuctewara nHcrpyKrlr.ru e rr3KJrroqureJr-rro Baxeu apxr,rreKTypeH 6eirer na sceKIa lpoqecop. Kounrorrptr us[6rH.sBaflporpaMa, KosTo [peAcTaBrsBa Hape.qeHa nocJreaoBaTenHocT oT rrHcTpyK-qun. llpe clrcreMara rrHcrpyKrlrrr.r lporpaMrrcrr,T ynpaBnsBa pa6orara naKoMnrorlpHara cucreMa. Kovnror:spnnre nporpaMr,r ce cr,craB.gr Ha e3nqlror BrrcoKo Hr.rBo, B Koraro npeAcraBrnero ua uu$opuaquonuara o6pa6orra e

lrn olr4 ygo6en 3a rrporpaMr'rcra, Ho He L 3a KoMnlortpa Karo ALrtI.ITiLJrHacr.rcreMa. 3arosa KovlrorbpHara rrporpaMa ce npeBexAa Ha Marlr,rHeH e3uK,

T.e. B Marfi]rrruu r,rHcrpyKquu. MaruuHnure r4rrcrpy(qu[ nwar 6unapuo (Aao-uuno) npegcraerHe, T.e. Te caAtpxar caMo HyJrrr ra eAr.rHr.rq]r. .{eficrnuero uanpoqecopa 3aB[crr or r.rHcrpyKrlurra, ro.sro rofi rl3rrT,rnlBa. MnoxecrsoroMaIII.IHHII I.IHCTpyKTILIU, KOr,rTO AaAeH rrporlecop MOXe Aa U3rr,rH.{Ba, Ce Ha-

?urtd cucmaMa uHcmpyK4uu ua npo4ecopa. Cr.rcreMara r.rHcrpyKrrr.rr.r Ha npo-qecopa rp.a6na ga 6rle fyurcquoaatHo nbtHa,T.e. BceKrr orreparop or e:nqnre3a rrporpaMr.rpaHe Ha Br,rcoKo Hr.rBo Aa Moxe ga 6rge pea.nra:r,rpan irpe: Ma-ruuHHnre rrHcrpyKr{rru Ha npoqecopa. Bc.sra uanr-runa uncrpyrqlrr rpx6ra,qa cr,Arpxa seo6xoglrlrara uuSopMarluq 3a npoqecopa 3a r43n6Jruenrrero HaonepaqruTa HaA AaHHure. @opvarr,r Ha r.rncrpyKur-rsra ge$unupa 6por narro:rerara B paMKlrre Ha I{HcrpyKrrr.rrra, TrxHoro Qyurquoua:luo peArra3rra-qeHne r{ Ar,n)Kr4Ha. @opuarr,r Ha uHcrpyKrluqra c6A:bpxa xoA Ha onepaqlr.{-'ra, Hapurran oxle onepaqlroHeH ro,q (KOII), noJrera 3a orrepaHArrre, noJre 3ape3yJrrara n eBeuTyiurgo aApecHo rroJre 3a cJreABaurara uncrpyr<qrax. Oa:vrerra rr3[:r,JrHeHr,re Ha nHcTp)rKrtrHsTa oT npoqecopa ca cJreAHrrTe:

. LlsqucrnsaHe Ha aApeca Ha r.rHcrpyKqr.rcra;

. I4ssruqaue Ha uucrpy(qlrrra or rraMerra r,r 3apexAagero ir n pervc-rbpa ria r4ucrpyKrluqra (IR);

,{exogupaue Ha olepaqusra;llgqucr.ssaHe Ha aapecHTe Ha onepaH.qure;Verene na ortepaHAltre or naMerra;I4gnuneune Ha orrepaqr.rqra;I{s.rncr.ssaHe Ha aapeca Ha p€yJrrara;3anuc na pe3yJrrara.

25

Oopvarrr Ha rpvaApecHa KoMrrrorbpHa r.racrpyKqr.u e noKzl:laH Ha

finr.2.7.I lo.rerara npe<luxc (o6nxnoneno c ,u:bJrxr.rHa 1 6afir) u cytlurc cnyxar

:rll yK[3Dane Ha cneq]riurxr.r orrepaqnu. Tana uanpuuep nperfnrcrr ESCAPEyr03Ba olepaqus Ha aarrHr,r c oopMaT nraBarua rovxa, npe$nnclr LOCKoo.rfypsDa eKcKJry3r.rBHo rr3rroJr3Barre Ha o6ulaTa naMeT B MyJrTuupoqecoplr,

pe(!uKcbr REP yKa3Ba rroBTopeHlre Ha oneparlr4rra Bbpxy IIocJreAoBarenHr.r-T0 eJIeMeHTII Ha CTprrHf Il T.H.

flpu upoqecopure sbrrlecrByBar ABa Bapr.raHTa 3a yKa3Bane Ha cJreABa-ulaTa lrrrcTpyKqr,rt: ecTecTBeH peA Ha rr3ItbJIHeHre Ha r.rHCTpyKrIt4 r.rTe rr [pr,rHy-,qlrreJleu pea Ha rr3rrGJIHeHI,Ie Ha rrHcrpyrquure, Cr,BpeMeHnr,rre rlpoqecoptMacoBo LI3noJI3Bar ecrecrBeHlrg peA 3a r.r3n6JrHeHI,Ie Ha r.rHcrpyKqrzzre. flpnTD( aApecbT Ha TeKyIqaTa rnrrbJrrrrBaHa oT npoqecopa r,rHcTpyKrll,It ce gbA:rpxaB crrequanex aApeceu penzcrbp, HapeqeH nporpilMen 6porrr. Creg npur.nrov-Barre Ha u3Irl,JIHeHLIeTO ir, [pOrpaMHItrT 6pOrv aarouaruqHo yBeJrrrqaBaclA'bpxaHr,reTo cI,I, KaTo no To3E aApec ce I,I3BIHqa cneABatuaTa lrHcTpyKqrrr,noAJrexarqa Ha r,r3rIbJrHeHI.Ie. Cnegonarelno npu ecrecrBeH pe.q Ha l,I3rrbnHe-HI.Ie Ha HHcrp)rKuHr{Te He e Heo6xoal,rMo Aa ce H3noJI3Ba AorrbJrHHTeJrHo noJlenru $opvara na nxcrpyKqr.rrra 3a yKa3BaHe Ha aApeca Ha cJreABaxlara rrxcr-pynqur. B cnyqaure, rtolaro npoqecopure r.r3noJr3Bar npr,ruyAr.rreneH peA Halr3rrr,JrHeurre Ha Irucrp)mqnllre, nocJreAHoro rIoJIe B68 $opuara Ha I.IHcrpyK-IILtrra gr,,4bpxa aApeca Ha cJreABa[Iara uucrpyruur. CtA;pxaHr.rero Ha roBalo:re ce lpexBbprs B [porpi]MHr,rx 6ponu u no ro3u aApec ce rr3BJruqa ornaMeTTa cneABarqaTa r.rHcTpyKqr{s.

<Due. 2.7. Tpuadpecen fiopLuam Ha KouruombpHa uHcmpyKqus

flopagu rpygnocrr.rre Ha nporpaMrrcra Aa ce cnpaBr c 6HHapHoro rrpeA-cTaBque Ha (oMnIoT'bpHuTe nHcTpyKrlnu e nplleTo Te Aa ce npe,qcTaBtT B cr.rM-

Bonrra oopMa. KoAosere Ha orreparlr4rrTe ce npeAcTaBqr qpe3 cbKparleHr.rrrnapuqarrr{ MHeMoHr.lirHu o3HaqeHr.r.s (ADD - :a cyvlrpane, SUB - :a r.rsnaNga-

26

A.4PECHI4 TIONETA

rc, MUL - )Mr{ox(eHr.re, DIV - ga .qeJreur-re }r r.H.). O[epaHAure c6xlo ce

upc,qcTaBrT B cr{MBoJrHa Soprraa c r.rMeHa Ha rrpoMeHJrr.rBr.r (A, B, X, Y r,r Ap,).'l'axa uanpuvep rrn crpyKqr.rera

ADD RI, A[oxa3Ea, qe ft,abpxaHr.reTo Ha rureTKa oT naMeTTa c aapec A rpt6na ga cerpu6atu KIM sba:bpxaHr.rero ua perr.rcnp Rl.

flo rogu Haqr,rH e B63MoxHo Hanr.rcBauero Ha nporpaMn Ha Marlr{HeH03nK B CuMBOJTHa t[Oprraa, xoxro ce KoHBepTr.rpa B 6rrHapHa OopMa (KoMnroTa-prru nncrpyqun).

Tpuagpecuurr <[opMar rra rrHcrpyKrlr,rrrre He ce n3rrolr3Ba B Mrroro [po-rtccopr.r, r6fi Karo rd3r4cKBa rorsMa A:bJrxr.rHa Ha uHcrpyrqlrrra, 3a Aa sbAlpxarpr{re aApecHrr flonera. flpu AByaApeceH Qopwar uucrpyrqrrrra sbA:bpx(a

/(lc a,qpecHrr rroJrera, Karo eAHo or aApecHrrre rroJrera rpr6Ba Aa sbAr,pxaKilxro aApeca Ha e4utd'ns ofleparra, TaKa lr aIipec Ha pe3yJrTara (Qur. 2.8).l4rrcrpyrquure c AByaApeceu tlopvar nuar [o-Mar(a A:brxuHa, rio [peArl3-lr.rr(Bar rr3BecrHo Hey,uo6crBo. flpe4ra nsnlnnenlrero Ha orlepaqusra e Heo6-xoAr.rMo eAuHr,r.rr onepau,q, Ha qHfiTo aApec ue 6r4e sanucan pe3ynrara, Aa6'r,11c sanzcan B:r,B BpeMeHrra KJrerKa or rraMerra r.rnu BpeMeHeH perlrcrap.

<Duz. 2.8. fleyadpeceu fiopuam Ha KownnmbpHama uHcmpyK4us

B clnpevennrare [poqecopr4 ce r.r3rron3Ba r{ eAuoagpecurzrr $opMar HaInrcrpyKqr.rrre (Sur. 2.9). flpu roeu Qopuar rropa.ar anpec rpelna Aa 6l.,ne

AIPECHO NOIE

A,qPECH14 IIONETA

rDua. 2,9, Ednoadpecen tfopnam Ha uHcmpyK\uume

3aaaaeH B He.sBeH BuA. o6nKHoBeHo HerBHo 3aJro)(eHr-r.sr aApec e Ha perucrEpD npouecopa, Hapeqeu aKyMynarop. Aryuyrarop:sr crlAr,pxa e4vr1v,s, a4pecua o[epauAa !r ce r.r3[or3Ba 3a 3a'rtr4c rra pe3yJ]Tara. flpu eguoagpeceu Qop-Mar r{a r-rHcrpyrrtr,rr,rre A},JrxHHara Ha nporpaMr-rre ce 5rne.luvana, rufi xaro caHeo6xoAlMx Aorrr,JrHr.rreJrHr,r r,rHcrpyKrlrrrr, Kolaro.qa 3apeAgr onepaH,qllTe B

aKyMynaropa.Epoar ua a.qpecHr.rre rroJrera B:r,B rlopuara Ha r.rHcrpyKrrurra Bru.se

cr'IrlecrBel{o BBpxy apxaTeKTypaTa lra npoqecopa. flo-uaJl:br 6pofi ua ag-pecHr4Te rrojreTa B raHcTpyKrlrrsTa BoaqT Ao no-npuMLITItBHIt LlltcTpyltqnfi,Kouro or cBor crpaHa onpocr.sBar crpyKrypara Ha rrpoqecopa. flpn e4uo-aapecHrr r.rHcTpyKrlrltl nporpaMr-tcT6T pa3rroJrara caMo c eAnH yHrrBepcaJreHperrrcr:r,p, aKyMyJraropa. flpu uHcrpyrqzn c noBetre a,qpecH ce u3rroJr3BarMHoxecroo yHI.IBepcanun perlrcrpr{. Toga aasa B}3MoxHocr HrKou orrepa-qr{n Aa ce u3rr6JrH.sBar caMo c per}rcrpn. ,{ocrrurr go pefncrplrre e MHofono-6rpa or 4oclbrra Ao naMerra, TaKa qe n3u:bJrrreurrero ce ycKoprsa. 3a ,4a

ce rrocTnfHe Iro-roJuMa rr,BKaBocT r,r Aa ce ycKoprr u3rrr4cIrrTeIHusT IIpo-uec, c6BpeMeHHI,ITe npoqecopn u3rroJr3Bar KaKTo AByaapecHr4, TaKa v rpr4-aapecHrr r{HcTpyKqr4H.

Cnopeg rooa ga:ru onepaHArrre ce c6A:bpx(ar B pervcrpltlrrrlr B KJrerrrrB naMeTTa ce pa3JIHqaBaT creaHI.rTe Br4aoBe orrepaqfilr B KoMnroTr,pHara cnc-reMa: orepaqr{H perr4crr,p-perrrcrr,p (R-R), perrcrup-nauer (R-M) r-r naver-naver (M-M). Agpecrr Ha perucrpure e ro-Kbc, r:r,fi xaro 6porr uaperncrpr.rre B rrpoqecopa He e roJ.{M. O6uKnoseHo ce r{3[oJr3Bar 4 6ura zaa4pecvpaHe ua l6 perlrcrrpa. pIHcrp),'Krrr.rr4Te, Kor.rro r.r3rroJr3Bar 3a orrepaHAr.r

ctA:bpxaHnero Ha perrrcrpr{, ca no-K:bclr rr ce rr3rr:bJrHrBar ro-6rp:o. B rosuacnerr uafi-6rp:r{ ca onepaq}rrrre per}rclr,p-perucrr,p, a nafi-6annlr ca one-paqnr.rre rraMer-rraMer, :trfi raro ugqcrsar Aocr't rI ,qo rraMerra. Onepaquureor rr{rra penrcr6p-rraMer 3aeMar Me)KAraHHo Mqcro rro 66p3oAeicrBr4e. flpo-rpaMrrre, cbAtpxaqn onepaqnu perlrcrtp-perlrcrrp, ca nafi-.q:srrlr, a npo-rpaMr.ITe, cbAl,pxarqlr onepaqlrn rraMer-flaMer, ca uai-roprnarlru.

lt ttxuuala ua uHcrpyKrrrrsra onpeaeJrr B 3HarrrrreJrHa creneH apxureK-TypaTa Ha npoqecopa, opfaHr.€aqu.rrra r,r Karraqrrrera Ha rraMerTa, rflrlrrHaTaapxlrrexrypa. flpenoptqnrenuo e a'bJrxr'rHara Ha r.rHcrpyrqn.ara 4a 6r,ge pan-ra urn KparHa Ha.[bJrxuHara ua nn$opvaquouHara eAHHrrrIa, rorro ce o6-McHq Me)KAy npoqecopa r.rJrr,r naMerra. flponycrare:rnara cnoco6nocr saTpaKTa rrpoqecop-rJraBHa rraMeT Mo)Ke Aa ce oKaxe TrcHo MJrcTo 3a rrpor.r3Bo-

rtr.rrerHocrra Ha KoMnlolbpHara cr{creva. Peruesne na rosn npo6reu e ga ceH3nolr3Dar roicu HHcrpyKuu Kerrr 3a r,rHcrpyKrrlrn. Or,qpyra crpana rpa6na,Ia cc HMa [peaBrra, qe a'r]JrxrrHara Ha r.rHcrpyKuurra rp.f,6sa Aa 6'b4e rparna

2$

rra AtJDr{rrnara Ha qucnara c dlu(cupaga roqKa, KaKTo LI Ha AT}Jr)Kr.rHara Hacr.rMBoJrr{Te (8 6ura). C:rnpeuenuure npoqecopr.r AorrycKar }BnoJr3BaHero Ha

xrrcrpyKqrzoHHr.r t[opnraru c pa3JrrrqHa .{T,rxnHa.fil,nxuuara na urrcrpyrllrrsra 3aB[ctr or ,qbJllruHara Ha ofiepauuoHHr4.s

Koa u AlJrxItHlrre Ha aapecHure norera. lorevu.m 6pofi onepaqlru r cucre-MaTa rIHCTpyKrIrZlr r3ucKBa IIo-ror.sMo r]oJle 3a olrepaqraoHHr4q Ko,4, KoeTo IIpurlrnrcupau urrcrpyKlrnoHerr Qoprr.rar nogu ao cr:bc.sBaHe Ha aapecHr4Te noJre-la, ,{tlNuuara na HHcrpyKtlr,rqra 3aBrcr.r cltrlo raKa z or 6por Ha orrepaHAv -'r'e. Craperrennure rrpoqecopt{ peaJrn3npar uaft-qecro oflepaquu c nBaorepauAa. .{'unxunara na aApecHr,rre rlollera 3aBracsr or pexrrMure 3a a.qpe-car1nr Ha AaHHlrre B npoqecopa. flpn rnuo 3aAaBaHe Ha pexr,tMl.rre Ha aApe-caqxr ca ueo6xo,{uura H.sKoJIKo 6ura sT,s $opuaia Ha r,rHcTpyKrlu.{Ta 3ayKa3BaHe Ha l.r3flo;rBaHus pexrrM 3a aApeclrpaHe, ,{r,lxunara Ha a,{pecHr.rrerroJrera 3aBr{cx r4 or pa3Mepa Ha aApecHr.Iq o6xnar na r<ovnror.r,pHara crrcre-Ma, T.e, or A'LJIXr4Hara na $usuuecxlu aApec B naMerra.

Petcu,au na adpecupane. CucreMa r.rrrcrpyKqr,rlr, rpl.r Ko.{To BceKu one-pilrlr4oHerr KoA Moxe ga 6r,4e c'bBMecren c npor{3BoneH pe)KHM }ra a.4pec}rpa-trc, ce Hapv';.a opmoeoHaJtHa cucmeua uncmpyrct4uu.llpu loBeqero npoqecop]ro6ave, pa:.nnuuure olepaqnoHrrr.r KoAoBe ra:r,rcxBar rr3noJr3BaHero Ha pa:JJruqrru

l)cxrrMr, 3a aApecupane. B'ru tlopvara Ha ur{crpyrflIuma ca ueo6xognrraz e4unr.rJru rroBer{e 6nra, :aganaullr pexr{Ma Ha aApecupaue, nofiro rqe 6:t4e usnol-'IraH rrpt4 ra3rI'LJrHeHueTo Ha uHcTpyKrlr.rqTa.

Hafi-qecro usnor3BaHr4Te pensrMu Ha aApecripaHe B cGBpeMeHHr4Te npo-r(ccopu ca HenocpeAcTBeHo, r4MnJrr{qupaHo,,qHpeKTno, rrHAnpeKTHo aApecu-

l)arre, aapeclrpaHe Ha perucrprr, a,qpeclrpaHe c rr3MecrBaHe (a4peg.rpaue cxlAeKcupaHe, peJrarrrBuo aApeclrpaHe, aApecrrpaHe c 6arupaue).

flpr.r pexuurme Ha aApeclrpaHe ce lr:nonsna e$erruneu agpec. flpu cu-c'r'cr,ru 6eg Br.rpryaJrrra nauer e$errunulrrr aApec [peAcraDnqBa aApec B na-Mcrra r,rJllr pertrcrtp. Ipr-r rounrolspHl,I cr4creMr.r c Br.IpryaJrHa naMercrftexrunnu.ar aApec rlpeAcraBrrBa BnpryaJreH a,gpec alrv perlrcr:bp. Ilpeo6-l)a3yBaHero Ha BnpryaJrHr4r aApec BbD Su:lruecru ce peairr.r3upa npo3paqHo'ra rrporpaMr.rcTa.

llpu uenocpedcm6eHomo adpecupaHe a1pec*oro rroJre Ha r4rrcrpyKrlur-'r'a criar,px{a crofiuocrra na onepauAa (Snr. 2.10). llzcnoro e [pe,qcraBeHo B

l(ou r,JrHrrreteH Kog, raro nai-leauxr 6r-rr na onepauAa c6A6pxa HeroBnq 3HaK.I lpcguvcrnoro Ha HeIIocpeAcrBeHoro agpeclrpaHe e, qe ce crlecr-rBa Aocrl,rr,r(o naMerra 3a qereHe Ha onepaHAa. To:u pexlru ce n3noJBBa 3a 3aAaBaHe Har(orrcrar{Tu I4tn HaqaJrHr,r crofiHocru Ha rlpoMeHJrr.rBra. Heron ne4ocrarrr e,rrc ,r('r,Jr)KHrraTa IIa onepaHAa ce orpaHHqaBa oT a.6JIXr4HaTa Ha aApeCHOTO nOJre

29

Ha I,rHCTpyKqrrtTa, Koero rrpr4 rloBeqero npoqecopfi e lto-MaJIKo or AbJrxl.rHa-

Ta Ha MarnurrHara AyMa,

KO|I I OIIEPAHA

@ue. 2.10. Henocpedcmeeuo adpecupaue

flpu unruru4upanomo adpecupaue (Qur. 2.1 1) ce usrongsa cter. Cterr,.rlpeAcraBn.,rBa p$epBr.rpau 6ror or mernu B naMerra. Tofi upe4crannnnaonalfiKa c ar,rcqunJll,IHa Ha o6cnynoalre ,,flocJre.qelr Br.s3:hr, [p:r'B mgrqybn"(LIFO - Last In First Out). ,{anuure ce 3anr.rcBar Ea B:r,pxa u ce qerar rIaI( orEbpxa Ha crera. B:spxrr na creKa ce aapecupa or perncrr'p. ro ro ce HapuvayKa3areJr Ha creKa (SP - Stack Pointer). IIpn urrou npoqecopu ABara eJIe-

MeHTa Ha Bbpxa Ha cTeKa ce cbxpaHrlBaT B perHcTplrre Ha npoqecopa, TaKa rre

y(a:larentr Ha creKa ce o6prqa KbM TperI,I.t eJIeMeHT Ha creKa,

KOII

TIE'BHO I

J

tDuz. 2. I 1. I:ILun"nuryupauo adpecupaue

Iupercmuomo adpecupane ($ur.2.12) e nai-npocru.ar r.r 6'sps peNnv naaApecupaHe rra KrreTKrr B rraMerra. flpl,I Hero aApecHoTo rroJre Ha I,rHcTpyKqI,I-

lra crqlpxca e$eKTIBHr.r.s aApec Ha onepanaa. flgpaar,r orpaHr,rrreHr,rs p:BMep

30

ra aApecHoro noJre Ar.rpeKTHara aApecaqus Moxe Aa ce raano.tsra sa o6plqe-uJ.rc K:bM orpaHrrqeua gaqa.nna o6nacr Ha rraMerra.

cDue. 2.12. ,{upercmno adpecupane

[1pu uudupercmuama adpecaqun (Qur. 2.13) a,qpecHero rro:re B rrHcr-pyr(qlrrra )rKa3Ba KJrerKa B rraMerra, Kosro cbA:6pxa eQenrunnrax aApec HaouopaHAa. flopagu orpauuueHus pa3Mep Ha aApecHoro noJre B uHcrpyKqr4s-'ut KJrerKr,rre, c'r,Atpxaulfi e$errrannure a4pec]r, ce c.bcpeAoroqaBar B HyJreBac1l)arrHrra Ha naMerra. Hegocrar:rK Ha r.rHAnper(THoro agpecupane e neo6xo-/(lrMocTTa oT ABa AOCTI,IIa AO naMeTTa 3a qeTerie Ha onepaHAa - e,4LIH 3a,rolcue na e$errr.rBrrr.rff aApec u eAr.rH 3a qereHe Ha caMfi.s olepauA. flpeguv-0r'lo'ro e, qe ce pa3urrlp.sBa o6xnarr,t Ha aApecupaHvre K;rerKr.r naMer.

flpu uxdupermnomo adpecupane c perucrplr (Srzr. 2.14) agpecnoro no.nerrn rrrcrpynrlr.rsra c'bA:bpxa aApeca Ha perlrcr:bpa, cbxpausBarl e$errlronurr,J(l)oc Ha onepanAil. Tosu pexlru e no-6r,pa or rrHAr.rpeKTHoro aApeclrpaHe

'rl)o:J rorerKa or rraMerra, nfi raro ce cnecrrBa eAraH aocrtn,qo rraMerra.Adpecupauemo na pezucmpu ($ur. 2.15) e nogo6lro rra AupeKrlroro aA-

l)ccnpaue c ra3r-r pa3rr.rKa, qe 6poxr na perracrpltre B rrpoqecopa He e ro:r.sM urJ(l)cclroro rrone B r.rHcrpyKqrzrra Mo)Ke Aa gr,Ar'pxa HrKoJr(o 6r.rra, o6uruo-rrcrro 4. I,IgnolgsaHero Ha perurcrpu 3a c.bxpaHsBane ua onepaxgzre e eSer-Urnrro, KoraTo Te3rr oneparrArl yqacTBaT B MHOXeCTBO Onepaquu lljllrrrl)c;(c'raBJrsBar MexAr,rrrHlt pe3yJrraru. Crnpeueunure rrpoqecopn gr,Abpxar

l,l ir3r{ qer yHr.rBepcan}ru perncTprr, KaTo orlpeAenqHeTo Ha onepaHArrTe, Ko_I r'o tuc ce c'bxparrrDaT B pefricTpH, ce npeAocTaBr Ha KoMnr.rJraTopa.

AAPEC HA ONEPAHAA

3l

I

<Duz. 2.13. I4ndupercmna adpeca4un

rDuz. 2.14. I4udupercmuo adpecupane c pezucmpu

Adpecupaxemo c u3Mecm6aHe (Qur. 2.16) cr,qeraBa B'r,3MoxHocrrire Ha

,(HpercHoro aApecripaHe r.r r.rHAr.rpeKTHoro aApecnpaHe c perr{crpu. To:u pe-)rorM r.r3HcKBa ABe aapecHu noJrera, noHe eAnoro or t<olrro rpa6aa ga 6:r,ge

3aAaAeHo B sBeH Bug. Etfexrnenuxr agpec ce Sopvupa Karo cyMa or aApeca,3aAaaeH B aApecHoTo rroJre Ha r{HcTpyrulrrtTa n c'ba'6pxaHHeTo Ha onpeAeJreH

l)crxc rr,p.IIpv penamusHomo odpecupaHe ce H3rroJr3Ba c:bA'bpxaHuero na npo-

rpaMrrHrr 6poru (PC - Program Counter). E(terruruulr aApec ce rroJryqaBa,

't?.

AJU'H Itn (r rr,r,Ar I/L\KaTO aApecbT Ha TeKy[IaTa r,r3n'bJrrJ{BaHa r{HcTpyKrlrir n uporparvrnrax 6poxvce cyMI.Ipa c'bc gbA:bpxaHrrero Ha aApecHoro none Ha uHcrpyKqrr.ara. C:rego-narenro e$erruoulrrr a.qpec ce olpeAeJrr qpe3 rr3MecrBaHe cnpqMo aapecarra reK)[r{ara IlHcrpyKllli.s. Pe:rarusHoro aApec}rpaHe no.qA6pxa J]orarHocr-Ta Ha .4ocTT)nr.rTe Io naMeTTa.

flpu adpecupauemo c 6asoe peeucmbp ed)eKTuBHnqr agpec ce (lopulr-pa KaTo cyMa oT c:5.4:bpxaHr'reTo Ha 6a3oBu.{ pef}rcT'bp r.r gbA:r,pxaHr.IeTo Ha

aapecHoro none Ha ncrpyr(qn.{Ta. Agpec}rpanero c 6asos perricrbp c,r,uolrora'r,px{a JroKaJrHocrra Ha Aocrtnure Ao fiaMerra. To:lr peNvu erpenruouoce u3noJr3Ba npu cerMerrrHara opfaHu3arlu.s Ha naMerta, Ba:onulr perlrcrt,pc-bAhpxa HarranHH.s alpec Ha cerMeHTa, a aApecHoTo rroJre Ha r.rHcTpyKrll{qTao'bA6pxa u3MecrBaHero cnprMo Ha.uarHvs, aApec, Koero o6uruoneno e ql:ro,rncJo 6eg 3HaK.

PE|IZCTPI,I

@ue. 2.15. Adpecupane Ha pezucmpu

flpu adpecupauemo c uHdeKcupaHe aApecrroro nore B Hr{crpyrrluqra( r,.r(r,pxa a.4pec Ha KJreTKa B naMeTTa, a r.rHAeKcHU.ST pefllCT.bp CAAGpXa IIO-roxu'lcJuro u3MecrBaHe crrpqMo ro3lt aapec. E$erruaun.rr agpec ce $oplru-ln r(illo cyMa oT cbl:bpxaHr.reTo Ha aapecHoTo rroJre Ha r.rHcTpyKqHqTa u( r,,rl r,pxaHr,rero na r.rHAeKcurr.s perucrr,p, Tosu pexr4M Ha aApecripaHe ocnry-1'rrrlr crlrerrnneu MexaHrr3GM 3a pearx3aqus Ha LtreparnBHtr onepaqlru, [opa-rrr r(oc'r'o c.tretl Bclxo o6ptrqaue r<rM riHAeKcH .s pefucrbp e Heo6xoAHMo ro;r1:r 6'r,71c nrrrpcvcurnpau (ga ce yBeruqu c:bAbpxannero rr,ry c l) ll:rr,r gerpe-rrcrrrrrparr (aa ce rraMalru crill,pxaHrre 'ro My c l). flpu npoqecoplr, [pr.r Konro

33

'l'ota cc peaJrH3r.rpa aBToMaTr.rqHo, pexHM:r,T ce Haprrqa aBTotrHAeKcHpaHe,I(ola'r'o uogn{ura\r4rTa Ha c:ba6px(aHr.rero Ha r.rHAeKcHn.s per}rcrbp ce oc6-[lecTBrr]a cJreA u3n:bJIIIeHIleTo Ha ollepaqusTa, pexr4MBT ce Hapnr{a nocmuH-derccupaue, B npornBeH cr.yuait - npeundeKcupaHe.

<Duz. 2. 16. Adpecupaue c u3Mecm6aHe

OcnosHlrre xapaKTepucruKrr, orrpeAerqqu crzcreMara ltHcrpyKrlr{n, ca6porr na uncrpyKqr,rure, Br-rAoBere IrHcrpyKrrnr{, TrrnoBere aaHurr, HaA Kouroce rr3B:r,prnBar orreparrnnre, $oprrrarrr Ha uucrpyKquure, 6polr na perracr-puTe Ha rrpoqecopa, K'r,M KolrTo r-rHcTpyKrlrrrrTe Mofar Aa ce o6pr,rqar u cleK-T'r,pa Ha pexr,rMHTe Ha aApecauu.s.

tDyttt<4uonanru epynu utctnpyr(Tuu. Eposr r.r Br.raoBere onepaqrronHr.rKO,IOBe B Cr.rCTeMaTa r4rrcTpyKqr,rrr BapHpaT 3a pa3jrraqHr4Te npoqecoplt, HocbnrecrByBar o6rqu Synrquoua,ruu rpynrr uHcrpyKqrru, Konro ce rroAnlpxaror Bcerr.r npoqecop. Toaa ca rpynlrre 3a rpaHc$ep Ha .qaHHr4, 3a apr4TMeruq-IIi{ Onepaqu}I, 3a IofHqecKLI onepaq}Iu, 3a KoHBepTr.IpaHe ua 4auunre, nxog/r.r3xoA, rpynaTa r{HcTpyKqr.rrr 3a ynpaBJreHle Ha cr,rcTeMaTa It 3a npe,qaBaHe Ha

yrrpaBJreHueTo.

I:Iu cmpy r4uu 3a mpaHc$ep Ha d aHHu. I,I:rouulrqure r.r Aecrr.rHaqvrlTena'rpaficoepa Ha,qaHH]r B (oMrrroTr,pHaTa cr.rcTeMa Morar Aa 6r,aar pefHcr-pHTe ria npoqecopa, KJrerKu B rraMerra, crera. Bra nc.n(a I,rHcrp)rKrlr.rs 3a rpaHc-

dep na 4annu rpr6ua Ea 6:s4ar yrca:auu r,r3ToqHr4(r,T r{ Aecrrr}raqrrrra np}r'rpaHc$epa, KaKro rr A:bnxr.iHara rra o6MeH.{HETe Aannr.r. Tara nanpnv,ep MOycc H3noJr3Ba 3a rpaHc$ep Ha AaHHr.r Me)KAy penrcrpr.rre uru perucrpr.rre r.r

navcrra, PUS.II - 3a 3anr.rc R creKa, POP - 3a qereHe or crexa rr Ap.

34

Ilncmpyx4uu sa apuml emulwa o6pa6omKa. Apurveruvnzre onepa-rlHu BxrrorrBar ct 6upane ADD, r.r3Bax.4aHe SUB, yrunoxeuue MUL, peteuuel)IV sa gucla c $lrrclrpaua rovKa, nJraBarla roqKa r{ rlarerr.rpanr.{ AeceruqHr{.ulcna. C'rl1o rara ce Br;rroqBar r,r eAHoMecrrrr,t orlepaqun Karo l3qrrcr.snauerra a6corrornara crofiHocr Ha orrepanAa, npoMJIHa Ha HeroBllt 3HaK, yBeJrrr-,raBaHe Ha o[epar]Aa c 1 (raurpeueurlrpane) lr uauanasane ua onepanga c 1

Qlcxpeueurr.rpane). I{sn'r,ruenuero Ha apr.rrMerr4qHa olepauus [peAra3BrrKBalpanc$ep Ha AaHHr.r 3a 3apexAaHe r{a onepaHAr.rre B per}rcrpnre Ha rrpoqeco-l)a, 3a Aa Morar Aa 6lgar nolsnanu or AJIY, narro r.r 3arrlrc Ha pe3yJlrara orAJIV n perucr"sp Ha rrpoqecopa.

Ilncmpyrc4uu 3a .no?uqecKa o6pa6omKa. flpr.r rrx ce NtnrnurBar ByJre-rlH onepaquu rraA r{r.rrrAr.rBr.r,{y,}nur.rre 6urone ua gyrua rtau gpyra uut[opuaqu-ollrra e4lrnlrqa. Tzulu rpyla BUIIoqBa,nozuqecnama uueepcun NOT, npla Ko.rrocc HHBeprr.rpar 6nrosere Ha onepaHAa, KoHnHKtlun IND (noruruecro yvno-'trcutue), duznnrc4un OR (toruuecrco cryr.rpaHe) v eKcKJxy3uBHa dusnux4unIOR. Kourourqu.gra e raKaBa rofuqecKa olepaqn.s, [pr,r Koqro e Aocrar.bqHocltuH or orrepaHAure ga e 0, 3a Aa 68.4e pe3)rrarrr 0. Tq ce rasnor:sa 3a Mac-KlpaHe Ha orlepaHAa, T.e. oflpeae:reHr,r 6r,rrose ce ceJre(Trapar, a ocraHa-rrr.rre6 rose ce HyJrr,rpar. ,{u:ronnqraxra e raKaBa Jrotuqecra onepaqur, lrplr Korro0 ttocralr'qHo eAr{H or onepaHAr.rre aa e I,sa aa 6rAe pe3ynrar:br L Ercroly-'lr'r8Ho IorLItIecKo cyr!{npaHe e TaKaBa JroruqecKa onepaqut, npr,r KotTo rrplll)a3rurrHr-r onepaHAr.r pe3ynTaT:bT e l, a npu eAlraKBlr olepaHAr.r pe3yrTaT:bT e0. Koraro enrrlat4gr onepaHA c:bA.bpxa caMo eArrnrrqu, onepaqr4rra eKcKJIy-'r{r}Ha Ar.r3roHKrIHx Sopuupa 4our,JrHr.rreJreH KoA Ha Apyrur orrepaHA.

Kr,v ragn rpyrra nucrpyKrtrnu crra1ar u uHcmpyK4uume sa apumMe-nt tlttHo u rozutrccKo usMecmeaHe u pomaqua. fTpu torrrqecKoro z3MecrBaHeOrroaere ua onepaHAa ce l.r3MecrBar c eAHa llJrz noBetle no:uqrar u rrno SIIZtrrn r gxcuo.SflR, fipv Koero B e1vnt4s. xpafi 6uronere ce u:ry6nar, a n qpy-lrrr r<pafi ce B(apBar Hynn (Qur.2. 17). Jloruqecxzre olepaqur.r 3a rd3MecrBa-rc ce rBnoJI3Bar 3a u3onr.rpaHe Ha rroJrera or 6rarose B AyMara. trI3lttutsrlret,lrroBe ce u3MecTBaT u3B.r,H paMXuTe Ha paBpsAHaTa perreTKa.

I-Ipu apumnemulrHomo u3uecmeaHe AaHHure ce rperr,rpar Karo II.sJrorrrrcJro cr,c 3HaK r.t 3Harosu.sr 6ur He yqacrBa B rr3Mecrnauero (Qur. 2.l g). IIpuir l)r{'fMeTr,rqHoTo rr3MecTBaHe rglcuo slR ocBo6oaeHrrTe no3}1qr{u Haa.scHoo l 3rraKoBr.rt 6llr npraevar Herosara croiHocr. Apraruerlrvnoro r,r3MecrBaHerit/trcHo c 1 pa:plg na vncJra B aonRJIHI4TeJreH ltoa e eKBnBaJreHTHo Ha AeJre-rre ll 2, a apnrMerrrqHoro u3MecrBaHe enxr,o SAL c I pa:pxg e eKBHBaJTeHT-lo rra yMriox(eufie c 2 npu rroJ]oxeHae, qe rre B63Irr.rKBa nperrbJrBaHe r{JrullC',latrr,JrRarre.

35

<Duz. 2. 17. Jlozu,lecrco u3mecmaaHea. rozuqecKo usMecmaaHe e .ngeo, 6. ,xoeuqecKo ug.uecmeaue e dacuo

flpu onepaquure 3a qnKJrr.rqHo H3MecrBaHe (poraqur) B nr^bo ROL Lt B

aqcHo ROR ce 3anaBBar scuqru 6Erose Ha orreparrArrre (Qur. 2.19).Ilxcmpyrc4uume 3a KoHeepmupaHe Ha daHHume cJryx(ar 3a Soprraaru-

paue Ha AaHHr,rre xJr.r 3a npoMqHa Ha rexnlu $opvar - Hanpr,rMep KoHBeprr.r-paHero na ASCII roa s EBCDIC ulu rpanc$opulrpaHero Ha AeceruqHonaKeTrrpaH Koa B aBor.rqeH Koa,

6.

<Duz. 2. 18. Apumuemuuno u3-^tecm6aHe

a, apumMemuqHo u3MecmeoHe e rnso, 6, apurLMemuqHo u3mecm6aHe a dncHo

I:Incmpyrc4uume 3a ynpaBneHue Ha cucme,Mama ca npr.rBr4nernpoBaHr.r

r.rrrcrpyrrlr.rr4, Kor.rro ce r.r3nb:rHrBar B pexlrM cynepBafi3op Ha qeHTpzrnHutlpoqecop or orrepaqrror{Hara c}IcreMa. Tanrasa ca lrHcrpyKrrrrr,rre 3a qerelrer.rJrr-r 3aperKAaHe Ha ynpaBn-sBaurrTe perrlcTplr, npoMsHa Ha KIIoq 3a 3axlrrTarra naMeTTa r.r Ap.

36

6.

<Duz. 2.19. Pomaqun (4urcautno usMecmsaHe)a. poma4u.n e ,t-seo, 6. pomaqun I d.ncHo

lpyuara uHcmpyKrluu 3a npedasaHe Ha lnpasJleHuemo npoMeHrr ec-locTBerrlrt pea Ha Ir3n:bJrHeHr{e Ha I,IHcTpyKrInr4Te B KoMnroT,bpHaTa nporpa-Mit, Karo aKTyaJrr,r3rrpar gbAapxaHfiero Ha nporpaMHzr 6poru c agpeca uar r crpyKrrr,rqra, rrogJrexaua Ha r.r3rr6;rHerr[e. Ta3Lr rpyna BKJrroqBa LtHcrpyK-rtr.rHTe 3a npexoa, rrrrcTpyKrlrrqTe 3a u3BrrKBaHe Ha r.r BpRIqaHe oT lpoqeAyparlltHMr{Tr.rBrr 3a UI.IK:6Jr, r,tncrpyKrlr{n 3a nporpaMHo nperncyaue. IlucmpyK4u-tttne ta 6esyc,toeeu npexod JMP sbatpx(ar B aApecHoro cr.r noJre aApeca Ha(rrc,rrBaqara uHcrpyKrrus, r<orro rpr6ra ga 6rge ra:nuneua. Te npegu:nur-nlr 3apexAaHe Ha yra3aHtrr aApec Ha r.rHcrpyxrlr.rrra n nporpavxua 6polu.ll1'tw uucmpyx4uume 3a lcJloleH npexod ce recrBa KoA'br na yctouuxra CC((lntdition Code), xofiro BKJrroqBa $lar, orpa:xnarq rrnna Ha pe3yJrrara HaolpcaeJrerra oflepaung. Apuruerravuure $larone, Kor4To ce I,I3loJr3Bar, carrporoc C (carry), vernocr P (parity), MexAyrerpaAeH rrpenoc I (auxiliaryr'rtrly), uynen pe:yrrrar Z (zero),3rraK Ha pe3ynrara.l (sign), npenl,rrBaHe O(ovcrflow). flpr.r noloxenue ue ycJroBr.rero e u3rr.r,JrHeHo, nporpavnulr 6poru('(: rilpex.qa c aapeca Ha HHcrpyKrrr{rra, yxa3ana B arpecuoro rlo:re. B nporra-lcr cJryqai ce 3anajlBa ecrecrneHl.Irr peA rra v3nbnHerrlrero Ha r.{HcrpyKrlr{u-r(:, r',c. lr3nr,rH.f,Ba ce cJre,[Barqara HHcrp).Krrr.rr. tr4ncrpyrqnure sa r.I3BLtKBaHe

rrrr rrpoqegypu Cl LL npeytanovtBar r-r3n:bJrHeHr4ero Ha uraBHara nporpaMalr r)r'aprupar lr3rrr,JrHeHr{ero Ha rrpoqeAypara vpe: o6prrqane K.rM HaqarHrz.sl|/tl)oo rra flpoueaypaTa, 3a.4aneu B aApecrroTo none Ha r{HcTpyKr]x''Ta 3a v3-rlrcrlrrc. Lfucrpyxqllnre 3a Bp'r,rqaHe or npoqegypa REZURN npegusnurnarI Irl,Jrrrcrrue rla I-lIIcrpyKuHrTa o'I' H3Br,rKBarlaTa nporpaMa, HenocpeAcTBeHo

37

clloA ar{a Hr'rc'rpy(qtrrra 3a }t3DHKBaHe Ha nporreAypara. 3a 4a ce ocrlrypnllo.qa1,px(aHeTo Ha peeHrpaHTHu nporleaypr4, npll xor.rTo e B63MoxHO E AaAerrMOMeIIT Aa UMa HrKOJrr(O lt3BUKBaHr,IsJ e IIpenopT,rluTeJHo u3noJr3BaHeTO Hacrer. flpu u3nBJrrreHr4e Ha rrHcrpyKrlr.rr 3a lr3BrrKBaHe Ha rrpoqeAypa, aapegbrHa BpBuIaHe ce 3arrvcBa Ha BT,pxa Ha creKa. flpu n:ntnnenue Ha r{rrcrpyr(q}It3a BpbulaHe oT rrporleaypa aApecGT Ha Bp:brlaHe ce qeTe oT B:r,pxa Ha cTeKa.

lpyr npo6nerra e [peAaBaHeTo Ha rrapaMeTpr.rre, KoeTo sbtr{o e upenopT'qs -re:rno 4a 6r4e ocl,uecrB.sBaHo npes crera. ZuQopvaquqra, Ko.sro ce 3anrzc-Ba B CTeKa Irptr x3BrzKBaHe Ha rrpoqeAypa, BKrror{Ba [apaMeTpl.rTe r4 aApeca HaBptllaHe l.r ce Hapuqa paura, 3a nogg'r,pxaHe Ha ro3I,I MexaHrr36M ce u3rroJr-3Bar c:bxlo r4rcrpyKrrt4vre ENTER u LEAVE. Kr,u rasu rpyna crraAar a lrHcr-pyrul.rr.rre 3a noA.qbpxaHe Ha rlr.rKtJr LOOP. Kt tr ra3r, rpyla cflagar r.r

r.rHcrpyKrlr.rnTe 3a clupaHe Ha r.r3n:r,JrneHuero va nporpawara HALT u WAIT.Ilncmpyrc4uu 3a cu.MaortHa o6pa6omKa- Crpunrur ce geQunupa raro

HapeAeHa noc:reaoBareJrnocr or cr4wolu. Ouepaquure, Konro ce noarltpneT,ca rpanc$ep ua crpuur MOVS, cpaBHeHr.re Ha crpr.rHroBe CMPS, rrpceue narxa6ron, T'r,pceHe ua lra6los c KaHoHIrqHo 3aMecrBaHe, KoHKareHarln.s(rpuc'seglrulnane na crplrnrone), BT,BexAarre na crpuxr 1NS, r.r3Bex(AaHe Hacrpunr OUTS, rarro u npe$nxc REP (nrrolr<o na:uonugnocru) 3a rroBTope-Hr.re Ha yr(a3aHaTa onepaqv.f, flocne.[oBaTelHo 3a Bcr,tqltH eneMeHTLI Ha CTpr]Hfa.

Llncmpy14uu n erodfusxod noAAbpxar BtBexAanero 14 r.BBe)KAaHeroua un$opruaqr.rx. Ta:u rpyna ctgr,p)Ka orrepaqfir.r 3a axo4 (1A) u onepaqulr :ausxos {OUT).

I4ttcmpyrcquu sa MMX mexuo,rozuJt u mexHolozua c nomorcoeu SIMD(SIMD - Single Instruction flow Multiple Data flows) pastaupenua. flog-A6px(ar ce or npoqecopr.rre Intel@ PentiumrM 4, Intel@ Xeon'" u pentium'"M. Tosa ca rexHonorur4, opueHTr{paHrr KbM napaJreJrna o6pa6orxa npu e.4r.r-IrfiqeH noToK t4HcTpyKrlr{n Haa MHOXeCTBO IOTOTIU AaHHr,r, OcurypqBaqueQerrunua parpa6orra na uy.nruuegu nn rpuloxeHr.rq, o6pa6orKa Ha cur-rraJrlt H MoAenupane. Te:ra npuJroxeHr,rt BKJrroqBar aJrroprrrMr.I 3a KoMnpe-cuparle, $n:rrpupaHe r.r pa3no3HaBaHe Ha roBop, nporpawr sa augeo aucnaefi,3D rpaQuna (reouerprr), aJrropr{TMr4 sa o6pa6orra na ll:o6paxeuur u wr-Aeo, rlpocrpaHcrBeHo (3D) ayAuo, MoAeJrr.rpare, npunrorpa$cKr4 aJrropHr-ur. SIMD opueHTaq[qra ua SSE, SSE2 u MMX rexHoJroruurc r{3rrcKBarItoBr.r MeTo.qtr 3a KoanpaHe Ha ajrfopxTMr4Te, eAnHr.tgT OT KOr,rTO e BeKTOpr{-3arrusra. Bexropu:aqnxra npe.qcraBr.sBa rpaHcQopM;paHe Ha rrocJre.qoBa-'t'cJlrrH.s cKalapeH KoA B KoA, KOfiTO MOXe Aa Ce [3nbJrHrBa rrapaj]eJrHo, KaTocc Ir3rroJr3Ba 3aJroxeHrrrr SIMD apxzrer<rypeH fiapanenr.r3:6v. Ha nerropu-3arlnr norner(ar rurKnri, o6pa6oraBaurrr MacnBr.r or 8- r.rrn l6-6uronu qgru

3tt

tr.rcJra 3a MMX rexuolorusrca, 32-6utonu qlrcJra c rr;raBal{a roqxa sa SSE'lcxHororu.{Ta uru 64-6uroslz, qucra c [raBarua roqKa 3a SSE2 rexsonoru-rula. Anrouaruqsa BeKropu3aqrirr e ocurypeHa B Intel@ C+ + KoMrrr.rJraropa,rofiro ce 6azupa ua HoBr.r C/C++ e3r{KoBrr pa3rrr}rpeHr,rr 3a rroAAp.b)KKa Har cxHoJrorlrr{Te SSE2, SSE, MMX. IIpu Hero e BJrox(eH onruMr.r3rrparq Mexa-rr.r3BM, KofiTo aBToMarr.rqHo BeKToprr3r,rpa rlpocrlrre rr]rKJrr{ B Ko,q c rroroKo-trr.r SIMD pa3ur.rpeHr,r.q. MMX perucrpllre u XMM perucrpure ocnrypsBarlpaHcQepa n o6pa6orrara Ha AaHHrr c roJr.sMa At:rxv Ha - qerBopHa AyMarr:ur grofiua qerBoplra AyMa.

3a ra:u qen ca .qe0unllpaHlr lroBrr rrrrroBe AaH au: 64-6urosu naKerrrpa-rlr Aarrrrr4 3a rexHonoruq MMX lr 128-6lrroslr naKerr.rpanr.r.4aHur,r 3a rexHoJlo-lxrrre SSE u SSE2. 3a MaKcuMiL'rHa rrporr3Bo.qlrreJrHocr e npenop:bqrrreJrHo/tarrHnre Aa 6bAar pa3rroJraraHrr na 16-6airoou rpanuqu n nalrerra. 3a MMXrcxrroJlorusTa ca ocurypeHn rrrrcTpyKllt{l.r 3a rraKeTnpaHe I{ piu}rraKeTlrpaHe rra

/tillrrrHre B MMX perucrpure. Tara nanpraraep r.rHcrpyrrlurra 3a eKcrpaKr.Itr.,rtu t\yMa pextrw \peMecrBa AyMa or MMX perracmp B MnaArJrara noJroBr.rHarit 32-6r.1108 perr{crGp 3a Uentr qrrcJra, [nc:rpyxqr.rxra 3a BM.bKBaHe rra A]Mapinsrw zapexga slyua or MJra,{lrara rroJroBnHa Ha 32-6uros MMX perucmp'rir rlcJrrr qr4 cJra r,rJtr,r or naMerra n MMX perucrtp.

flpu rasu rpyna r4HcrpyKr.luu ce oclrryprBa p earksarlssra rra qecro Ir3-l{)Jr3Barrrr olepartrr4r,r no pzu}MecrBaHe Ha AaHHure: Broadcast (npe4anaue uac/(ra AyMa (T,M BcnqKu A11l'z.v), Swap (pa:ueu.rne Ha cr,Abp)KaHuero Ha ABetlyran) u Reverse (o6prrqane Ha peAa Ha rroApex,4aHero na gyuure).

Ocurypenu ca ABe AonbJrHrrrenHH rlHcrpyrrlr{u n ovq2dq u ntovdq2q sao(rvcrr ua AaHHn Mex,qy 64-6uronu MMX perucrpz r:rNr 128-6urosu SIMDl)(:r'rrcrpu. ,{o6anenu ca }rHcrpyKrlnu 3a KoHBeprr.rpaHe na $opuara na gau-lrlrc, uHcrpyr(qvr, 3a olperer.sne rra MaKcuMa:rHara Q)nlzxslrt) rr MLrHr.rMaJr-nata Qtntinsw) AyN{a or 4 piyxru ct c sHar n SIMD pervcrprlre, trHcrpyKrlr4r.r

ltut'gh ta r.r3qr.rcrqBaue Ha cpeAHara crofiHocr na 6afirose (4yvfi), crg.bpxa-rtrr cc ll lIBa SIMD perrlcrtpa lrrlr s SIMD perncrtp r.t KJrerKa or rraMerra.

XapaKrepHa oco6esocr Ha rirn rpyrra uHcrpyKqr.rr4 e ll:non3BaHero Har ,rill). apr.rrMerlrKa c Hacr,rqaue, lpyrrara urrcrpyKqr.rn BKrroqBa I.rHcrpyKIIHurir yMlo)Kenue Ha KoMrrJreKcHr.I qllc:ra pmaddwd,npuxorero ce usnoJnsar MMXlr('r uclprrre u pea-IrHlrre r{ r,rMaf I,IHepHure s cnra ca 16-6rroav, lrHcrpyqunlir yMroxerrue Ha naKerrrpaHu 32-6urosu, acra 6ez zuax pntulud.q (nepcuu:a(r,l (irllil H sa 128 6ura), cyMupaHe/n3BaxAaHe Ha 64-6nrosn.rucra c u 6e:rrlu putldq/psuhq, [rrcrpyrqr-ru 3a r3MecrBaue B rflBo/a.scHo Ha i28 6rarosr'ur( rrif rro sagagerr 6poi 6airrolle pslltlq/psrklq, npu (otrro n3npa3Herrurenr rrrrTlrn/c'r'aprtu 6zti1 lolc cc 3itrrt,Jnlar c rryJrr..r.

39

IIpu rrpu.rroxenurra, cBRp3aHu c 3D- rpa$r.rra, ce npeflop:bqBa Bepru-xzlJrrrara oprarrH3 arpls va v3qr4creHlrxra, rrfi raro npu nex ce ocurypxaa 100%-rro H3noJr3BaHo Ha SIMD-perrrcrpr.rTe.

Onruvu:aqulra Ha Lr3not3BaHero Ha rparTa rrpoqecop-naMer ce noa-lll,pxa or r.rHcrpyrqun :a rpauctfep Ha q.rna rro3lrquts xerua (nar'p. ntovdq).

Pa:urnpenuxra B cr.tcreMara HcrpyKr{r.ru sa SSE, SSE2 r.r MMX rexso-Jroruure ocuryprBar onrvMti3arltiq Ha lnnor3BaHero Ha Kerna. Te ce orpasr-rar oco6eno 6aaronplrrrHo 3a peAyulrpaue ua rpa$tKa npoqecop-rraMer rrplrBr.rAeo npnJroxeHrrtTa.

SIMD pa:urupenwrra BrrrotrBar H{Kon(o r.rHcrpJ[e.utlr 3a npeABapr.rreJrHor.I3BllnqaHe Ha r.rHtpyrguu: prefetchnta (npexrbpns,ue s ret:tL2) u prefetch0,1,2 - npexw,ptnHe B KerrloBere Ha Bcr.rqru Hrasa Ha Pentiumru y' go nugo 2.flopaglr rpzruuuoro BJrr{.flHrre Ha rlrlrrrara K6M naMerra Karo Kpr.rrHqeH pe-cypc u3noJBBaHero Ha noAxoA-stqr.r Kotr6lruaqlru or un crpyrcguure prefekhnta(non-temporal) Mo)Ke aa c:bKparsr rpaH3aKrluHTe Ao rraMerra qp€ onruMr.r-3arlrlt Ha c'babpx(aHrreTo Ha Kerrra oT BTopo Hr.rBo L2 rr HaMa.II.,IBaHe Ha TpaH-3aKqrrHTe 3a o6pareu sanuc.

2.4. KOMIIIOTPH CbC CbKPATEH HAEOPI4HCTPyKrIr4rl (RISC)

I,I:nlto.tu'renno 6:r,p:ure revnone Ha pa3Br{Tr.rero LIa rexnoJrofurlTa Ao-Be,4OXa AO 3HaqHTeJrrrO CrraAaHe Ha rleHr,rTe Ha roMrrroTl,pHr.rr xap4yep, E4-HoBpeMeHHo c roBa rleHr.rre Ha KoMnrcTbpHr.rq co$ryep uapacrnaxa. Ioqsuxace Mo IHIi I.I cJroXHr.I e3UIIr{ 3a npofpaMHpaHe oT EI.IcoKo Hr,IBO, nOAAbpXalIr.rKoHrlenqlrrrre Ha crpyrTypHoro uru o6errno-opueuTr{paHoro nporpaMrrpa-ue. E:uqlme 3a nporpaMr,rpaHe or BrcoKo rruBo ocuryprBar e3r.IKoBu xoucr-pyxrl r.r 3a npercraBqHe Ha r,r3rrr.rcJrr.rreJrHr.rs npoqec ur,a $opva 6:rusra goqoBeKa, AoKaro npoqecopcr u3rr:bnH.sBa crporo 4eQunupau na6op or va-rrrrzHrrr,r KoMaH,qt4. flpegnasnaveuuero Ha KoMrrHJIaropa e Aa reHepr.rpa nocJre-AOBaTeJTHOCT OT Mall]r.rHHr.r uHcTpyKrlr.rrr 3a I.I3n:bnHeHr-IeTo Ha BceK]I oI]epaTopOT C3I'K HA BIICOKO IIHBO.

3aga.rara na rolal]Inaropa ce onpocrrBa, aKo c'bnlecrByBar MarttnHrrHHr.rcrpyKrlr,rr, Kolrro Aa ca 6llrgnra Ao orleparopr4Te B e3rrlnre 3a nporpaMr.r-parre or Br,rcoKo nlroo. CnegooarenHo ce crxMyJrrrpa pa3Brrrl,Iero Ha apxu-TeKTypr,t c rorevu na6oplr uHcrpyKrlnr, IlJHpoK Auarla3oH Ha pexr,rMr,I 3aaapecupaHe, xaKTo rr xapayepHa peanr{3aqr.rr Ha olepaTopr,r oT e3r.rqr.rTe oTI}HCOKO HHBO.

40

Teau teugeuquu n pa:'Blrrr,rero ua KoMnrortpHl,rre apxl,ITeKTypr,r BKnroq-ull piupa6orBaHero Ha rrpoqecoprr c KoM[JreKceH ua6op uucrpyr<qzr-r CISC(Complex lnstruction $et Qomputers). OcnosHr.rre qeru Ha roBa HarpaB:re-lr e ca yBeIr,rrtaBaHeTo Ha cr.rcTeMHaTa rrpolt3BoAr-rTeJrHocT I{ onpocT.sBaHeTora KoMnrrJraroprire, c Koero aa ce ocurypu no-e$exrr-rBHa rroaapcxxa Ha e3r.r-r( re or Br{coKo rruno. 3a uo4o6pxnane ua e$errlrnnocrra Ha lr3qr{cnvrerHusllpoqec cJroxHrrTe rrocJreAoBaTeJrHocTI-I oT onepaqrrl ce pearr,r3r.rpaT qpe3Mrl(poKoA.

A-nrepnarrannara renAeHqlrq ca (oMrrrorpl4Te clc cr,rpareu na6op rau-cl pyKqr.rlr RISC (Reduced !nstruction Set Computers). Xaparrepuzre oco-6crrocrlr na regu apxr{TeKTypr,r ca orpaHuqeu Ha6op uncrpynquu c Surcnpanrlxrpvar, Malrro Ha 6pofi npocru pexrlMu Ha aApeclrpaHe, rr3rroJr3BaHe Harr)JrcMv perlrcrpoau $afirone ItJII.r KoMnriJlarop, orlTlrMrl3vpatt1 r{3rroJl3Ba-0fu Ha perlrcrpr.rre, KaKTo r.r onrriManHo v3noJI3BaHe Ha I,IHcrpyKIIr.ronEr,t

nlrrnefiepra,Cr,rqecrnenlrre 6elre3rr Ha cr.rcreMara rzHcrpyKrluu Ha RISC npoqecopu-

tc oa:. I,Ignarrnenzero Ha eAHa r4HcrpyKrlr.rr 3aeMa eAr.rn Marrn4ueH qHK:bJr.. Olrncr.rpan pa3Mep Ha uHcrpyKrlr.rsra.. flpocrll r-trrcrpyKrlrroHuu Sopwarlr c $urcr-rpanu A6Jrxr,rnr.r Ha none-

lil ta.. MHo:lrHcrsoro onepaquu r.t3rron3Bar oneparlvt4 pertrc rbp-perucrtp

( r{,r{).. Malln 6pofi peNzvu Ha aApecupaHe.. He ce lrgno.n3sa uHAHpeKrHo aapecupaHe, T.e. He ce AorrycKa Aonb-

JIIII,I'I'CJIEH III,IKBJI 3A AOCTT,II AO IIAMETTA 3A IIOJIYiIABAHE HA AAPCCA HA OIIE-

l) ll,'(:1.

. OnepanAlrre r4 pe3ynrarr.rre upu apnrMeruqHrre onepaqrrr.r 3aA6Jr-/hlt IcIHO Ce CbxpaHtBaT B perI4CTpH.

. 3a AaAena r.rHcrpyKrlr,rr caMo e,qr.rH onepauA Moxe Aa oe c.r,.qr,pxa BIMC'r'Ta.

. Pagnoloxeguero Ha r.rucrpyKr{rrr,rre I{ Ha AaHHI,rre s naNlerra e cto6-l)r'rcrro c rpaHxrlr.rTe Ha Marrrr,rHHaTa AyMa n Te ce gbAl,pxaT B paMKnTe Hac,Jlllil cTpaHr.Iqa,

(l)x(cupaHHTe noJrera B paMKHTe ua $opwara Ha r,rHcrpyKrlr.r.{Ta .qaBarI r, rMoxHocT Aa ce cbBMecT]r AeKoAnpaHeTo Ha l{rrcTpyKllr.rrTa c qeTeHeTo Haollcl)arrJ(r,rTe oT pefltcTpHTe, a ocDeH TOEa OnpOCTgBaT yrlpaBJrflBaqoTo ycT_poiicllo. flo.iru Bcuqrn RISC nucrpyxqlln H3noJr3Bar fipocro aApecrrpaneut l)or'uclpn. Morar Jla cc Drorroqa.r rrrr(oJr(o 4onrrunTeJtuu pe)KHMa Karo

4t

HiMccl)|alrc t{ pcJrat.}lJlo aApecrrpaHe. flo_cloxnure pexrrMr{ Ha aApecupa_lc Morar. na 6.t1qal cnttesupaun vpe: co$ryepu o, ,ro-npoarrre raxr{Ba.Epo.nr na o6pnqeHralra KtM rraMerra a p"gyqrpuu 3a cMerKa Ha 06-p1'qcllxtra KT'M peflrcrpnre, (oero BoA[ Ao 3HaqureJlHo noBlzltraBaHe rra

6r,p:o4eficrauero. flpegoug Ha JroKzt:rnocrra na rmlr o6prrqenq, e rrerecb_o6nasglo r.t3rrorr3BaHero Ha pa3rrrrrpeH perrrcrpoa $afi1.

Llsnottseaue Ha zolav pezucmpol Sa n- Oinonnara ueJr Ha RISC ap_xuTerrypnre e uuconoro 6r,pro4eilcrane, rara ve r.r:6oprr Ha ror.sM perucr_pon dlafia ce ocuoBaBa na $arra, qe penncrpr.rre ca nafi_6lp:ara naMer BKoMrrrorbpHara cucreva. perucrponr.r_rr

Qafin lrua lraJrb( Kanaqrrrer I.I e Btpa-AeH B r.ruTerpzlrrHara cxeMa Ha MrrKponpoqecopa. Agpecrrre Ha perlrcrpHTe caMHoro rlo-K:bcH or re3rr Ha Kerua u ocHoBHara rraMer. Cnegouareluo neo6xo_AHMa e crparernq, ocuryprBa[ra HaJlr{q[ero sa nafi-qecro r.r3noJr3BaHl.rreonepaHAu B perrrcrpHTe Ha npoqecopa. Brguoxura ca gna nogloAa _ co$ry-epeH I,I xapAyepen. flprz co$ryepulrr lo.ryoA ce pa3rrrrTa Ha (oMnr.rJraTopa Aaocuryplr orrrxMirJrHo r.r3rloJr3BaHe rra perllcrplrre. Kounu;raroprr pa3rroJraraD pefv crpr'rre re3l-r npoMeHJrr,rBr.r, (orro ce v3rIoJr3Bar nafi-unreu:trnno n ga-AeH HHTepBaJr or npeue. Tosra noAxoA rr3rrcKBa npeqr.r3nr.I aJropxrMx 3a aHa_JrH3 Ha rrporpaMara. Xap4yepuuar no.qoA rd3r.rcKBa BrpaxAaHero Ha noBeqepefrrcTpr.I B r{vfla Ha npoqecopa, Ta(a qe noBeqe npoMeHrrrBlt Aa ce gbxpaHr_BaT B perr.rcTpr,rTe 3a rro-[poa6Jrxr{TenHo BpeMe.

Peeucmpoeu npuopqu. Hafi-qecro onepaHArrre ca rroKaJrHu cKanaprr,raKa qe e pa3)'r!{Ho re Aa ce cbxpaHqBar B per}rcrpoBr.r, $afi;r, raro ua.n.r,r6poii perucrpz ce rr3rroJr3Bar 3a rno6a:rnure npoven:rr,rnu.

Oco6en uurepec npeAcraBJrgBar onepaqulrre, Kor.ITo ce z3nbJrnrBar nplrH3Br.rKBaHe r{ Bpr,rqaHe or npoueAypa. flpu ncrro rr3Br(Baue Ha rrporleAypa,JroKaJrHrrre npoMeHJrlBr4 Tps6aa 4a ce npexB:bpn r or perxcrplrre B rraMerra,3A AA MOTAT TE3I,I PE|}ICTPI,I TA 61.EAT I]3IIOJI3BAHX OT II3BI{KAHATA IIPOIIEAYPA.Ocnen rona napaverpure rpx6na ga 6r,gar npexr.r,plenr,r Ha I.I3tsr,rKaHara npo_qegypa. flpu rprqa'e or rrpoueAypa npoMeHJu.rBr.rre Ha r'3Dr.rKBaqara nporpa-va rpa6na ga 6r,.uar Bt3craHoBeHr.r o6paruo n perrzcrplrre rr p€yJrrarrrre rpr6naga 6rgar BbpHarr.r Ha ra3Br{KBaqara nporpaMa. pu rona rprbBa Aa ce rrManpegnug, ue o6urHoBeHo IIpoqe,4ypuTe rr3noJr3BaT caMo HrKoJrKo napaMeTbpaH JroKarHu rrpoMeHJII{Br.r, Or Apyra crpana, 4:r:r6ovnHara Ha r43BrIKBaHe HaIIPOIIEAYPI.ITE BAPITPA B MAJIT,K AHATIA3OH. TONA VOTUUTPA I,i3IIOJ]3BAHETO }IAMr'roxccrBo Ma_rrKH pefrrcrpoBlr rfafi:rooe, DceKrr eAI{H or r(or{To e rrpeAHa3Ha_.rcr 4a o6cayxaa eAHa [porreAypa. Bvecro 4a ce ctxpaHrBa cr,Ar,pxaHraeroIt:t pefficTpHTe B naMeTTa, r{3Br.rr(BaHeTo Ha rrpoqeAypa aBTOMaTnqecKr,l npe_rlKJrroqBa npoqecopa Aa n3rroJr3Ba C6OTBeTeH perucTpoB Irp03opeq,

42

Perucrponure npo3opqu uuar Surczpau pa3Mep, (aro npo3opqr.rrerrll cLceAHH npoqeaypn ce flpunoKprrBar,3a Ea ce ocr4rypr4 rrpeAaBaHero narrrrpaverpzre (Qur. 2.20). B ga4en voMeHT caMo eAr.ru perlrcrpoB rrpo3opeq(! 7toc'ft,nen rr Moxe aa ce aqpecupa raro na6op oT perrl cTpr{ (vpe: agpecnor'0 4o N-l). Perucrponu.ar flpo3opeq e p,ulAeneH na rp, tpylu c Qlrxcu-l)rr pa3Mep. flrpnara rpyla perlrcrpu c:bxpaH.{Ba ,rup"*arp"ra, Koltro cerl)oJ(aBar Ha npoqeAypara, KaKro u pe3yJrrarr.rre, Kor{ro rpr6na ga ce ar,pnar.ll *rpara rpyna perr{crpr c:bxpaHqBa JroKaJrHrrre npoMeHJrr,IBr.rr KaKTo ca ,'pu_( locrm or (oMnxJraropa. Tperara rpy[a ca BpeMerrHu perucrpu, Koltro ceI IrOJr3BaT 3a pa3MrIIa Ha napaMeTpr{ t1 pe3yDr.raTv gbc cjreaBalqoTo rlo_lnoKo Hr.rBo (npoqe4ypa, r.l3Br.{(aHa or reKyrrlara nporfeAypa). Bpetreuuurel)cr rlorpl{ 3a AaAeHo uuno $rasurrecrn c,rBnaAaT c perncrpr,ITe 3a rrapaMer_|llr'o or cJ]e,qBarlroro rro-HrrcKo Hr,IBo. ToBa npvrloKpl,rBaHe ocr4ryprBar r;rMo)r(rrocr 3a npeAaBaHe Hf napaMerprrre Mexay nzsara 6es Qarru.licxolrl)cMccTBaHe Ha AaHrrr,r.

l)clucrponr.rre npo3opqll ce r€rroJr3Bar 3a nocJreAHl.rre rr3BrrraHr4 npo_ttt't1y1rtt. Ilo-craprrre ].1t3BvKF,a:f'prs rps1sa Ia 6tgar ctxpanexr.r B naMeTTa I,rflr kr,crro lJT,3craHoBeHn, Koraro HrrBoro rra BJraraue HaMa:ree. B ro3Lr cryliailrlll rrr,rccrara opraHu3arlu, Ha pe-rlrcrpooll.a Qafin e xprron 6yQep c npunor_llrrlurtr co upo3oprlrr. Ha $ur.2.21 e nora3aH rpr,ron 6y$ep c 4 rpo3opeqa.l;yrlr('r)ril c 3arlbrHerl Ao rrerBtpro Hzro. vKa:atens, uu-u*r""olr, nporop"qfx'r rrl rpolopcr{a rra rcKyulara aKTngHa npoqeAypa. O6p:rqenurra K6M pe-rr( r I)lt o t, Mar'HrrrrH.l.c lirrc.l.pyKrlr.rH n3[oJr3DaT TO3r.r yKa3aTeJr 3a onpeAeJrrHerrrr rlrrlur,rccrnl pct.Hc.t.,rlp.

<Duz. 2.20. Ilpunorcpueaue Ha pezucmpolu npuop1u

4i

B.napar'rerpr

C.napauerpll

D.naparverpl

<Duz. 2.2L Rpozoe 6y@ep c npunoKpusat4u ce npo3opqu.

Perlrcrpon $afin c N npo3opeqa Moxe Aa 06cnyxBa N-l ugsnKsaHu.s HatlpoqeAyprr. flparrnvecrz nafi-qecro ce H3no;r3Bar 16 nposopeqa c 3Z-6uro-Br{ perncTpn.

Cxeuara c perlrcrpoBrrre npo3opqr He e eQeKTr.rBHa 3a cGXpaHsBaHe Ha2rojaJrHume npoMeH,xueu. Brguoxnu ca IBa rro.{xo,ua.

flpu n'spnur noAxoA npoMeHJrrrBlrre, AeK;rapnpaHr.r Karo rJro6aJrHu BlporpaMaTa Ha e3r.IK oT Br,rco(o Hr.rBo, ce cTlxparirBaT B KJreTKr.r oT raMeTTa,orrpeAeJreHH oT KoMrrIrJIaTopa. Bcuqr<u rraatttgnlr r.rHcTpyKllr,rlr, KoI,tTo r,r3rroJr-3BaT Te3H npOMeHnrZBn KaTO OrrepaHArr, ule rlr qeTaT oT rraMeTTa. To:u no4-xoa ne e eOeKTlBeH nplr qecro I.t3noJr3Barrll rno6arH[ npoMeHJrr,rBlr.

Bropuxr rroaxoA e Aa ce ocurypfi MnoxecrBo rro6arHr.i perncrpH BpaMKr.rTe Ha npoqecopa. Epoxr na fno6arHr.rTe perrrcTprr e oI.IKcEpaH r.r Te

44 45

tpr6na ga ca.qocrr,rrHrr 3a Bcrrr{KH rrpoqeAypn. Kounr.r:raroptr rpr6aa 4aoltl)c/tenH Kou lJro6zrnHr,I npoMerrJruBr{ ule ce cbxpaHrBaT B Te3r,r perucTprr.

I)erucrponurr $afin, oprauusupan Karo MHo)KecrBo npo3opqu, SyHX-tllo Hpa KaTo 6:bp3 Mar6K 6y0ep 3a cbxpaHsBaHe Ha Hafi-qecTo r-r3rroJr3Ba-

ll c lrpoMerrJrlrBr,r. ArrepHarr.rBara e 3a ra3u rreJr Aa ce u3noJr3Ba Kerrr.Ict trcL poaure npo3oprlu cr,Atpxar BclrqKl JIoKaJrur,r rrpoMeHJII.IBr] Ha noc-ttcllrruTc N-l r.r3BrrKaHrr [poqeAypr{, AoKaro KeIIrBT caA]spxa MHoxecrBo orI t()cJtc,tlrrHTe u3noJl3BaHr.r JroKa-rrHn rrpoMeHJrl.rBr,r. Keurlt uoxe ra c,b .rrptta

tx ro JtoxaJrHHTe, raxa u r-no6alur.rre rrpoMeHJILrBrr. B o6qur cnyqafi 6porrln t'lro6a.rnure npoMeHnr.rBr{ e roJr-aM, Ho caMo MaJrKa qacr or rrx ce rr3nor-'llrr Hrrrcn3r.rBuo. {uuavurara Ha Kerrra (crparerz.:rra :a o6Hossaane uatt ltlloyruaqnrra B Kena) My no3BorsBa Aa orKprre Kou ca re3I.I rrpoMeHnr{Br.rI /lr rr ia;tbpxu. Aro perlrcrpoozrr $afi:r rarra r.ro6arnr-r perucrpr.r, Te c:brrroMrr r'r' ,lla cbxpaH.flBar Hai-qecro Lr3non3Barrr{Te ruo6anHll [poMeHJIr.tBI{,Iou r o o6aqe rpr6na qa 6:rgar nocoveuu or KoMnrrJraropa. Onpege:rxneroIlt rlii r.lulcH3HBHo H3rroJr3Bauldre uo6alsu npoMelrnrrBrr e rpyAHa 3aaaqal l{t|M trJritropa, rrfi xaro e neo6xo4uvo aa ce flporHo3ltpa auHaMr{KaTattl u rrurcJrHlcJrHr,rq rrpoqec. Agpecupauero npr.r perrzcrpoBr{Te npo3oprrr4 efl t,ll rr r u]HcKDa rrpocr AeKoAep, AoKaro aApecupaHero npll Kerrra r.r3r.rcKBa

finlllttx) u(it rra nrJreH aApec Ha rraMerra r,r Aon6rHr.ITenHo BpeMe 3a acoqtra-I lllllr(l r'r,l)0clrc.

I )nn tMu3aqunma Ha u3noJnaa+emo Ha peeucmpume ce pearv3rrpa ort{ rMr l.ltrr)pir. RISC npoqecopure r.r3rroJr3Bar MalJrbK 6pofi, 16 utru 32 peruc-t t,1lr. llporpavnre Ha e3r4r( or Br.rcoKo Hr,rBo He ctAbpxar rBHrr o6p.bulaHrr.s* litir I(rr c'l pl,l. onrunau:uparqrare $ylrrqulr na novnr.rlaTopa BKrror]BaT ocl{-I yplllrc!o ra onepauAr.rre B perrrcrpr{ 3a MaKcr,rMaJreH 6poi usuucnenur l.t

tl| rlirn lrl)lrrclo Ha Aocrr,rlure Ao rraMerra. Bc.rra npouen:ruBa, (orro e

llllil Ilflrllr rit c.bxparrrBaHe B petqcT6p, ce JroKaJrr.r3llpa B crzMBoJrlrqeH r,rJrrz

Inlriyllrr l)cl Hcrr,p. Kowznaroptr ra3forBr gr,orBercrBl,Iero MexAy r{eo-I IIr|IIrI'ri'rrIru 6poii nuprya:rulr perrrcrprr u Srarcupannx 6pofi pea:lnlr perzcr-ttll lhrI r y I llr'r pcrucrpu, o6pr,rqenrrgra K:bM Konro He ce np]rrroKprrBar, Moraril:t r rur rlrrr o6rr1n peaJrHr{ per}Icrplr, Ar<o n gageu uoMeHT or rr3nbJrHeHve-lr lttl tt1trtr llirMillt ce r{3noJr3BaT noBeqe npoMeHlunn or 6po.n Ha peanHrrTe

lrFl rlr r lI, ll r.Jlr ll H rc [poMeHJrnBr.r ce 3anr.lcBaT B naMeTTa.( )(.lorlll'r lpo6lcv ua onrltMn3arlnfiTa e Aa ce ofipe.qen[ B AaAeH

ll ilrrI r or I ,Jt ctrr4clo rril npofpaMaTa Kon npoMelrnHBn Aa ce cbxpaHr-H*t l lr,r l('ll)tr'tc. I Iaii-qcclo [r3rroJr3BaHara rexHnKa nptr RISC r<ovnularo-1l I $ r! or(rc r'rnitrrc rnt lparlln l c. f[porpavara ce aHaJrr.r3npa, Karo cetlrr r pyrllt r llitrll la la rrncrvocr.l.t.t.c Mcxlty pcrncrpr4Tc. Br,:lnrc na rpa$a

tlfl€JlrJllh{t tltlltyulnllnc pctl0tl)1, Aro,L(la Dupryanru peflrcr.bpa ca ax-llll ltl plt lt' tlJtltollI0l,o trfi /lttloll npofpaMeH cerMeHT, npe.qcTaB.srquTe rurl'tJtJ t Lic c r,c,/ullllxtn. c /u,r'a. fpa(par ce oqBer.sBa c n qB-sra, naro n e 6poxrtll 1tcu.rrnlll0 I)crnc r.pu. Crcegnure B63Jrr.r 3aAtJrxlirerHo ce orlBer.rBar c pa3_JTH.IITH urlcroBc. Brsalr c eguarrn IIBrr Morar Aa H3rrotr3Bar eAfiaKBlr peaJrHI{perrrcrpH. Bt:rure, Kor,rro He Morar Aa 6l,4ar oqoerenu, r{3lror3Bar KJIerKuor naMerra. 3a r.flxuoro n3rro:BBaHe e ueo6xo4nuo Aa ce u3nor3Bar onepa_qnu LOAD a STORE. Ha $ur.2.22 e roK&laH npocr rrpr.rMep 3a orrBerrBaHeua rpa$u. B gagen MoMeHT oT Lr3rrbJrHeHr{ero Ha lporpaMara ce rtnoJr3BarBr.rpryanHr.rre perucrpu A, B, C, D, E, ! G, H npu nanlrqHr,r rpu pean nn $usu_rrecKr4 perucrtpa Rl, R2, R3 o3Haqeg[ cr,orBerHo c qepefi,.repBeu u cr,rHqur. C:r,cegnnre Bl,pxoBe ca oqBererru c pa3nrqHr,r rtrBeroBe or HaJrr,IrrHr4TeTpu qB.sra. 3a n:r,gen H nrva cno6ogeH qDsr, TaKa qe [poMeHnrrBara, Korrorofi npegcraax, ce 3anv cBa B rraMerra.

G

RI

R2

R3

E

INr

Pea,rrul perucrpz

G, H - nupryarxz perr.rcrpr.r

<Duz. 2.22. Oqeemaeane ua epafiu

F

A, B, C, D, E, F,

4647

Onmuuusaryun ua rcouee epusa4uama.fIpu RISC lpoqecopl.tre yrrnb_'l rrJrBaHero Ha rrHcrpyKrlnounlla ronaefiep nprl rrrrcrpyrqr4n 3a upExo,{ r.r uH_0l pyKrII.IH, 3aBrrcrrMr,I rro aaHHrr, ce ocHoBaBa Ha npeHapexaaHe HalurcTpyKrIr.IoHHIIr nOTOK OT KOMrrr.IJraTopa, KaTo ce r.r3rroJr3BaT MeTOA6T Hao r)roxenr.rr npexo.q r,r MeroA:r,T Ha orJror{eHoro 3apexAaHe (npu r.rncrpyxquuI,OAD). IlnanzpaHero Ha r,rHcrpyKqur.rre 3a KoHBeftepa r.r Ar.rnaMr4qHoro npe_l)ir3npe,qenrue Ha perucrprrre rpr6aa ga ce pa3DrexAar r.r fipurarar B TscHotltlutuogeficrolre 3a nocrl.rrarte Ha Br.rcoKa e$er<rrannocr Ha clrc.reMara.

Cregonare.nuo RISC apxnrexrypr.rre Morar Aa cranar no_e$exrr.ranu,r(l1o ce BrJrroqBar eleuesrz or CISC apxurerrypure u o6parno, CISC apxl.l-'IOI('TYPI.ITE MOTAT AA CTAHAT NO.CSEI{TI,IBHI.I, KATO CE BKJIIOqBAT CJIEMEHTI.I OTl{lSC apxlrrenryplrre. Tesu reHAeHuuH ce ua6.ruogaoar flpr4 cr,BpeMeHHr{Tell14poKo pa3rrpocrpaHeHrz KoMepcrraJrHr.t cucreMs. Hanpuuep crrcreMure,{)crroBaHrr Ha PentiumrM, HqMar,,qrrcra.. CISC apxurer<ryp a v :aMar BJroxeHr.rl{ ISC enenaesru.

2,5. PEI}ICTPI{ HA NPOIIECOPA

I{enrpalxulr lpoqecop e orronopeH 3a o6paborKara Ha .qarrHure r,r 3ayll llAIlJreHr,reTo Ha clrcTeMaTa, KoeTO OnpeAeff u ocuonnure l4r x0MrroHeHTr.I:AJIY la W. KovnoHeHTr.rre Ha npoqecopa ca cB.bp3aHH qpe3 B.r,TperrrHo_cxc-t(lMrra rrr{Ha, qpe3 Korro ce octrrlecrBsBa rpauc$epa Ha AaHHr,r }r nHcrpyK_rtuu KbM H or fipoqecopa ]r ce ynpaBJrsBa pa6orara sa AJIV. AJIV nolyuanaor0pilrrAure cr.r u 3anI.IcBa p$yJrrara E pervcrpr.rre Ha npoqecopa. OcBelr rolalr(:r r.rcrprrre ce rr3[oJr3Bar sa $opvupaue Ha aapeca u c:bxpaH.rBaHe Ha r.rH_rltopuaqlrlrra, roxro ce noJryqaBa or I-r:ru ll3rrparlra KtM rraMerra. 3a ynpao,re-Irc rra cHcTeMaTa npoqecopbT r.r3rloJr3Ba T,nap. ynpaBJrrBarlH perucTplz xpcr rr0TplI 3a c6cTo.{HUeTO,

I-{enrpaluuar npoqecop c.bgr,pxa perv crpr.r, Kor.rro ca npoepauao doc_tttt,tttru (or flporpaMr.rre Ha MarnrrHeH e:ur) u nouro Soprrupar r.Hap. npo_tprt,rrctt tttodea tm npo4ecopa. Tetu perrcrpl.r npn cT,BpeMeHHItTe

^llrl(l)onpoUecopu vorar 4a 6.rgar opraHu3ltpaHz B c;reguzre {_rynrqlronalnr.r

rl'yrrH: yrrr.rBepcaJrun perracrpu (perucrpu c o6rqo npeAHa3narreHrre), perlrcr_llr 'ril J(arinrr, aApecnrz perlrcrpt4, perrrcrplt sa nacrpofira Ha nporpaMr.rre,lrcr lrcl pr.t 3a tllrcJra c nJraBarqa ToqKa, perr4cTpH 3a MyJrTI.rMeaI,rr, p eft4cTpv 3aS I M l) n:qnclesnx, Slaroa perncrbp. Ha Our. 2.23 e npe4craueHa pe rcrpo_nr r ir cl pyrTypa Ha cbBpeMeHeH npoqecop. ynnnepcaJrHrrre perr4 crp ca aKy_nryrr;r rop (EAX * pa3rruperr aKyMynarop), 6a:ol perucrr,p (EbX _ pa:urupen),

vr rhtltiPcAJIItH l]lil l.icl lH PETUCTPI-I 3A II,ICJIA C NIABAUIA TOqKA

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48

<Ituz. 2.23. Ilpunepua peeucmpoqa cmpyrcmypa Ha npoqecop

49

pcrucrrp-6por.r (ECX - pasrur,rpen), perucr, ,p sa gauuu (EDX - pa:urupen).l! rrrrou clyvau yHr{BepcaJrHr.rre perflcrplt Morar Aa ce r.r:rroJr3Bar ocBeH 3ao'f,xparrrBaHe Ha AaHHn u npu r(3l{vcnsBaHeTo Ha aApeca npu no-cJroxHllTepcxrrMl4 Ha a.qpecaqr.u, Perlrcrpure 3a AaHHlt cJryxar 3a clxpauqBaHe Ha one-l)tuarr n pe3ynraru na onepaqr.ru. A.qpecHrrre perlcrpn ruorar ga 6l,gar yuu-ICpCa-[Hrr rtltr4 clIet]ljanu3rlpaHv, T.e. Aa ce flpeAHa3HaqeHr.r 3a oflpeaeJreHr{

l)oxHMr,r Ha a,ipeca\!4B. cenraenrnsre perucTpr{ cbA6pxaT cerMeHTHr.It ce-JrcKTop ([porpaMno gocrrnen) rr cerMenTrrrrs AecKprl[Top (npo:pauen sarro lpe6urelx) nplr rrog,46pxaHa cerMeHTHa opraHrr3aqul ua uarraerra. 3apex-,/lillreTo Ha cerMeHTHI.rt ceJIeKTop Boar.r Ao aBToMaT[qHoTo 3apexaarre Ha cer-M CrrTrIt,IS,qecKpr.r[Top.

Cnope4 rrana Ha cerMerrra re Morar ga 6raar: cerMeHTeH perugr,p Ha({U(a CS (Ha nporpaMHr,r.s ceruen'r), cerMeHrerr peMcrr,p 3a AaHHI DS, cer-Mcrrrerr perracrrp 3a crpr.rHroBe, cerMeHTeH perucrtp Ha creKa !r Ap. I{n4ex-crrfire perucrprr (SI - r,rnaerc Ha r.i3ToqHr,rra, DI - uu4erc na 4ecrnuaqraxra)(rc l{3non3Bar 3a pexr.rMa Ha a,qpecupaue c rrHAeKcrrpane r,r o6qKHoseHo e ocu-r ypcHa aBTor.rHAercaqu.r. Vrasarerxr xa crexa (SP) cl4r,pxa aApeca Ha Bapxariir creKa, roiro e opranusupaH B naMerra. Vxa:are.n.gr Ha 6a3ara (BP) ce

rroJr3Ba npu aapecr4paHe c 6a:upane. B cr,npeuenNrare npoqecoptr ca Bno-xcrrr pefl,rcrplr 3a qI.IcJra c rrraBaula roqKa, pentcrpu ea uylrnveglrx MMXr porucrplr :a SIMD usqucreun.E XMM, perracrpu sa nacrpofira ua nporpa-MHle DR.

O:rarorranr perucr'6p e rracrr.rrtHo Aocrtrren 3a nporpaMrrcra rr cbA6px(ar()/(oDeTe Ha ycJroBr4rra (cc), uapnvauu oqe $JraroBe. Tona ca egno6r-rronnrlrrarooe, Kor.rro ce ycrauoB.sBar B I rzJrr.r ce HyJrr,rpar or rrpoqecopa B 3aBr4cr{-Moc'L or pe3yJrrara Ha rr3Btpllrenara orrepaqut. Onarosere Morar aa ce qe-rrl or npofpaMara, Ho He Morar Aa 6:r4ar npoueu.rHl,I or He.s.

flpra nperr,cnane v ^ ptr r.r3BrrrBaue Ha rroAnporpaMa e Heo6xoAl,rMoIlx)r'paMHo AocTGnHrITe perurcTpr,r Aa ce cT,xpaHsT B cTeKa ItJrr-t B rraMeTTa.Arra:roruqHo losa ce Ha:rara [p]r Inn:r,JrHeHrrero Ha uHcrpyrquure call n retum.llllu rrrrolr rpoqecoprr roBa ce r.r3B6prnBa aBToMarr.rqHo, rrpr,r apynr ce Hana-rl I rpofpaMltcT:r,T Aa oclrryptBa cbxparurBaHeTo Ha cGAl,pxaHI4eTo na [po-r l);lMrro .qocTbnHI.rTe perucTpll L BnocJreAcTBI,Ie TSXHOTO B'r,3CTaHOBrBaHe OTrf tcr(ll ]IJII,I naMeTTa.

3a ugnr.nnesreto Ha r{HcrpyKqr.rlrre or oco6ega BaxHocr ca rpynaral)(:r'nclpu, Kosro ocurypsaa uu{opvaquounur rpaHc0ep MexAy npoqecopau rirMcrra. Ta3rl rpyna BKrroqoa lporpaMHsq 6poru (PC), crA:bp)r(au aApe-('l rit c:reABarllara HHcrpyKrlrrg, rorro rp.r6na ga 6'rge uonnevena or rraMer-llr. pcfncTapa Ha rrlrcTpyKrlHrTa (IR), cr,g'rpNa[I nocJreaHaTa u3BJreqeHa

('t l)yt(r(I , 1t,,tlx10 lt,l l)cntc1,1,l) ltit ltnMc,t.l,ll (MAR), r<o ro c6A.bp)r(a aape_cir, tro tcoiltrl cc ,t:Jl.trllllrzt o6pr,rr(nrrcro K.bM naMerra, 6y$epnu.r perncrr,prl rrMct til (MUlt), roii,ro c bllLpxa ,qaHurrre 3a qereHe or nJtrl 3arrrrc B na-vc'rL ir. O6rrrrorrcrro aApecurzrr perr4 cr6p Ha naMerra (MAR) gupenruo ecrn,l)3ar K'r,M a/IpccHara ruuua, a 6y$epurzcr perficr:bp na nauerra (MBR)7(upclflrro ce cBl,p3Ba Kr,M rnuHara 3a aannu. flporpawno Aocr:r,rrHure perz -c'rpu o6vcn.ar uu$opuaqur c 6y$epuns perncrbp Ha naMerra. flpu u.arozlrpouccopu AJIV uva Ar.tpeKTeH Aocrrn Ao 6y{repur.rr perrrcr:bp Ha rraMerrau pcutcrpnre 3a Aauua. flpu gpyrn lpouecopn ca ocrtrypenrr Aorr.bJ]Hr.rreJrHt46ydlepnu perr.rcrplr, Kor.tro cJryxar Karo BxoAHr.r rl r.r3xoguu perlrcrpu :a AJIy,a cr,u1o rara o6veHsT AaHHr.r c 6yoepHr.rr pe rcr:bp Ha rraMeTTa Ir [pofpaMHo,{ocT'r,nHrrTe peIIIcTpu.

Vnpaeaaeat4ume pezacmpu u pezucmpume 3a cbcmo.flHuemo ce vt3_rroJr3Bar or VV sa onpege.raHe Ha pe)KnMa na pa6ora Ha npoqecopa rr HaqrjraTa cHcTeMa, a C6IIIO TaKa Te Ce H3nOJr3BaT npr_r H3rrcIHeHrreTo Ha nprrBu_JrefrrpoDaHr4 r,rHcTpyKrlrru oT onepaqlroHHaTa cr.rcTeMa 3a yrlpaBJreHI4e Ha H3-n'bJrHeuuero rra nporpaMara. O6uKHoseHo ynpaBrqBarlr.rre perHcrpr.r I{peflrcTptrTe 3a c6cTosHrreTo rrJtr.r noHe noBeqeTo oT Tqx ca npo3paqHlr 3a rro_rpe6lrren.a. Hgroz or r.sx ca Aocr;nHu B pexnM cylepnafisop. perncrrptrPSW (gyva sa sbcro.,rHnero Ha nporpaMara) cba:bpxa uuQoprraaqlra sa crcro-qHr.rero Ha npoqecopa lt o6urnoneno BKJrroqBa u $naronere. Ocneu aplrrve_Tr.rqHlrre $narone ce c6A.r,pxar r.r r[nar :a pa:peruanaue/:a6paurnane nartpex'r,cBaH]rsra, 3a pexrrMa na pa6ora Ha rrpoqecopa (peNurr cynepnafisop/norpe6zren), reyuloro Hr,rBo Ha lpuoprzrera na o6ctyxBaHr.rre npeK6cBalrvr,rrHBo rra [pr,rBrrJrer]IpoBaHocr Ha BxoAHo-tr 3xoArrrare onepaq]ru, Slar :a uo-)KeHIl 3aAaqr,I u,4p. flpoqecopr.rre pa3rroJraraT c MrroxecrBo yupaBJrrBaulHpcrncrprz CR :a saAaBaHe Ha pexuulrre lry ua pa6o ra LrJnr rrl1u1rapar sbcro_qHr.Iero My npu u3nt JrHeHHero Ha .qaAerra 3aaaqa. C:rnpevennure rpoqecopurro.rrJ1:bpxar Mnorosa4aveu pexrav. Y[paDnqBarq re perr.rcrpu CR noggtpncarcTpaHlrtrHaTa opmHtr3arl}r.s Ha rraMeTTa, 3aAaBaT pa3Mepa Ha cTpaHHrIaTa,yrrpaBJrrBar pa6orara Ha BtHrrlHlr.s Kerrr, aKTrrBr.rpar o6pa6otrara Ha rr3KJrIo-qe[nr, ar(TrrBltpar 6poxvure Ha rrosBara Lr npoA,bJ]xurenHocrra Ha crrerlr,r_t[lr.rnu cr6urr,rr r-r gp.

2.6. OEPAEOTKA HA NPEKbCBAIjVIflTA I,I 'I3KJIIOqEHH'TA

trl:xnoqeHu.qra rl npeKT,cBaHr,rsra ca ct6ltrzr, rouro nora3Bar, qe cbtqe_c'nlyDa ycJroDfie B cr.rcTeMaTa, poqecopa rirr,I B TeKyI{aTa nporpaMa rrrr.r 3a_

50

,l(lrra, Kor,rro l.r3ucKBar BHr.rMaHuero Ha rrpoqecopa. B pe3yJrrar r.r3rrBlrrrenv ero()0 rrpelaBa oT TeK),IqaTa nporpaMa r.rJr.I 3aAarla rrM cIIeqrraJIHa rro.4lrporpa_Mit HJrr.r 3aAaqa, Hapuqaua rloAlporpaMa, o6cryxca[da rrperbcBanero rzJt]I

(JrrOqeHLIeTO.

Iperrcnanuxra Morar Aa Bb3Hr,rrcar B npor.r3BonHrz MoMeHTrr or I.r3-I r,JrrreHrreTo Ha aaAeHa nporpaMa B pe3ynTaT Ha noJIyqaBaHI,I C]rrHilrru OTxitP.rtyepa. CrzcreuHr.rrr xapAyep n3noJr3Ba npeKbcBaHzx, :a ga o6clyxna c.r,6r.r-urr, l]'LrrrrHu 3a rrpoqecopa, Karo Harrpr,rMep 3axaru sa o6cayxBaHe Ha neprl-rlrcPrrr.r ycrpoficrna. Cotlryep.rr cr,rrro Moxe Aa reHepr{pa rrpeK.bcBaHr4.E qpe3r rroJr3BaHe Ha r.rHcrpyKqusra 3a nporpaMno nperrcnane INT n.

I4gKnoqeHr.s B'r,3rrul{Bar, Koraro npoqecop.br orKprre rperrrra rrpl,t r_r3-rr r,JrrcIlfieTo Ha AaAeHa r{HcTpyKqIIr, KaTO HaIIpUMep AeJreHI.Ie Ha HyJra, JrI,InC_llrlrr crpaHr{qu B naMerra, Hepa3perrreH Aocrr,rr u Ap. OcBen rpernKlt Brlx)r(ccopa, u3KrroqeHnr B63Hr.rKBar z npu rpeuKr.r no rrIaHara. flper:r,cnauu_r rir r,r H3KJrroqeHr{rra ce o6pa6orBar rrpo3paqHo 3a [pIrJroxHI.ITe npofpaMlr uorcl)auzoHHara cr4creMa. flplr no:ryualaue Ha ctrrxaJr 3a npeKbcBaHe rrJIl.I0 r l(l)HBarre Ha n3KlloqeHue u3nbIHeHIIeTo Ha TeK),IIIaTa nporpaMa BpeMeHrrot't r rl)cycraHoB.sBa, aoxaro npoqecop:br u3nbJrHrr nognporpauara, o6c.nyx_ur r(ir lrpeKbcBaHero l{tu t4 3K:rroqeH ero, Btgctanos.sBaHero Ha npeKbcHararalln)rlc,t(ypa r.rJrrr 3aAaqa ce octulecraxna 6e: Hap1maBane Ha HerrpeK:bcHarocr-ur ril l.r3rr'LJlHeHrreTo Ha upofpaMaTa, ocBeH aKo Bp:bqaHeTo oT lrpeKbcBaHe e

{ [r Io r] L3rpengrcrBaHo oT 14 3KrloqeHI,Ie ITJITI npeK6cBaHe, IIpeAn3BIrKaJro rlpe_y( rirrroBqDaHe Ha r.r3rr6JrHerrueTo Ha TeKyIrIaTa npofpaMa.

I'Ia lcsro apxnreKTypHo ge$rutpauo rn3KJrroqenl.re u Bc.sKo ycJroBue 3arlr(:rr,cBarre, r.r3r{cKBaulo cleqlraJrHo o6cryxcaHe, ce fipracnorBa yurrKa-Irenl r1c:rllu(ruxaquoueH HoMep, HapeqeH nerrop. flpoqecoplT u3noJr3Ba ro3r,llr'r{ rop r(aTo llugerc n ra6.llrqaTa Ha npeKBcBaHtSTa 3a Onpe,qeJl.sHe Ha BXOA_r;r r ir 'r'olrra Ha rroanporpavara, o6cJryxBatqa roBa lt3K;rrorreHrre kJu.r rrpeKGcBa_rrr'. lil.rrr;lr Ha BeKTopr{Te np}r apxrrreKTypara IA-32 e 256. Berropzre or 0 goII cr: tnojr:aar:a apxr.ITerTyplro Ae$uullpanu H3KJrKlqeHI.Is u [peK6cBaHr,Iq.llurr,otr or re3u DeKTopn ca pe3epBr.rpaHl.r r,r He ce pa3pernaBa rrxrroro rr3noJr3_rrrr(:. llcK'ropuTe or 32 gO 255 Ca npelnaSuarreH{ 3a rrpeK:bcBarrr.s, 4e$unu_plrr o'l norpe6urelx. Tesr.r npertcranraq o6lrnoseHo ce v3noJr3Bar orrr r,r rrrt,I1c B/Z ycrpoficrna.

llcr<rop 0 e 3a rpcruxa npu onepaqnq AeJreHHe, aerrop 2 _ 3a HeMacI([_pycNr() IrllcKr,cBatre, DeKTop 3 - ga roqra Ha [porpaMHo rrpeK.bcBaHe, BeKTop'| rir rr1'lcrrr,Jrrrzlltc, neKTop 6 :a uelalngeu ofiepaqlroHerr KoA, DeKTop 7 _ 3arrrrIrcrrilrrI() yc'l poiicLlo, rrcr<1.<lp 8 sa grroiirra rpeuKa, DeKTop 11 _ sa -iluncnarqr lr

^rcl t, ucnlop I3 -:ra lapyrrrclrzc rra o6rrtara 3aulrrra, Berrop l4 _:alunc_

5I

IllUI (]tl)lI lt{fl, ttc(,tl)l) l6 - 3a fperxKa B ycTpoficTBoTo 3a nIaBaula TorrKa,lctc ( )l) I 9 -- :lil r'pctrrKil upH l.r3rri,JrrreHuero Ha SSE unlr SSE2 nHcrpyrquz r.r r.n.

I lporlccopn.r.c ltcntium IVaM u Xeon'" lrvar trpagerr B qrrra r4M,oKaJreHrrlx)f llaMupyoM KorrrpoJrep Ha rrpeK:bcBaHr.t.sra. Cnrnalute 3a MacKupye,Mu(]z,uruHu npeKbccaHun Morar Ea ce noAaBar npe3 zsroga INTR ua rlpoqeco-pt H Morar Aa u3rroJr3Bar BclrqKr,rre BeKTopLr Ha nperbcBaHr,r, or 0lo 255..{pyra nr:noxnocr e cl.rrHalll,rre 3a MacKlrpyeMn BIHTTJHH rrpeKbcB al:rts. na6r,gar nogaoaura npe3 JroI(aJrHt4rr rrporpaMupyeM KoHTporep Ha npeKr'cBaHr{_rra D To3n cryqafi Te Morar .qa n3noJr3Bar BeKropr.rre or 16 go 255. TesunpeKbcBaur.r.s Morar Aa 6r4ar uacrrpauu upes Q:rara :a nperrceaue IF eln$raronnr perucrlp EFLAGS. @larur :a nperrcraue IF lroxe ga 6rge ycra-HoDeH B I (pa^:peuranaue Ha npeK:bcDarrero) c uncrpyxqnma STI u ny.lupan(:a6paua Ha rrpeKtcBaHero) c uncrpyrqurra CLI. Tesr r.rucrpyKr1r.rur ca pa3-perrreHr,r 3a r.r3n6JrHeHrze, caMo aKo TeK)'rrIoTo HIiBO Ha npr.rBr{Jref}IpoBaHocT Hanpoqecopa CPL e panr:o r,rJrrr no-MaJIKo or HriBoro Ha npuBuJrcrupoBaHocrIOPL ua BpL

?I:tounuqute ua r.r3KrroireHra.g Morar ga 6rgar rpynupaHu, KaKTo creABa:. tr4:rmoqeuu.s, reHepr,rpaHn or npoqecopa npu r.r3rrtJrneHr,rero Ha npo-rpaMaTa;

. I,lguroqenu.s, reHepnparll4 or nporpaMara nplt r,r3rrBJIHerrlrero Ha 14H-crpyKrlnrrre INTO, INT3 u BOUND;

. I4grrlo.reuu.rr, sr,3Hr.rKBatqlr nplr rrpoBepKa Ha Marrunara (npoqecoprrPentium I\I" noq4r,pxa MexaHr.r3Mr.r 3a npoBepKa rra Bbrperxlr.r, xapAyep Bquna u ruuHnrrre rpan:ar<qur.t).

Kolato u:urnxeHl{ero Ha rrporpaMara utu 3anavara ce B.b3o6HoBrBacae4 o6pa6ornara Ha rpernKa, ce pecraprnpa 3a n3rr6JrHeHue nHcrpyrrlt4sra,rrpeAl.r3BuKana rperlKara, flpu nr:unraane Ha rperuKa 3a JruncBaula crpaHr_rla, KomTo npofpaMaTa r.rJrrr 3aAaqaTa ce ontlTBaT Aa [poqeTaT Aa]IHr_r oT CTpa_Hl{rra, Korro He e B rraMerra, noArrporpauara, o6cnyxBaxra roBa u3Krroqeule,3apexAa nl4ncBarqaTa cTpaHuqa B narraerra ll sl,go6HoBqBa H3n:r,JrHeHteTo HanporpaMaTa l{n}r 3a.4arraTa qpe3 pecTapTupaHe rra r.rHcTpyKqr.r sTa, penu3Br.r_KA-Ia r.r3K!'IroqeHrrero. 3a 4a ce ocuryplr [po3paqnoTo pecTapTlrpaHe Ha Ta3r,rHHCTpyKrlrrff 3a rrp otpaMara rrrtr 3a'l]iaqaTa, npoqecopbT c.r,xpaHrBa c6a6pxa_rrueTo Ha perr{cTpv.re v yKa3aTenldTe Ha cTeKoBeTe, 3a Aa MOXe Ia BTfCTaHO-B}r cl,cToqHlaeTo cI.I [pe.4H ugntlsesuero i.

Cneryrarunuure [pe.qBapuTenHv l,I3qrrcreHrr.s He oKa3Bar Bnr{rHrre E:bpxyo6c:ryrrnauero Ha npeK.bcBaHurra or rrpoqecopa.

.[Ieuacrcupye,vo npetz,caaHe v.oNc Aa ce r.eHepr{pa HJ]r4 or BT,HrrreH atta-parerr curHaJr npe3 tr3Bo,qa NMI na flpoqecopa, r4Jrr.r Koraro rrpoqecorGT

52

(h:ntiumr" I! Xeon'") nolyuu cr,o6rqeu[e npe3 cr.rcreMrrara rrrlrHa rrJrr.r ornt,ltrrrrH.rr [porpaMrlpyeM l(oHTpoJrep Ha rrpeKtcBaHr.rrra. To ce o6clyNna orr{ r,r(trporpaMara, o6c-nyxnarqa HeMacrnpyeMo nper(bcBaHe vpes rerrop 2.( )r:rrcrr rosa npoqecoprT B3eMa MepKrr, .qoKaro He 3aB6prrru roBa o6cnyxaa_l(:, ,J(a rre ce rroJrfraBar r.r o6cnyxBar Apyrtr [pex.r,cBaHlrr, BrurroquTe.;]Ho Mac-rIl)ycMr.t npeK6cBaHrrr.

Koraro srgHr.rKuar rloBeqe or eAltu crzrHaJrlr 3a n3KrroqeHu, rrJrl{lllxrfl,cBatrrrrJ npoqecopbT rn o6clyxna B peA, onpeAeJreH oT TexrrHTe npr{-rrl)rrtct'1. flpuoplrrerrare npu pentium'" I{ Xeon'" ca pa:npegeleuu ua grrrrir, r(aro Hlrso l e uai-oucoronplropr,ITeruoro, a Hraso g e c uai_nraclrrrpuopuTer. flpraopurerno Hnno I sxrroqsa anapareH RESET u [poBepKurerr rr vlulnuara. flpuoprare,I:rto uuno 2 BKJIroqBa rr3Krroqeur.rsra lrpu npeBxrroq_lIllro tra 3aAaqa. flpraopvreruo Hr.rso 3 srJlloqoa rrHTepBeHrlr{r]Te Ha B,r,HrrHEsrtr;r,r1ycp. flpr'rgpTrerno fizso 4 sxrroqBa r43(JrloqeHusra or npearr3BrrKBaHerorl rrllrLnHerrlrero Ha npeArrrxHa lrHcrpyrrlr.r, (nporpalrlrr.r rosru H crt rrKoBIrlrcrrw). flpuopurerrro HIrBo 5 SKrIOqna srHurHr{Te npekbcBaHr{t - rreMacKI-py(:Moto npe(tcBaHe NMI u uacrupyeMr.rre anaparHv nperr,coanu.a. Ilpll_oprlc rrro Hnso 6 sKrro.rsa rperrrxrr or npeABapr.rrerHo r.r3BJrnqaHe Harr(ir'l)yttqun, pfiopqrerno Hr.rso 7 _ rperxrr4 npx AeKo4lrpalrero Ha cJreIBa-ul|

'' rr cl pyKr.It4.s, npEopr-rrerHo HuBo 8 - rpeuxu npu r,r3rr6JrHeH' ero rra r]Hcr_

;ryrrrlr.rl (npen'r,lnaHe, runcBa l cerMeHT, rpeur(a B crera, o6rqa 3arInra,rrrclaua cTpaHr.rqa, rperllKa B ycTpo crsoro :a nrasaula ToqKa, fp€lI]Ka npui\i l M l ) u:rvucnenu.ara).

I)cntium IV"" no4Ar,pxa Aecxpr{nropna ra6-luqa (ra6lr.rqa ua oulrcare-rr rc) rra npeK:r,cBaauxra IDt (orro cBap3Ba Bc.sKo u3KrroqeHue rrJru BeKToprr rl)oKr,cBaHe c refir - 4ecrpunrop Ha flporleAyp a vru 3anuta, o6clyxaaqarr|)cr( r,cBaHero r{Jrrz r{3rrroqeHr.rero. perr.rcr:r,pr,r IDTR cagrpxa 32_6urosI'r rox aApec u 16-6urono lr3MecrBaHe 3a Aecrpurrropn ara ralrruga ual pcr<'r,crralulra IDT

I Ipoqecoprr r.r3n:r,JrHrBa noAnporpaMara, o6clyxnarqa rpeKbcBaHeroll lllr Il ]KJtroqeH'leTo, aHallorllirHo Ha u3Br.rKBaHr,IrTa Ha rrporleaypa c ]rrrcTpyK_rlrru ('ALL. Koraro orronapx Ha npeKtcBaHe rrJru r,r3l roqeHr,re, npoqecop,tbrr llt(,Jt ta ReI(TOpa Ha IIpeK'I]CBaHe UJILT HSKJIIOqeHIIe KaTO I.IHASKC K'l5M AeC(_pr lr rop lj AecKpHnropnara ra6nraqa Ea npeK6cBaHr.rrra IDT flpr.r r.r:nuxnaue_lr rr;r rrllorreAypara, o6cnyxnarqa npeKbcBarrero r4Jrlr rr3KjrroqeHlzero,rlx r(rjcopt,T cr,xpalrrna re(yqoro ctcrorHue Ha $naroalrr perucrrp EFLAGS,r'rr Nrcrrlrurl pcrt-rcl.T,p lra Koaa CS u yrasarerr na nncrpyxqurra EIp( 'r,rl r,pxitrrficlo ta pcrlrcr.pur.c CS n EIp ocuryprlur. ynurur", ,..o, ,n

"rpyo_r(ur lt rlil Dpl,lrtarc o'l lpc(r,cDarc. 3a 4a oc.r,rr(ccrln Bprularrc or rrpcKr,cBa_

53

rrcTo, pouccop'bl' H3 'brr.r.sBa uHcTpyq[ff IRET KorTo e aHaJrofr4qHa Ha r{H-crpyKqrasra RET c ragr.r pa3rrrra, qe ce Bb3craHoB.f,oar Snarooere EFLAGS.

3agaunre npu IA apxr.rreKTypara He ca peeHrpaHTur-r, TaKa q€ noAnpor-paMara, o6cJryxBarrra fiperbcBaHero, rpr6na 4a sa6panu npeKrcBaHrrra Br,rHTepBaJra cire,4 3anr,purnaue na o6cJryxBaHeTo Ha IIpeKCCBaHeTO u I,I3n:r,nHe-HHero Ha uucrpyKur.rsra IRET B nporuneH cryqa; tqe B:lsHraKHe rperrrKa oro6llla 3arrrra.

Koraro npr-r o6pa6orxara na grofiua rperura nr3HnKHe HoBo r.r3KJrroqe-HVe, flpoqecopbT BJrrr3a B pexrrM ,,r.r3(rroqeHo,. (shutdown). To:u pexuu erogo6en Ha cr,crorHr,rero Ha rrpoqecopa cJre,q I,I3rn JrHeHI,Iero Ha I{HcrpyKrlr{gHLI flpoqecop:rr reHepr{pa cneqrraJreH rrr.rKlJl rro [r.rHara,3a na uH1rt\vpa,qe e B clcrorHrre ,,shutdown". B ro3r4 pexr.rM rrpoqecopr,r cnr.rpa Aa u3nbrHs-Ba rrucrpyKrrnrrre Ao rlonyqaBaHe Ha crarHiLII 3a rrpeKr,cnane or runa NMI nllranapareu RESET

B qunonere Ha npoqecopl.rre Intel@ Pentium I\r'u Xeont" e BrpaAerrJroKaJreH nporpaMr4pyeM KoHTpoJrep Ha rrpeK:bcBaHr4rra, noiro E3rr.bJrHrBacJreAHr,rre $yurquz:

. flpfieMa cr.rrHarrrre 3a npeKlcBaHe or B;HutHr.rre r.r3Boatr 3a rrpeKr,cBaHeHa lpoqecopa, or BbrpeuHr4Te r.r3Toqnuqr,r, or stnrrruns B[4 nporpaMr.rpyeMKoHTpoJrep Ha npeKbcBaur.rrra nlwtu ot Apyr B:brrrrles nporpaMr.rpyeM KoHT-ponep Ha npeK6cBaHr.r.sTa u rl4 n3rrpaua KT'M flapoTo rra [poqecopa 3a 06_crryxBaHe ($ur.2.24\;

. B lrylrrlnpoqe copHr4 cr.rcreMr.r r.r3npaqa r.r noryqaBa cr,o6rqenza saMexAynpoqecopur.r rrpeK6cBaHr.rr rro c]rcreMHara rrruaa ($nr. 2.25).

Jlora:rnlrxr nporpaMr.rpyeM KouTponep Ha npeK:bcB atrtsra pzewa cvr-HalnH 3a rrpeK:bcBarre or cJreAHr,rre r.r3ToqHl-Iqu: JroKaJrHo cBl,p3aHfi B[4 ycI_pofi crBa, B6HrrrHo cB:r,p3aHn Bll4 y crpoitcraa (npu vynrunpouecoplruczcrevlr), Mex(AyrrpouecopHrr rrpeK6cBaHrr (npu wylrunpoqecopHl, c]lcre-Irau), nperr,coauzr, reHepr4paHr.r oT BbTperrrHr4Jr rray rafiuep, rpeKccBaHr4-s OT6poruure 3a MoHr.rropI,IHr Ha npol.r3BoAureJrHocrra, or BT,TperrrHrI.q repMrr-qeH ceH3op, Bl,TpeII]HE 3a JrOKaJrHr.rfT rrporpaMrrpyeM (oHTpoJrep Ha rrper(6cBa-HUgTA H3KJTrc',IEHI-,l9.

Brnuuu.gr lporpaMr.rpyeM (orrrponep Ha rrpeK:bcBanrsra e qacr or r.uap. uncer na Intel@. Herosoro ocHoBHo npeAHa:,Harrexr.re e Aa npueMa cr.rr-HaJrr4Te 3a BbHrrrHL rrpeKccBarrsr or cr.rcreMa.ra u BIV ycrpoficrna I 4a rr,rIlpe,qaae Ha JroKa"rrHrrr lporpaMnpyeM KoHTpoJrep Ha npeK.bcBaHn.sTa noa$opuara ua cro6rqenrn 3a npeK:r,cBaHe. B uylrunpoqecopuu cucrewu Bfl4[pofpaMr.rpyeM KoHTponep Ha npeKr,cBaHr{rra cT,tqo TaKa ocurypsBa Mexa_Hr,I3',bM 3a pa3lrpeAer.flHe Ha BbH[]Hr4Te npeK6CBaHr.rr KI,M IOKaJIHIiTe Ilpolpa-

54

MupyeMu KoHTponepu Ha rrpeKr,cBaHrl.ara ua us6panu tpoqecopr rrJrrz rpynrrllpoqecoplr I]o crrcTeMHaTa rnrrHa,

IlpoqecopPentium IV rurrn Intel XeonN

(1,u,'. 2.24. Bsauuode .cmeue Ha roKatrHua u Bf H npozpanupyeuuKotrmponcpu na npeKbcgdHunma e edttonpoqecopHa cucmewa

55

<Duz- 2.25. Bsau.uode cmeue Ha rtonaltHume npoepaMupyewuKOHmpoJrepu Ha npeK?,cEaHunma c BfItI npozpauupyeM KoHmponep

Ha npeKbcaaHu.nma s rry,xmunpo4ecopuu rcoufiuzypa4uu, 6asupanuHa npo4ecopa InteP Xeon'"

2.7. I4HCTPyKqilOHHL{ KOHBEI1EPI4

3a nosuuasaue Ha 6'bp3oae crBl.Iero B c'bBpeMeHHI{Te npouecopu ce

BJraraT apxl{TeKTypHn pa3rIJI.IpeHvt 3a rIapzLIIeJrLr3MIr Ha HI.IBO IrIlCTpyKtdI.IU.

I,Ignrlneuuero Ha Bc.rIKa ItHcrpyKql{s BKJrIoqBa cJIeAlrnre Quullr:l.Htetuvane Ha uHcmpyKtlunma (FI), npu roero lrHcrp)rKqlrsra ce

3apexAa B perl{CTr'pa Ha IIHcTpyKItrHqTa;

2.,[enodupane Ha urtctrrpywqutlna (DI), npu Koero ce orpoAer.ll one-paqr.roHurur KoA u cnequSuraroplrre Ira onepaHALITe;

56

3.Ils'tucntaaue na eSercmuanunte adpecu tru onepandunrc (EA) a za-[!roHMocT oT pexr.rMa Ha aApecrrpaHe;

4.Vemene na onepaudunte (RO) ont nartenuna (roraro onepangarer:c cr,xpaHrBar B perrrcrpu, ra:u $asa e rl:luurna);

5. I:Isnuutenue na onepa4uama (EO );6.3anuc na pesynmann (WR).O6pa6orrara Ha r{Hcrp)rKrlrrrrre rrp}r npoqecop c t[on Hofiuauona ap-

,ut t ctc rypa r4Ma qlrcro nocreaonareneu xapaKTep, T,e. n3n:bJlHennero na i* 1-

uuir Hrrcrpy(quq (nr,paara ir $aoa) craprupa eABa cJreA saBr,prrrBauero Ha

r l lr,JrHerrrrero Ha rrocJreAHara $a:a na i -Tara uHcrpyKrlr.rn ($ur.2.26).

Ouz. 2. 26. IIoc"ted oeametuo usnblrHeHue Ha uHcmpyK4uume

trIucrp5mqnonnu.rr nounefiep sbAr,pxa onpeAereu 6pofi tla^:u, ncxra ortroll fo e cleqrraJrr{3r{paria 3a T,BIGJIHeIT}reTo Ha orlpegenena $asa ua r.rucrpyn-rprrlla. flplr npe.qcraBeHara AeKoMrro3r.rqur Ha r,r3rrcJrueur,rero Ha uHcrpyKrlrr-I rc ncrpyKur{oHHr.r.sr roHBefiep lIIe cbA.bpxa 6 Qasn. Bcuvxu Sasu uarrcl?yKllrloHufi.s xonrefiep $yrrquonupar lapalreJrHo, Karo e.qHoBpeMeHHo

o(rpa6ornar 6 zucrpyrqun (n pa:nuvuu $a:u). Oyur<quoHr.rpaHero Ha zncr-f ,yro(r.roHHr.rr KoHBefiep e [peAcraBeHo na $ur.2.27.

B vouesra tr B KoHBefiepa nocrtnBa i-rara uncrpyrqlrfr, T,e. Ts ce rr3-

lrlrqa or naMerra r.r ce 3apex,qa B r.rHcrpyKrlrroHerr 6yQep,:axpaunau rou-rciicpa. B wouenra t, i-rara uucrpyKr.urs ce npu,qBr.rxoa oln nropara $a:a nal r(:'r'pyKqr-roHHHr rouneiep, Kb4ero ce AeKoAupa onepaquonHuxr r<og. flpe:!:t,fl()To BpeMe B rrrpnara $asa na 14HcrpyKqr40HHnr nouoefiep nocrrnna i* 1-

ut r ir r{rrcTpyKrlras, T.e. Tr ce n3BJrr{qa oT rraMeTTa rr ce 3apexaa B I,IHcTpy(qu-rUrnr 6y$ep. B r.rorraesra tr B nHcrpyKrlr.ioHxun roure ep eAHoBpeMeHHo ce

u rlr,Jrrl.sBar rpr.r rrHcrpyxrlr.lt B pa3nuqHu t[a:u: n nrpnara t[asa e i*2-rarariIlU lpyKrlr4r, Ko.rrTo ce H3BJrrrqa oT [aMeTTa u ce 3apex.4a B ItHcTpyKIIr.roHr][t{ ryrl)cp, D'r,B BTopara $a:a e i* 1-rara HHcrpyKrlnq, Ha Korro ce .qeKoAnpa one-prr(l4orrrrnrr KoA r.r n rpcrara {ra:a e i-rara raHcrpyxqn.s, 3a Kosro ce r-r3trr.rcrr-lrr l c(rcrlunrrure aApccn rra onepangure. Ha ncern qr.rK6Jr uHcrpyrur.torruHflT

57

HITCTPYKUIZOFIEH I{OHBEItrEP

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ICKOPOCT

<Duz. 2.27. Ifapa,tettxa o6pa6omrca Ha uHcmpyKquu e uecmfiaseuuHcmpyKtluoHeH xoxee ep

xonneiep ce 3a(paHBa or r.rucrpyr<qr.rounNl 6y0ep, T.e. ua nxoga vy (a ntpnatfa:a) nocmnaa sa [3rrr,JrHeHr.re rlo eAHa rrHcrpyxqrar. Cneg :an:r:rBaHero Ha[Hcrp).Krlr.roHHus r<onoefiep, r.e. c.neg xaro i-rara uucrpyxurrr [ocrbnu B noc-neAuara $aea, n uacrpyxquoHHrrs rounefiep eAHoBpeMeHHo ce lr:n:bJHsBarToJrroBa nHcrpyKrrr.rlr, KoJrKoro $a:u uva. 3a npuwepa, nofiro pasr.nexgave,r{rrcrpyKqr,roHHr{rr rounefiep o6pa6orna egnonpevenno 6 uncrpyrqnr.r B pa3-ru.rnra $aalt or rtrrroro la3rfi,JrueHue: rbpBara $a:a u:uluua i*S-rara ancr-p),(qnr or [aMerra r.r ce 3apexAa B rrHcrpyKqrroHHr.rr 6y$ep, rropara $a:a ua

58

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ulr.{Knr4lMAXCI'TMAJIIIA IIOTOKOBA

I [(: r'l)yxunoHHr{s KoHBefiep AeKoanpa i+4-Tara rrHcrpyKurrr, Tperara $a3an lnlcJrrrlzl eSerrurnure aApecr.r Ha onepaHArrre na i*3-rara r.rucrpyrqrrr,ltF I r r,l)r'ilra $asa vere olepaHAr.rre oT naMeTTa na i*2-rara r.rHcrpyKrlr.rr,

ltn r rlr r dra:a uur,JrHeBa onepaqnrra na i* 1-rara rancrpyrqr,rr, a fiocne,qHarar(rIt d)a3a 3arrlrcBa pe3yJrrara Ha i-TaTa rrHcrp)rKunr B naMerra.

l!pcrrero sa san:urnaue na rounefiepa ce Hapl,rqa BpeMe 3a ]rHl.tqflilrru3a-tlxr (rit.riuHo ycrarroBrBaHe) r{ n3rlcKBa roJrKoBa qI.rKLJra, KoJrKoro ca i}a3lrrell l! r crpyKrlr.IoHHr.rq KoHBefiep. Cre,q 3anbrnaHero cr,r lrHcrplxq[oHHn.sr KoH-ttcllt'1r :tarrovra Aa pa6orh c MaKcHMarHa nororoBa cropocr, T.e. Ha Bcerfillurl rrJr 3:tBl,prrrBa r,r3nr,JrHeHrrero Ha eAna r,rHcrp)rKqrax. Cne4onare.nuo npr.r

Irrr r l)yxrlHoHrrrrs KoHBefiep 6rpso4eficrtuero e eaHa uHcrpyxqls 3a MarIIu-llnl t(tlrfl,Jl

l(orrnefiep:rr e crHxpoHHa crpy(Typa r,r BpeMexara ua o6pa6orrara Br,B

Irt rr,rrrr rlra:u rpr6aa ga 6r,,qar eauar<srl. Ovenuguo 3a or.qeJrHrrre Qa":u nar rr r,.rrcrrlrero Ha urrcrpyKqrar.rre roBa ge e I43rrLJIHeHo. I{lrxlnr,r na uucrpyr-r(rorrr{rr ronneilep lle ce onpeaeJrs or BpeMerpaeHero Ha uafi-6annara tfaaa.l(rrrr'r,Lrr;r't Ha rrrrcrpyKqr.roHHur xonnefiep ce Ae$rruupa Karo BpeMero, Heo6-tr,/trMo 3a o6pa6orKara Ha MHoxecrBoro rrHcrpyKrlr{}r a e4ua rfara I npu-,/llnitrlltrrero rlM B creABarrlara Oa3a, :r.e,

r : r_.-(r) + d : r_,. + d,:a i e [, kl, (2.10)

lr lrl(l lO:

k - 6pofi ua Qa:ure Ha r4ucrpyKqvor{HHq KoHBefieplTr - BpeMerpaeHe na o6pa6orrara n i-rara Qa:a na raucrpyrqnonnu.r

t,orrtrci.iCp;

T,,,,,x - BpeMerpaeue na o6pa6orr<ara B Hafi-6aBnara r!a:a ua nucrpyx-I tl( )rr rHq rouoefiep;

d - npeve 3a rrpeAaBaHe Ha currraJrr.rre rr AarrHr,rre or egua Qasa n:rur irc,Jlrluara $asa na uncrpynquoHnus KoHBe;ep.

llpcvero sa 3an6JrBaHe ua roHaeiepa e

T.. .. :k*r (2.11)

(l:rcaonare:rno, BpeMero 3a o6pa6orra ua n uucrpyKqr{[ n r-Saoeu un-

' l |yt(rtr{o crr roHeefiep e:

Tpip"rin".n: Ik + (n-l) ] * t (2.12)

ycxopenuero npH H3rtlicrcHHrra ce ge$uuupa raro oruorreHrre Ha Bpe-r\rc r'o 3il lrocJre/(oRaTeJlno H3lTLJ re lte Ha uncTpyKrlr.lHTe KBM DpeMeTo 3a r'3-rr,.JrrrcrrHc rra c'Lrr(r't't c HrrcrpyKrlr.t{ or nrrc rpyKutlolerr xollcficp,

5g

s : 1",,,,, /'r,,,n",,,,".,, : = (n*k+t) / [ k + (n-1) ] +T

s=(n*k)/lk+(n_l)l

(2.13)

(2.14)3a unoro ronevu crofisocrr.r ua 6pox na usnr,nHeHrrero Ha rrHcrpy(qlr_

ure n>>k ycropeunero ce onpeAe.nr or 6por na $a:r.rre Ha rrHcrpyKrrt4 oHHllsronne ep S -> k.

Ifucmpyx4uourtu qtnepronae epu. flpu rxx rrx B paMKr.rre Ha e;rnlMaIluHeH rIIzKr,Jr e BT,3MoxHo lr3rIa,JrHennero aa 1tne Sasu nnn Bp€MerpaeHerona o6pa6orrara n egua Qa:a Ha r.rHcrp)rKqqoHrrr.u clmepronaefiep

" ,rorouro

vanruuen qzrcrn (unz no-ua,rr<o). Ha $ur.2.2g e cpanneno geficrBrzero Ha r.rH_crpyrqr{oneu xonnefiep u nHcrpyKqrroHerr clrepnonnefiep. Ovenr.qlro warclr_MaJIHara rrponycrareJrHa cnoco6nocr Ha r4ncrpyKqr,IoHHux cyneprounefiep eABa rl:r,Trr no-BucoKa or ratla Ha LrHcrp)rKrll,roHHr.rs KoHnefiep. Er,pso4eiicralreroHa rrHcrpy(qrrounru cynepronnefiep e no_Hlicrto npll craprupanero Ha rrpo_rparMara r{ IIpu ocl,uecTBeH yCrOBeH rrpexoA.

ffpu,tuttu sa 663nuKBaHe a,rnexypu* e urcmpyK4uonnunte xottsefi_epu. 3a Aa Mo)r(e Aa $yllxquoulrpa HopMaJrHo, [HcrpyKrluoflHusr KoHBereprpe6na nenpertcnaro ga 6:t4e 3axpaHBaH c rroroK or r.rHcrpyKrlr,tr4. HeKa AapiBrJIeAaMe cryqar, Koraro B trHcrpyKqrroHHu, KoHBefiep rocrGnBa 3a r,t3-nb:rHeHrre uHcrpyKqnr 3a ycJroBeH npexo4 ($zr. 2.29). tlpo6rcw,r ce c.bcror.rB TOBa, qe e HeBB3MOXHO ,[a ce ofipeAenr.r aApec:bT Ha creABaqaTa r.IHcTpyK_qu.g, AoKaTo He 3aB:r,p 14 I{3n6JIHe}I}reTO HA CaMa"fa 14 ucTpyKrlr4S 3a yCJTOBeHnpexoA. C.[eAosaTeJrHo r43n:LJrHeHraeTo Ea cJreABarqara nucrpyrqr_rx ce 6no-Kl.rpa, AoKaro He craHe I.I3BecreH :freil:f.rlsr agpec. Ta:t 3aBr.rcuMocr MexAyABere l,rHcrp)rKqltr,r BoAr4 Ao BT,3HnI(BaHero Ha r.Hap, ,,uexyp,. n nonaefiepa. Bganracuuocr or 6por na Sa:rare, Korrro Mexyp:br o6xnarqa, rofi vroxe Aa 6:baeeAHooa3eH, AByoa3eH rr r.H. t4Jru Aopr4 Aa r.r3[6Jrrrr{ qe:rlrx ronneiiep. Kolroroe [o-roJrrM Mexyp,LT, TonKoBa no_Apacrl.rquo e HaMaJ.r.,rBaHero ua 6r,p:ogefi-crBrrero. flpu usnr,.truenr-re Ha rlHcrpyKqu, sa 6esycnonen npexoa ce HararaAa ce r-r3rrpa3nrr qenuxr ronoefiep, rr,fi naro rofi e ganrnuen c uHcrpyrqur{,cJreaBaurr4 HenocpeAcrBeHo nHcrpyKrlrirra 3a 6esyclonen npexog.

flapanenusvrr Ha HI.rBo lrHsrpy(qurr orpa3rBa crerreHTa Ha B:bMo)r(HojTo napaneJrHo r.r3nb:rHenrre Ha r.rHcrpyKrrrrr.rre. 3a ga 6:sge sbgvoxHo l00o%-Horo rr3ntnHeurre Ha rrHcrpyKrll{}rre e neo6xogrzuo te aa.6rgat_ nezauucuuueAHa or Apyra. flplr pea.nnure lporpaMrr, o6ave, ctrqecrayaar Mr{oxecrBo Hpa:i.lrr,rrlHrl tlo Br,lr 3aBucrzMocrr,r Mexny rancrpyrqnzre. flapaJreJruoro Ifn.LJrHe_Hr{e Ha 3aBr,ICI.rMLt }rncTpyKqr_ l BOAn .qo B,L3HrrKBaHeTO Ha Mexypu B IrHcTpy(_IrrroHHr.rre ronnefiepu, Koero 3Harrr.rrerno HaMiurrBa 6r,psogeiicrnuero npu

60

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ce ocz't4ecmenea)

lt3n6JrHeHI,Iero zv. 3agnclrvocurre Mex,4y rrHcrpyrrlltltre B paMKure Ha aa-AeHa nporpaMa Morar 4a 6r,4ar pa3AeJreHr.r Ha cJreAHr.rre rpynu:

. 3asuczl4octu no AaHHr,r;

. flpoqeaypnu 3aBuclrMocrlr;

lr/

. l{oHorr.rrrl,I 3a 3aeMaHe na o6rqu pecypcH;

. Arlrugasacuri,{ocrlr.'lttlucu,uocmu no dauuu. r{ne uncrpyrqlru c 3aBflczrMrr rro AaHHLr, Ko-

Ilt ro i I I -ra uucrpyKqu.s non3Ba Karo onepanA pe3yrrara Ha i-rara uncrpyx-lrrn. ( !roJ(osarergo i+ I -ra uncrpy<qnr ce 6loxrzpa n'sn Qa:ara na aer<o4rparetll rrc lpyKrlr4oHHv.r rounefiep Ao 3aBT,prrrBarre Ha l,r3n6JrHeHr{ero ga i-rarallll rl)yKquq. B o6rqux c;ryvafi e4ua rancrpyrqtrx rqe 6:sge 6lorrapaua n raucr-

ltyutrorrur{.fi xonnefiep Aororana, Aol(aro ca Ha.[nqHrl neinure ofiepaHAr.r,IIpoqedypuu 3aeucurtocmu. Haau.Jnero Ha lpexoAu B r-rncrpyKrlr{ou-

r ro'r'oK noBr,rlraBa BeporrHocrra sa 6norupane B r.rrrcrpyKrlt4 orlHl.rr KoH-n6ll(.1). 14rrcrpyrqlrr.rre cJreA npexo4a (nesanr-rcr.ruo 4atu roi,t ce oc.brqecrB.rBai t lc) HMar npoueaypna 3aBr.rclrMocr or rr3nlJrHeHnero Ha rrpexoAa Lr He

itolu /lil 6rgar craprupaHv 3a u3nbrHeHl.re npeAr4 HetoBoro rr3rn JrHeHHe.

,lhrvr(, ycnoxHeHr4e B rirrcrpyxuzouuutr xouneiiep B'b3HuKBa) Koraro ce rr3-ll,nrnril lrocre.qoBareJruocr or lllcrpyxrlrrlr c pa3ruqHa grnxuua.,{tlxu-ll lr r rir r.rrrcrpyKqrdra craBa r.r3Becrna e,4na ata rla"sara rra AeKoAr.rpaHe, KoeroIt(il r r'r3BttqaHero Ha cJle.(Baulara r.rHcrpyKUr.rt. Ero :arqo KoMrrrorpr.rrel r.{ (: r,r(parerr ua6op uucrpyrquu (RISC) ca rro-eOeKrr4BHu upr r.r3rroJr3BaHe-

tu lll rrrcrpyKquouun nouaeilepn, nfi xaro re r.€nor3Bar npeo6la4aaa4olrrl r l)yKqHr.r c Qrarcupan $opwar.

I'ccypcuu xoxfi,turcmu. Te ce npegusnurBar or r{oHKypeHrlr4qra Ha aBellllll lrorlc{e IrHcTpyKrlrrr{ 3a e.4HoBpeMeHHo 3aeMaHe Ha e.qrrH rr c6III pecypc.( l(r r(r r'0 oHcreMHu pecypcH BKJrroqnar perzcrplrre, $yl <qlronalunre ycrpo[-r llrr rrt AJIV, Kerra, naMerra, rllvHara u Ap. Crpareruure:a pa3pernaBaHeroIrr rcru xou$lurrra ca 4y6.nlrpaue ua pecypcHTe HJrr.r HaMarsBaHe Ha BpeMerou r lxrr(l o noJr3BaHe vper xouaeiepNt autisra l'z.M.

/ rt tnusaeucuuocmu. Te ce napuuar rara, rlii naro nplr rrx npo6neMlr-tr. I t, |lrtIr(BaT aHaIolur{Ho Ha cvTyat\uflTa cbc 3aBItcHMocTI,t IIo IaHHIt, HO Bolrptt lcrr peA: i*l-ra uucrpyrqrr pa3pynaBa onepaHA Ha i-rara uncrpyxqlu(IIlll)l.rMep, Koraro p$ynrarr,r na i*1-ra r.rHcrpyKrlr{t ce c:bxpaHsBa B pe-rr( r1,p, cr'Alpxaq onepauAa ua i-rara lrncrpyrqux).

,vrtrt?,nulr6aHe rra uHctrrpyttquonttume Ko leiiepz. 3a varcuua:rnor rroJrrlaHe Ha I.IHcrpyKqr,roHHl,ITe KoHBefiepu u nocrr.rraHe rra MaKcIzMa-nHaralAr uo ror(oBa cKopocr e neo6xoglrMo Aa ce 83eMar MepKr,r 3a npeAorBparsBa-

r, llil r] r,3Hr-IKBaHeTo Ha Mex)pI.I B Ttx.. Ocurypgnaue Ha MHoxecrBo r.rHcrpyKIIIloHnr.i nororll,r 3a 3axpaHBalre

rrrr rou rrcfiepa;. llpcAtapurelno rr3BruqaHe Ha cJreABarlara r,rHcrpyrqrrr nplr ocarqe-

I r(rIl lrpcxoA;

63

. OcuryptBaHe Ha lrlrcrpyKllHotlctl 6yd)cp 3a t'JIoto IIa qI4KJILI;

. OrJraraHe Ha npexoAa;

. fIpeAcKa3BaHe Ha rrpexo.qa:

. fIpoM'Ha IIa pe.qa Ha v3nbJIHeHI,IeTO HA IIHCTPyKqI,IIITE, 3AJIOXEH B

I]porpaMara;. OITI,IMI43AIIU-fl HA I,I3NOJI3BAHETO HA PCTVCTPI,ITE.

3a npeogo:ranaue Ha orpr.{rlareJrHnre e$erru Ha nporreaypHrlre 3aBr.Ic}I-

Mocrr.r Bl,pxy pa6orara Ha rrHcrpyKrlnoHHnre xoune epr.r e npeflopt,ru.ITeJluonpe.qDapr-rTeIHo aa ce r,r3BJrr4qa Lr r,rHcTpyKr.lusTa-Ilen Ha npexoAa,

RISC npoqecopllre MacoBo rr3rroJr3Bar Meroaa lra ornoxenl.Is npexo.q.

flpra uero ce nog Irarar Ha auatrr3 3aBllcuMocrllre Ha I{HcrpyKlruure B paMKIr-

Te Ha nporpaMara. Brgnzrnarure Mexlpr rlpu nucrpyxqu]r 3a 6€ycnoBenrrpexoA rrJrr{ flprr ogblrlecrBeH ycnoBeH npexo,4 ce 3an:bJrBar c rr3['bJrHeHrrero

Ha HO3aBLICHMH I.II{CTpyKqI4I,I, T.e. OCa'nIeCTB.trBa Ce npOMtHa Ha 3a,qa.qeHl'I.s

pea Ha ll3n,bnHeHrrero Ha raHcrpyKqHr.rre B nporpaMaTa.Crnperrennnre npoqecopu r,r3non3Bar pznnrrtlulr crparerlrl,I3a rlpeAcKa:]-

Bar{e Ha rrpexoarrre, KoHTo MoraT Aa 6'sAat craruqnr-r r,r AuHaMr-rqHH. OcHoB-HaTa pa:,nr-rKa e, rre npr.r ArrHaMr,rqHnTe cTpaTernH 3a rrpeacKa3DaHe Ha npexoAa

ce cJreAu r,r ce 83eMa rrpeABr.la noBe.qeHueTo Ha nporpaMaTa Ao cTapTHpaHeTo

Ha KOHKperHara uEcTpyKutrs 3a ycJroBerr npexoa.Hafi-.{ecro ugnor3BaHr.rre crarrrqHr.r crpareflr}r 3a rrpeAcKa3BaHe Ha I]pe-

xoaa ce ocHoBaBaT Ha creaHoro:. flpueMa ce, qe npexoAbr HltItora He ce ocburecrBtBa H ce u3Brqqar

cjreABaxlrrTe r.rHcTpyKrlfi !r ;

. Ilpueua ce, qe npexoAl,T BI-rHarH ce ocr'rllecrBsBa LI ce ItBJII.Iqar I.IHcr-pyKllr-r.sTa-qen Ha upexoAa r,r nocJreAoBareJrHocrra or r4HcTp)rKrlnr.lTe cne,q Het;

. Peurenuero gaBr.rcg or onepaquoHHlrt Ko.q Ha lrgcrpy(qfirra 3a ycno-BeIr npexoa.

Ocuonnara qe.:r Ha Ar,rHaMr{qHrrre crparerrrr{ 3a rrpeacKa3BaHe Ha rrpexo:

Aa e.{a ce rroBrrlrr{ Toqrrocrra Ha rrporHo3ara, KaTo ce lr3non3Ba lrcTopHrTaHa lr3n;JrHerruero Ha rrporpaMara Ao ro3lr MoMerrr. 3a csxpanrnauero narrcropu.{Ta Ha Bc.sKa [HcrpyKqur 3a ycJroBeH rrpexoa (r.Ittr.r none na nocle4nlr-Te u3rr6JrHerrrr raKuna) ce lranor:nar Aon'rngv relnu 6urooe, cr,gr,pNarqn cro -

nocrure Ha K;rroqoBere 3a ogbxrecroeuu/ueocsrqecrneuu npexoqu. Ta6luqara,c'bxpaHrBaura :acropusra Ha npexo.qr,rre, o6uxnoseHo ce cB.q:bpxa B Man6KKerrJ, cBT,p3aH c Sasara ua nounefiepa:a npelnaprlTeJrHo ,.r3BJrHrrane Ha r.rHcr-pyrquz. Bcrna [o3uqr4.s n ra6rraqara c6A6pxa rpr.r KoMrroHeHTu: a,qpec Ha

r.rHcrp)rKqr.rrra 3a ycJroBeH rrpexoA, 6uroue sa racropulra na npexo4a, uuQop-Maurrr 3a rreJrra Ha npexoaa (agpec ua rrHcrpyxqnrra-qeJr Ha rrpexoaa r.rJrr,t

64

fxMflla r.rHcrpyKrlr.rs-rler Ha npexoga). Ta6nnqara, cbxpal{tBaula ucTopurTanr l)cxoarrre, ce Haprnqa 6y$ep:a rleJrra Ha npexoila BTB (Branch TargetItrrllor). Ha Srar. 2.30 e norcasaHa crpyrrypara ua 6yQep 3a qeJrra Ha rlpexoAa.

llprr rrlrortnauero sa BTB e BG3MoxHo Aa ce aocrr{rne Ao 85-90% nporno-lrl)lrrc Ha rrpexoAr{Te. flpegaucrnara Ha ro3I.I norxo.q ca, qe He ce H3IrcKBa

ltf KoMrrHraqu.{ Ha Koaa llnfi ltpoMqHa B MarrrrrHHHTe nncrpyrqur.r. Hegocraru-flllrc oa, qe a apaT{aTa peajrrBaqr{r e cK'r,[a n eserruHrocrra Ha rlo.4xo.4a(,rl r() ce BJrrrge oT KoHTeKcrHr{Te rrpeBKJrIor{DaHHt.

TASIHIIA c ACotil.IA'lVBHO TI'PCEHE(cb)eArxrBA }rcToPH_[TA HA nPEXoAI.iTE)

A,4pEC HA I,iHCT?}(UU-'rA 3AYCNOBEH IIPEXOT

AAPEC HA I4HCT?W4XITA -

I.IEJI HA NPEXOAA

I5?

e6

,t, i ti

HHcrP)'(ut4ot.tEH (oHDEIIEP

|rtt,'. ,).-10. I4ttcmpyr4uottcrr rcorrcefrep c npedcxusaane ua npexoda e BTB

[IPOI}AMDH6POfq (Pc)

65

2.8. CYTIEPCKAJIAPHI{ TPOIIECOPU

Kontenquona:ru vsr,,ctarrapel,, lpoqecop lr3rrr,JrHrBa cKaJrapHrz uH_crpyr(quu, T.e. nHcrpyl(qulr, o6pa6ornarqu qeJru qrrcJra. Cynepcranapnrzxrlpoqecop lr3rILJtHrBa eAHOBpeMeHHO ABe HJII,T IIOBeqe cKiu]apHlr rIIrcTpyK_qur.r. Orpanuuena oopMa Ha cynepcKaJrapHa o6pa6orra crlqecrByBa npuflpoqecopu, rozro o6pa6ornar UeJrI{ qrcJla r.r qrrcJra c [JraBal:Ia ToqKa. flpr,rTfl( C€ r.r3rron3BaT oTAeJrHu ycrpoficrna 3a o6pa60Tra HA, \ent uncna a 3ao6pa6orxa Ha qucna c [naBa[Ia rovr<a. trIncrpyxqzr.rre ce r{3rrparlar K.bMcaorBerHoro ycrpoficrno c:reg $asara Ha AeKoAr{paHe, cJea Koero l.lEcr-pyrquare sa o6pa6orra Ha rrer[ qllrcra u qucra c rrJraBalra roqra Morar ra6rgar n3nr.nuxnanrr rapaJreJrno. oarruqecxu "yn.f"*uip*ra o6pa6orra

ce cbcTorn B eAHOBpeMeHHOTO rr3Bjrl,rqaHe Ha. MlroxecTBo LrHCTpyKqv[ r na-paJreJrrroro t43tr.[,J]HeHr4e Ha ABe r.rJrr{ noBeqe lrHcrpyrqur. Cne,qosareruoCylepcKalnapHIlTe IIpOqeCOpu qr,A.r,pxaT rrr(OJTKO Lt uCrpyrquOnulr r<Ontei_epu, rr3narH.f,Barqrl rrapalreJrHo c?,orBerno H.sKorKo

""tipy*q", (:a ncrraoT rlapalneIHo r,r3Ir:bJIHrBaHr.rTe r.rHcTpyKrlr{}r e ueo6*OA"rnn oiAeneH r.rHcTpyK_rlr4oHerr (oHBeiep).

E4uH or no,D(oanre, Korrro ce n3[or3Bar npr{ npoeKTupaHero Ha cy_rlepcK:IJrapHr{Te [poqecoprr, e aa ce ayrlnHrlnpaT ,rHCTpyKrIrzoHHUTe KOHBeie-pt4, xonTo oyHKrlr.roHr,rpaT rrapaneJrno. Tara uanpnu"p, Aopra npH pentium ca3iuroxeHr.r ,qBa KoEBefiepa BceKr,r ssc co6crseHo AJIy: rouoefiep V :a IIpocrHI{HcrpyKrln[ ]r (onueiiep U:a c:loxnure (uuxporo4upauz) nucrpyrqulr. .flpnBCUqKI.T cJI) ra[, 3a aa ce ocJ,lrypu r43lrbJlHeur.reTo Ha.qBe uJIu noBeqe uHcTpyK_qUI,I 3A CAI.IH MAIIIXHEH III,IKbJI, E UCO6XO4r.IVO AA CE I43BIIZqAT MIIOXECTBOnlrcTpyKrlr4l4 Ha BCeKU rIZKt:r, Toga Hanara pa3uupsBarre Ha rxlrHaTa 3a ,4aH_HIt 3a .qocrarla Ao Kerna 3a r.tHcrpyKrtzu. Crpyrrypara Ha cynepcKanapeE rrpo_qecop c ABa nHcrpy(qraoHlrn KoHneiiepa e npelcraBeH uaSir.2-31.

I4urerpzpar*ur nop(oA 3a npoeKTrrpanero "u "yrr"p"ounup"nre

npo_qecoplr e Aa ce u3noJr3BaT MHOXeCTBO CrreqlrrlJ 4 3HpaHlr r,ISn,LJrHr.rTenHI.r ycT-poficrna. Yctpoficrso FI I{:]Blluqa raHoxecrBo HrrcrpyKqurr, Kor{ro ce rroAaBarna Sa:ara sa uereHe Ha onepa'Anre. cres rona un;;py;;;;; *

"o.4aBar 3an3rrbJrxenrre x,tbM paururrHu cnet\uaru3upalv I{3rrbJIHzreJlHu ycrpoicrBa B3aBvcl,tMocr or rexHa.s olepaqtroHeH ro4. Ecrecrneno c[eqlraJ]H3lrpaH[Te

t43rn JIHrrreJrIrH ycrpoficrra laMar pa3rrvqHa xapar{Tepr,tcrrrrul. flo-etfexrun_HOTO PEIIIEHIIE E AA CE OCIIryP'T OTACJIHI,I CIEqI{AJIIT3I'PAHII I,I3IIbJIHI-ITCJIHI,Tycrpoficrna 3a qereHe or naMerra (Load), :a aunr" u nur"rru (Store) z :arrpexoAr, (Branch), orxoJrKoro re Aa ce uHTerpupar B eArzrr MuoroQyH(qrro-naren rourefiep (Sur. 2.32).

66

KEIII 3A AAIIII}I

rlute. 2.31. Cmpyxmypa Ha cynepcKa.napen npo4ecop c deauHcmpyKquoHHu KoHse epo

I lprr cynepcranapHlrre npoqecopu ce onor3ornopsBa rrapiurenr.r36M Hallllno uttc rllyrrlun, npu KoeTo HrKoJrKo ngcrpyKrlr.torrH[ rroroKa ce o6pa6or_tlrll IIl)itJtoJrrro B EPa uru rroDeqe rrHcrpyKlluonnr,r ronnefiepv (roraro uorar,trr h r,,(lt r'(xl)opMeHr.r r{ KaTo cylepKonnefiepr.r). Er,p:ogeficrnr.rero sanr.rcH cr,tqotrtlll I ot rrilJrr{qHtrTe rlapajrenHr,r anapaTr{r,l pecypc}r, r.e. or 6pol Ha rrHcT_pvftruIlltrllc KoHneiiepu n npoqecopa. Cnegonareluo fiapzrrerHr.rsr xapl]repr r rrlu l(i.r riM'rJT Ha IrI,IBo r,rHcrpyKIIHr{ ca BaxEL Sarropa :a nonu[aBane Eaflr,1r ror1r:iic llnero. Cynepcra,rapuara o6pa6orxa uoxe ga ce usuomra n RISCn l I 'lS(' trl)oqe copr.rre. C.rnpeuennure npoqecoplr c.bAbpxar HrKoJr(o IrH_I rlryr\r(rt()rrlrri ronlefiepa 3a rrpocTr.r r.tHcTpy(qrlr v eErH Vrn rroBege rrHcT-I

r I r r r r r r I r r r r r r xorrlefiepa 3a cJroxHr.r rrncrpyKrlulr, TaKa ge 3a eAr{n Marfir,rxeHrrr r,r (rc lnrn,J'rrr.sBar ABe l,rJrn floBeqe r,rHcrpyKrlr ,I. Mo4en Na cyfiepcKana-p' I lpr)t(ooolt c Mrron<ecrno $yrrqnonalulr ycrpoficua e npegcranex na $r,rr..' Lr V( tl)oi.ic.t.Bara 3a 3anuc u qererre oc[rypsBar ,4ocr:brra ,{o naMerra r.r

' rir .l)r\l |lcnqr(H cpcAcTBa 3a u3rlbJrHerr[eTo rra onepaquuTe Load I{ Store.il rrorlr'rr;r c lroKil3alrro caMo cllrro AJIV, no c.t BpeMeHHr,rre npoqecopprr r,. r.l))rrir . lrorcrrc'r'aI(Hrla ycTpoic'rtta rl 3ArlxcHMocr or oqaKBaHr,rJr LIHTeH3I,I-r I I lit itl)rlr M0 t. !lnri c orrcparprr4. /]orn,..rrlH.r.c-urro AJIV n perucrpu vorarrrr lr,/l| I Tq()6ittrcrrr,l :a 06p:t6()r,r<it r.it ll:t vl.tcJlil c tul:tDarl(a rorlKa.

67

@uz. 2.32. Cynepcxatapeu npo7ecop cz,c cnequaJxusupuHuu 3 n br H u m ert H Lt J)t mp o iicn rca

flapa.ne.nr.r:lrlr Ha HrrBo LrHcrpyrrruu ce orpaHr.rqaBa or qecrorara Ha3aBr,rcrrMocTrrTe rro .qaHHrI Ir npoIIeAypHIrTe 3aBI.rCrrMOCTr{ Mexay t4HcTpyK_qlrr.rTe II 3aBuclr Ka(To oT cncTeMaTa rrItcTpyKIlIZr4, TaKa Il OT CaMaTa [pr4_noxHa rrporpaMa.

3a ga ce ynenuvl.r creneHTa Ha rrapaJteJrrz3bM, T.e. 3a Aa ce ynerzvra 6po_.sr Ha flapaneJHo o6pa6oroauure ur{crpyxqu}r B nHcrpyKrlt4 oH}rnte KoHsefie-pr, ce rr3rroJnBar KaKTo anaparHl,I TexHI.rKr.r, TaKa r{ orrrr{Mra3l.Ipau1r.r r[ynrquaHa KoMrrr.rraropa. IIpH ualuvue ua 3aBrrcltMocrl MexAy l{ricrpyKrlr.rure B npo_rpaMaTa npoqecopbT Moxe aa 3aBlpulr lt3rr6JlHeHr.reTo Ha r.rHcTpyKqllrrTe BpeA, pa3Jtl.rqeH or ro3r.t, 3zlJroxeH B nporpaMara. 3a onrralrlrpane Ha r.r3noJr3-BaHara crerreH Ha rlapa-rreJII,I36M Ha nrBo 14rrcrpyKr{r{[ npoqecop6T rpx6na 4aorrpeAenn rpynr.rre nHcrpyKur{x, (olrro vorar ga 6r4ar r.r3rr6JrHeHrr rrapa-rreJr_Ho r4 Aa opraHlr3r.rpa rflHoro r.t3BJIIlqaHe, Ae(oAHpaHe u lr3ntlueNue. Tonapet[lerrupa B crparerr.rqra 3a rrpeABapr.rreJrHo u3B:rurraHe Ha HHcrpyrrlrrrrre

68

IllcAaBaHeTo r.rM 3a l.r3nGJrHelrrre B r4r{cTpyKqrroHHlrTe KoHBefiepu. cre4ona-rclrrro lpoqecopr,r rpl6na Aa rrpolHo3r.rpa paiBr.irr.lero Ha v3'+, crvrenttll)orlec cJreA r.r3rrbJrHeHrreTo Ha TeK)arIaTa I,rHcTpyKIlug c o lea ceIeKI{Ir.gTa Ha

lllc/tBar.rlaTa rpyn a l,1.:f.crpyKrfrTv, KorrTo rqe 6r,aar noaaaenu 3a eanoBpeMeII-I[ o6pa6or(a B KoHBefiepr.rre. Or oco6ena BaxHocr ca peA:r,T Ha u3BrrzqaHe

I X rrcTpyKrlrZr.rTe, peA6T Ha rr3rrlJrrreHr,re Ha r{HcTpyKqr4rrTe, KaKTo u peabT Ha

flr( r'yzlnn3aqu.{Ta Ha gbaT,pxaHr{eTo Ha perr{cTprrTe n r43rroJBBaHr.ITe KneTKH B

ltMcTTa. 3a aa ce onTr.rMl.r3upa xoHBeiepr.I3auuqra Ha H3qr4cjrrrreJrHrrr npo-rtr:c, D o6rqraq cry\afi ce Hajrara [poqecopbr aa rrpoMeHrr peaa 3a crporolr( loJrcaoBaTeJIHoTo Ll3II:bIHeHIte Ha UUCTpyKqrrHTe, 3aJrO)KeH B KOAa rra npo-I lrirMara. EAHHcrBeHoro r,r3rrcKBaHe, Koero ce crra3Ba, e cTpI{KTHoro cna-}Balte

Il l(opeKTHocTTa Ha rroryqeHuTe pe3ynTaTrr.

flpu cynepcrcaaapHr.ire npoqecopn ce u3noJnBar cJreAHrrre rplr Br.rAa

I r l)il rernrr 3a npeABapnTeJrHo rr3BJrr{qaHe H r{3fr6JrHeHr.re Ha uHcTpyKrluuTe:. CnagsaHe Ha pe.{a, 3aJro)KeH B rrporpaMara rrpx npeaRapr.rrenHoro

I rrJrHqaHe rr 3aB'r,prrrBaHe Ha rr3n'bJrHeHlreTo Ha I-IHcTpyKrII4r.ITe;

. Cna:sage Ha peaa, 3aJroxeg B nporpaMara rrpr4 npeABapnreJrHorolr llirlrqaHe Ha r{rrcTpyKrlrrrrTe u [poM.{Ha Ha peaa rrpH 3aB'bprxBaHe Ha ,13-

III,JIIICHI]ETO IIM;. flpoMrHa Ha peaa,3illroxeH B rrporpaMara npl,r npeaBapr.rrenHoro

I IJr[qaHe Ha lrHcTpy(qultTe I,I npoMtHa Ha pe.4a rrpfi 34B6prxBaHe Ha rr3-

III'JIIIEHI-IETO IIM.Hafi-npocrara crpareru.fl e Aa ce crra3Ba crprrKTHo peAa, 3aJroxeH B

rl)ofpaMaTa npu [peABapriTeJrHoTo rr3BruqaHe rr [pr{ 3aB:bprxBaHeTo Ha rr3-

r r,JrneHr.iero Ha r4Hcrpy<quure. Ta:u crparerlrx o6aue, rroqrrr He HaMr]pa rrpaK-

I IrrccKo np[IJIoxeHIie.3a aa ce rapaHTupa 3a"floxeHrr.f,T B rrporpaMara peA 3a 3aBlprxBaHero

rl r{llcrpyKqnr.rre rpr.r Ha-lutir,rero Ha pecypcun rouSJrrr(Tr,r linr.i 3aBr.rcrrMocrl.I

u(:xlly !rrrcrpyKqrrHTe, nogaBanero Ha HHcrpyxUHH n roHsefieprare npeueunor'c Olorlrpa,

Bropara crparerr.r.tr, c npoMJrHa Ha peAa Ha 3aBrbprrroaHero na r.rHcrpyK-rul|1 l e, AaBa Bb3MoxHocT B npoI.I3BoJIeH MOMeHT OT EpeMeTO MHOXeCTBO HH-(lrl)yr(qrrn, .rufiTo 6pofi ce orpaHr.rqaBa caMo or crerreHra Ha xapayepHrrsr irl)aJrerr{3T,M, aa 6r,gar o6pa6orBanl.I napanetno B l,rucrpyrrlr.roHHrrre KoIr-trt:iicplr. Mexypr B KonBefieprrre Morar Aa 6'sgar npe4u:nnraHr,r caMo or 3a-r r cuMocrr,r rro AaHuLr, npoueAyprrn 3aBr.rcr.rMocru rrJrr{ pecypcHu non$.rrar<ru.l yx ca arrya:rnu [po6JreMr,rre, npeArr3Br,IKaHn or r.Hap. 3aBucltMocrlr ,,3a-ttrtc-3anuc", npr.r Kouro eArrrr n cr,rrl pefl,rcrtp c6A6px{a pe3yJlTara na i-rararrc'rpyxrlr{r u onepauAa sa i*1-rara uHcrpyKrrlr.s. Crpareru.ma c npoM.rrHa

5Jx

g

s

=

69

I jtlg cllnt

llI I'VI ll t I

eDuz. 2.33. Modet na cynepcKarapeH npoqecop

Ha peAa Ha 3aBbprrrBaHeTo Ha r.rHcTpyKqr.rr.rTe rr3racKBa rlo_cJroxHa roruKa HapeAa na nperBapltreJrHoro n3BJrrrqaHe Ha r{rrcrpyKrlr.Inre, flpu ne uoro npn_Jraralre B63Hr{KBar cepuo3Hr,r npo6neMr,r c o6pa6orrara Ha rrper(6cBaHrrra Ilr.r3KJrrorreHr.IrTa rr no-TottHo c Bb3o6HOB.SBaHerO na pa6orara Ha rrpoqecopacre4 o6pa6orxara Ha nperbcBarrero.

70

flpu cna:nanero Ha peAa B lporpaMara 3a npe,qaapr.rreJruoro rr3BJrrrqa-

II(I IIA UHCTPYKIIUUTE AEKOAI,IPAHETO HA IIIICTPY(III'II IPO,4I,NXADA AO 863IiIIK.lrrfc Ha pecypceH KoH$nlrKT ura 3aBrcvMocr Mex,qy rrncrpy(qur.rre.llpc4oapurennoro rBBJrvqaHe Ha ur{crpyKrlxlrre ce npeycraHoBrBa,4o pai}pe-lrirrlaHero na r<ouS:rurcra. Tosa e u ocHoBeH lreAocrartK Ha ra3v crparetns,

urtoTo npoqecopt T He arlaJrr.r3npa 3aBrrcrrMocTrrTe Mexay H[IcTpyKrlnr.rTe B

Il)ofpaMaTa H He oc rypgBa ynttTHsBaHe Ha B63Hr4KBarrIrrTe Mexypll B KoH-ru:iicpa c usnuuennero Ha He3aBrrcrrMn rnrcrpyKrluu.

3a ga ce ocurypra lpoM;rHara Ha peAa na 3aB:bprnBaHero Ha u3rr6Jrr{eHu-cro Ha raHcrpyKrtrr.rure, e ueo6xoguvo Aa ce pa3AeJrrr Saaara ra gerogupauetr rlrinara ua usn:rnrreHr,re Ha orrepaqutra Ha I.IHcrp)rKqr4qra nocpeAcrBoM T.Hap.

rrclpyKrlrroHen rrpo3opeq. Cle.q ,qeroAupauero uHcrpyKqllsra ce cRXpaH.sBarr 6ytlep, uape.reu uHcmpyK4uorrc npnopeq. flpoqecop'rr rpoAtJrxaBa Aar|rrJrHqa rr AeKoArnpa uHcTpyKI{Iru ao 3an:bnBaHeTo Ha pef}rcTpoBr.rt npo3o-

1x:r1. flpr.r no.roxeHue, qe ctorBerrroro $ynrquoualuo ycrpoficrBo e cBo6oAHol rrc cr,[recrByBar non$rurru r.rJrr.r 3aBncrrMocrr.I, 6loxrzparqlr r.rHcrp]Kq[qra,r)r cc npe,qaBa KrM r.r3n'bJrHnreJrHara $a:a uesanucuvo or peAa na nrrcrpyrqv -

I rc B rrporpaMara. B peynrar npoqecopcr r.rMa B63Moxnocr ga ugenruSu-lurpa He3aDLIclIMI.ITe IrHCTpyKqnx, KaTo HaToBapBa MaKcr4MaJrHo anapaTHr.ITe

clr pecypcu. flprz ra:lr crparerns cblrlo ocraBa npo6reM:br c 6rorrpaHe Ha

rrru'rp)'Kqnare rropaArr pecypcr{H KoHOnlrKTri r.rnrr 3aBuclruocrn. flpe,4r.rMcrBo-r(, o, qe HalnqueTo Ha orrarrrKa oT.qeKo.q paHr.r rrHcTpyKrlr 4 aaBa B:b3Mox-Ir)c'r'rra npoqecopa,qa npoMenn peaa Ha TD(HoTo r.r3n6lHeHr,re no TaK6B Harrr.rH,

'r(r /(a HaMaJrrr Beposrrlocrra 3a Bt3rrrrKBaHe Ha Mexyp[ n ronnefiepute.tr4ucrpyrqlronnure npo3opqu Morar Aa 6tgar qenrpalu3upaHn uJnr

;llrupeaenenu. Ha Sur. 2.34 e npeacraBer{ cynepcranapeH npoqecop c6c 4?rr-ttlulut3upa urcntpyt(quotrc npnope4. To:lr nposopeq ccAtpxa BcHqKr.r,riu(illqu 3a r.r3rr:bJrHeHue nHcrpyKrlnn He3aBHcr{Mo or rexHrll run. Koraro sa

lliUlcHa r{HcTpyr(Lulr cTaHaT roToBr.r oIIeparrAr.rTe, T{ ce npe.4aBa KI'M cBoTBeT-rrrrlo Synrquonanuo ycrpoficrBo 3a rr3rrbJrHeHr{e. Ocurypeuz ca ,{Be r.rrri no-rc'rc rllrHrr, 3a Aa ce yBeJrrrqu 6poar ua noAaBaHr.rre nHcrpyKrlr.rrr K'bMrlryrrrcrlr.roua,rulrre ycrpoficrna. VnpaBJrer'ruero na qeHTparH3upaHHs raHcrpyK-rtrrorrcH np03opeq ce ocHoBaBa Ha 6rnoBere 3a Ba^nI.IAHocr. I4ricrpyKqunre cerl)cllaBar or ycrpoficrBoro 3a rrpeaBaprrreJrHo u3BJIIrqaHe, a AarrHrrre - orl)(:r'ncrpoBl-rfi $aii:r nr,u rleHTparu3rrpaHn.fl r.rHcrpyld1,ro eu upo:opeq. Aror(rltcH orrepaHA He e roron (neronara crofisocr ne e aKTyaJrH314parra or npeA-ri(r(rra HucrpyKllur), 6lrrur sa nannaHocr e HyJrr.rpalr. B rooll c:ryvafi ugeuru-rlrrrrcalopr,r ua c'sorBerHlt.{ perltcr'6p ce 3arrrrcBa B 14rrcrpyrrlr.roHrruq npo3opeqrir Mrrcroro Ha onepaHAa. Cle,qoaare:rno r.rHcrpyKrlr.roriHuqr npo3opeq

7l

LEHT?AJ]I{JjPAIIr-{IcTPyKlu.loHEH

tPo3oPEII

Auz. 2.34. Cynepcrcanapen npoqecop c 4eHmpana3upqHnpuopeq

72

uHCmpyKquoHeH

73

r rr(r,px(a HHcrpyKqr.rn c orlepaH,qr4 rarr.r lr4eurlr$nr<aroprl Ha perlrcrpr.r, KaKTol noKa3aHo Ha Q:z.r, 2,35. Koraro Bcuqrr.rre oflepaHAr,r craHar roroBlt, r,rHcr-

l)yrfllnrTa ce noAaBa 3a r.r3[bJrHeHtle K'bM c6oTBeTHoTo oyHKrItrOHaIHO yCT-

lxriicrBo. B cnyuarzre, Kofaro LrHcrpyKIII{sra aKTyaJr}r3ripa ctofinocrra sal)cr r.rcrLp, cGorBerHr.rre r,rAeurudlrnaropu na ro3r,r perficrr,p B r4Hcrp)'Krlr,roH-lrrr upo3opeq ce 3aMeHcr c'r,c croiiHocrra Ha onepaHAa. flo rosrl HaqtrH aK-I virJr r.r3arlrrrre Ha perr4crpoBtr{ $afi:r u ua rzHcrpyKquoHHu.s npo3opeq cerrrr,prrrBar eAHoBpeMerrHo, trllucrpynqr.ronnraqr [po3opeq ce r4MrrJreMeHTrapa(: lrcoquarrrBria nauer. 3a npuuepa, nora:au ua $ur.2.35,uvcrpyxquure 1,2,,l rr 5 lrvar no e.quH orrepaHA, Ho Apyrlrrr onepaHA He e roroB. Xncrpyrqu.s 3rMlr ABa roToBII onepanAa u Moxe Aa 6r4e u:npareua 3a r.r3nbnHeHrre. flpnl( ryaJrH3r.rpaHe Ha rHcrpyKqrroHHHr npo3opeq ce H3B6prrrBa o6paueHr.re K6Mrulrrxu r.rHcrpyKqvr.r, Kor.rro r{Mar onepaHA n pe(tepeuruux perucrrp. Cre,4r K'r'yaJrra3aqr,rrTa Bcr.rqKr4 r]HcTpyKrluII c HajlurtHn olepaHAn ce npeaaBaT 3aII III'I]JIHEHIIE.

I{enrpaarEerzparu.,rr r.rucrp)rKqr.roHen nposopeq rpx6Ba Aa HMa ca,orBer-lir'r'a rorr4na 3a cereKrrr4.s rra aAeKBarHoro Syunquona:rno ycrpoIcrno :a u:-r r,JurenHe rra uHcrpyKrlr4.sra. Korato aageua uncrpyrqlra 6tge lpeAa.qeHa 3an'nr]JJrrreHIIe, cboTBeTHaTa no:lrqua B r.rHcTpyl{q}IoHHnq rlpo3opeq ce ocBo-l)(,x4aBa H T-s Moxe ga 6r,4e u:noJI3BaHa or HoDa uncrpyKqlrq. 3a ga ce:ana-Ir PeABT Ha Lfn'bJrHeHI.IeTO Ha r4HcTpyKqurrTe B rrporpaMaTa, uHcTpyKqHoHrir.r.sTrl)o3operl Mo)Ke Aa ce peaJra3r-rpa Karo Ar.rcleqep'i3uparq crer (dispatch stack).I lorr.rre uucrpyrquu ce 4o6anrr rtM B!,pxa Ha npo3opeqa, a c.bu{esrByBauu-r (: rro3rrrluu c uHcTpyKrllrH ce rrpr.rABr.IxBaT HaAoJIy K:bM ARHOTO Ha CTeKa. ApyrIill)uaHT e r{I{cTpyKrlr.roHHr,rtT rrpo3opeq aa ce rrMnJleMerrTtrpa c pervcTpt4,{ )l)r'anr.I3npaHr{ B orlaurKa c Arrcrlnnnuua ua o6clyNtaHe .,np.bB BJrs3.bJr - rrpr,Brr rrrr3:r.lr" Karo no3r,rqlrrrre c rrHcrpyKqgl,I, BKJrror .ITeJrHo npa3Hr.rre, ce I]pu-.lliru)r(BaT K6M Haqa"rroTo Ha oIIaIrrKaTa.

Ipu pa:npegele lnar a Bep cvs Ha r.rHcrpyKqrroHHr.rq lpo3opeq r]HcrpyK-rlrrorruure 6yQepn, HapeqeHu p$epBaqr.ioHHr.r craHqutr, ce ocrrrypsBar 3a Dcxq-t'rr tltynrqlroua.ruu ycrpoficrna (Sur. 2.36). lexo4upauure nHsrpyKrlr4rr cerlnrpaxlar K:tM pe3epBaqlroHHrrre craHrrr{u Ha c.r,orBerHl.rre $yrr<quouamruyclpoficrna. I,Incrpyxquxra ce [peAaBa or pe3epBaqnoHHara craHuus K.bMrlryrrrqzoua,rrnoro ycrpoficroo 3a rl3nBJrHeHr,re, Koraro ro e cso6oAHo H one-l)lrl{r.rre Ha HHcrpyKqr,rrra ca toroBrl. flpu arrya,u:aq}r.s Ha ctAl,pxaHrrerolrir perncrpoBr,rg (tafil, n pe:epnaqr{oHHtrre cra}rurrtr r.r 4enrndllrraropltre uarrrr yaJrr,I3r.rpaHr4Te pefucrprr ce 3aMeHrr c.t c crofiHocrure Ha orrepaH.qltre.l)lrveptr Ha pe3epDarllroHHara craHrluc 3aBricr{ or runa na dtylrrqlronaano-rrr ycrpoficrno, Koero rr 3axparrBa. Bcrxo rfynxqnorra:ruo ycrpoficrno voNe

I ft rc'l1,yk-rurrr Chcp:roror rcrr

xon

ID

rrn PenrcTlp,l-

nccTrtrrarqrfi

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Peficr_Lp

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P€ftcrap

OlcDarrA 2I(OII ID cTofrHOCT

l': t..:- -:.:=; ID2 I(oIl ID U TOUHOCT li',.'...-t ID3 KOn \t) CTOIiHOCT CTOIZHOCT4 KOn ID

cTor-rHoc-ID CTOHHOCT

5 KOI] If)ID

<Due. 2.35. Codopttcauue Ha uHcmp))KquoHHun npuope4

Aa r.rMa pe3epBaq[orrHa cTaHrI[, c pa3Mep, o6ycroBeH oT oqar{BaHu, 6pofiaeKoAnpaHrd r,rHcTp)rKrlrrlr. Ha _,recro ce fi3non3BaT pe3epBarllroHHu cTaHqnEc ABe I{JrI.r TpIl no3Hrlnu. KOraTo D AaAerra pe3epBaqr.rorou "ruoq", "u

aorou"3a n3rrBJrHeHue.qBe ,JIr{ IrOBeqKbMoy'Kr{r.roHar,.;;;;;""fi :Tffi;;"";XTffffi;'J";:TJH::3epnarluonHara crangux. klncq,ns Ha cr,A:6pxaHr.rero cu

" ;?#x'Jff;;iJ:"ffi*"J;T,T:1ffi.}rn crpyrcqnnre sbc 3aBr.rcuMo6rorcupanu BBB Oa3ara r" o"-ffi;;:"ta 'Sa ucrauvc" rpr6ra ga 6r'sar

flpunaranero na crparerr.rrra c npoMenara KaKTo Ha peAa Ha npeABaprl_TerHoTo I,I3BIUqaHe Ha I.IHCTpyKrluuTe Tara I,r Ha pe,qa Ha TnffioTo 3aBbprrlBaHe,NOBI,IIIABA BCPO'THOCTTA 34 BB3HI4KBAHE HA AHTII3AB VCUMOCTN fi 3ABTIC,IMOCTI4or rr.tla,,3arruc-3anuc... 3asuctcanpean3Br{KaHr.ro,oo","oou j#lffi J:#:Jff #?::,ff ilYJf ;IPOTPAMATA. 34 PZI.}NI,IKA OT T-SX AHTI3ABIICIIMOCTIITC II 3ABI.ICI,]MOCTHTE OT TI.INA'zanuc-sanuc,, ca lopoAeHr.r or Qarra, qe caatpxaHzero ,ru f".""rprr" uar"He e c'6o6pzueHo c peAa Ha rrHcTpyKrlr4[Te B nporpaM"r" noro*. flpu cna:na_ .HeTO Ha peaa Ha l,r3Bnr.IqaHe Ll r.I3nbJIHeHr4e I]a r.IHCTpyKrIrzr.ITe B:bu BcrKa ToqKalla H3nr,JlrreHrae Ha [porpaMaTa e B:b3MOXHO eAHO3Har]Ho aa ce o[peAeJ]IIcr,A'bpxanrreTo Ha BCrrqrrr per]rcTpu. flplr npruaraHe Ha cTpaTef r.rTe c rrpoMlr-rra Ea peAa Ee e B63MOXHO Aa ce nporHo3l{pa c.r,A.t pxaHr{eTo rla perl{cTpllTe BI{aAerr MoMeHT or r.t3rrGJrHenrrero Ha nporpauara ua 6a:ara ua unQopvaqr.rxra3a pcaa Ha Hncrpy*uuxre, 3zlroxeH B nporpavara. Autr3aBr.icrrMocr[Te r, 3aB'n_crrMocrl.rre ,,3aluc-3anuc., ca lopoAerlu or ron$nraxra la nol3BaHe Ha o6[rri

74

KEIU 3AI,II ICTPYKTPI}I

I t3t]lII,MAHE llAr rr lcl Pvl(Illjt{

'IETEHE EAOIIEPAHAI,I

'lritDI{E(l,o D)

KEIU 3A &AHHH

(ru?. 2.36. Cynepcratapen npnope4 c pnepea4uoHHu cmaH4uu

75

pcr'r{c'r?r{. tr4:lr.j*larrc'o rra'fexH}IKr,I 3a Onr}rMr.r3lrpaHe Ha l{3rroJr3Ba}rero rrapcl ficrpHTc or KoMllxraropure oxle loBeqe Bro[]aDa noroxeHuero, T6i Karo'tc qerrrT MaI(cHMaJIITO Iz3noJI3BaHe Ha pertrcTpr.ITe.3a pe'rananero na npo6:revlrre c a'Tr.r3aBr{cr,rMocrrre r,I 3aBrcr4Mocrr.r_

Te or rurla _zanuc-zanuc. ce rI3no:r3Ba noAxoA c gy6ltupaue Ha pecypcr.rre,HaperreH npeuMeH))qAHe HA pezucmpume. perl,rcrpure

"r*purruu, croiiHoc_tu, ueo6xo4nvu :a u3[GrHeHrzMs,rHoornpoqecopu.np,".'lo,ff.Xf XnXXT;1";'"ffi1ffi :;#T;c't'A6pxa B pe[IcT6p, npoqecopbr pa3npeAers HoE pefl.rcT.r,p 3a To3r.r O[e_puto H"y j? p-a3rreaaMe rlplrMepHara noc:reAoBareJrrrocr or rrHcrpyKrrr{r{:ADD Rl, R2, R4;Rl : R2 + R4

ADD R2, Rl, l; R2 : Rl + IADD Rl, R4, R5;Rl : R4 + R5Ta:n uncrpyrqr,toHHa rlocnenoBareJrHocr c6.q.bpxa H.rKorKo 3aBI.Icr4Mo_cru. Buex.qave uour perracrpz Rl * lr R2* u npeo6paryuurra" no"rraoo"ur"r_

HOCTTa IrO CJreAHI.rr HaqrzH, KaTO eJuMuHrIpaMe aHTr.r3aBI.rCqMo cTTa I_r3aBr.tcr{MocTTa,,:anuc_:anuc,.:ADD RI , R2, R4;ADD R2+ , RI, I;

RI:R2+R4R2+:Rl+l

ADD Rl*, R4, R5; Rl+ : R4 + R5Ovealrgno e HeBb3Mo)r(Ho Aa ce rr3noJl3Bar Bce HoBv I.I HoBu perucrpr.Inpfi u3[:LnueHqeTo Ha nporpaMara. Or nparruvecra ru]eAHa ToqKa He eBT,3MoxHo Aa ce r{MrrJreMeHTlrpa Muoro roJIrM pefxcrpon tfai:r, rlfi xaroroBa yBeJuqaBa cJroxHocrra Ha xap.4yepa, y"rro*o"ua o6pa6orxara nanpeKT,cBaHrrtra I{ :t.s. peureuu

Haper'crp're.Rlvoxe"r.fi"":3?;..':;:;ilfi LT::ilTtl?"ii:14 T.H., KOfaTO ce t3noJr3Ba MHO|OKpaTHO B nporpaMaTa.

ADD Rla, R2a, R4aADD R2b, Rla, IADD RIb, R4, R5flpelrveuynanero Ha perlrcrpr,rre Moxe Aa envMrtHupa axTr43aBrrcr{Mo-

crl.rre x 3aBucrrMocrt4 ,sanr4c.3ant4c.,. To ce pea:lr:upu unuiurrru, ouro "rr4u-BaIreTo r.r yHr.rqoxaBaHeTo Ha rrHcTaHqur.r Ha perficTpr{

"" npn", n"np"*"""urol] xoAa Ha r3rrr,JlHeuuero Ha fiporpaMara. flpenwenynanero Ha perrrcrpr.ITe

Moxe Aa ce octrrlecrBr.r upet 6yeep u npeaapetcdane (Reorder buffer). TofirrpeAcraBJrrBa ona[JKa c ArrcuurrJrr4rra ua o6cnyNnaue ,,npbB Bns3bn _ npbBtt3.[rr3a'll" KaTo ro3tq]II,ITe ca cE

::.*'ll":l{liure.HaQar;:T3fi ffi#:;H."'##JJfi ff ::il";oyqtep 3a flpcHape)r(aaHe ]r pe3epBarlrroHHr.r craHqr{r. flpu gero4r.rpauero ra

76

(EIII &\I,II IOTPYKTPM

KIIUI3.\.4AllHn

4,u2. 2.37. Cynepcxattapeu npoqecop c 6y$ep sa npenapetrcdaue upc3epBa4UOHHU CmA Lluu

77

lr r( r lryht l'rt, ( )(:.t,'lou I ','ti'tlit :Jil'Hc l} pefucTBp, 3a Hes ce pa3lpeaeJr.s no3r,I-rlll l tif )ll lit ouilrrrt<il.t,it, Uncrpyx4un, Kor.rro He ocbtqecrD.sBar 3arrr{c B pe_r rr'r l)r, rrrrMal.l rro3r.rqnH r 6yQepa 3a rrpeHapex(AaHe, rlfi raro re ueIrl)c,,(r'JrHKxa'r'aH.r.tr3aBracl.rMocrr.Irr3aBI.rcr.IMocrr.r,,larluc_sa'fluc,,.pe:ynrara_'lc or'rrillr,JrreHrrero Ha nHcrpyKrlrrure ce 3arrucBar n 6yQepa:a npeuapexAa_rrc. l(or.ar.o no3r.rqllsra Aocrl.rrHe HaqaJroro Ha ol]all]Kara u croiHocrra Hap03yJrlara e 3anr.rcaHa, T.s ce npexBbpn, B perlrcrponrax $afin. Axo crofinocr_f il lla po3yrTaTa He e 3arrlrcaHa ao MoMeHTa Ha nocTrraHeTo Ha [o3uq[.sra BlrzlqaJroTo Ha onaurKaTa, rlpnaBr,rxBaHeTO Ha no3llqr.iHTe B paMKr4Te Ua olaul-I(ara ce npeycraHoB-fiBa ao 3anrzcBaHero r{a pe3yrrara. Ta6:ruqara, cta:bpxa_u1a rgelrnSzraropr.rre Ha perficrprrre, ce noA.qbpxa B acoquarrrBHa Kerlrnalret. Brgvoxuo e Aa c6qecrByBar MHoxecrBo no3lrqlrn, cBorBercrBarrlllHd cAnH v sLUr pefrrcr:r'p, Hanpnlrep, Rla, Rlb, Rl c u r.u. vnun;ureu lraprep(tag) ce rexeplrpa 3a Bc.rrKa rro3r.rq!r.n rlpr noJ]oxeHne, ve crofinocrra ua peru_cT'[,pa Bce oqe He e I,I3qHcreHa. Tega rarose uleurlrQuqupar Her_r3qrzcJreHrrTecrofisocrz. Cleg 4ero4zpanero Ha nncrpyKrlrrra

"u ,"o6*o4HMH onepaH_

alrTe oT pefracTplrre. 3a .[a ce npoqeTaT OlepaHAr.rTe, ce r.r3BapuJBa Ta,pceHe B6y$epa sa npe'apexAaHe. Axo se ce rroJryqr{ c'bBnaAen"" ru ,"p"ao* pa-rlrcrGp, ce Ir3BLprxBa Aocrbn ao penzcrpoBr.r.s $aii-rr. flplr loryqaBaHe Hacr,BnaAeHr.re 3a r6pceHu, perncrlp n 6ySepa 3a rrpeHapexAaHe ce rrpoquractofinocrra, aKo e 3apeAeHa B pe3epBarlnoHxara craHrru.s, B nporr.rBeH cJry-qafi rarur ce npoqrrra or 6yQepa :a [peHapex(AaHe lr ce 3ape)KAa B pe3epBa_qrronHara €raIIrlrr.r. Koraro pe:yrrarbr ce 3arrucla B 6y$epa ia npenapex4ane,:avecrsaix[ raroBerere, eaHoBpeMeHHo c roBa c;rrrure raroBe ce 3aMecrBarcrc crofiuocrra B pe3epBalruoHnrrre craHllux. 3a ga ce ocurypu roBa, Taro_Bere Ha pe3y;rrara ce npeAaBar npes dtynxquona:rrrnr" y"rpofi"ruu z 3aeAHoc pe3ynTaTa ce Ipe,4aBaT eAHOBpeMeHlro KbM pe3epBarl[oHHrlTe CTaHqI4r{ rr6y0epa :a npeuapexgane. Ana,roruqua e opraHu3arru.flTa u 11pu rleHTpann3u_paH IrHcrpyKrtruonen 6ySep. Tarorere B q€rrrpaJnr3r.rpaHr.re rrHcrpy(quoHeu

6ytlep ce 3aMecrBar c pe3ynrarnre.O6pa6omrca Ha npeKbcraHunma s q)nepcKa,,rapnu npo4ecopu. llpu

BT,3nr.rKBarre Ha flpexlcBaue (ue:au.rcuwo AaJrr.I craBa u"rrp,r" au B:bHrlHo .

rrpeK'6cBaHe r,rJrr.t u:r:rroveHne) npoqecopr,T cnupa lr3arrnorn"aro na rexy Ia_'I'a [pofpaMa v UI3BHKBA C6OTBeTnaT2 nnnnh^nh4r,4 ^<-^.,rper*,cBarre. 3a sa nr:o.nonu :ffiffi#j;:Xri,X,Ti;"",?lil;Xil J::1o6xo4lrrvro Aa ce Bb3craHoBLI (cy ep cKar apH're npoqecopx ; "#ffi:ffi li".lillil;Iil:Trfi J:lcJttra uxcrpynrlu{ rqe 6taar B npoqec Ha rr3nt.JrHegue. Bpevero 3a orroBopra lrpoqecopa

''pu npe(bcBaHe qe cTaHe ,r"gony"rrnno .o.n,auo, aro rp'6-

ll ,/ta ce r.r3qaKa r.r3n:r,JrHenr.rero Ha BcrrqKr4 r.rHcrpyKqr{}r a rouneiepllre. Ba_, rrr upo6JreM e npeqr.r3rrocrra Ha rrpeK6cBaHero B npoqecopa. flpu npequs-lo r'o rrpeK'bcBaHe e neo6xoguuo Aa ce c:bxpaHr Aocrar:bqHa ranr!opuaqul,m,tla Mo)Ke npoqecopl,T 4a nr:o6Hoan n3ntJlHeHnero or roql{ara HaIl)cKbcBaHe, IIpu npoMcHa Ha peAa Ha r.r3nlnHeHne r.r 3aB:bp[rBaHe Ha rrucr-lrvrcrtHrrTe npeqr.r3HuTe npeK6cBaHtr.{ I{3I-ICKBaT n3XrrOqr]TetHO rOJreMr.r aon.b-llrrreJrrrlr pa3xoAn. B uafi-6larolpra rlrnus. cr'yuait rpx6oa ga ce H3qaKarlrr,p[IBaHero Ha rroHe HrKoH or r,tHcrpyKrln14Te B KoHneiieprre, noero tograilo 3rraqureJrHo ga6ascHe Ha orroBopa Ha npoqecopa. flpn nenpequ:sororpcKlcBaHe He e neo6xoauuo ga ce c6xpaH.{Ba rtr.srara zn$opuaqrax oa cra-r y(:a na npoqecopa. B urron cJryqar.r Moxe Aa ce flo.qA:bpxar npeqv3Hr_r ]rIcrrpeq 3Hrr npeK6cBaHr.rr.

2,9. APXI4TEKTYPA HA TIPOIIECOPI4C XPII]EPHI,IUKOBA TEXHOJIOfII'

Cr,npeveuulrre rrpHnoxeHrrr 3a c6pBlplr c.bar,pxar MHoxesrBo,,Hr,r[]-firr" HJru rrpoqeclr, Kor.rro Morar aa 6b.qar r-r3nbJrHeHrr napaJrcnHo, T.e. Te( rr(r,pxar napa-rreJrr.r3'r,M Ha Hr-rBo Ht4rrrKu (TPL - Thread Level parallelism).( Xrpa6orKara ua (on-line) TpaH3aKrlrrure lr Web yclyrlrre u:o6urcrsar orll)olpaMHu Hr.r[ (u, (oHTo Morar Aa 6.rgar r.r:nuulnaHr,r eAHoBpeMeHrro, 3arlir cc rroBr4rrnr 6'spsogeiicrnuero. {oplr ctnpeveHHr.rre AecK-rorr npuro)Ke-rrrr 3a HacroJrnr.r KoMnrorpr,r (desktop) ce xapaKTeprr3r{par c noBurleHa cre-rr(lrr rra rrapaJreJr{sl,v. Cinpeuennure BncoKonpo}r3BoArrreJ]Hr (high-end)( r,l)r|'rrpu, KaKTo r re3u c6c cpeArla MotqHocr (mid-range), rrMar MyJrrltflpo_r1:copHa apxl,rrerrypa. flpu rqx ce r.r3n.LrHsBar napa-rreJrHo MnoxecrBo Hr.r r-r\u rl MrroxecTBo npoqecopn. Te:u nlrrm<u MoraT Aa 6r4ar or eAHa II c.r,lllarl)rJloxHa rrpotpaMa, oT pa3Jrr.rqHr,I npriJroxHn npofpaMr{, r.r3n6nHsBaHr.r ea_r0rrlleMeHHo, oT cepBr,r3Hr.rTe rrpofpaMl-r Ha onepaqrioHllaTa cucTeMa uJ .t oTrl)olpaMrrre Ha oflepaqr.roHrrara cucreMa, oc:buecrBqBa It,t $onona .nog_rrp r,rcra, B nocle,qHr.rre roAnur{ ce u3no.lr3Bar peAxrla rexHr.tKr,r 3a orroJr3orBo-l,nrarre Ha napaJreJrr.r3MlrTe Ha Hr.rBo I,lHcTpyI{qI{I{ KaTo Hafipr.rMepNry r lHrpoqecopHa o6pa6orna n e4nu vlrn (CMp - chip multiprocessing). IIpur( x cc oc6u,IecrB;rna napale:ua o6pa6orra or gnynpoqecopHa cucreMa, Brpa_,l( rir D paMKHTe ua e,4nn vun. lnara npoqecopa pa3noJrarar c rrtJlHo MHoxe-r ro apxr.rTeKTyplrH pccypcH r4 MofaT Aa crroAeJlsT BfpaIeH Keu] B qr,rna.( )(:ulyllcnu ca r|'b3Mo)rcroc'r'H 3a H3rpaxAalrc rra MyJrrnnpoqecopuu xon{rury-l)rrt !r rril 6a:a la lra;1lyu1'rr)t lccopufi1.c .rHrrorrc. Ecrcc rncuo pa3Mep.Ll. xa ABy-

19

ltl)ot(ccopl|nt tr!ttr c 3 it([tl,cJ ro tIo_foJIrM oT TO3IZ Ha KOHBeHqaoHaJ]HU' ea_rr()rrllotlccopcrr rrllrr, I(oc,l.o 3Ilaqr,rTeJrHO OCK.rlr.{Ba npov3BOACrBoTo.l]pyr rrzo/lcpcrr or(xol e ilHOzTHuu.rKosanta o6pa60mrca, upurorro npo_qccop r,T o6pa6orna cArroBpeMeHrro MHoxecTBo o*n" rp", trpeBKJrIoqBaHeIra H3rrlrHerrlrero uv. Ipu MHozoHuuKolama o6pa6omia c epe,ttedeaeneIlpoqecop:br rrpeBKrroqBa Mex{Ay cosryepuzre uznrxn na snrcrpaau lrurep-BaJllr or BpeMe. flpu ner Morar Aa B.63Ht4(Har npuan,

"norou" 3a r.r3rrbrHe-Hr{e, Ho ce MHHtrMrr3I.Ipar orprrlrareJtlrrare e$erru or roJlrMoro BpeMe 3aAOCTLII AO IIaMeTTa. MnoZOut

cz,umue""rrrrorr.uurrp,r";::#"yrY:r:?.:?:::,tr;^'i::X;::nk:rz3rrr,JtHrBar noAo6ua gaaaqlr u sg:Hr.r(sar rorql4 6pofi lrancu n r<elr a. Ct 6u_THrTa, rrpeAr{3BIrKBauIH npeBrsrroqBaHeTO Ha HHrrrKr.rTe, HMaT folrMa raTeHT_nocr r.r naii-qecto ToBa ca JrlrrrcuTe I r<eura. He4ocrarr,r e ueeQerrrnuotou3roJr3BaHe Ha pecypcuTe Ha npoqecopa.

flpu egnorpeveuuara MHoroHlirxrona o6pa6orxa MHoxecrlo HrzrrrKr.rce -r'r3rrrrJrHrBar

or eal.rH npoqecop 6es npear.nrounane. flplr He,I ce nocrnfauafi erfcxruorro u3noJl3laHe nu o".ur,.,,"" ", . ^^;:;:-:',:':.^'-x3BoAnreJrHocr. pecypclire Ha npoqecopa u uafi-ancora npo-

flpr,r apxur.errypure c xlrrrepH-r.trxKoBa rexHoJrorrr.g e,qraH Su:uvecru npo-IIecop n3rl:brHqBa Qynrquvre Ha ABa roru.recKrr npoqecopa, rJceKr.I or KorITouva co6crgeno apxr.rreroypHo c.r,crorHre r{ c[oAeJu pecypczre ua rlu:llvec_Kufl rrpoqecop. ClegonarelurrpaMr.r14nporpaM""""""";"ll:X:.ffi'; j''":ff "JHl;:T';Xn:,;':"';oT IBaTa JrOrLqecKrz IIpoqecopa I(a(To B peaJrHa IByrrpoqecopHa cr4cTeMa., 3aAa ce oc'rypu roBa, uHcrpyKr_rlrr4 Te ria ABara ro."naan" niuqaaopu

"a r.ra_nbrHqDar e,qHoBpeMer.rHo B o6rqrzre pecypcl, ua 6":"vecoHx npoqecop.fltptala rzvn:reveHTarrlfi Ha xulepunrr]KoBara rex]IoJrorn-n e B Mrrrpo-npoqecopnara $auuluq Xeon'" na Intel@ :a grylpoqecoprtrz u ruynrHnpoqe_copHn cr,pB:hpr.i, upr{ Kor.rro eguu r}uslruecru npoqr"op oocryr(Ba ABaJrofurrecru npoqecopa. vseruqagauero ,ru pnan,rrpu ,ru *p""rurru B cryqa, errc oaeqe or 5% [11]. Apxr,rexrypuam craryc Ha u""n" rror"o""n, npor1"-cop RKJrrOqBa c6,q:bpxaH[eTo Ha [porpaMHo AOCTT,IHT{Te perxcTpu, yrrpaB_JrrrRa[trrre perr{cTpr{ u perrrcTprrre Ha npotpaMr.rpya*r, nurrrporrrp aurrpcKl,cBarre. Bcexlr lorlrqecru flpoqecop pa3rroJ]ara irc cnoi co6crnen ron_'rpojrep 3a npeK6CBaHe, KaTO npex6cBaHr.IrTa Ha aa,qeH JloruqecKu npoqecopcc obpa6orear eKcKryrrrBHo or co6crserrur -";;;;; ;;';;err,csaue. Jro_r'lIticcKrrTe npoqecop]I noJr3BaT

cop K. r o xrrbn'!,rerH,, ycrr";",Tr: ::iT;ffi::HXflXilffiliffi1;.l lo'cqc ro or- o6ulrrr e pecypcfi ce no,r3Bar aJrrepHar'B'o or. ,qBara rofl{qec.u

80

nlx)r(ccopa rrpu nucox roedluqrlenr I{a cflpaBeaJ]IrBocr. .{ppa qacr or pecyp-

|ll r'c ca pa3.qe.]reHl fla ABe noJIoBI'IHI1, KaTO BCtKa no.lIoBI'IHa ce rIoJI3Ba eKcKJry-

lruro or earrH or JlorrlqecKlrre npoqecopu. 3a onrsvalno IBnoJI3BaHe Ha

lr(:oyllcHTe, Koraro eArlHllsr roDiqecru npoqecop e 6JIoKIrpaH rlopaAll JrI'lncI'I B

l((lrl , nOTpeIIIHO npeAc(a3all npexo.q I{JII4 3aBI-ICHMOCTII Me)KAy I{IrCTpyKqIII{Te'

|lcll(rKr.{ pec}'pcu ce r,Bnor3Bar u3ll.sro caMo or Apyrllt torl4qecKl'r npoqecop.

KoNnefieprr Ha npoqecop c xllnepHHlIrKoBa rexHoJlorufl e ]I3rpaaeH orrl)u ocrroBHr.r cer<quu: $pour-eHA ceKIIuq (nogrolonra Ha I'IFIcrpyKIrHI'ITe 3a

rr rrrr,nneuue), I{3rI'I'JItTHTeJII{a ceKllt{fi }I $unalu:uparqa ceKIIuq 3a orreul.sHe

rr lurcrpyKur'Il{re ($ur. 2.38).

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@uz. 2.38. Konee ep Ha npo4ecop c xunepHuuKoaa mexHolrozutl

Oponr-eu4 ceKIIHsra e aHraxupaHa c npeanapI4TeJIIroro z3BJIIiqaHe

rra !rrrc'r'pyKrllrrrTg, AeKOAnpaHeTo I{M lI rloafoToDKaTa lIM 3a lrpeAaBa}Ie 3a

!t Jrlr,Jurerrue (drrar. 2.39) . Ta cr,4rpxa KerIJa 3a npocJleaxoane, roiiro e reur'tir r,rrrcrpyKllHH Or I'pllo nnno Ll. flpn:ruuca B Keula 3a IlpocneAgBaHe

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:il:J,.Jl;.*:or Mr{KpoolepaqvH, HMWeMeHTnpax\r4 Ta3Lr """rpy*r,rr. Bcexz norraqec_r(H npoqecop pa3rroJrara c aBa I,IEcrpyrquonnr 6y$epa, saxpaoaaqra qasararra Ae.oArpaHe Ha ronaeriepa. crpyoryp"re sa np;o;;;.;;""

"u "pexoarreca sydwrpanu. rro6a:rnara_ra6"-;o" ; r"r;;;;;iJi"i^oo"r" "

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KoJrKo r.rHcrpy1quu. ecKI{ lpouecopa Bru]IoqBa o6pa6orrara na nr-

C.neA rassruqaue:ro Ha vorRoM-a",,_0.;;;;;;;T:il:l?J;n#HHJ:""r"J,1ffi ffi;ABCTC NOJIOEI4HI{ HA KO.TO CEqecopa,

a3rlojr3Bar cborBerHo oT lBara roruqecK4 11po-

I43nlrrnureruara ceKur.rq Ha rrosneiepa (Qur. 2.40) u:nonrna crpareru_rTa c npoMJIHa Ha peAa Ha r,I3rr6nHeH[eTo Ha rIHCTpy(quI.ITe, 3aJIO)KeH B npo_rpaMara r.r BKrroqaa ycrpoficrnoro ,u p*npraarar", ,ru p""l.p""ra, ,ro"rouru3a npenMe'yBaHe Ha perficrpHTe, ycrpo creoro "u "ri^roiqrr'Te rr v 3rr:6JrHr'r"rr""ra y"rpoi"ruul

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[oJroBr4Hara orpecypca.

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tZ nosiirn 6yQepa:a:rannc. Koraro e4I-IHU-ST rorHqecKl.r npoqecop l,3nor3Ba MaKCnMaJrHo BCr{qr[rreroBn pecypcl, ,r ce HyxAae or rroBeue rarzra (uanp"rap no"""" noa"u", *6ytlrepa :a sanr.rc), pa:npegeJrlrreJrnoro ycrpoficrro uparrroo 6lorupa pa_!13ra ua ro3l4 Jr_omqec*r.r lpouecop r{ 3arroqBa 4a o6cryxna ,qpy'l' nora_ticcKH lrpoqecop. Karo ce orpanuvaBa MaKcrrMaJrHo Aony""*oro

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apxr{TeKTypHo cGcrorHue. e neo6xo4r'ruo ga noAAbpxa Ir cJIe,4I4 cBoero

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.,U** $zsuuecra perucrpor gafir aCneA ugnlllgertl,rero uv Inpe'apex.a'e,Kor"o"p*s.;#iffiffi ffi;,i:'flxxnT#:J"0,.ff ;l.t{paTa Jror}lqecrr.r npoqecopa. BySeprr sa ,O"r"Oa*^"ra O"r^er.s r.r3[.r,nHu_TcJHaTa ceKqn,.s Ea rouneiepa or u".ouuru 6rrur"u ""*r."lu orr""rrrr" ,uLrrrcTpyKrluHTe.

Jlorurcara 3a oTTeurrue Br.o cLcTO.SHHe lra JrorHqec(u,

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84

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tto Ha IlHcrpy(qu,' 3a 3an]Ic aaHHI'ITe ce 3a-

flogcucrevara naMer BKJrrorrBa 6r,psua relr 3a AaHHLt or n:bpBo HuBoLl, ynr$uqupanuq Kerrr or BTopo HrlBo L2 u ynu$u4upao", na_ or rperorrnno L3, rra,rr{qeH caMo npu [poqecopa Intel@ Xeon'i Mp rs srsrroqsa z6yrlrepa:a npeo6pa:ynane Ha JroruqecKure aApecu B.r,B $H:r.rvecxr. .I.osn

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',c D (erra rr aBara rofrqecll[fi:H;:-il1;i::Tffix":#Jfffi:;lo3lrqu B Ke[JoBere Ha Tpnre urana. Taxa HanprzMep e1r4lltnr JrofriqecKr,rIlpoqecop MO)Ke Aa r{3BJreqerroruqecKr.r npoqecop, .."." #::iJ:TtL:Jffi'J;rT,ffi;fi;i#ili:rrpHIoXeHIl.g.

3a.gnrr.r:a aocrbrl ,4o raMerra Ha Jror[qecKrrre rlpoqeoop]r, Kor4To HeMorar Aa 6r4ar o6c,ryNeur.r or fiepapxurra ou narl,ouaia,la oocryNnar orruurrrrara noruKa qpe3 06prrqerlre KrM fJraBr.Iara naMer Ha r(oMrrrortpa. 3a_rrJr(ure rra JroruqecKure rrpoqecopfi ce o6c:ryNnar na nprlHr{r.rxa ,,np6B Br.ssr'il- npr,n o6cryxen,{, Karo orarrKara u 6ySepure "a

nonaou]-oO*o.flpu vy,rrunpoqecopuu r<ou$urynuur" "

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Xunepnralrronara rexHoJrorur ce noaA6px(a or rrpoqecopHara rpauu-rlrrr Xeon'" r.r npoqecopa Pentium'" IV ua rlupvara Intel@. flo 4antra na Qup-urlra Intel@ [ 1] npoqecopnara $aulrlul Xeon'" ocuryprna u3KJrroqr.rreJtHolrcoKa npolr3BoAtrreJrHocr rrpH gbpBtpHure nlar$opur.r, Kosro B 3rraqr.rreJr-Iil cTer]eH ce onpeaeJrs oT H3noJl3BarraTa xr.rnepHr,rrrrKoBa Texr{oJrofr4s.

Cnery.nantuenutne np edeap unte,ltut u:txtucre ufl npeacraBJrJrBar rex-IlI(l 3a HaMa"JItBaHe Ha JTaTeHTHOCTTa rrpu e,{HOHrrtxKOBu npuJ]oxeH,ls qpe3rurrcrr3uBHo npeABaplrreJrrro H3BJruqaHe Ha AaHHu, flplr ra:u rexnfi(a ce r.r3-

lroJr38a noTeHrlr{aJrT,T Ha MHofoHu[rKoBnTe xapayepHrr pecypctr Ha npoqeco-l)ir1 3a Aa peaJrH3upa HeqRI{vt\ Hr,rrrrKoB rrapaJrenr{36M, KaTo ce cKprrBaul'r'crrrHocrra nprr Aocrtrr Ao naMerra (npn lraucu n reura) or KpaTnqHrlsrr,'l R r.r3n6rHqBanara rrporpaMa. Ilpeo6laganarqara qacr or AecK-Torr rrpu-roxeHuqTa 3a KoIIBeHII oHanHUTe IIepCOHaJrHr4 KOMIIIOTpTa Ca eAHOHHIXKODT-i

ll llPr.r Tsx TpyAHo Moxe.qa ce onTr{MHpa r.r3rroJl3BaHeTo Ha MHOf OHurrJ(OBrrTer llapaTHr,l pecypclr.

flpu cr,apeveunr.rre npoqecopu rrponycKare:rHara crroco6nocr na rparrar rl)oqecop-naMer ce ora3Ba Kpr.rrrrqeH, ofpaHriqaBaul $axrop ra nocrnraHeIl DHCOKa npOrr3BOAr.rTeIHOCT BT,rrpeKlI HenpeK6CHaTOTO yC.r,B.r,plxellcTBaHerir (euroBere A TexrlrKrrre 3a [peaBapurenHo n3BJruqaHe. To:u npo6:rev ce

l,crrraBa, Karo B MHoro3aAaq€H pexrrM npu 6:rorlrpane Ha r{rlcrpyKrlrroHHr{tro for( Ha eAHa rrporpaMa pecypcr.rTe Ira npoqecopa u3nbJHqBaT r.tHcTpyKqu u-r c lra rpyra nporpaMa, B npoqecop c eAHoBpeMeHHa MHoroHr.rrrrKoBa rexHo-r(,r'h.rr uHcrp)rKrlnnre Ha Jrofr4qecIture npoqecopu (uapnqaulr cttrlo xapAyepHr,trrrrrlr<u) ce lr:nparqar rr,u rfynrquonalrrlrre ycrpoficrBa Ha cylepcrzulapHu.flnl)oqecop B paMKrITe Ha eAr.trr Maurr,rHeH quK:6Jr, flpu egnonpeveuuara Mrro-r orlltrrrKoBa TexHoJlorur ce I]ocTItfa Br.rcoKa npor43BoAriTeJrllocT, T.K. cTerIeH-r ;r rra [HcTpyKrtrrrol{Hl.rs apaJreJ]u36M ce noBr.rllaBa oT napa"IreJIH3MuTe Mex.qyrc rilllucrrMrrre Hr{rxKr.I B eauH quKbJI. Ocnonuu.nr npo6JreM e Aa craHe B63Mox-ll() rr3nOJI3BaHeTO Ha nOTerrquaJla Ha eAHoBpeMeHHaTa MHoTOHI,llllKOBa TeX_

r r( )Jlorfi 'l

IIprr eAHoHnrnKoBr{Te nptIJ]oxeHr.r{.Cnerylarlrnnure npeABapr.rrenHlr H3qHcJrer{ttq flpeAcraBrrBar rexHuI<a

ril rrpcaBapHTeJrHo r43BJr rraHe Ha AaHr.rn oT Kerrra qpe3 u3rroJr3Barre Ha Hr.rrrrKH.( )clorlllara I4l\cfi e Aa ce IIaloBap.gr npecrorrBaulHTe MHofourrIlrKotlt{ xap.qy-

cl)llH pcoyllcH c t't'lrI'r,Jr t0tl'lc'r'o rIa cneKyJrarr,rBHH Hr.rrrrKr.r B rroJi3a,a ocHoBHa-ta (rrccr rory:raulrra) rrulrrxr. 'l.e:lt cnerylarznra lrnrrr(r{ a" o,rrruu, ou npa_,l(HSrl xaT Jtrrl|clt t| r(crla Mrrofo rpeAr.r Aa ce ocT,rqecTBr.r AOcT6I]a AO r]aMeTTao'r trccrrcKyJrit.r.HrltraTel lrnl[Ka c orreA,qa ce MacKr.rpa J]aTeHTr{OCTTa Ha TO3r4.r1oc'r'r,n. C,rre4ona.rerno Texlrr4Kara Ha cneKyJIarr.IBHtITe nperBapureJrHH I,r3_ttltcJrellv\ ocnfyprBa cneqtzaJrHr{ MeXaHII3MI.I 3a npeABaprrTenrlo r,t3BJrr.IqaHerra rarrHH npr.r HHcrpyKrluu 3a qereHe (load), npe4ra:aurBarrlrr Henpe,qcKa3ye-MU ITEPCTYJ'PHH O6PIUIAHUI ('M IIAMCTTA I.IJIII TAKHBAI I]PI,' KOI{TO C6UIE-cTByBaT 3aBI.lCrIMocTr.r rro aaHrrr{.

flpz nonevero nporpaMu caMo MrL,rsr 6pofi uncrpyrqfiu 3a qereHe npe_lln3Br.rKBar roJreMux 6poit luncu n r<eura. Te ce Hap14 qar ,,napymzre:ru... flpncrcKyJrarr,IBHrzre npe.qBapr..rreJrHu r{3qr.rcreHr4.s ce l<oHcrpyupir craficu (gflio_le) :a npegraprreJrHn lr3r{r.rcJreHr.r, , T,Hap. p_cra cu. Kor_rro BKJrroqBar 3aBr,r-cIlMHTe r]HcTpyKr\r4tr, u3LrvcnsBa \u anpecvTe Ha ,4OCT:bl] ao naMeTTa HaHIIcrpyKrlr.rrrre -,,napyurlrreru... Te rrMar Mar6r( pa3Mep. O6urnoneuo o egnucrafic ce ctAr,pxar or 5 ao 15 ltucrpyKrlnu. Koraro'onpe4eleno ct6lrrueAKTIIBI,IPA TAK:bB P_CrrAfiC, CE PA3MHOXABA CNCKYIATI{BHA HI.IIIIKA 3A HETOBOTOH3rrrr;rrreHve. Cnerynarzrno u3fl.brueHrzqr p_c:rafic ocrrlecrBrBa rrpe,qBaplr_TeJrHoro H3BJrr{qane 3a r.IHcrpyxqr.i}rre_Hapyrflr{Terr{, Korlro q" 6rgar rasarrrrrre-IITI O-XT.CHO OT OCHOBHATA HI-III]KA.

Pa:MHoxasauero Ha cnexapAyepHaHr.rrrrK",.""'"..";t#ff;;;#ilHffi :"J,":;T*HX-#ryp.sBa 3a KoHTeKCTa Ha Hr{trJKca.ronanpe4ornou,"uu",.^,oH#T:l:ffi i"J#;HX[T:;ff#i;cl,llbpxaHv eTo Ha AaAeH pefrrcTbp ce npoMeH, or eArra Hr.rn(a, npe,4r, Hr4rrr_I(a-Aere .4a ro e npoqera. Cnerylarurxata Hr.r[Ka rr3noJr3Ba xapAyepuararrr{rrrxa, ,{oKaro r.r3rrbJrur_r BcuqKlr urrcrpyKrluu x p_cnafica. Crreryaaruanurer[rrrrKu He MOfaT Aa aKTyann3upaT apxr.{TeKrypHoTo cbcTorHr4e Ha JrorEqec_Kr{s npoqecop.

Cnery:ratnnuure npeABapr4TenHn pl.rvcrelrrq Moxe aa ce noAAapxarH3qqro xapAyepHo, r.r3rlsro coQryepHo uJr\ Aa ce r.r3rroJEBaT rovounupannrflopvn. lllxavuqHnre crreKynarrrBHv u3a 4creHu, Lt3rron3Bar xapAyepHrz Me-xalrrH3Mr.t 3a ceneKr\llr Ha I{HCTpyKqtIr4Te- Hapyml.rTenrr }r reHepr.ipaHe Ha p_cjraiicr, 3a [peABaprlTenHo I,r3BJIrqaHe Ha AaHHI,rre. Cnery.narlranltre uunrrr.tcc Koncrpyr.rpaT, pa3rrpocTr_rpaT r.t [peMi]xBaT xapAyepHo.

Crerylarununre npeABaprrrenHu rr3qr4crelus. rptlsa aaocqryprr Ha_rp0McHrro fi KopeKTHO npeABapr.ITetHo r,r3Bjrr.rqaue ua gannnre. Tug, ,""rrruuMO)|(C aa ce npHJrara or Dcel(u fipouecop, x3noJI3BaxI eaHoBpeMeHHaTa xu_rIcpnHruKoRa rexHoJrorlrr He3aRr.rcr.rMo or cneqr.r$urara

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l)yKrlrr14 r,r opraHu3arlrrqra Ha KoHDefiepr.rre. Btnper<u qe e npeAHil:lHaqeHa 3ar,JtroHr'rrxKoBa o6pa6orra, TexHr,rKara cr,c crreKyJrarrrBnr{Te npeABapr-rreJrHulnrrrlcreuur rMa rroJroxuTeJreu etlerr Bbpxy [por.r3BoAr.rreJrHocrra n npuMrroroHr.rrrKoBara o6pa6orKa, aopr.r aKo ce npHJrara [p]r r.r3n6JrHerlrero caMoltit eaHa lruruKa.

2.T0. TEHAEHUII'I B PA3BI4TI4ETO HA CLBPEMEHHHTEIPOIIECOPU (OEOBIIIEHI4E)

TesAesrrurare 3a yBeJIIrqaoaHe Ha 6'r,p3oaefi crBr.rero IIa cr,BpeMeHHrrreIPOqeCOpH BKJTTOqBaT [OBr,IUIaBaHe Ha TaKTOBaTa qeCTOTa, I{3nOJr3BaHe Ha

IirpaJreJrr,r3Mr.r Ha Hr.rBo rrHcTpyKrlnu u rIHTeH3lrBHo r.r3rror3BaHe rra KellroBe.'l cxnurlrre 3a noDlr raBaHe Ha raxToBara rrecrora BK;rroqBar cyneprouae e-

l)n3arlri.{ Ha rr3qncJrr,rreJrHr{.s npoqec, nprl Koqro KoHBeiepure rrMar roJrrMtipofi t!a:u c ManKo BpeMerpaerre Ha o6pa6orKara B paMKr4Te ua e4lra <[a:a.llr.rcorute :rar.rowl qecrorlr Ha rrpoqecoplrre ocurypgBar BucoKa npor.r3Bo,{I4-

l olnrocr qpe3 yBerIaqaDaHe Ha 6por Ha flapaneluo o6pa6ornanr.rre uHcrpyK-r1ru. Ocnonnure rpo6reMr-r Ha cyIeprolne epu:npaHara MHKpoapxr{re(Typarril c:bBpeMeHHrrre rrpoqecopu ca cB6p3aHrr c 6:rorupaHero ua nonnefieplrrelropaAu fperllHo npeacKa3alru ycnoBHr4 npexoar, Jrullcfi B Keua, IIpeK'bcBaHr4.s

rr 1p. I{e.nra Ha rexHr.rr(nre }r rr3rror3BaHe Ha rrapa"rreJrrr3Mr4 Ha Hr,rBo r,rHcrpyK-rlulr e Aa ce yBeruqr{ 6pox na uncrpyrq}rr.rre, Lt3rrblrHeHr.r 3a eAEH MaurIHeHrqrrrcr,a. CynepcraaapHr.rre npoqecopr4 pa3rroJrarar c MHoxecrBo rrapaJreJrr{u

rr jrlbJrHrrreJrHrI ycrpoficrBa, ocuryprBaxlu eAHoBpeMerrHoro u3n'LJrHeHrre Ha

MrroxecrBo r,rrrcrpyKrlrru B paMKrrre rla eAI,rIi MarnHHeH rIr,tK6Jr. OcrosHoror r l)cIHfBHKareJrcrBo e.qa ce ocurypr,r aocralbqHo roJulM 6poi uucrpyrur,rra,r(orrro Aa 6l,4ar u3nuu.anaHl{ e.qHoBpeMeHso. 3a ra:u qeJI ce Il3non3Bar r.rH-(:'r'pyKrlrrorrHrr rrpo3opqu, oclrryptBalqll napaJreJrHoTo ,r3n'I'JIHeHtre Ha rrrrcT-

l)yKrlunTe B peA, onpeaeneH oT 3aBr.rcr.rMocTrrTe Mex.qy TnK r.r pa3rnqeH oTrorn, dxrrcupan B nporpaMara. B ur.rrpoapxurerrypara Ha c'r,BpeMerrHlrrellPOqCCOpTT Ce DJIaraT CpeACTBa 3a u3rroJr3BaHe Ha rrapaJreJru3Mr4 Ha Hr,rDo Hr,rln-ru. 3a ra:u qen ce npunara xunepHrrrrrKoBara rexuororuq 3a eIHoBpeMeHHaMrroroHr.rrrKoBa o6pa6orna rr rexHuKara c:bc crreryJraruBHu npeABapHTeJrHr{

lrrHcjlcllus, IIoEI{IIIaBaIqa CTeneHTa Ha UTICTpyKIILIOHHLI_' flapanenr.I3T}M 3a(i/ (r roHr.rrrrKoBu nprrIoxeHl.r.s.

Kpnrlrven npo6rev pr,r ctBpeMeHHrrre fipoqecopu e, rre Aocrantr AoiJrllllrraTa naMeT rra (oMnroTtbpa g 3Haqr.{TeJrrro [o-6aBeH oT llnK'bJra Ha [po-rlccopa. 3a ,1a cc rraMzllrH r.rcraruBrroro RJu4s:nvre rra nponycKaronHara cno-

89

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n"pup*r, o, i"uroBe, opraHu-3rrpaua tro rarbB Haqr{H, qe ua Hafi_st,rcoKoro i, "ruo npoua"op"" B3arrMo_geficrna nenocpe4crBe'o c MarrKr_r E 6rpa" *"*ou"-" u-p"illll'oo"'-"o ,ro.o6-nvsno 4o qranr,.na Ea {Aporo Ha npoqecopa. Hagoly no uunara na iepapxu_tra KerrroBere ca c Ilporpecr.rBHo yBenuqaBar{ ce kanaqr,ITer rz ecrecrBeHo cyAbnxeHo BpeMe 3a .qocTT,n, raTo f rcKIlTe HIlBa cbxpaHrBaT uo_prAKo ra3_IIOJI3BAHIITE AAHH}I

'I I.IHCTPYKIII'I{. BTNPEXU ,O"U OP}I

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pyKIItu' I(aKTo r npeaBapl{TetHoro It3BJIIrqaHe

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tu [poqecopa ''opaAu AorI:r'JIHI]TeJrHIrre rIIIK-

tIpeaDHA, qe rloBeqero IleJroqulpexoAu' rn,ncr'r r rena r'r r'n' Tpx6na 4a ce uua

Hrrcrpy*qrroHeHouou,"n"",ilo"::J:fffi Hffi :t""ilffi H?H;IIpeAC(a3BaHeTO Ha xoAa Ha r,r3rrl,JrHeHl.re Ha npoIpaMaTa.flo 4annn ua Intel@ [6] sa nocJreA'oro aecerr.rJrerr.re npor3BoArrreJrHoc-'lra rra TexHr.rre

'Ipoqecop'n ce e yBenr.trrrrJa or 5 ao 6 nrrr

-6naroAapeHr.re Haycl,B't,pIUeHCTBaHr.L B TrxHaTa

MeprrHaaL*,wre*LrsKprr",-#;?:fl:A"""::t"#ff"T?X'ffi i#.;c lpu nr'rrr noBeqe or rroBr,t[raDaHero ua 6np:ogeficruE"ro. Ilopuo, ,r"or_

90

tcJlrruq fiporpec B TexHoJIorHIare ca ocurypeHl,I B63MoI(HOCTI' 3a I,IHTerpU-

p lre Ha noBeqe rpaH3r,rcropl o vrana (nag 55 ur.rlraona rpaH3ucropa [p]rftcntium IV'"), rara qe ,qeficrstrerHl,Ltr paMep Ha crzrfiit4:zesvs Kpllcran He

Lic c yBeJrrrqLUI 3HaqnreJrrio. Otgocttt:elnoro napacrBaHe na woqnocrra e l8trulr{, PagcefisaHara MourHocr lrpu c'bBpeMeuHllre nnarSopwu e Ha rpaHI'I-

tlru a Ha Aonycrr.IMara, rara ve rp.a6Ba aa ce uoJlo)Kar yc nlrs 3a peuaBaHero

rrn ro:ra npo6rew.

9l

APXI4TEKTYPAHA KOMfIIOTbPHI4TE CI4CTEMI4

3.1. IiEPAPXI4fl HA TIAMETTAB KOMIIIOTbPHI4TE CTICTEM}I

irepapxunta ua naMerra B roMrrrorr,pHara crrcreMa cGA.bpxa rpn EnBa,r(or.rro ce pa:]rtirraBar rro runa, 6rp:ogefiirnuero "

ououura"ru Ha rraMerra($m. 3.1). Ha Hai-sucoKoro EuBa Ha fiepapxurra ,u *o*ilror"prura rraMerca per[crpl'ITe rra [poqecopa, cJreABaHr.r or rerrr Ha ]rrrKoJrKo uara (nrpuoYT Lt, nropo urno L2 u rpero uuuo L3). Cr"a"a,rruur"ru rraMer Ha koM-nIoTEpa, KotTo npe.qcTaBJl

'.BA-A:aF'AvIt4:ciHa OJIyrrpoBoAHrrKOBa rIaMeT C I]pO_a3BoJreH Aocr:ru DRAM. I{:6poenure ,r"u

""nroo"u, BT}TperrrHara(nrprr'ruuara) naver Ha KoMrrror:bpxara cr.rcreva. cne4rar rrr.rBara Ha Br,HrrrHa_Ta (BTopt4.ruara) laMer Ha KoMmo]rpa, BrJrroqBarua rB.t pprsAr4cK a eAHoLIJII{ rloDeqe HIrBa c [peMecrBaeMu naMerr.I raro ruBKaB MarHI,rreH nvcr (rpno-nu gr'rcr), rounaxreu 4ucr CD u gp. I{urfopvaqurra u"u """_ruru ,rur4a,

"crpyrTypflparra Brr @afi,rone r,r :anucr4 3a pa3;ulKa o r ny.rfiire vuqvBngyaJr_Hure 6afirose B rrra'Hara .ruver. rpoqecop"; ;;;;;;re' Aocr'rr AoBbrpenliara naMer Ha KoMnror-Ipa, AoKaro Aocrr,rrba go ""r,_ru"u oul\,l""ce ocbrrlecrBrDa rrocpe4crnou BpI uogynr.r. Bluurnara rraMer ocurypf,Ba pas-luupexfie Ha rtaBHaTa rraMeT, I43BeCTHO KaTO BIIpTyaJIga rraMeT.

Bpeuero 3a aoc'r,[ KaKTo r4 Kanaqr{Terbr Ha Haii-Br.rcorzre nusa s ie-papxurra Ha rlaMerra, ca nafi-vankrr, I(aro no nocoKa Ha HrcKr,ITe Hr,IBa cror-HocrHTe Ha Te3r,t xapaKTepHcrr,IRr,I ce noBrautarar, a qeuara:a egan 6llr cnaga,onrlrva.nHr.rgr cayvafi e 4a ce r.r3rroJ*Dar cauo nafi-6r,p:ure rraMerr{ B KoM_nlorbpa, HO nOpaAI,r BI.TCOKaTa r{M IIeHA Ce :f]aJrata na ce [3rror3BaT HI.IBaTa ctto-6annr.rre naverlr, [pr{ Koero cr,oruorreHfi ero rleua/6ar crana npr,rev_nrano.Ocnounara r.r4er e Aa ce opraHr43r.rpa nn$opvaquounlrar rpancQep no raruutIaqHH, qe x3nGJIHtBaHaTa flpofpaMa r,I cSoTBeTI ,ITe AUrn, gu ""

,rogqrp*u"D Obp3l{Te naMeTIt Ha BUCOKHTG HHBa.

Ocnorna xaparrepucrr4r(a Ha KoMrrK)TbpHara rra.Mer e nefruusr xana_4 u me m, oTpa3sBautr MaKcr.rManHoro rojrrrqecrBo Ha cr,xpanruauara unQop_

92

Kanaqnrerr,r Ha Bbrperrrxr.rre naMerr4 ce n3MepBar s 6afirone r.rau

Aoraro KanaqnrertT sa Bburlruara naMer ce r,r3MepBa o6firgoneno sOcnosuara aApecupyeMa untpopwaquonna eAurr[qa B rraMerra e

HO MHOrO CnCTeMr,r AOrryCXaT r{ aApecr{paHe Ha v'J4tlBu4yarlJvTeB paMKr,rre Ha AyMara. Llntfopuaquoxnara eAr.rHr.rqa sa rpancrfep

ll ul,Tpe[rHara rraMer ce onpeAer.fl or 6poa rra Ayr\.rtrre, Koraro eAHoBpe-ce qerar r.rJrl{ 3arlucBar, Ao(aro 3a B:r,Hrrruara rraMer uuQopvaquox-

Ilnr o6Men r.r3rroJr3Ba MHoro lo-roJreun tutf opuaquoHrru e4r,rHr.rqn,IEpeqexu 6norose.

thuz. 3.1. fiepapxua Ha naMemma a KownnmbpHume cucmewu

93

l 'llttpltt llr t l{a td ,tlr I t,n riu\r(r lr c cc l);r jl1cJur Ha rraMerr.I c rrocne_llrtFtllttg , ,lltlrttFlt, IIIIrM IIII),,I(:II l IIcorllczt,l.t.{BeH Aocr:sn. floc-leAoaarer_llllll i tlll'l Lll rlllvltlll Mo/lcJrlr rlr MaI rH'rHara JreHTa, AvpeKTHlrrr aocrbrr -lr r,,l{!.llt tnt ,/(l(:tlt, I llttr trauc.r'll re c npolt3BoJrerr Aocrbn RAM (Random AccessMrrtttrlry) r r I r/u r lrl,,lyaJrr n]'e AyMu B rraMerra AHpeKTHo ce gerar vrrvt 3arrlc_lilt lit ct,onlcrrrr4fl a4pec. flpr.r acoquarunuu.,r Aocrr,n ceJerrlr.lrra Ha r.rH_(ropvaquonuara ear{Hrrrla ce ocl,qecrBrBa rro [pt43Har (crgr,pxauuero), arrc IIo a,4peca.

Apyra ocHoBHa xapaxTeprrcruKa e 6apsode cmeuemo na nauerra. Tncc onpeAejrr oT Tpu ocHoBH[ napaMeT6pa: BpeMe 3a AOCT.brr, qr{KT,n Ha rra_Merra r-r cropocrra ua rpaxc$ep.

flpn nauernre c [pou3BoreH Eoc.t.t fl speMemo sa docman ce geslruu_pa r(aTo r{HTepBzlna oT BpeMe oT MOMeHTa Ha IrOAaBaHeTo Ha aApeca (:bMrraMerra Ao MoMeHTa, n xoiro gannute ca npogereH{ or r.rJu.r 3arr}rcaHr4 BflaMeTTa.

Iturctttz'm Ha naMemma ce ge$ranlrpa sa naMerr.I c npor.r3BoneH ,qocr:t rrRAM u gnrroqsa BpeMero 3a Aocr:bn Ao naMerra rrJrroc Aorr:bJrHHTeJrHoronpeMe, Koero rpt6na pa H3MlrHe, npeAu Aa ce craprupa Apyr gocrr,n. TonaAonr,JrHureJrHo Bpeue e neo6xogr_rMo 3a 3arrfiBaHe Ha rrpexoAr{r.rre rlpoqecrr rjoDelrTyanHo pereHepnpaHe Ha aaHHr.rTe.

Crcopocmma na mpaucfiep (nponycrarenHara cnoco6ocr) ce 4eQl.ruu_pa Karo cKopocrra, c (orro lruQopuaqlrrra ce rIoAaBa or llnr{ np}reMa B rta_Mcrra. 3a naMeru c [por.r3BoneH 4ocrun RAM rr e eAr.rn rInK:bJr.

llpu enepzosaeucuMume namemu uH$oplraquara ce :ary6na nplr u:_KJrroqBaHe Ha 3axpanBaHero. flpn enepeouesazucuMume naMemu He e Heo6-xoAuMa ere(Tpr.lqecKa eHeprl.I.s 3a Ilo,(Aa,pxaHe Ha c6xpaueuara un$oprraaqza.

3a 4a ce ocnfyplr BrrcoKa rrporr3BoArrreJrnocr Ha KoMrrrolr,pHara clrc-reva, lruQoplraqr4 oHHr.rrT o6Men MexAy pa3nrrqHnTe uuua ua epapxunrarrr flaMerra rpr6aa ga ce opraHrr3npa no rarbB qaqr,rH, qe npoqecopbr Iacc o6pr,ua nafi-qecro K6M Br.rcorr.rre (6:sp:nre) Hr.rBa c MaJrKo BpeMe Hal{ocrbn r, lto-plaIto (bM Hr.rcrr4Te (6anrz) urara c ron-sMo BpeMe 3a Aocrcn.3a ctxalenlte o6ave, ua:rroro BpeMe 3a Aocrtn Ha rraMerra ottpeAen.{ urrciilIara Br.tcoKa IIeHa, a cJIeAoBareJIlro u MaJrbK Kanaq[Ter B KoMnrort pHa-f it cHcTeMa-

Or oco6eso ggaqeurre 3a orlTr.rMiurHoro opraHlt3rrpaue ua ran$opvaqr.r_otttrrr o6ves MexAy pa3nlrqHl{re fiepapxu.rur.r llrua

"u *ol4ar-r6pHaTa rra_

Mcr e npuHqunbm Ha troKa.nHocmma Ha docmanume [13]. no BpeMe Har'r3rr"r,JrrrcHr.teTo Ha npofpaMaTa AOCTSnuTe Ha npoqecopa Ao naMeTTa uMaT'rcrrttcrqurrra Aa ce cr,cpeaoroqaBar (rurr,crepupar) n onpe4e-nena o6nacr na

94

firMcrra. B o6utus c:ryuafi nporpalrlrTe ca,ar,p)Kar qI'iI(JrL u flO.qnpofpaMl'r'(')r0/( Karo Bealrbx qlrKbntT lrn[ lo,{nporpaMara ca 3apeaeulz R rnaBl{ara

llitMcT, cJIeABaT noBTapgqn ce aocT'bIII{ ,qo orpaHlrqeHo MHoxecTBo I'IHCT-

;ryrcrlnu. AnanorurlHo, flpq o6pa6orKara Ha MaclBIr or AaHHI'I vnv ra6l,ut\tr

lc ocr,urecrBsBa Aocrt lr ao K.JlbcreplrpaHo MHoxecrBo or AaHHI.I. B pavxure

MaJr6K BpeMeHeH I,IHTepBan rlpoqecoplr u3noJI3Ba $rzrcupauz KJI'bcTepIl

l|f /[ocTbr]r{ ao laMerra, AoKaro 3a for{M BpeMeHeIr [HTepBaJI Te3I'r rurBcre-

llt cc npoMeH.sT.

Oprauu:aquxra ua aasulrre g iepapxu.flTa Ha rraMerra noa.q:bp)Ka HIlcl'jK

trlx)qeHT Ha AOCT'I'nUTe AO lrIlcKI'ITe HHBa lt BI{coK IIpoIIeHT Ua AOCTbnLTe AO

rtlrcoxr.rTe Hrma. B ro3lt peA Ha MIrcn]I KeIrr'T ocl.IrypsBa Mex'qIlHHO Ill4BO'

rl)oipar{Ho 3a nporpaMI4cra, :a r'rn$opvaquouHl'It rpaHc$ep Mexay perlrcr-

l)rr rc Ha npoqecopa H ruIaBHara nauer' Or apyra crpalra qacr or rJIaBEara

llrMcr Moxe aa ce I43noJl3Ba Karo 6y0ep, c'bxpaHtrBaq BpeMeHHo AalrHvre,

t(orr'[o noaJrexar Ha 3arluc B ALlcKa. Taslt rexurara, Hap[rraHa Kerx Ha AIaCKa

(o6ltKHoBeHo e qlrcro co$ryepHa rexHIIKa), 3I{aql4renHo noAo6pqBa npolr3Bo-

,(rr fcjrHocTTa Ira KoMrIroT-bpIIaTa cllcTeMa.

3.1.1. flo.rynponoauttxoBl{ naM€Tr{

flo:rynpono4ulrroBllTe rlaMeru ca I'ISlpaAeHI'I or 3anoMn.flrqlt ereMeHTII'

llccKlr ganovngur eJreMeltr IrMa.(Be ocHoBHu gbcro.{Hut' IIpeacraB.{rqu cr'or-r(i l rro aBolrriHrre crofiHocrll 0 u 1. Bt's BceKIr 3arloMlrtrq eJleMeHT Mox(e ra( c ocr,ulecrBlt 3anllc Ha e.4lrs 6nt, r<aro ganoMHtlqIUIT ereMeHT ce [pI'IBexAa

II C I,OTBCTIIOTO C6CTOgIII]C B 3AB!ICI{MOCT OT CTOiiHOCTTA HA 3ANOMH-SHI'I' 6I'T'( )r' BceKr-r 3afloMg.sur ereMeHT Moxe Aa ce qere croiiHocrra Ha cr,xpaH.,IDaHI{s

l,lll qpe3 r.rHAuqHpaHe Ha cLcroflHltero Ha eJIeMeHTa. Bceru qun nalrer(l rr('l'pxa Marplrqa or 3arroMHanrll eJIeMeHTIl, Karo I{u$opuaqrura e oprauu-

rrpaHa B orlpeAeren 6po gyrru, BcqKa or Kouro e c SIrKcupaH 6pofi 6urone'

B nocroqnuure riavreru ROM (Read Only Memory) uu{-ropnaqu.nra e

rirrHcaHa oule B [poqeca Ha npoI43BoAcTBOTO Ir He noAJIeXE ]Ia IlpoMglra'

llopa4u cepuiilroro npotl3Boacrlo llMar I{ucKa qeHa L ocBeH ToBa ca eHepro-

rcsilBucr{ML nar*reTu. Te ce Il3[oJI3BaT 3a CGXpaH.sBaHe Ha M]II(pOlporpaMIr'

t)rr6rHoreKfi c rro,qlrporpaMI.I 3a qecro rI3noJI3BaHIr $ynrquu, cltcreMH]I npo-

rpar,nr, Ta6.ruqu c OyHKIIlIu n n o6u1ux cryqafi uH$opMaqnt' Koqro He noA-

lc)ro{ rra lpoMgl]a B l(oMrlror6pa.B c:ry,ranre, (oraro ca Heo6xoalrM[ no-Ma-IIKo Ha 6pofi qlinoDe, ce u3-

n(,]I:,Rar npozpaMupyehu nocmorlHHu naJMemu PROM (Programmable ROM).'lc cr,ulo ca e eproIIe3aRIlcHMIl I'I 3anltc6T B Tqx c'brlo ce ocl,ulccrB,IDa eA-

95

IroI(paTrro, uo o.r no.r,pe6HTcnq creA npoqeca Ha rrpor.r3BoAcTBoro. 3anzcbTIIa HII(DopMaqHJIIa D PROM ce oc.rbrrre;rFqR2 ^- ".:,;-;:-:::^peqeu,n nporpaMaropn. ocbrrecrB.sBa oT crleu]rtrn'H ycrpoficrna' Ha-

Clulecrnyna rpyna rraMerr.r, Kouro ce r.r3rroJr3Bar npeo6nagaaarqo :aqeTerle u c:blrlo ca eHeproH e3ABvcvtMrt:

^ ' Hsmpueae*a npozpaMupye*a nocmonHHa nauem EpRoM (ErasabreProgrammable ROM), npu roaro rn{ropuaquxra uo*" ou "a

,.rp"uu "

aran_Tpuqecrx Aa ce 3anlrcBa nona uusopr,raqux. Ilpe4u sanuca o6aqe ce Hanarar{aJrr.iqHara nu0opuaqra ga 6:rge usrpura qpe3 exclo3uqus ,u y"rpuu"or"lrota caer.nqua. EpROM e no_crr,na naver or pROM, Ho ocuryprBa Bl,3Mox-Hocr 3a MHoroKparua (orpaur.rven 6pofi nrrlr) npoMsna Ha crlAr,pxaHaraurr(topuaqur.

- -^^.^!:::-O"lecKu u3mpueaewa npozpawup1ewa nocmosHHa naMemEEPROM (Electrically Erasable programmjle niiUl,-rp" _"rro r.ruQopMa_IIHrra Mo)r(e Aa ce npoMeH, rrpori3BoneH 6pofi nr,ru, 6es ga ce HaJrara rrpe,q_Bapr{rerno u3Tpl{Bane Ha crapara r.Ia$opuaqur. Bpeuerpaenero na 3arruca e3Haqr'rrerHo ro-ronrMo or BpeMerpaeHero Ha qererrero. EEpRoM e no-cnrnanaver or EPROM l.r ce orJrr4 qaBa c no_HrrcKa creleu Ha r.rHTerpaq]rr,

Caernarr-runara (flash) naver e noJryrrpoBoAHraKoBa naMer c MHoro Br.r-coKa cKopocr Ha npelporpaMrzpa'e. Irgnon:sa ce eJre(TprrqecKa rexHororu.s3a lrsrpuBaHe, r(aro rlr;rara $laru nalrer Moxe Aa 6bgi uzrpnra 3a MnoroKparKo BpeMe (nxrolr<o cerynarj). Tr npe4cran,rrna npara"r'uo."ru nu*", ,MOxe aa ce r-r3noJEBa MHOTOKpaTHO,flplr nawerlne c npon3BoJren gocrr,n RAM (Random Access Memory)

xHAnEHAyaJIHr,ITe AlMr,r B rIaMeTTa.4HpeKTHO Ce qeTaT 'JII.r

3anlrcBaT Ha CT,OT_DerHr.rq aApec. Tl e eneprosanucuMa, (aro npu rrpeftlcBarre Ha 3axpaHBauerounQopwaquxra ce u:ry6na. CnegoBareJrHo rraMerra RAM uoNe 4a ctxpanr-Da BpeMeHHo lruQopuaquara.

Texnolornsra ua RAM uoxe 4a 6rAe crarlrqua usru gunauuuna. flpucrarr.rqH Te RAM naueru 6lrrperrrcrpoBa crpy(rypa.

" ..;HT,1,'";T|:#,T,1 ffi?JJ;,i'"iTI6rp:u or gr-ruavuqnr{Te, Ho 3a cMer(a Ha roBa ca no-crcsnu u IzMar rro_Hr.rc(arrJrT,rr.tocr lra KoMrroHeHTr.tre (vunonere ca c no_HacKa creneH Ha r.lHTetpa_qnr). {rrravrzvunre DRAM naMerx aonyc*ar Br.rco.a lr.brrrocr Ha KoMnO-IIcIITLT€' Koero o3HaqaBa, qe re ocrryprBar rro-roJr.sM Kanaqrrrer Ha rraMerra

D paM(HTe Ha eAuH tlun. Ocaen rona uMar L no-HlrcKa IIeHa Ii oJreAoBareJrlroca npealroqr.ITaHn 3a I4MrrJleMeHTr.rpaHe Ha rnaBHaTa rraMeT Ha KOMnIOTprTe.lurrauuvuure DRAM nauerra ca r€rpaAeHrl or 3arroMHnqa eJleMeHTr{,c'I'xparrrrDarq' urlrfopuaquara no4 Sopvara uu nurruq"r"n", a apngu. Hutu-

96

rl c'r'o Ha KarlaqrrTrrBeH 3aps4 r4lrrt oTcbcTBveTo Ha TaKaB ce r{HTepnpeTupa

Kt'rr) c'b,4'r,pxaHr4e Ha 6xra - sborBerHo aBoHqHa 1 l lr 0. flopagrr yreqKa re3rrfllltilqnTr.{BHr{ 3ap.sA[ [ocTeleHHo ce pa3pex,qaT, TaKa rre ce Ha-rrafa IIepHoArr-rtcu(H Aa ce orlpecngna Hudopwaqnsra s narderra. Toea onpecnxoaue (refresh)ec H3pa3.sBa B qeTeHe lr nocJreABarrl 3anrrc Ha BccKa oT lo3rrqrrnTe B naMeTTa.

3.1.2. Lranna nauer

flopagu raa6poeurrre rrpeArrMcrBa Ar.ruaMr.rqHara flaver DRAM e npe,4-

oqr'raHa 3a rnrpax,qaHe Ha rtaBnaaa naMer Ha KoMnrorr,pa. Ha Szr. 3.2 e

ltoKa3aHa rllflHqrra opraHu3arlrq ua nauer DRAM, Cenerqulra Ha ocHoBHa

Ittrrlropvaquouna eAr{Hrrqa B rraMerra ce octlqecrBsBa rrocpeacrBoM ceJreK-

turrra Ha pea r.r Ha KoJroHa B KEaapaTHIrg MacIlB oT 3anoMHtIqI4 ereMeHTr,r.

A/\pecnure r.rssoal{ Ha rruna rlaMer ca MyJITI.I[neKcnpaHIr, Koero o3HaqaBa, qe

O ',r'tx ntpBo ce noAaBa aApecbT Ha peAa, a nocJre - aApec'bT Ha KoJroHaTa.

llpcgananero Ha anpeca Ha peaa ce fiHrut\rrpa c aKTuBeH crarua:r RAS (RowAtldress Select), ao(aro npe,uanar{ero Ha a4peca Ha KoJroHara ce }rrr.qrrrrupa cnxrRBeH c[rHaJr CAS (Column Address Select). MymunrencrapaHoro aApe-cnpaHe aaBa B63MoxHocr aa ce peayrlupa 6porr ua a.qpecHlrre u3Boan Ha,rrrra nauer. fllpBo ce lroaaBa arpecrr Ha peaa, npr roero ro ce 3apexAa B

rutpecuu.r 6y$ep ua peAa, a BrrocJreacrBrre ce rroAaBa aapec:br na KoJroHara,

roiiro ce 3ape)KAa B aapecHr.rr 6yQep ua r(oJroHara. Ynpannmaulaxr curuanWIJ (Write Enable) paapeuraDa olepaqrrs 3anrrc Ha yxa3aHrrs a,qpec. ynpaB-

Jrnrlaqrrrr cursal OE (Output Enable) pa3perrraBa rroAaBaHero Ha AaHHHrerllu onepaqnrl qeTelre. ylpaBJrrBallusr ct4rHar 3a pa:pelranane na uuna cE((ihip Enable) noKa3Ba AaJrH rroaaBanurr aApec rro JruHr.rrare 3a AaHHv e Bart4-

,,(crr 3a ro3u qlrrr, T.e..qillrr.r ro3u uun e r.rs6pau ralra xe.3a ron$r,rrypupaHe Ha a'r,JrxrrHara rra MarrrrrHHara A) {a ce Ha"rrara xo-

l)rr3oHTaJrHo pa3rnr.rp.gBaHe Ha naMeTTa, aoKaTo 3a yDelII.lqaBaHe Ha Kalaqr.rTe-lr ir ce npaalr BeprnKanHo pa3 l,rpsBaHe Ha [aMerra.

Bnnarr-r cr,ulecrsyBa Bepoqruocr 3a Bb3HrrKBaHe rra rperuru n un$opva-rp.rrra, cbxpaHrBana uru o6uensua c naMerra. 3arona ce r,r3noJr3Bar KoAoBerit orrpuBaHe r.r Kopr{rupaHe Ha rpelrnu. Hafi-npocr e KoHTpoJr:r,T rro qerHocr(parity). Ilpl.r Hero Aonr]nHr.rreneH KonrponeH 6rr orpas.raa garu 6po.rr narTlHrruqr.rre n un$opMarlnoHHara e.quHr.rqa e qereH nrs He.reren. Hafi-qecro B

rlMerr.rre ce r43nonssa roAr,r SECDEC sa orrpunaue ua gaofinu rperurrr r.r 3ar(op14rr,rpaHe Ha eaI,IHrrqHa rperlKa.

<Dyurquouupauero Ha naMerra DRAM e acuHxponHo. flpn o6p:rrr1e-rcr,l,r DRAM npoltccopr,T rroAaBa aApeca u ynpaBJreBarq cnrrlaJr 3a orre-

97

r\l

(]

\J

c

t3

a-oN.'inj

g

Etr{g

IE

IE

ls

ld

98 99

Iuqn.sra, Korro rqe ce r.rsnrpuru (vereue/:anuc). CneA gaxrcsenr.re, paBHo Ha

BpcMeTo 3a AocTr,rr, aaHHr,rTe ca lpoqereHn vnv 3an ca'lv c]oTBeTHo B na-trlc'lra. flpes ToBa BpeMe npoqecopbT e rrpr.rHyaeH .[a qaKa, KoeTo Bo.4r, Ao'.f llil{HTenHa AerpallalJJjs. Ha cr.rcTeMHaTa nporr3BoAuTeJrHocT.

flpr.r cunxponnr,rre naMerr,r SDRAM un$opvaquonuurr o6uen c npo-tlccopa e cunxpoHl.r3r,rpau cr,c cucreMHu.f, TaKToB cr{rHalr, Karo nauerra $yu-t(uuouupa cbc cKopocrra na flrlrHara npoqecop-rraMer, 6es 4a ce na^rararrpa3rrH qr4rJrrr Ea npoqecopa 3a r,r3qaKnaue. Orroaoprr ua SDRAM ce nory-tt[Ba cJre,q onpeAeJreH 6pofi qnn.ru, Karo BpeMero 3a saxane Ha orroBop cey[JrbTH.f,Ba oT npoqecopa, KaTo npeBKrrroqBa 3a r.rn'bJrHerrue apyra 3aAaqa.

llauerrlre SDRAM ocuryp.sBar MaKcr,rMarJrHo 6rp:ogeficraue B T.Hap. e(crr-Jro3r.rBeu pexr.rM (burst mode), upu noiiro c rorqMa cropocr ce o6^aeHsr ro-Jtcttru 6noroge oT AaHHI,r.

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) ocuryp.{Ba u3Krroqr.rrerHo BrrcoKa cKopocrra rpanctfep, Karo r,r3[oJr3Ba acuHxpoHeH 6ror-opuenrr.rpan npororor. fla-ucrra RDRAM lon)^raBa 3arBKr{Te 3a Aocrlrr rro Bncoroc(opocrna rlrrHa,0i,A'[,pxaula xeraHr{Jr aApec, rl4rra Ha onepaqnara n 6pox ua 6afironere, no4-,:rcxau{u na o6ven.

3.1.3. Keru naner

flpoqecoprr qere uucrpyrurir.r u onepauAlr or naMerra v 3arfitcBapcsyJlTarlrre or lr3rrbJrHeuuero Ha rrrrcrpyKqr{ure B He.s. Er,poo4e crezerolit npoqecopa o6aqe e c eAuH nop.s.q'r,K H rloreqe no-roJrrMo or roBa rralaMerra. 3a nosnurasaHe Ha rrpor.r3BoAr.rreJrHocrra Ha KoMnIofi,pa ce [p]r-6al.r uexgr.rnuo ru,rBo Mexay npoqecopa u ocuoBrrara [aMer - Keur c Malrbr(Karraqrrrer r.r 6rpsogeficraue, cbr.r3Mepr.rMo c roBa Ha npoqecopa. .{yuaracache ozna\asa c(prrra rraMer. (Dynrquouupanero Ha Kerna e [po3paqHo'ra norpe6lrrerx. IlIncrpynqulrre n AaHHnre ce flpexBtprsr or ocHoBHaralaMer B Kerrra, Karo Brloc:reacrBne ce noJI3Bar or npoqecopa. B o6ruu.gctryvafi nporpavrrre I{ ,uaHHlrre ce c'bxpaH.sBar B rJIaBHara rraMer, Ta(a qe

ol,AT,pXaHIreTO Ha no3r.rqr{rzTe B Kerrra ca KoIIIlt Ha gbA:hpxaHr.IeTo Ha oII-pc,l1eJreHr.r KJrerKr{ or uraBHara naMer ($ur. 3.3). Cnegonareruo gocrbnbr71o nutfopvaqu.rra n reua rpl6ra Aa ce oclrrlecrBsBa qpe3 c:r,rqr.rre a.upe-ctl, rla Ko]rro AaHHure ca pa3rroJloxeHl,I B rJIaBHara rraMer. Koraro npoqe-cop6T H3B6prnBa 3anl4 C, AaHHr,rTe Ce 3a[r.ICBaT B Kerla U eAHOBpeMeHHO C

'r'oDa B rnaBnara naver. Alrepnarr.rBara e,(a ce 3anHlrrar AaHHr{Te B Kerua,ll l| ruraBHaTa rraMeT rro-Kt'cHo, ltoraTo r.r3rroJl3BaHaTa noeuqr.rx n reura rpl6-ll 1a 6'rge H3noJr3BaHa 3a 3anl{c Ha HoBrr AaI{I{H, T, K, Keurr,T r.rMa ofpaHl,l-

qeu Kanoql-tTeT H MOXe aa c,r,A6pxa KonHfl caMo Ha orpaHrrqeH 6poi rrer-l(H oT [aMeTTa.

Vcnextr Ha r.BnoJr3oaHe:nporpaMarar.rno-ro,rHo"'";"rn:T;.:T::ff ::f ';;:ilT::;::rlonarHocmma ce orHac.s KaKTo Ao o6p:nqeuuero r6M r,rncrpyKqraxre, TaKa r.t.qo o6pr[treHr.rero KGM AarrHnTe r.r Moxe Aa ce pa3rnexAa B ABa acner(Ta:. Jlorcaanocm eze epeuemo.Hpa

"a, "trau ao*lla repoxrnocr o6paqe_

r.rrdqra Kr"M onpeaeJreHrr rro3rlrlr.ru B rraMerra aa ce roarop_ri n 6lu:rnre 6r,4e_tql{ MoMeHTr,r;

OCHOBHAIAMET

BI,{COKOCKOPOCTEH KEII]

"gl

100

Aue. 3.3. Ilsnorcsaae na rew

l0l

. Jforcattuocm s npocmpaHcmaomo. Cr,eanalllala rro3l.tqll.s B rraMerra,lfl,M Korro rrtre ce u:nrpulr o6pnqeuuero e naii-reporrno ga 6rge 6lusro gotro3nur,rrra, KtM Korro e ocr,rqecrBeHo rrocJreAHoro o6purlenue.

Jlora:rnocrra rro BpeMe e aKryaJrHa rlplr Hanuqtrero Ha TIHKJIII, (orrrocr,Abpxar [peAr,rMno MaJrKo na 6pofi uncrpynqr.rra. C:regouarerHo cJreA Karo,-llcrpyKqrarlTe B qI.IKbJIa ca 3apeAeHr{ BeAHt'x E (elrra, Te ule 6tAar .tereHr,r

MrroroKpaTHo, AoKaTo ce HaJroxfi I,I3BJIr,rqaHeTo Ha HoBI.t UnCTpyKrIt'r,r OT IIa-verra (c-leg z:nr.r3anero or rrrrK'6Jra). Aualoruuxa e u cvryalrTa c raruvre

3a ga ce r,r3noJr3Ba JroKzi.Jruocrra B rrpocrpaHcrBoro, uurlopvaqnonnu-lr rpanqlep uexay Kerra rl ruraBEara naMer BKrrroqBa He A)rtrla, a nocneAoBa-'fcJIHocr or KJrerKu, HapI,IqaHa rvrvs nra 6lor. 3a orrrI,IMaJrHaltpor.r3BoAlrTenHocT rllt4tTa ce flpeaaBa MexAy uraBEaTa naMeT r,r Kerna no[ItrpoKa rIrIlHa 3a qaunr,r, flo rotra naquH ce nogrpxa ctorBercrBlaero Mex-/{y BpeMero 3a Aocrbrr Ha ruraBuara naMer r.r BpeMero 3a 4ocr.r,n ua xeura. Hatlur. 3.4 ocew uolryna rraMer 3ae,4uo $opvupar 8-6afirosara JuHnq Ha xeua.Aapecure ca pa:lnpeaeneun rro MogyJrr,rre naMgr flo raK'r,B HaqzH, qe rrocJre-

,t{oBareJrHr4Te 6airoae ce cbAl,pxar B rrocJreAoBareJlulr MoAyJl4 r{a nirMerra.Craplrara tlacr Ha aapeca ce Lr3rlpaqa napaneJrrro K6M Bcr,rqKu Moayn na-MeT, 3a Aa Ce OCbrqecTBH eaHoBpeMerreH AocTGrr Ao e.(Ha KJreTKa oT BCUrIKr,r

uogynu. C.teqonarenHo oceM nocJle4oBaretnlt rcrrerru ce [peAaBar eAHoB-peMeHEo or DraBHara rraMer K:bM Kerla uJru o6parHo. Eporr Na MoAyJrr.rreItaMer ce us6upa c ornea aa ce locrr{rHe onrI,IMa-IIHo gborBercrBlre Mexay6r,peogeficrnuero Ha uraBlrara rlaMer r.r roBa r{a Kerla.

Koraro npoqecop:br qere or naMerra, rrr,pBo ce lrsarpruna o6prrqeuuerr,v xeura. Aro rT pcenara uurfopvaqur ce cbAl,pn€ B Kerrra, Tl ce lr:rrpau1aAlIpeKTHo rcsv upoqecopa (nonadenue). Koraro rr,pcenara r.ru$opuaqnr nece sr,Abpxa a xetna (aunca), ce HilJrara o6p:sqenue K:bM ruraBHara naMer 3aIlpexBlpnrHe Ha AaHHI,ITe B Kerna, cJreA KoeTO Ce HaJrafa oTHOBO npoqecop:bT/la ce o6bpue K6M Kerlra. Curyaqnure rrpn onepaqurrre 3arrrrc B Kerrra ca ro-CJIOXHII.

Bepo;rruocrra neo6xognuara un<[opwaqur Aa ce c6,q.bpxa B Kerna 3a-Rr.rcH oT noBeAeHr-reTo Ha nporpaMaTa r,r oT pa3Mepa H opraHr6arllrsTa Ha Kerla.

flparrlruecru apeMero 3a Aocrhrr ce u:uepea n 6pofi (qrno vrac,ro) wa-IIIHTTHI{ UIrruI}I, KaTO BpeMeTpaeHeTO Ha MaIIHHHItt qrrK:bJr e CB'bp3aHO C TaK-TOBATA qECTOTA IIA C}ICTEMATA.

Cropocmma ua nonadeuue ce ge$unupa Karo orHorrrenr4e na flonaAe-nlrtra B Kerrra rrlr o6rqur 6pofi o6pulenraa rru nelra. Cxopocrra Ha no[a-AeHH.sra onpeAeJr.{ crtqo BeporrHocrra aaAeHa .qyMa Aa 6tge s xeua.

s,so

o

o

o

,oqJ

a"

sr:Iaisq.)

a

Isa.

Uv.'i

a

F r rrl,5._

EEt5a)I

H

102

r03

(ixopocmma Ha ab3HuKeaHe Ha tuncu B Kerra ce 4e$uur.lpa Karo eArltlrqaMHuyc cKopocrra Ha noIIaAeEu.sTa.

Opzanusa4un xa rcewa.flpo\ecop1,-r ce o6p,r'rqa rcu rerrra qpee aApeca,flo KoiTo ce o6psrqa I,I Kr,M rJraBlrara narvrer. C.negonareJrHo opraHr,BaqrrrraH0 xelra rpr6na ga r.r3rroJr3na ro3r,r aapec, 3a .qa orKpr{e Aaqr rre npu nona,qe-lltrc lrJrH.4a cr.rfHaJrr.r3rlpa Ha rrpoqecopa, qe e B63HI,IKHz}JIa Jrr,IlCa B (eula.

Kew c nzttna acoquamusHa op?aHu3aqun, Hafi-roru.runqr Harrr,rH 3aopraHl,I3r,rpaHeTo Ha Kerrra e B ltelo Aa ce cbxpaHsBaT AaHHIITe n TexHrrrT aa-pco D rraMerra. B rosn cJryqafi Kerrlbr e c acoqrrarrrBHa opranrasaqnn. Taxrrxcltr ce cbcTolt oT acoqrraTlrBHa rraMeT, cT,abpxaua a,{peca B naMeTTa I,I AaH-ltrre, c'bxpaHrBaulu ce Ha ro3r.r a,qpec. Agpeorr, c rofiTo ce r.r3B6prrrBa Aocr6-ll[, ce cpaBHrBa oT BGTpeIlIiaTa JrorI{Ka eAHOBpeMeHHO C BCXrrKr,r aApecII B

rcrrra, KaKTo e nora:ano ua Sur. 3.5. Axo ce orrpue s>Brra,qeurre, To cborBer-lllTe AaHHI,I Ce qeTaT.

flpu ncr.rvru pa3uoBr{Auocrlt Ha opranr.r3aql,Itra Ha Kerrra ro ct4tpNallHrrHII C nOCJTeAOBaTeJIHOCT OT H.{KOIKO AyMrr,3a Aa Ce I,I3ITOJBBa JTOKaJTHOC-

T't'tr D npocrpancrnoro. Ha $ur. 3.6 Bcslra rftrHrts cr\bpxa 4 nocnegoaarelnu

IOCTTn

Ouz 3.5. Kew c acotluamuaHa opzaHu3aqun

AOCTAN.qO TJIABIIATA IIAMETnP}I III.IIICA B I(EIIIA

JlyMtt, llottrA O't' ,lyMl1l'o 0 uo 4 6Al.hu. MlaAuara uacr ua ahpeca uz6upa6ttl,lrtt, cJtc/ltmulnlu voc'r. ns6rpa tlyvrara v ocraHannre 6urone or a4pecacJryr(0'I'go cpnlrrctrue c a.qpcca D Kewa.IJg:lara turtug. ce o6veu.a uex4y renrar,r rJralrrara naMer D paMrrrre Ha eAHa rpan3aKrtrrir, pas6r.rpa ce aro ulaplruaraIIa [rg]raTa 3a AaHHIT Mex,qy rerrr4I.I rnaBHaTa rraMer rro3sorqnar ]:osa. Heo6-xoAsuo e Aa 6r,Ae oc[rypeHa B'L3MoxHocr Aa ce r,r3BT,prnBa ceJreKqr,rg Ha r.rg-AHDr{AyaJrHure 6afirose s paMKr4Te Ha AyMara. Hafi-v;raguure 6}rrose HaaApeca ce n3noJrBar 3a lrgenru$uqupaue na 6aitra.

AIPEC B TL\METTAOT IIPOIECOPA

IOCTSn AO nyletATA B IIZHTI.STA

@uz. 3.6. Keut c natna acolluamueHa opzaHu3aqun c nuHuu,cadtpctcat4u trnoacecmeo dyuu

Kelr:sr c [.LJrHa acoq]rarr.rBHa optaulr3aqr4, ocurypsBa nafi _ro:rqvar-r,Dr(aDocr rr Mr.rEr.rMaJreH 6pofi ront!.nlrrru sa Qzrcupau parMep Ha Kerla, HoTofi ce orrnqaBa c Brrco(a rleHa nopaAH r,r3rloJr3BaHara acoqrrarr,rBHa naMeT.Tq ltlltcrna anropt rbM 3a 3aMecrBaHe Ha rv*r4s npI,I rnnca B Ke ra, KofiToTpr6na ,[a 6r,ge saaoNen xap.4yepHo, 3a Aa ce ocurypa wrcoro 6tpao4eft-

104

cE']EKI-uzt HA Eq.t[ B ,4yMATA A(o E HEoExoIHMo

!trj!re. Kerxr,T c rIbJIHa acoquarltBHa opraHlBaulls ce IaMnreMeHTI'Ipa caMo c

MIIJIIK KAIAqI,ITET.

flpu ncnuru Kerrl naMerlt, aro pa3Mep'6T Ha .rtllHlrlIra e rIo-roJItM orlltt..tpHHaTa Ha rlrlrHara 3a,{aHHL K6M fnaBlrara [aMeT, 3apexaaHero Ha eIIHa

Jtt. rut Il3I,rcKBa rloBerle oT eaHa TpaH3aKuI{s. B npousnonen MoMeHT oT Bpe-

Mcro e B'b3MoxGo Bce o le Aa He e 3apeaella r\slrara araurlq. 3atoaa sc.fra

/lyMa B I(eIlIa pa3rloJlara cbc csofi 6lrr ga sarltquocr, nofiro e ycranolen a 1,

llt(o HnQopMaqlrtra E AyMara e aKTyalua. .{opra n clyqallre' Koraro 3apexaa-

ItC'tO Ha JII'IHI'I.STa Ce Ogr, IeCTBqBa B paM(I{Te Ha eAHa TpaH3aKqI'Is, Ce n3nOJI-

'IlaT 6l,rroBe 3a Ba-nr.r.4uocr, T6fi KaTo Ilpu llHl'Iqualrlz3aldJds CbA't p)KaHI'IeTO lra

t4'dvvre e [po[3BoJIHO (Clyuafi no).Kew c dupercmna opzaHu3aqu.n. Tofi cr,grpxa rraMer c npol43BoJreu

;1ocrr,n RAM, raro Bctra no3I,IqHs cbAapxa aaIrHH, aapeclT Ha (ouro rlpea-

0taBrsBa Hafi-Mna.qmara qacr or aApeca D rJIaBHara rlaMer. Jlur:usra ce ul-6npa vpe: xafi-uJlaArrlara qacr or aApeca B rJIaBHara naver. Crapurara vacr

utt aapeca ce ccxpangBa 3aeAl{o c aaHlrlrre, 3a Aa ce 3aBrprnu u4enrlr$lrra-rturra Ha AaHHIrre. Ha $ur. 3.7 e npegcranen KeIn c AIlpeKTHa opraHll3allut'

Aapec'lr, noaasaH or rlpoqecopa, ce pa:]aent Ha aBe rloJlera: Tar I'r un4enc. B

I afa ce BKJIroqBar uafi-craprullte 6urose Ha aapeca' Koltro ce gbxpaugBar

lito,trHo c aaHIrI,ITe. I{ngerc'sr EKJrroqBa MJraArrr}rre 6l,Irose Ha aapeca' I'I3rloJI-

lrlaHr,r 3a aapecrrpaHe Ha xeflra.

flpu o6prrqeuue I(bM ruIaBlrara rlaMer I'IHAeKgbr ce lr3rlot3Ba 3a Aocr:bn

/(o c:borBerHara AyMa B KerIIa, CneA roga rarbr, cr,xpaHsBaH 3aeaHo c .4yl!{a-

1a, ce cpaBH.flBa c Tara Ha rloaaBalrllr agpec. flpu csulaaeHl'Ie AJ/I\4aTa ce qere

or Kerrra. flpu nunca (paaluvuu rarooe) ce I'I3BbpIrrBa AocTr,rr Ao fJraBHara

ltaMer 3a qereHe Ha rtpceHara ayrva. Tq ce 3ape)KAa B Kerna, cre.q Koero

rpoqecopbT q rleTe oT rema. B:rguoxso e [pI'I JII4TICa [poqeTeHara AyMa orlJraBHara rraMer Aa ce [peaaBa ealroBpeMeHHo Ha Kelna I'I Ha rlpouecopa.

Auaroruquo [pI,I 3arluc na lroBa a)n.{a B Keura r.r Moxe .4a 6'r,4e :anncaua

CIIHOBPEMCHHO I,I B TJIABHATA IIAMCT.

Ha rlur. 3-8 e npeAcraBeu Kelrr c aupeKTHa opraHn3aql'r.s' s rofito ru-nu.qra BKrKlqBa MHoxecrBo ayMlr. Agpeclr n uannara rlaMer BKJIIoqBa rar'll AeKC Ha JrrljF'trsTa Ir I{OMep Ira A) faTa B paM(I'rTe Ha II',IHI',ITITa. BCIIqKI'I

/(yMrr B paMKlrre Ha rult4sra cnoAer.flT o6lr rar. llgaercc:rr ce I'r3noJI3Ba 3a

J(ocT'brr ao cboTBeTHaTa no3l',Iqllt B Ke[Ia, cJlea KoeTo TaroBeTe ce cpaBHs-

rrzrr. flpu cl,Bnageuue cborBeruara Ayva ce ns6npa r :lvHr4sra I'I ce I'I3rIpa-

rua K'bM rrpoqecopa. flpu Hecr'BrIaAeHLre (nunca) ce I'I3B'bprrBa Aoclbn .qa

I'JIADHATA IIAMET.

105

Al{PrJc rJ nA[4Br.r,OT NPOI]ECOPA

O

E

AOCTbn

<Duz. 3.7. Keu c dupercmua opzaHu3a4u.E

IIpu renra c gupe(Tua opraHr{3arl[, , nvlvu c eArr; rr cr,rq ,rHAeKc B rrraB-Hara rraMer rqe 6rqar cbxpaHrBanlr B eAHa I{ cbula rarlus.r reura. Cne4ona-TeJIHo caMo Jrlrnrrfi c p:L3ruqu[ nuAer<cn uorar 4a 6:rAar cbxpaurBaur{ B Kellra,_, , *1-"t c AxpeKTHa oprauri3aqrfi r.rMa [pocra alaparHa peurusarfus uuucorco 6rpso4efi crnr.re. Ocuonr3Haq,rerrHo,pn cepv,.",,""f,;Hff::;-;e;ilo"l,XT::'il:il:;lXffiTJICTKI{ C EAHII I{ gbIII}I IIHAEKCI{.

Reu c acoquamuela opeaHu3aqun c *tuocrcecmea. Toii crgrpNa orpa-truveu 6pofi luuua c e,4HaKBr' I{uaeI(c,I r4 pa3r[rrHr,r raroBe. 3arosa ce c.{uraKaTO KOM[poMr.rcEo pemetrr4e Mexay Kerra c HarrbnHo acour4arr4BHa OpraEr.r-3aquq H Kerua c alrperrna opraur,r3arllrr. Ha $ur. 3.9 "

niao""u"a, *a_ aBcoq[arr.rBHa opraHu3au,, c MrroxecrBa. Keu*r e p*o*i"i" MrroxecrBaot ruuuu. Keur, rofiro c-r4r,pxa 4.nr"r, "r"

u""*o,Jil;;;;;, ce Hapaqa 4_

t06

A'qPEC B TIAMETTAoT motEcoPA

()uz. 3.8. Rew c dupercmua opzatu3aqut, npu xo mo tuHuema cz,dz,plra

"unoucecmao dyu.u

t,THo acoqllarl,rBeu. Eporr na nr,rnurrre 868 Bcsro MHoxecrBo orrpeAer.r aco-tlfiarnBuocrra Ila Kerla vJrL pa3Mepa Fa MuoxecrBoro. Bcsra rr.rHus nr,s scsroMrroxecrBo c6A6pxa rar, Kofiro saegno c r,rHAeKca (HoMepa Ha MHoxecrBo-'ru) ugeuruQuqupa Jrrlnt4sra, fl'rpao, rau4encr,T or a,qpeca, rroAaBan or rrpo-llccopa, ce n3rroJnBa 3a Aocr:brr Ao MrroxecrBoro. flocne scuqxu raroBe Ha

rr:6pauoro MHo)KecrBo ce cpaBHcBar B KoMnaparopr{ c nogananlr.a rar. flpr,r0'rnlna,qeHr,re ce ocr,[IecrBsBa Aocr:r,[ ,qo rr6paHara Jrr,rHr.rr, B nporrrBeH cJry-

'rafi (lpr,r nranca) ce r.r3B6plnBa Aocrcrr Ao rJraBriara nauer. B eKcrpeMarHr,r.s

cltyuafi, roraro pa3Mepbr Ha MHoxecrBoro e eana JIIrHI,I.tr, Kerrr:br craBa c/ll,tpeKTHa opraHra3aqr.rq. B 4pyrux eKcrpeMaJrerr cryqafi, Koraro Kelrr,To],A],pxa CaMO eAHO MHOXeCTBO, KerrrbT CTaBa Han,bJrHO aCOqlraTEBeH,

3anuc e rcewa, flpu onepaquure qererre cbA'bpxauuero Ha Kerrra He celtpoMeH.tr, TaKa qc IIc cT, {ecTDyBa onacHocT oT pa3JrHKH B cr,abpx(aHr,IeTo Ha

107

KeuIa H [Ia ruraDr.raTa [aMeT. npI,I olepaqur,rTe 3a 3Al.Ivc B KeIIIa o6aqe c6rqe-cTByBa D.b3MOxHocT clsAlpxaHr.reTo Ha KreTKu B naMeTTa Aa ce pa3nEqaBaToT TeXHI,ITe KOIIr{t B r(elrar T,e. BG3HTIKBa [po6reMbT 34 KoxepeHm^ocm HaKewa, To3u npo'reM e aKryauren np v pearu3at\I-trITa Ha BxoAHolr3xo.qeH Tparrc_tlep Ha ct4'rpNanr{ero Ha KJIerftv or tnaBnaTa [aMer r(arTo r.r [pI,I MyJrrr4rrpo-qecopn c o6rqa nawer.

llprz wexanusua ct c san3a 3aruc B (erna eAHoBpeM

"":: :::i::#:':::f;I:::!i^:i#i::::Hi;AaHHI,I ce 3anl,IcBar eAHoBpeMeHHo B Kerrra lI B rnaBrrara nalrer. Bpewero sa3anac B rnaBHaTa rraMeT e 3Haqr,ITeIHO nO_roI{MO OT TOBa B Kerrra, TaKa qeBpeMero 3a 3arrl,Ic ule ce onpeAeJu or BpeMero B rJraBHara nalrer. 3a ga ceo6nerqr,r rosu npo6neu, ce u3noJr3Bar OyQepu sa aur"", *"ro ctxpaHsBarBpeMeHHo nxQopuaquxra, 3a Aa Moxe ga ce ocno6o4u fterrbr. Heflocpe,4-CTBCHOTO 3AIIIICBAHC B NAMETT|r.r3rron3Ba'ero Ha Mexa'u3Mr.r ;ffi :ffiilt'il"'l:H:#:f*::ffi",1Hocr Ha Kella, Karo rapauTr4pa aKTya:rrrocrra

"u ,o6opIlauq"ura 3a BcrKoycrpoicrBo, oclrryprBarqo Aocr"bn Ao r;raBHara rraMer.

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. aBaTa Kerrra MoraT Aa rrMaT pa:,tutleH KanauIITeT, pa3nr.rqHa opfaHr4-'r{rlHg H pa3nlrqHa a:LJlxnHa Ha ruHu.sTa.

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lrcrrpeK'r,cHaro pa3nonafaHe 3a Ma-IIKL tlaiilone rl aBToMarr,rqno Aa ce npe-N(rroqBa Kr'M r.rHAeKcHo pa3rroJraraHe, ar<o $afi:rrr craHe roJrrM.

3a e$exrunuoro r,r3nolr3Balre Ha Arrc(oBoro rlpocrpaHc,rso e ueo6xoau-Mo Aa ce rroAAr,pxar .^4exaHu3Mu 3a ynpaeJteHue ua ceo6oduomo ducxoeonpocmpaucmeo. flopaAr,r orpaHr.rqeHr,rr Ka[aqr,rrer Ha Ar.rcKa r,r HerrpeKbcr]aro-rr) c63AaBane na xonu $afirone v pa3rnvpsBane Ha cr, recrByoaurr.rre rlafi:ro-rrc ocno6oqeuoro rlpocrpaHcrBo npu raerplrsaue ua Sai;rone rpa6na ga 6rge

ilnoJr3BaHo ornono. Oafi:rosara cucreMa noAq'bpxa crugr,K Ha BcnqKrr cBo-6ogna 6.norore Ha Ar.rcKa, HapeqeH cnrrctK Ha cso6oaHoro npocrpaHcrBo.llonyrxpua npar<ruKa e cnrrsbr<r,T na cno6o.qnoro npocrpaucrno ,qa ce opra-tlt3npt Karo cnuczr ua dynrcume url,u 6umoea rcapma. lym<ara ce 4e<punupara'ro IIocjre,qoBareJrnocr or cBo6ogua 6norone c [porcBoJrHa A6rxHna. Bc.s-( no3r.rqu.s B c[]rc6Ka Ha aynKrare ($ur. 3.15) c6A:bpxa aapeca Ha n6pBr.rtocKTop ua AlmKara rr nefinara AtJrxHHa. O.resnaHo a:bllxuHara Ha cnuc'r,Ka

lla ,4yrrru.rTe I{ cHcTeMHIrTe pa3xo.qr,r 3a ueroBoro no,Dgapx{aHe 3aBr,rcrr or pa3-

trpoAeJrenr.rero Ha cBo6oAnoro rrpocrpaHcrBo B Ar-rcKa, Koero ce npoMeHt

,/tllHaMr]qHo B'bB BpeMero. ,{rauaunuuoro y,qr,JlxaBaHe I,I cK'Lc.{BaHe Ha ro3ltrJnHcaK TpyAHo ce ynpauraa or Safinonara cqcrel{a. flpe4uucrnoro ua rosuroAxoA e, qe HaMrrpaHero Ha AyrrKa sbc 3aAaaeH pa3Mep e cpaBHATenHo I]po-c'ta 3a&aqa.

flpe4nvcrnolo n0 nJn'cplrlruRrrHr rrorxoa c rro&q6p)Kaue Ha 6urosarapra ((rrar. 3.16) c nocronnrrflr pa3Mep na 6uroaara napra r, lpocrorara Haltcfinara no.agprxra. flpovenure B craryca Ha AaAen 6lor ce orpa":xBar trpe3

cl,orBerHa rrpoMrHa Ha cbcro.sHrrero na 6nra [snoJBsau/cno6ogen. Orrpu-Bar'reTo rra .qyn(a c1'c 3aaaAerr pa3Mep e TpyaHa 3aaaqa.

<Duz. 3.16. Eumoea rcapma

lucronoro npocrpaHcrBo Moxe Aa ce pa3nrexAa Karo KoJreKqHr or3noJr3BaHrr u cso6oanu cerMeHTH, Karo BceKr{ cerMeHT c't A'bp)r(a MHoxe-

crBo or nocJre.EosaterHu 6roxose. Cervenr, xofiro He ce rr3rroJr3Ba, ce Hapi-qa AynKa. flpegua:uauenn ero sa duna,v.uLrHomo npepa3npedetaue naducroeomo npocmpaHcmso e Ea ocrrrypu MexaHra36lr sa o6cnyxnaue na :arn-Ka 3a HaMr.rpaue Ha cBo6oAHo flpocrpaHcrBo c pa3Mep n or crrnsbKa Ha ayrr-KHTe. 3a Aa ce orKprre AynKa c onrr.rMaJreH pa3Mep, e neo6xogravo 4a ceI,r3Dt'pml.t rtpceHe B crr[caKa Ha AynKnre. B:s3rraoxull ca HtKoJrKo crparerlrl{:

. Ifapeo nonadenue (First-fit) - lls6upa ce ntpBara Aynra, aocrartqlloror.sMa Aa yAoBJrerBoplr lt3llcKBauu.sra Ha 3a.rlBrara. T:r,pceuero B cnl{c:b(arra AynKrrTe Moxe aa 3alroqHe oT HaqaJIoTo Ha crrlrclKa rrJrrr oT MJIcToTo, KbAeTos npr.rBr,plrr4Jro npeAxoarroTo r6pceHe.

. I{a -do6po nonadeHue (Best-fiQ - flpertpcBa ce rleJrrmr crusbK Aoorrpr.rBaue sa safi-ualr<ara AynKa, Ko.sro y.qoBnerBopqBa 3asBKara. AKocrrr4 c6KbT ce no.qatpxa copTrrpaH no roJleMr,rHaTa Ha ,4ynKIITe, He e Heo6XO-

r(lrMo Aa ce r'Lpcu B rlerr4.rr clucr,K. flpu ra-:u crparerur HoBocriAaAeHr-rrellyrrr(rr ca Hafi-ManKr, nopaAr.r KoeTo B63HIrKBa nr,nlrna $paruenraqru.

. Ha -,qoruo nonadeuue (Worst-fit) - [p]r Hes 3a o6cnyxBage Ha 3iurB-rara ce us6zpa naii-ron.EMara Ayura, npr{ Koero HoBoc.r,3AaAeHrrre AyrrKrr catrafi-ro.neuu. AKo curacbrsr He e coprnpaH, ce HaJrara rltJlocrHoro Myupcl'LpcDarre.

Crpareru.ara c nbpBo rrorraAeHr.re e Haii-66p3ara or rprrre pa:]rneAanr.rct parcrr{H. flo oruoureuue Ha rr3noJr3DaHero Ha AqcKoBoro rrpocrpal{crBo

il8

ol parefl4r,rr6 c nr,pBo rr Hafi-ao6po nona.4eHrre ca no-eoeKTuBHI,I or crpare-t't.#rra c Hafi-touro nonaAeHl.Ie, He.4ocrarr,r ra Ha rprrre crpaTerl{}I e, qe npe-

/(H3Br.r(BaT B:bHrrrHa sparvenraqnr (npasuoro npocTpaHcTBo c},A:Lp)Ka

MrroxecTBo pa3xB:r,pJr.sHr.r ManKr,r aynKl{ B .[I.IcKa). B re3r.r cryvau gucrlrc r,A6px(a ror.rMo cBo6oaHo npocTpaHcTBo, Koero e (bpafMeHTr.rpaHo sa MHo-

)t(ccrBo I,I pzunpt'clrarv MaJrKrr Ayrrnu. 3a ga ce npeoaoJlee Herarl.rBnltsr eSeKT

IO DBr{rrrHara oparMeHTarlru, e Beo6xo.quuo Aa ce ra:rrbJrHr.r lporpaMa 3a KoM-

UirKTHpaHe, peans3nparJ\a clleaHoro:. Kouupa crArpxaHuero Ha ar{cra, roiiro ce KoMnaKT[pa, B]pxy apyr

/lHcK;. Opzruualur,rgr AI,Icr ce I,I3TpI,rBa;

. @afirosere ce Korrrpar o6paruo, Karo ce u3noJl3Bar HerIpeK:bcHarI,I

rlrparvenru.Kounarrupauero Ha ArrcKa pa:lpernaBa npo6neva c arnruuara $par-

McHrarlrlr raro o6eauHqna ncuqnlr cso6oaqu $parueuru B e.qHa o6qa rorq-Ma AyrrKa. Ilpo6.xev'sr c B:r,HrrrHara tlparlrenraqur Ha nvcKa rIrco6xoAr,rMocrra or (oMnaKTIrpaHe Ha AIrcKa e uafi-arrya:reu nplt Mero.qa c

r r cnpeK:bcHaTo pa3rroJraraHe,

E:spso4eficrrnero Ha MarnurHr4Te ar,rcKoBe e 3uaqurerHo no-Ma:rKo(o6ur<uooeno c nrKorKo lop.rAbKa) or 6'rpsogeficrnuero Ha rJlaBlrara rlaMer.l)a:lltrata ce yBeruqaBa c Hanpe.q'bKa Ha [oJIynpoBoAHIrKoBI,ITe rexnoJlofurllr,i raro BpeMero 3a aocrbrr rrpu rvcKa v cKopocrra rra rpaucQep ce orpa-lflrraBa or MexaHrrqHrr Qanropu. 9ecro npoqecopr'T He Moxe Aa rrpoaanxuu3rrb:rHenuero rra reKyrqara nporpaMa, .qoraro ce peaJluoupa rpancr[ep lrexgy/tr.rc(a lI rJraBHara rraMer, AopI4 (oraTo To3Ir pe)KI,IM ce oc'bxlecTB.[Ba oT KoH-'l ponep 3a ,q[peKTeH Aocr:Ln Ao naMerra 6ea yuacrltero Ha npoqecopa.

3a navarqnaue Ha HerarrrBur{Te e$erru or forsMoro 3aK'6cHeHI.Ie Ha

,,(ncroBara rraMer ce r.r3rron3Ba Koltqerq[sra 3a r.r3[or3Balge Ha Keut ua ducrca

rr r.rnreprfeica uanna nauer/Ancr (Sur. 3.17).

Keurr lroxe 4a 6r,ae srt.rtrc.rerr B .qlrcKoBoro ycrpoficrBo IrnI,I Mo)Ke Aa6r,4e oprauusupau I,I3BT,H Hero B KoMnrorbpHara crrcreMa. Kanaqurerrr na

,JprcKoBnt Kerrr e MHofo ror.sM, rMrrJreMeuTr{pa ce c RAM r.r c6,qr,pxa 6JIoKo-

lc r.ru$opvaqnr, Kor4To rrMa BepoqrHocr Ea 6r4ar I.I3nor3BaHLr n 6:ru:noro6'r,gerqe. KonrpolepBT Ha Kerrra Ha ArcKa a(Tr-rBrrpa lIHt[opvaqnouultx rpanc-drcp, Et[errnrnocrra Ha AucKoBu.rr Kerrl ce noBr,IuraBa, Karo ce v3nor3Ba nplrH-rltrtr'r,T Ha JroKaJrrrocrrar rofiro pegyqupa e(beKTr.rBHoro npeve sa B/I,I'lpancr[ep. Hrnou onepaquorrHn cucreMrr xaro UNIX r.rgnomnat cot[ryepuz'l cxlrr,rrn 3a Kerr[parre Ha ,[HcKa rrpfi noaa'bpxaHero na B/I,I 6yQep n r.rarnararraver. EAltrnua'r'a sa'rpalrc$ep Mex.qy ArrcKa rr Keura rraoNe.qa 6'r,ae cerTop,

ilq

I II'Ol UTICOP/I)JA]]IIA IIAMI]T

@ue. 3.17. HunaeueumupaHe Ha Keu aa ducra 6 paJnKume

na ducxoeomo ycmpo .mto

rulKor(o ceKTopa, ntTeqKa uru Hqnolr<o nrreqnu. Ke r'T Ha arrcra ecrecrne-Io r.rMa DJro)r(eHr{ MexaHr43Mr4 3a oTKpr.rBaHe H KOpr4fr{paHe Ha rperrjr(rr.

3.2. YIIPABJIEHIIE HA IIAMETTAB KOMI]IOTGPH}ITE CIICTEMPI

3.2.1. CerveHrnpaHe Ha raMer-ra

I{ouqenmyaaeu aode"t- CerueutupaHero e cxeMa 3a ynpaBreHr.re HarraMerra, Korro e Br{AuMa 3a rrporpaMrrcra r.r My ocfirypsBa y.qo6crBo npuopraHn3rrpalrero Ha nporpaMara r{ aaHHure, Cerueuruparreto aaBa BB3Mox-rrocT Ila lpofpaMr,rcTa Aa pa3fnex.{a naMeTTa KaTo KoreKllH.{ oT MHoX(eCTBOaltpecrru npocTpaHcTBa r.rnu cerMeHTr,I. cerrraenrnte ca .qrJroBe oT rraMeTTa c

lril3JrHqerr pa3Mep r{ cr,.q'6pxar ceManTnqHo Ae$v:avpaHa vacr or nporpaMa-'la. Cregonareluo JroruqecKoro aApecuo rrpocrpaHcrBo Moxe Aa ce pa3rnexAaKalo r(oJreKqr{.n or cerMenTl{ ($ur. 3.18). Bcenlr certrenr r.rMa r.tMe rr pa3Mep.ll.rrcprerrllrre B paMxr.rre ua cetMeHTa ce raAenru0raqupar r{pe3 TsxHoro n3Me-clrlarre cnprMo rraqaroro Ha cerMeHTa. Bceru agpec 3aAaBa ltMero Ha cer-Mclr'r'a H H3Mecrlarrero R Hero. flparrnuecxu n npoqeca r{a KoMnrrJrnpane Ha

l2{)

pof paMaTa KoMrrrrJraropr,T aBToMarI4qrIo KoHcrpyl{pa cerMeHTqre R 3aBH-

rjuMocr or crreqfi$rarara na o6pa6orBaHara nporpaMa. 3a flpocrora cerMeH-

lr,rTe ce HoMeprrpaT r.r o6p'bqeHIleTo KT'M T,Ix ce oc'bulecTBtBa rlpe3 TexHuTe

lloMepa. TaKa HanpuMep KoMnr.rJraropr'T c63.4aBa orAeJIllu cerMeHTI{ 3a fJIo-6a:rnzre npowenJnrBr,r, creKa 3a I.I3BI{KBaHe Ha npoqe.qyplj, Koaa Ha BctKa npo-rlcAypa Ia $yurqnr rI 3a JroKanHI,ITe npoMeHJIIrBLr Ha Bc.EKa npoqeAypa urlryrrrqur.

Auz. 3.18. Opzanusupane Ha npoepauama om zredHa moLnaHA nompe6ument

O,renlr,quo npra cerMeHTr,IpaHero norpe6lrrensr I.IMa B63MoxI.rocr Aa ce()6p'r,u1a rr,v o6eKrr.rre r{a nporpaMara nocpeAcrBoM ABy!{epeH aApec, B6rrpe-

l(H qe aapecrroTo IrpocTpaHcTBo Ha KoMrrrorapHara cr{creMa t[arrr,rvecrnrrpeAcraBJr.sBa earroMeprra (Jrr.rHefiHa) IIocreAoDarerHocr or AyMu. ouepaqr.r-

t2t

('rrrrfl'fa crrcTeMa Tptr6Ba na TpaHcoopMrrpa AByMepHrrTe aIlpecLt, 3aaalte]f{rroI nOl'pc6rrTenr, B e,{HoMepHu tbH3r{qecKu aApecI,]. MexaHr.r3M]T 3a npeo6pa-3ylarro lra aApecrrre e npeAcraBeu Ha 0r.rr.3.19. flpr,r cervenrr,rpaHero BceKr.rrorHrrecKlr aApec cl4bpxa HoMep ria cerMeHTa s rr [swecrnauero d n paurn-rc na ge$lruupaHr,rr cerMeHT. Houeprr Ha cerMeHTa ce u3roJr3Ba (aro r,rH-gerc n ta6:ruqara Ha cerMeHTI,ITe. 3a scer[ cetMeHT B cerMeuTlrara ra6Jrlrqace ctgrpxar 6a":ara (naualuurr agpec) na cerMerrra H rr{Mnrtr (pasveprr)rra cerMeHTa. Llguecrnanero d s rofldqecxus aApec Moxe ga napnpa or 0 4oJrr4Mrnra Ha cerMeHTa. Ovguqecru.sr aApec B rJIaBHara rlaMer ce @opuupaxato rtrvr 6a:ata Ha CerMeHTa ce npu6anr.r H3MecTBaHeTo.

CE|MErI TA TAEItriIIA

<Due. 3.19. Ilpeo6pasyeaue Ha rozuqecKun adpec eoe fiusu,tecrcu adpecnpu cezMeHmupaHa nar+lem

3a 4a ce HaMaJrrr ,qon'bJrHrireJrHure crrcreMrrr{ pa3xoan 3a npeo6pa3y-Daucro Ha aApecr.rre, lpeflop:l,qr.rreJrHo e ra6rr.ruara Ha cerMeHTr4Te aa cenMnJreMenrlrpa c BncoKocKopoocrHl,t perurcrpr.r, Kr,M Kol,ITo o6p6ueHrrero ce

t22

iHEBAT'MlEri A,@EC)

lrll]'bprrrBa Mlroro 6:bp3o. 3a sceKt cerMeHT B Ta6nuuara I{a cerMeHTI'ITe Ce

o'r,Al,p)Ka ctorBerno lrefoDaTa 6a3a, pa3Mep I't noJle 3a AOCT6n, AeQI'IHI{paqopaBara 3a aocT6rl ao celMeHTa, HarlplrMep npaBo Ha I'r3rrr,nlieHlre 3a rlpo-

t paMrrr,rTe cerMeHTr,I lI npaBo Ha tlereHe/3a[uc 3a cefMeHTIrTe c AaHHIt. u3-

troJr3BaHero Ha acoquarrlBnlr perl{crplr (ren) ycroplna lpoqeca Ha

Ipeo6pa3yBaHe Ha aApeca.Cervenrupauero yneclrtBa MexaHIl3MIare 3a 3aurura. Ceruegtrare vo-

l' r Aa CT'A:LpXaT CaMO I'IHCTp)TKIII'IU I'IJII{ CaMO ,{aHHH nopaAn CeMaHTI'IqHaTa

/lcor.rHupaHocr Ha r.sxHoro c:I,Abpx(aHl{e. flporpaluuure cerMeHTIr ca HeMo-

71n$r,rqupaqu ce, TaKa qe re3lr cerMeHTI,I Morar,[a 6l4ar Aetfunupanu xaroCC|MEI]TII C{IMO 3A qETEHC IIJII,I CAMO 3A H3III,JIHCHI,IE'

O6uroro norgsaxe Ha (oAa Lr AaHHIrre cbxro ce nogl'pxa oco6eHo Ao6pe

oT cxeMara 3a cefMeHTI.IpaHe Ha lnaBHara rIaMeT. o6uluTe celvenru ce npeA-

craBrT B cerMeHTHaTa Ta6r[qa qpfl yKa3aTeJIIr K:LM egUU r.r cr,rqu tfri:uvecnlro6racrra or rraMerra. O6qoto noJI3BaHe (sharing) ce osbrlecrB.tBa Ha cer-

MoHTHO Hr{BO. Bporr Ha o6ultre cerMeHTI{ He e orpaHl'IqeH. B'b3MO)KHO e CbUIO

'taKa Aa ce rr3rloJl3Bar o6rqo II caMo or.qeJIHIi qacrl'r or rlporpaMara. ceruen-'ll,parieTo ofipocT.f,Ba noAA'bpxaHeTo Ha aI'IHaMITqHH cTpyKTypI4 oT

'4aHHI'rr'r"1fi raro re ce c:64'bp)Kar B or.4eJIeH cefMeHT, xofiTo onepaunonHara cl{cre-

Ma MOXe ,4a pa3lIrrlpLt lIltrr cTecHI.l B 3aBIrcI,IMocT oT TeK]'rqIrTe Hyxalt.Hegocranr ua cerMeHTl{paHero e, qe [p]I Hero E63uursa ez,uwua Qpaz'

ueuma4ux.'lt cea'I'JIXI{ Ha pa3Jl.rqHure pa:}Meptl Ea cenaeurure. flpu npr,nla-

lreTo ua cerMeHTI,ITe Ha ALTCKa Ce ocBo6ox.qaBar A)mKu, Karo crea n3BecrHo

IrpeMe rraMeTTa 3anoqBa aa [pIrJIIrqa Ha llaxMaTlra a'bcKa, T.e. Ts e t3nT,JIHe-

rra c pa3npbcHarrr AyrrKI{. ,{ynrara npe.qcraBr{Ba HeI.I3rIoJBBaHa HeflpeK:bc- .

nara o6lact or nauerta. 3apex4aHero Ha HoB cetMeI{T B AaAeHa Aynra Moxe

,lta CTaHe, CaMO aI(O pa3Mep:hT Ha CetMeHTa e nO-MAJI'LK OT pa3Mepa Ha AynKa-'ra (o wnoro peaKI-I cJryqalr aBara pa3Mepa l1e cunaguar)' Bt:surna uosa

J(ynKa cr,c 3riaqureJruo rro-Ma-rl6K pa:)Mep, Koqro rpyAlro Moxe Aa 6t'Ae :,z.s-

rroJr3BaHa 3a pa3rronaraHe Ha HoB cetMeur. flplr roaa naverra ce I-I3rrlJrBa c

MaIKr.r lr paSnpbcHaTI,I AyIKII, KOITTO He MOfaT Aa OCUryp.f,T piI]rlonaraHeTo

ua q.sr cerMeHT B n.arox o:r t.ax, rlfi raro roi figucrsa HenpeKacHara o6Jracr.

flonyuaoa ce napaAoKc: B ruraBHara rlaMer LrMa Aocrarr,rlHo cno6o4xo vxc-'ro, 3a aa noeMe HoBI.It celMellr, Ho roBa rIpaKTIrqecKI.I He Mo)Ke Aa craHe

rropagu Sparveurr-rpaHero Ha cso6oauara nar*rer. flplr cerMeHTlrpaHero ce

H3rroJI3BaT H.SKOTKO iurropltr.I,Ma 3a I,I3noJBBaHe Ha AyrIKLrTe: n6pBo IlorlaAe-

rrue, uaii-4o6po nona,qesue u safi-loruo nona4eune. Ilprr aJlroptrr,Ma c rltpBononaAeHr.re ce npaBu rr,pceHe B Ta6luqara ua gynrllTe or [IaqaJIoro ir gorarocc oTKpI{e rrbpDurta Aynxa c aocrarr'qHo rorqM pa3Mep 3a pa3noJlaraHero IIa

123

lJll'Mgll tl, AlllrrFn rlvrir M(ln(o ,tlfl cc vtylr.rdrlrqzpa lo rarbB Haqufl, qe ,qa celll lloFflpcr l{y rl, pl,t 'llt(}Jl3laurc.l.o rra Kor.rTo 3a pa3noJraraHe Ha rroBr,r,00t'M0 1' oloc'li,t(u;tcrru.r.l /'lylrxa rqe 6:r4e unoro uan(a r.r HrMa aa Mo)r(e Aa6t,71c Hsrr<t.rrcltrrl orrrono. flpr a,rroprrrr,Ma c Hafi-Ao6po nonageuue ce rrpcr,rAylrKn c pa3Mcp, uafi-6.nu:rr< Ao rtpceHlrr, Karo HoBoc%3AaaeHara AynKa eMtrHHMaJrHa. I{gnolsnanero Ha ro3r.r arropnr:sM rlpear{3BnKBa reHep}rpaHeroIIA MHOX(ECTBO MAJIKII HEV3NOJI3BAEM'I AYNKH, PA3NPBCHATII I,I3 II-SIATA IIAMETI,I DOAI,I AO I-I3KIIO.II'TEIHO BIICOKA I'HTEH3I,IBHOCT HA B,I,HIIIHATA dIPATVCUTA,qr.ra. B ro:u cnyqafi Moxe Aa ce nplllroxn KoMnaKTr.rpaHe, 3a Aa ce KoHcrpyr.r-pa cDo6oaHa o6nacr, aocTar.bqHo foJIrMa,3a aa [oeMe pa3rroJlafaHero Haqcrn.s cerMeHT, Kounarrr,rpanero Ha naMerra ue e npo6.lew, rui raro dtan_THqecK cxeMaTa 3a cetMeHTr4paHe rroAAtbpxa arropr.tTbM 3a AtrHaMr.rqEorrpepa3npeAensHe Ha naMeTTa, HO OT Apyfa cTpaHa r.r3r4cKBa aperrae. flprz a:l-ropxTcMa c nafi-louro nonaAeHr4e 3a pa3rroJraraHero Ha HoBrl, cerMeHT celr:norgsa Hafi-ror.sMara HarI,IqHa AyrrKa, nprr Koero ce pa3qr.rra, qe HoBoc.r,Aa-AclIaTa AynKa Iqe 6r,ge gocrartuno roJrrMa Aa lroeMe pa3rloJraraHeTo Ha cer-ueur. Creneura Ha BbHrrrHa Sparueutaqru 3aBr4crr or paMepa Ha cerMeHTa.flo npanuro, KoJrroro e rro-roJrrM pa3Mep6T Ha cerMeHTa, ToJrKoBa e rro_rortMa Bepo.{THocrra 3a BbHrrrHa $paruenraqur.

Cezueumupaue ua namemma npu cucmenu, 6atupauu na Inre9 pentium'"u Xeon'" . Cpegcruara sa ynpaBJreHle Ha rraMerra npra apxrarexrypara IA_32noM1,pxaT cerMeHTrZpaHeTO KaTO MeXaHI.I3:bM 3a r.r3onlrpaHe Ha, Ir:fl'A:1IBfiEyAJr.rrnre MoAyJrr Koa, aaHHr.r lr creK Ha pil:'nlrqHr.rre nporpaMr.r (uru sagavra) noTaK6B liaqr.rH, rre Te aa 6raaT t3rrbJIHrBaHr4 0T rrpoqecopa, 6e3 ga cu npevar.B sarqureu pexr4M He e Bb3MoxHo .qa ce :a6paulr

""a*arrrrpunrro.Cerveurupaueto ocurypsBa Ba3Mor(Hocr 3a pa3,qenqne na a,qpecHoronpocrpaHcrBo (uapeveno :rlrqeiHo aApecHo npocrpancrno) xa lo_va.nrra ag-pccHr.r npocrpaHcrBa, HapeqeHl cefMeHTIr, Aro n gagen MoMeHT noBeqe orcArra nporpaMa (utm saaaua) ce lr3rr6:]HrBar or npouecopa, Bc.st<a lporpaMapa3noJrara c6c co6cTBeHO MHOXeCTBO CerMeHTrr. flpoqecoprr Hnnara fpaHrr_ur.r Mexay T€r{ cerMeHTH nO TaK6B Haqr.rH, qe I_€n6JrHeHr4eTO Ha eAHa nporpaMaAa lre norrpeqt.l Ha ocranaJrrrre, Karo 3anucBa B Texrrure cetlternlt. BcuqrncefMeHTA B CrrCTeMaTa ce cbA.LpXar I ;rr,rrefiuoro a.qpecHo npocTpaHcTBo Harrpoqecopa. B sarquren pexr.rM apxrrreKTypara IA-32 ocurypsna $raar.ruecxo:Upecno rpocrpaucrno or 4 Gbytes (232 6ai.,Lra), Karo a.qpecr,rre Bapupar or 0/(o FFFFFFFFH. Ougnqecroro a.qpecHo rrpocrpaHcrBo ce 4e6"olrpa *aroo6xsara or aapeclr, Kor,rro npoqecopr,T Moxe Aa reHepupa I]o aApecHara rrrr{Ha.To ce pasnpegear MexAy RAM, ROM u nJU aapici. Jluseinoro aApecHoIlpocrparrcrDo caA'bpxa BcHqKu cerMeHTLT cucr eMHLr ra6.nuqu.

t.24

Cerlrenrsuxr ce,qeKmop [peAcraBrrBa 16-6 ros u4enrr$nrarop naodt MeHTa. Tofi ne ynasna Ar4peKTrro cerMeHTa, a DMecTo ToBa yKa3Ba aecK-plt[ropa (onscarera) ua cerwenra, KoiiTo ro AeouHr.rpa. Cerlrenrnusr ce-ncrTop (Onr. 3.20) c!,q'bpxa:

. I,InAerc (6uroge or 3 ao l 5), rofiro r.ra6upa earrs or 8192 gecnpunro-

l r] rno6anHara AecKprrnropHa ra6nuqa GDT ranra B JroKajrHara AecKprrn-topla ra6ruqa LDT

. O:rar-uAenrrz0rlKarop rra ra6rnrrara TI - rrpu 0 rr:6upa GDI npu I -t,l)'t

. 3a.sseHo Hr.rBo Ha npnB JrerupoBar{ocr RPL - onpegenr HraBoro Ha

r pllBr.rnerrrpoBaHocr Ha ceJreKTopa. To Moxe aa 6:r,ae B o6xBara or 0 ao 3,

lcuo Ht4Bo 0 e nai-g[coro [pr{Br4Jrerr4poBaHoro.

Cerveurnure cereKTopr.r ca BualrMll 3a nprlrorcru.s nporpaMr't cr Karormor'oT yKa3aTeJI, Ho Te ce np[cBo.sBar or cBbp3Balqlrr peaa(Top, a He oTI I l)r.rJroxHraTe nporpaMr4.

3a aa ce nava:ur BpeMero 3a npeo6pa:yaaue Ha aApeca lr cJroxHocrraIll r(oaa, rrpoqecopT,T c6A6pxa pefucrpu, Korrro Mofar aa cbxpaHsBaT ao 6cc|MeHTHn ceJreKTopa. 3a aa *roxe .qa ce lr3n:bJrrr eAHa npofpaMa, norr€

l)clr{crpuTe Ha nporpaMunr cerMeHr (CS), ceruenra 3a aaHHr.r (DS) lr cer-Mcrrra Ha creKa (ss) rp.r6na,4a 6rgar sape4eun c Baurr,rAHr.r cerMeHTHI{ ce-JrcKropr{. flpoqecop'sr c6u1o ocr4rypqBa rpr.r perrrcrr,pa 3a .{o[r,JrnureJrHr.rcclMer{Tr,r 3a Ealalav (ES, FS, GS), Kor4To Morar aa 6r,Aar r.r3rroJr3BaHlr orlcKy IaTa rrporpaMa.

I4HAEKC

fiTUIZKATOP 3A' TAEJII4I]AO:GDT1:LDT

3A.fBEHO HVBO HATP'IBIIIEN4POBAHOCT

cDuz. 3.20. @op"uam Ha ce,xeKmopa Ha cez.LieHma

3a ga voNe nporpaMara Aa oc'brqecrBra Aocrbn Ao cerMeHT, ghorBerHrr-

rlr ccrMeHTeH ceJrer<rop rpr6Da Aa ce 3apeAr.r B eAnH or cerMeHTHr.rre perncrpr.r.

125

Brnpercu qe D oltcreMora Morar Aa 6rgar ge$rauupaHr.r MHoro cerMerrrrr,Aa,qeH MoMeHT uorat .qa 6taar lr3noJr3BaHlr calrao 6 ceruenra.Ha apyfnTe cerMeHTI,I MoXe Aa Ce OC1,IIIeCTBr,r, KaTO TeXr .rTe CeJIeKrOplr Ce

peacT B cerMeHTHHTe perlrcTplt rro BpeMe Ha r,r3rrbJrHeHlteTo Ha [porpaMaTa.Bcers cervenren perzcrrp (t[ur. 3.21) urr.ra ,,nu4rava" .r.acr:,.r,,cxprrra

vacr. Crpurara uacr ce Hapuqa otqe ,,Keru Ha AecKprznropare" nlra ,,B crHKa".

BI,I,qI,iMA qACT CKPI{TA T{ACT

@ue. 3.2L Ceeuenmnu pezucmpu

Koraro celvegrHr.rrr ceJIeKTop ce 3apeAlt Br,B BIrAIaMara qacr Ha perrlcT'r,pa, npoqecopbT 3apexAa c6rrlo cKprrTaTa qacT Ha cerMeHTHr,t.s pefuc 6a3oBr4s, aApec, Jrr.rMr.rra u r.rHoopMaqr{r 3a yrrpaBJreHr.rero Ha Aocrr,nacerMeHTa, Kor{To ce rr3BJlr,rqaT oT cerMeHTHr{r .qecKpr,r[Top, y(a3BaH oT ceJIropa. Jloralnara ra6rlqa Ha AecKprrnropr{re LDT or4tpxa onulra cerMeHTr.rTe, KoHTo ce rr3rIoJI3BaT CaMO OT rrporpaUara, :a rcoaro ca ge$unupauu. ho6alnara ra6.luqa Ha AecKprrlropr{re GDT crl:bpx(aJrHTe na cerMeHTr,rre, Konro ce rnrlor3nar o6rqo or nporpaMl.ITe B cr.r

I4n$opvaqlura, KerlupaHa B cerMeHTHrar perlrcr:bp (nuguva n crpura),rl,3MOxHOCT Ha npoqecopa Aa rrpeo6pa3yBa aApecuTe, 6e3 ,4a H3nor3Ba AOnaJrIIl.ITeJrHr.r qvrJII.I no rr[Hara 3a qere]re Ha 6a"gon[q aApec rI JIIrMr.rra or Aec(.pr,rrrTopa.

,\ecrcpunmoptm Ha cezweHma npeAcraBnsBa crpy(Typa AaHHr{ B uro-6alsara LTJIH JroraJrHara ma6nuqa ua decrcpunmopume, Kosro c:bAGpxa I{H-dlopuaqrax sa pa:Mepa u MecrorrotoxeHr,rero Ha cerMeHTa, HeroBr{.{ craryc I{UPADA 3A ,(OCT1,N. AECKPI,INTOPIITC HA CE|MEHTI,ITE CE gb3AABAT OT KOMNI,IJIA'

126

EA3OB AAPEC, JII4MI,IT, NPABA 3A AOCTbN

loptl'r6, cBbp3Barqr.rre peAaroopn, 3apex,qa lr,rre rrporpaMn r,rnrr or onepaqH-llttrttra cucreMa, rro He or npr4Jroxar.rre rrporpaMr. Ha $ur.3.22 e npeAcra-f!lt o6uurr OopMar Ha AecKprdnrop 3a BcrrqKrr rr,rloBe cerMeHTHv perrrcrpr{.Qopvarr,r na gecKpnrrropa cbA'bpxa cJreaHrlTe rroJrera:

. flore Ha ",ru"Mumd, Koero onpeaen.s pa3Mepa Ha cerMenra. flpoqecoprrlln'cp[peTr.rpa cT,,q:bpx(aflueTo Ha ToBa rroJle IIo aBa Harir4Ha B 3aBr,rcrlMocT oTtbcr'otHuero ua Qnara sa rpauyrrpurer G - rrprz G:0 pasuep:rr Ha cerMeuTallpfipa or I b]'te Ao 1 Mbyte npu unrpeMer{r or I byte, goraro npz G:l pag-

Xopr,r Ha cerMeHra naprapa or 4 Kbytes 4o 4 Gbytes npu nrrpeuenr or 4 Kby'tes.. flo.ne na 6asoslrr aApec - 3a,qaBa a.qpeca Ha Hynenr.rq 6afir ua certdeH-

ln [ 4 Gbytes nr.rHefiHo aApecHo fipocrpancrBo. llpoqecop:r,T r.r3rroJr3Ba rprrrefloJrcra Ha 6a:oaur agpec, aa ga $opuupa 32-6urosus.6aaoo agpec.

. flone 3a rrana sa cerMeHTa - r,rAenru$uqupa runa Ha cerMeHTa, pa3pe-

lltcnr{Te BH,qoBe 3a Aocrtrl I{ nocoKara Ha HapacrBaHe Ha cerMenTa (rGM fore-Mnlc lrnrr MaJrKrrre aqpecu). Ko,uupauero Ha roBa [oJre e pa3Jrr.rtrHo 3a

,100t(pHnroplrTe Ira cefMeHTlITe rra Koaa, AaHHr.rre r{ c}rcTeMHIrTe aecKpr,rrrrop}r.. Onar S - rroKa3Ba AaJrr{ cerMeHTtT e cr,IcreMeH, cerMeHT 3a KoA lrJrr.t

,$Iur.. flore ga rruBo Ha rrprrBrrJrerupoBanocr DPL - onpegear Hr,rBoro Ha

lll)r'rDr.rnerqpoBaHocr Ha cerMeHTa (or 0 ,qo 3).. (Dlar P 3a HaJrrrqHocr - rroKa:|Ba Azulu cerMeHTrr rrpltc:r,crBa B rra-

McTra (P:l) r.rjrr.r He nplrc6crBa B naMerra (P:0).. flore ga napaMerpu no rrpeM:bJrqaBaHe DB - To3r-r $rar nuuarra ce

yc l irrroBffBa B I sa 32-6utosn cerMeHTH 3a KoAa r.r AaHHr{Te u ce uytupa sa 16-llu'tou.r ceruesru 3a KoAa r.r .qaHHr.rre.

. Onar 3a rpaHynrprrer G - onpeAers Maula6a Ha nonero 3 JwtMutra

tlr ocrMenra. flprr G:0 nr.rlrrarrr ce uurepnperupa n 6pofi 6afirone, npu G:1l cAlrnuqu or no 4 Kbytes.

. flore sa Harl,rqeH r{ pe3epBnpaq 6rzrose AVL - 6ur 20 ce r3uor3Ba or('rol cMHr.rr coQryep, a 6ur 2l e pe3epBr4paH v. Bv*atu sbAbpxa 0.

3a npeo6pa:yoanero na JrorlrqecKvs a4pec B Jrr.rneen, npoqecopbr rr3-lroJl3Ba rr3MecTBaHeTo B cerMeHTItI{t ceIeKTop, 3a Aa ocT,IqecTBr4 AocT:r,n AorclMcriTHu.s AecKpr,rrrTop B Ta6rr.ruaTa Ha aecKprrflTopnre GDT ranu LDIfrlx)Dcp.sDa npaBaTa 3a aocT:brr Lr JrelMptTa B aecKpr.rrrTopa, 3a Aa ycTaHoEr.t

,,lrJrH cerMerrr6T e AocraneH r,r Ir3MecrBaHero e B rpaHuqra:re na nuunra. Ilpr.r-Ottlr 6asonug aApec Ha cerMerrra or AecKplrnropa rt'r,M H3MecrBaHero,3a Aatltopvupa rnnefiuus aApec (Our. 3.23). Aro Ee ce r{3noJr3Ba crpaHurrua opra-lllllaqu.q ua naMeTTa, JruHefiHr{flT aApec caBrra,(a c ou3HqecKr.rr aApec H [po-lldcopl,T AHpexTrro ro no,[aDa no aapecHaTa cu ]L4Ha.

127

!t l2 u

EA3A 31:24D

B0

L

J&I\NUTl9il6

P DPL s TIiII BA3A 2l:16

EA3A l5:0 JIT-IMI1TI5:0

flpu uytmucezueHmHufl Moder Bc.sKa [porpaMa (unu sa4aua) pasno-

tlra cbc co6crseHu celMeHTI'I r'r co6crnena ra6Jll'rqa Ha cerMeHTHI'ITe pernc-

Tpx (Sur. 3.24). Cenntenrure Morar aa ce I'I3IlorBBar caMo or nporpaMara

1JlH Aa 66Aar rlsrroJI3BaHI'I 06 Io MexAy [porpaMl4Te' .{ocn'nrr Ao cerMeH-

TITO It I,I3IIT,JIHI'ITOIHI'IT€ CpeAII OT I-I3II'bJIHflBaHI'ITe IIpOrpaMfi B CI'ICT€MaTa Ce

ylrpaBrtBar or xapayepa.JnzHffiro AAPEctro

IIIOCTPAHCTBOCETMEHTH'I ECXP'MTOPII

AVL . HA'\4 qEE 3A' I?I3IIOJI3BAHE OT CIiCTEMHI'' COOTYEPD/B - 0=16-EI,ITOB CETMEHTI l=3z-EATOB CE|MEHTDPL . HIIBO HA IIPIIBI,IJIB|I4POBAHOCT HA CE|MEHTA

P. HAJIIJTIHOCI HA CE|MEHTAs - TIiII HA AECKPIIIITOPA (0 = CIiCIEMEHT I - KOA Ll,l 1!,p.ll]ju)

Aue. 3.22. <Dopnam ua decrcpunmopa Ha cezueHma

IIO|IFIECKI{ A,qPEC

31

BA3OB AIPEC

128

rbue. 3.23, Ilpeo6pasyeaue Ha JloeuqecKu.n adpec e tuxeen <Duz. 3. 24. Mytrmuce e neume n uod e.n

129

llponeprrrt rl ltoo't.tnr 06 r.r:rroJr:tlar'lle caMo 3a 3aurrrra nplr o6prrqe-nro rbM n lp00 ]{xB'rrrl JI[Ml{t'O rr$ ccrMeHTa, a cr,ulo TaKa r{ 3a npeaoTBpaTr-ItEtto tta sa6pattcrtl.t oucpaquH B onpeAenetru cerMeHTr.r. Hanp1rvep ceruenrurec r(o4a cc ,r1c{utnpar c npaBa caMo 3a qereHe rr xapAyep:br npcaorBparrBa3AllHCa I TO3[ Tnn cerMeHTr{.

3.2.2. Bnpryalna nanrer

flpez 1962 r. Kwl6tpn or ynranepcnrera n Manvecrup lpeA:rara Me_TOA 3a ynpannenue na fiepapxnrra Ha KoMrrrorrpHara rraMer Karo naMem cedno aueo, xofiro nonacro.srq eM ce Hapw,n cmpaHupaHe (cmpunu,txa opza_nun4ua) Ha na emma.I-le.nra ua rosu ueroA e yrrpaoJreHrzero Ha rJraBHararIaMeT Ll Ar{CKOBaTa IraMeT aa ce opraux3npa rro TaK:r,B Uavzn, ve sa norpe6ra_TeJIr aa ImruexAa, qe B KoMrrroTbpa c'ulecrByBa cavo RAM nalrer, orK,[,,ue-'ro I' flpor{3nr€a TepMrH,I,T rIaMeT Ha eaHo Hr.tBo.

Bupmyatnama na em ocnrypsrra JrorurqecKo aApecno r,rpocrpaHcrBola norpe6ure:rr, MnoroKparHo rrpeBlrrrraBarlo Qnauvecroro aapecHo rrpo_crpaucrBo Ha xoMrrlorbpnara crrcreMa (roero QarrnuecKlr e crpr.rro 3a no_rpe6nrenr). 3a nporpaur.rcra ce c.b3AaBa t4Jtro3vsra, qe KoMrrror.bp;Tp:Blonara c DraBEa traMer c r.r3(trrt)ql,rreJllro ronlM Kauaqurer. Orgennu a4_pecrl ce r[rroJr3Bar 3a Brrpryanrroro r{ peaJrHoro aApecxu npocrpancrna. IIpo-rpaMaTa reHeptrpa Br4pTyarHr,r aApecr, AoKaTO peanHr4 r.e aApecrr BKoMrrrortpnara cr{greMa ca Qu:r.rvecrnre alpecrr Ha ulaBrrara naMer,

Karro peannoro raKa n Bt4pryanHoro aApecHo npocrpaHcrBo ca pa3-Acnenn na 6norone or 45n,ru c Qurcupan pa3Mep, Ha peqelr4 cmpaHu1u. Bol.lrxucTpa[Hrlu lMaT e,4lrn r{ gbtq pa3Mep, rofiro aanzcr.r oT (oMIIrO'fi,pHaTa apx[_Telff).pa. Karro oraprya.nnH_sT, TaKa v pearHrtflT a$pecv ca pa3AoneHH Ha ABerroJrera: crpau[qa s rvr:lr (gylla n pavrzre Ha crpaHr.rrlara). IlpoqecoprrreHepHpa rrpofp:rMEo 3ABvCnMrr Br.rpryanHr.r aApecs, npu (orrro ce lprreMa,qe rlrlrara KoMrrrorbpHa naMer Moxe 4a 6lge guperrno a4pecupaHa. B:rnBcexr{ MoMeHT Ecertll Br.rpryaneH aApec rrMa grorBereH $ra:ravecru agpec nro$usnvecrara uauer Ha xoMnrorapa (n rnannara nav er^rrrvr B.bs BToplrqrlara(rr,nurnara) narvrer). C'sornercrnrero MexA/ BrrpryanHrrre u peaJrHrrre crpa_Irnqn ce cr,A6px€ n ra6nzqara Ha crpaurrqrrre. Bceru nlrpryanen arpec, re_IloprpalI oT npoqecopa, ce [peo6pa:]yBa B pelrneH aApec B rJraBHaTa naMeTvpet o6pr,rqeune rr,u ra6luqara ua crpaunqure. Aro s AaAeu N{oveHr crpa_rrnqara, rcbM xorro flpoqecop:rr ce o6pru1a, He rrp[cl,crBa B rraBHara rra_Mcr, B'I,3H[KBa H3nrrroqenr{e nopaAn Jl{rrcBarrla crpanuqa, npu o6clyxBaHerona KocTo ce aKrr.rBfipa noAnporpaMa, (orTo aBTOMaTI.rqecKr4 3apexAa runc_

t30

0uara crpaHr-Iqa B uaBlraTa rIaMeT rr gboTBerlro aKf)lanrl3npa cb,(LpxaEtr-

oTo Ha ra6n[qara Ha crpaHHIII,ITe Ha $ur. 3.25 e Idipe!:craneE o6o6rqeH Mo-

/tcr Ha KoMrrror6pHa cHcreMa c Blrprya.nua naver. Ha [peo6pa3yBaHe tro'ulextr

r,:lMo rrollero Ha crpagl,Ilrara B aapeca, T6fi Karo noJlerara Ha Jlrrg[rra cir

c,,([aKBrr B1,B BlrpryzrnHEs u olr3uqecKl',rt aapecu. flpeo6paq/BaEeTo Ea Bnp-

tDuz. 3.25. O6o64en Mode'x Ha rcoMntomzJpHa cucmertaC euPmYAIHa nalrlem

t3l

TyarHHs aApec B:r,B Snsuvecxr.r ce oclrrlecrBfBa 3a.qrJrxl.rreJrHo rrptro6prrqeute KrM rraMerra.

Vcnex'sr ua crpanr.rpauero Ha rraMerra B 3HaqI.ITeJIHa creleH 3aBxc,flpr,rHqrrna rra JroKa-rrHocTTa (no uperr.re u [pocTpaHcTBo) Hanporpawu. O6p:rqenr4rra K.r,M naMerra ce rp1flupar n or4elnu o6lacrrz,KbM H.sKou KrrerKrr or regu o6lacrr,r ce peaJrr.t3rrpar MHotoKparHr4 o6p:srqa-uur. B o6rqur cryqafi rortMa o6lacr ce Lr3rroJI3Ba,u anu"rraru ,oor.r"It{r-egna O6:raCr ce ra3[oJr3Ba 3a cTe(a, sb,q:r,pxalq aApec[Te Ha Bp.r,lllaHe r.rMeTpLITe Ha npoqeAypraTe, Apyra o6lacr clxpanxna JroKaJrHr.rTe rrpoMeHJrr.tBtr,rouro o6lrruoneuo ce c.r,xpan.rBar 3aeAHo, r.r3BrrKBaHHTe rrpoqe,qypu ce ccxpa_IrrBaT B oTAeJrHrz O6nacTr.r, oco6eHo aKo ce nor3BaT o6ulo c Apyru npotpaMrr,

Bpoar na crpannqrare B c6BpeMeHHIrre KoMrrlor.bpH, "r"ralrarla

,urp4"

eane (TLB -Translation Look-aside Buffer) (gar. 3.201, *iio)o"nro ma6ttutqata npeo6pasyaane (DLT - Diectory Look-aside Table), utu rcew sa npeo6pa_syeaHe Ha adpeca (ATC - Address Translation Cache).

roJI.gM,3a Aa MOXe BCr,rqKr cTpaHr,Iur4 Aa ce noAA:bpxaT caMo B eAHa BrzcoKoc*ropocrxa ra6luqa Ea crpaHr.rqr,rre. Karo ce rrr\,rar npeABrzA xapaKTepr.t crurr.r_Te Ha rz3fiT,nrr.trBarlaTa IIpOrpaMa, c:boTBeTcTBaUIra Ha Irpr.rHqIIIra HaJtoKaJIIIOCTTa, eCTeCTBeHO e Aa Ce oqaKBa, qe olpeAeJreHo MHOXeCTBO OT CTpa-r.IHIIn, HapeqeHo pa6omno ttuolrcecmeo, n\e 6l4e lruororparHo ra3noJr3gaqoAo npeBruIx)qBaHero Ha KoHTeKcra. Cne4ooareluo uafi_nepolruo e a4pecrareua pa6ornoro rranoxecrEo Aa ce Ha_[ara ga 6agar npeo6pa:ynauu or xapAye-pa. EcrecrBeno e pa6oruoro MnoxecrBo r€To Hai-Beporrnoro MHo)KecrBocrpaHr,rq[, K'bM Koero rqe ce r.r3B.r,pmu o6pr,qenue, Aa ce noA4:bpxa B68 Br4_corocKopocruara ra6nr.rqa Ha crpaHr.rqrrre, Hapeqena 6yfiep sa npeo6pasy-

3a crxpaneurae lr rroAA:bpxaHe na ra6luqvre Ha crpaxltqrrre ce u3noJr-3BaT aCOqIlaTuBHLr KeI[OBe I{JrII aCOUIraTI.IBHr.r KeIuOBe c MHoXeCTBa.

Ilrnnara ra6nuqa Ha crpa'lrqrare, KorITo.4aBa gborBercrBuero 3a Dcr.rqKI,IcrpaHurlu B rnaBuara rraMer, nMa 3HaqrrerHo ron M pa3Mep npu 32_6uro_Bur aApec Ha sbBpeMeuHr.rre rrpoqecopr. 3a ga ce npeo4olee ro:n npo6.nev,ce r.r3noJr3na npeo6paayeaue na adpecume ua dee uuea. B cnyuar aApecr,Tcr'Atpxa rpr{ loJrera: KaraJror, crpaH]rqa, A1nua. flolero c KaraJrora yKa3BaHAqa'' ssT a4pec na ra6:rnqara na crpanuqr.rre. B ra6lr.rqara na crpatrlrqr.rrece orKpuBa HaqaJrnr.r.f, aApec Ha crpaHr,rrlara, rr,rra rofiro ce uplicbeAltnf,Baa.qpecbr Ha A1l'aara sa Sopurpanero Ha perrnHr,rs a4pec. He4ocrarlrrr uaMexaHr.r3Ma sa npeo6pasyuaue Ha .qBe Hr.rBa e, qe r.r3r,rc(Ba noBeqe ra6tutlm u,4le o6p:sulenNx rr,u ra6lr.rqure, 3a aa ce [3Bneqe aApecrT Ha crpaHur(ara.Oqesr.raHoro My fipearrMcrBo o6a.re e, qe r.ruArBlrayarHr,rre ra6nlrqu uuatMIIoro no-MaJrbK pa3Mep r{ 3aeMar rro_MaJIKo nalrer. Mnoxecrsoro or ra6_

132

BhPTYAJIEH A,TPEC OT NPOI]ECOPA

PEAJIEH A,qPEC B IJIABHATA TIAMET

Que. 3.26. Eyfiep sa npeo6pa3lsaHe ua adpeca TI-B

Jtlrlrrre, Konro ce 6nnlr qgnongsaHn nocJreaxn, ce clxpaHrBa n 6yQepa sa

ttpco6pasynane. Cracreuara sa npeo6pasyaaue Moxe Aa 6:r4e pa:uupena 4aol,a'r,pxa rroBeqe oT .4Be Hr.rBa, xaTo ce oop^,flapa .(r,pBoEI4aHa cTpyKrypa oTyxir3areJrr,r. Taruna crpyrrypu ynecHrBar pa6otata c ra6nuqr.rre u peAyqu-

l)ar rrbJrHara ra6.nuqa cac crpaHl,tunre, KoI,ITo He ce u3nor3Bar.flpu runca Ha crpanrrqa, KbM Korro rrpoqecopbr ce o6plu1a, nrsuran-

l|a [3KJrroqeHrre, Karo o[epaqnoHHaTa cI{cTeMa e oTroBopHa 3a 3apexAaHeror crpaHr.rrrara or 4racra. Mecrono.noxeHr.rero Ha rbpceuara crpaHrrrra B Ar.rcKa

0c orxpr{Ba .rpes ra6lnqara Ha crpanuqr.rre n 4r.rcra. Koraro B DraBHara na-

dsH

xt

TABM4I.[{ HACT?AHI,IIS-ITE B

|J'IAB}IATA IIAMET

133

F*

MoT llrlMd ogodo/ltto Mlo'l'o ral uorlllu crparrlrqa, e neo6xoguuo ga ceIlrtKorl oT cl'pauuql,tTc l lJroarrilra naMer 3a orcrpaHsBaHe. I{urlopvaquou-uull rpanctlrcp Mc)KAy ,qucKa u rraBla'ra rraMer e orxocurelno 6agen u cepeaJrr{grnpa or KoHTponep 3a AnpeKTeH aocrtrr Ao rraMerra u;ru or Bp{ npo-qecop. 3a Aa He rpecrorBa, rrpoqecopbr Mox(e .qa u:6epe gpyr npoqec 3an3rrbJrueHr,re, AoKaro 3aBlprrrlr rpanc$epa.,{rynocovnuar rutfopwaquonenrpanc<[ep vexay rJraBHara naMer u gucra (naupllvep pa3MeHqHero Ha crpa-nnqu) ce uapuua cyarruur (swapping).

flony.rnpnara crparerr.r.r npr,r cr,BpeMerrHure npoqecopn 3a 3apexAanerra crpaHrarlr.r or .qr.rctra B rJraBuara rraMer e ,,npu lo]rcraaue,' (demand paging)..{ageua crpauuqa ce 3apexAa or .Er,rcrta B rJraBHara rraMer, caMo aKo rrpoue-copl,T ce o6p:rqa rrv Heg, rrplr Koero B:L3HHKBa lr3KtroqeHue sa nr.rncBaqacTpaHrrqa.

Ha -qecro rr3non3Bariara crpareru.s 3a 3aMecrBaHe Ha crpaHrrqll e Aace oTcTpangBa Ta3r.r cTpagl{qa, xtM Ko.qTo Ha -,4T,nro BpeMe He e uva.no o6-prulenr.re (LRU - Leait Recently Used). IIpu Her ce rogAtpxa onarnKa orcrpanHIII.ITe Iz Koraro BT,3HnKHe o6pruleuae rcrv gaAeHa crpaHnrla, Tr ce I{3-Daxaa or oflamKara r,r orrroBo ce npz6aar rlu npar ua onaurara. flprz ueo6-xoArrMocr or 3aMecrBaHe Ha crpaHuqa ce u:6upa crpaHr.rqara B Haqturoro HaonalIrKara.

B cr,openaennure KoMnrolbpHI.I cucreMr,r ce I.BnoJr3Ba qecro r.Hap. nceB-lo-LRU anropHT'r,M, xofiro anporcurr,rlrpa oplrrrzHuurnara LRU-crparerlu.flpn ne.r ce ra3noJr3Bar r.Hap. 6urone :a lr:noJr3BaHe Ha crpaHraqara. Ha $ur-cupaHlr r.rHTepBanlr or BpeMe, ctrrl:aItu3lrparr o'f cllcreMnllt rafiuep oanpeKl,cBaHe, scr4qrr,r 6utose 3a u3non3Barre Ha crpaHr.tultre ce flpoqr.rrar orottcpaquoHHara cncreMa u cnea roBa ce HyJrrapar. 3anucauuxr 6pofi ua egr.r-rrfirrHr,rre crcro.snu.r Ha 6rrra:a u:not:sane gana tpn6lusr.rreJrHa npeacraBa3a rrecToTaTa Ha rr3rroJr3BaHero Ha AaAeHa cTpaHulla B paMKr{Te Ha onpeaeJreHHrrrepBaJr or BpeMe. Konroro e no-MaJrr,K r.rHTepBaII:br, ToJrr(oBa tpu6nusu-rcJrHara oqeHKa ce go6luxana go oqeHrara sa LRU- anropnrbMa.

Ynpaetrenue He namema npu IA-32 apxumeKmlpama. Cpegcrnara saynpaBJreHr.re Ha naMeTTa ca pa3AeJreHfi Ha ABe tIaCTr.r: CefMeHTr,rpaHe I{ cTpa._rrHpaue. B 3aulr.rreH pexrrM apxr.rrerTypara rrogntpxa crpaHr.rqHa opraHrr3a-I( A HA NAMCTTA, KATO CC I,I3IIOJI3BA MEXAHI,I36M 3A 3APEX(AAHE HA CTPAHI.IqI,TEri rJraBrrara rraMer rrpll roncKBaHe. Pa:veptr Ha noAArpx{aH}rre crpaHllquMor(e Aa 66Ae 4 Kbytes, 2 Kbytes v 4 Mbytes. Apxurerrypara no,q.q.bpxa uMeroA 3a pa3rrlrp.nnane na $ra:llvecrlu a4pec 4o 36 6ura, Karo craBa B'b3Mox-llo aapecHpaHero na Slrsr.rvecra nauer saa FFFFFFFFH. Tosa pa3rrrupeur{ec l]l,3Mot(rro caMo npn crpaHuqHa opraHr,r3artrrfi. flpu uero ce pa3qura Ha

t34

llonbJlulrrennr.I Ta6nuqu c y<aoare;rrrre Ha Kara-no3uTe na ra6rraqrare ua ctpa-ttuqlrre. llnrfopr'laqu.ETa, Ko.sro ce rr3no;r3Ba or npoqecopa Pentium I\nM ga

ttpco6pasynauero na nraxefiura.r a4pec nr,n rfusuuecr<ra, ce cr4tpxa a 4 crpyr-Iy?v EaHHw:

. Kara:ror na crpaur.rqr.rre - Moxe Aa cb,qbpxa ao 1024 no:raquu c ra-I',0Jro3rn Ha cTpauHIII{Te;

. Ta6luqa xa crpagr.rqrrre - Moxe Aa sr,A'r,pxa .qo 1024 nosnauu c ta6-Jt t.tutr Ha crpaHr{rlr{Te;

. Crpanfiqa - 4 Kbytes, 2 Kbytes ulru 4 Mbytes aApecHo npocrpaHcrBo;

. Ta6nuqa c yrasarerrrre rra KarirJro3ure, Ko.sro cr4'spxa 64 nosuqnu cyKfl3arenu Ha (aralro3u. Ta-:u crpyrrypa ce rtrroJr3Ba caMo B pe)Kr.rM Ha pa3-IrHperro a,qpecHo npocTpaHcTBo.

Tesu ra6luqlr ocrryprBar ,qocrr,n go crpanlrqu 4 Kbytes ulu 4 Mbytesrpr.r HopM.IJrHo a,EpecHo npocrpaucrao (32-6uron aApec) u .qocrbn Ao crpa-rtr.rqr.r 4 Kbyes, 2 Mbytes r.ur.r 4 Mbltes npu pa3rnr4peHo aApecHo npocrpaH-o'r'no (36-6uron agpec),

C:sgrpNanuero ua ra6lnqara ua Karalrro3r4Te na crpauuqlrre (e4xa no-ruqnr) npu p.BMep na crpauugara 4 Kbytes e rpeAcraBeHo ua $ur.3.27.

12 ll 98 7 6 5 4 3 210

I]A3OB AIPEC HA TA6'I,IqATA HA CTPAHI,IqI,ITE

3A I.fiNOI3BAHE OTC}ICTEMHU.f NPOIPAMI4CT

IJIOBA JIHA CTPAI IIII]APA3MEP HA CTPAHIIIIATA

(03A a Kbltes)

PE3LPBI.iPAI{ ( 0 )

oC6IISCTBEH AOCTAn

3AXPA]]A HA (EIIIA

3ATMC NPE3 KEIIIA

I'torPEBI.trEr / cy[EPBAfi 3op

qETEHE / 3AI]HC

I IA,'I}IIiHA (B |JIABHATA NAMET)

rDuz. 3.27. Czdz'petcauue na ma6ttuqama Ha Kamarro3ume Ha

cmpaHuqume, (edna nosuqun) npu pa3nep Ha cmpaHuqama 4 Kbytes

135

Ha Qur. 3.28 e Doxa3aua epapxunra Ha yKa3arerl,rre Ha KaraJloracrpasuqrrre, KaraJrom,T Ha crpaur,rqure u tadtut\ara Ha crparrnquTenpeo6paryaaHero sa tuneitlr.us agpec aro SuszuecKx aApec rrpn crpaHvrlapaevep 4 Kbytes. To:r.r uero,4 ga crpaHr.rpaHe Moxe Aa ce [pnJrara 3a aapec]I-pane go 220 crpaHr,rqu, rorrro o6xsarqar aapecHo upocrpancrao or 232

(4 Gbltet. Ilvue lnusr aApec e paj,AeJreH na 4 cerqur,r: ra6tw\a Ha yKa:|are-

JII$EH AryEC

31 30 29 2t 7J 12 lt

Jtrre Ha Kara:ro3r,rre, ra6nuqa Ha KaraJro3 Te, ta6lut\a Ha crpaHltquTe I,I Ir3-

MocrBaue B paMKnre Ha crpalrlrllara. Er,rrogere 30 u 31 cr4:rpxar IlaMecrBa-

ltc 3a eaHa oT qerqpr4Te no3HuIIu B Ta6r[Ilara Ha yxa3aTenl,ITe Ha KaTiL[o3I-ITe.

Hs6panara no:nqbs. c't E't pxta 6a3onlr.r Sr-renuecru agpec Ha Karanora Ha crpa-r.rqnre. Burooe or 21 lo 29 cbA'bpxar r,r3MecrBaue Kr'M no3lrllut t us6panut

rnra:ror. I{:6pauara rro3nqtt cr,grpxa 6a:onu.a $rasuvecrra a4pec ua ra6nu-tltTa Ha crpaHr.rqrare. Elr,rose or 12 ao 20 cr4'rpxar Ir3MecrBaHe K:bM rlo3lr-tlr.rr B rr36paHara ra6:ruua Ha crpaHurlrrre. Us6pauara flo3lruut c'ba'Lpxa6aronux $n:r,ruecKu aApec Ha crpaHl.Iqa uta Qr.rsuuecrara naver. Brarosererlr' 0 ,qo 1l cba:bpxar r{3MecrBaHero B paMKure Ha crpanl{rlara.

Kov6unr-rpanoro r,r3rron3Balre Ha cerMeuTlrpaHe In crpaHlrqHa opraHlr-:r0qfis ocuryp.sBa noAAp'bxKa Ha pa3Jrr{qHr4 rro,4xoAr.r 3a )mpaBneHz ero Ha rra-

ucrra. Egr.rn or eQerrlronure rroAxoAr{ sa rou6uuupane, rofiro onpocrrnacorlrryepa 3a ynpaBJreHrre Ha rraMerra, e EceKr.r cerMerrr Aa pa3rroJrara cr,cco6crseHa ra6rr.rqa Ha crpaEI.rqLIre ($ur. 3.29).

<Duz. 3.28. Ilpeo6patyeane na,tune nun adpec eae fiusuuecrcu adpecnpu pa3uep Ha cmpaHuqama 4 Kbytes e 4 Gbytes fiusuaecrco adpecno

npocmpaHcmso

Ouz. 3.29. Vnpaetenue Ha naMemma c npucaoflaaHe ua ma6nu4a uacmpaHu4ume 3a aceKu ce?MeHm

Bupryaarasarlnrra na lrzuefinoto a.qpecuo rlpocrpaHcrBo ce oc6 recrB.s-rlit or MexaHrd3Ma Ha rlpoqecopa 3a crpaHHpaHe, ceruenr:sr ce pa3,4en.rr Ilao rpaHr.Iqu, Kol.rro ce c6xpau.{Bar B rJraBHara naMer I,IJItr Ha AIlcKa. Onepaqu-orrrara cr{creMa noAA'bpxa (ara-nor Ha crpaHuIII,(Te I,I MHoxecrBo ra6ruqrarra crparir,lqlaTe, 3a ,qa npocJreAsBa ,qBuxeHrrero rra crpaHr,rqrrre. Cervenrute

,rlricKPtnToPHAI ASJ ,UA LOT

KATMO|HAsrbAHriLlllrE

TABJII,IIIA HACTPAHI'I]I-ITI

PAMKI,I IIACTPAHI,IUIITE

137

Morar Aa 6r4ar no-ua.nrn or crpagrqara. Axo rar<.rn cerwenr 6r4e nBeH B crpaHr,rqa, Korro He e o6rqa u 3a Apyr cerMeHT, npa3Horo Mscroocraxe Hen3noJr3nano. Apxrrerryp a-ra IA-32 He HaJrara cl,orBercrBne,qy rpaHr,rrlure Ha crpanuq[Te r{ cerMeHTr.rre. lagena crpanraqa uoxecb,qbpxa Kpa.s Ha eanH cefMeHT r.r HaqanoTo Ha apyt cerMeHT,aaAeH cerMeIIT MoXe Aa CbAGp)Ka Kpajr Ha eArra cTpaHrrla I_r HaqaJIoToApyra cTpaHr.rqa.

flpeo6paeynanero Ha agpeca [pr,r Kov6r.rur.rpaue ua cerMeHTHa sr,c crpamrqua opraHn3arlrrs Ex;trorrBa ABa erafla: upeo6pa3yBase Ha rorrqecrtu.spec B Jrnueerr u npeo6pa-:ynaae na rtu:neits:as. aApec B'bB Slr:lruecru agpecrnannara ualler ($rr. 3.30).

3,2.3. Ynpan.reuue Ha Ke[r rraMerra

Apxurexrypara Ha sbBpeMeuurrre KoMnK)r"bpHr.r crrcreMu noreruone (rraaxcr,rvanrro Ao Tpn Hr-rBa), 6y$epu aa npeo6pa:ynaue xa(TLB) u 6y$epu 3a 3anr.rc 3a BpeMeHHo cbxpaH.flBaHe rra r.rxcrpyKqrrr4 r-r rraver. Ha $ur. 3.31 e norasana crpytTypara Ha Kerlr rraMerr.rre rrplrpnre Intel@ Pentium'" 4 u Intel@ Xeon'". flpouecopr.rre c apxurerrypa IA-IIOAA6pXaT qeTr.rp[ Br.IAa I{eIII naMeTr,r: Kerrr 3a cJIeArr, Kelr oT nbpEo(Ll), xelr or nropo Hr.rBo (L2) 14 Kerrr or rpero ur.rno (L3) caMo 3a clpBtpnrar$opMx npu Intel@ Xeon'". Kernrr 3a cJreAr.r cr,A:bp)l<aI{HcrpyKrlur.r (vlrrpoonepauuu), nogaoauu or r.rHcrpyKquorrH}rs AcKoaep,Ketrn,T or rrapDo Hr{Bo (Ll) crgrpxa caMo AaHHr,r. Keuroaere L2 u L3ynurfuqupaxu u cr,A'bpn€T rrHcrpynqr.ru u 4annu. Te ca BrpaAerrrr B qr{rlaMrrKpofipoqecopa. Xaparrepzcruxr.rre Ha re3rr Kerrr-rraMeru ca o6o6rqeunra6r.3-1.

Paslrepr,r na luuuuTe B Ke[roBere or nbpBo r.r BTopo uliao Ll n L2 npnfipoqecopa Pentium- 4, nar<ro u Ha KerrroBere or rr:bpBo, BTopo ra rpero HltBoLl,L2 uL3 npunpo[ecopa Xeonr', e 64 bytes. Ilpoqecop6r BnHaru rpoquraor cncreMHara rraMer eAEa nrrHr,rr, sanovnarqa or 6 4-6afiroya rpanurla. EAHaJrr{HI,It Ha xena ce san'brBa c eKcrrJro3nBHa rpan3aKqux or 8 gyuu. Keuronererre rIoAAT,pxaT qacTI,IqHo 3anbJlHeHr.r Jlrtljt4l,/-, TAKA rle KernupaHeTo aopu HagrofiNa 4yva nsncKBa .qa ce Ker[rpa ur.lra Jrr,rHHs,

Keurr,r sa clega pu [poqecopr,rre Intel@ Pentium" 4 u Intel@ Xeon'" eIreAeJrr.rMa qacr or Mr.r(poapxrrreKT1para Netburst Ha Intel@ H ce rr3noJr3BaDr,D BCUq(U pexl{Mr{ Ha I,I3IrbJrHeHr,Ie: 3atqr,rTeH pexv M, pe)KI.IM Ha ynpaBJreHr,Ierra cucreMara SMM I pexuu c peaJrrrr agpecn. Ananorr.rqHo KeuroBere ornr,ptro, BTopo r,r rpero rrr.rBo Ll,L2u L3 ca sa.nnqnu 3a Bcrlqrrl pexuMr.r.

138

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iiF .i;i lr:1 Irrrd IBH I:{

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H?3

Eyc[epure TLB clxpaHrBar rrocJreAnnre rr3noJr3BaHr,r peAoBe or ra6nr.rIIHTo Ha crpaHr.rqr{Te u KaraJro3r.rre Ha crparrntr.rre. Te ycropxnar rpeveroAOCTbn AO [aMeTTa npH cTpar{r,rpaHe Ha rraMeTTa qpe3 HaMaJrsBaHe HaHa Aocrr,lture Ao rraMerra, neo6xo4arralr :a vetene ua ra6luqr.rte na

laMerra. Koraro npoqecopbr e B pencrM c peirJrHr4 aApecr rrJr[ crpaHnpaHe-To He e pa3peueHo, 6y0epHre TLB no4g:rpxar sr,Ar,pxaHr{ero cr.r, AoKarotrBHo r.rJrl HerBHo rrpr,rHyArrTeJrHo ce rr3qrrcTr{ T-trxHoTo c6a:r,pxaHrre,

Ey$epr,'r :a sanuc e cB6p3aH c r,r3rrbJrHr,rreJrHrrre ycrpoficrBa Ha npoqe-copa. Toft uollr,px(a Sanrrcrrre B cr.rcreMHara IIaMer xfrlrt4 BbTperrrHrrre Ke-

lltoBe, KaTo B HtKoLr cnyqal,I KoM6nHupa 3anI,IcI,ITe, 3a 4a onTr,rMl.r3r.rpa

/(ocrl,rrrrre Ha rrpoqecopa IIo c]rcreMHara rrrrrHa. By$eplr :a :anr-rc e arrr.rrenllr,B Bcr.rqKrr pexr.rMr,r Ha npoqecopa.

Ta6tu4a 3.1Xaparmepucmurcu Ha Kew namemume Ha InteP Pentium'" 4,

InteP Xeon'" u InteP Pentium'" M

XAPi|KTEPIICTIIKIInpn P€ntiunr{ 4, XeonrM:8-nbrflo acoqxanBeHi 12 XFopsIIDI PentiunrM M ne e r

Kcru 3a xHcrpyl{lrxr Ll npn PentiurnrM 4, Xeon'M se € nMnneMenTllpaHnD PentiuDrM M: 8-rLnro aoo{rarrBei( 32 (bltes

KcIt 3a AaHrriLl IIpu PentiunrM 4. X€on'M: 4-nbruo acoqrarrileH: 8 Kb)tes :pa3Mep Ija rllsncll ! l<cltls 6 blasnpn PentiurltM M: 8-narno acoqxaTl{BeHi 32 Kb)'tes;oasMeD Ha rtrIHnrm B xeua 6 b}tes

Yln+lrlrl{par tlctll L2(nflorplr<{hr r AaHHr)

flpr PentiumrM 4, XeoorM:8-nbTlro acoq&arnBex;256 1 512 Kb),tes-, pa3M€p Ha nHHnrra D x€lua 6 bytes,parMep Ha oeKropa 128 bytes

rlpn Pentiwntu M: 8-rrdo acoruaftB€Hl I M6.iI6a1i'eD ra mn

'fr n kema 6 hrtes

YnrotrrHpar *Eur L3 I lpH lnlel@ XeonrM: 8-narHo aooqxaTlrBeni512 Kbltes tlrtrl I M6ant pasM€p Ea Jn{nnrra s l(e a6b}'ts,narM6 nicem.. 128 bvta\

tiy4Fp TLB 3a l,{Hcrp},r(IrrH IIpr P€nliurnrM 4, XeonrM: +nbfto aooqxaTt{BeHt 128 no3nqnrno{ PstiutnrM M:4-naBo acon{'mseH: 128 tro3rsr{

l;y4)ep TLB 3a aaHHn(oDarur$r Kbl'tes)

llpr PentruntM 4, XeonrM: nararHo acoqnar{aeH;6 rorrqnn; nomBaH cl'BMeorflo a 6y4 epl{ TLB ra roteMn orpaxnqr AaHHrIIDI PentiumrMM: 4-Brro acou{aflBen 128 nortrlhn

l;y4Ppr TLB 3a r.'HcrpyqrH npu PentiunrM4 XeonrM:roneMnrE crpaHxqn ca oparMeHr paHrIIou PentiunrMM: {.nlffo acorranseE: 2 norn'nn

ljy(l,epr TLB 3a Aarulll (roreM{olPannqr)

I lpli PenhulnlM 4, XconrMr saru,I{o acowaT}iBeH:6 no3nq'll; nomBaH oaBMecrflo c 6y{rcprr TLB :a Manxri crparrxur raHHHno! PentiunrMM: sandso aconranBeHr 8 nolurq

l;yo€p 3a 3an{c npn PentiunrM 4, X€onrM:2 nossrrrllnor Pentiun'MM: 16 no3u!{

liy'lEp 3a xoM6nHHpaH€ Ha npn PentiumrM 4, XeonrM: 6 ro3nunrI]D{ P€ntiur'M M:6 ndxtr!{

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cTLr H CCUIO TaKa Aa Ce no,qAbpxa pea.bT Ha AocT6nIlTe Ao naMeTTa.Apxurerrypara IA-32 nogg:,pxa ABe rpynn MexauvsMu 3a ynpaBneHr{e

r{a KerIIupaHeTo Ha.4aHH}I r{ r.rHcTpy(qt4 r.r, KaKTo l.r 3a ynpaBneHr4e Ila peAa Haonepaqur.rTe 3a tteTeHe rr 3anuc Mex(Ay llpoqecopa, (ernoBeTe rr naMeTTa.ft,poara rpyna vexaul.t3Mr.r rr3noJl3Ba cnerlv anH3lrpanrr perlrcrpr{ u 6rarose oynpaBnqBarqfiTe perucrpu. Bropara rpyrra MexaHrr3Mr.t u3rrorsBa rrncrpyKqr{n3a ynpaBJreHr,re Ha Keln naMeTTa.

flpu rasu apxnrexTypa 3a ynpaBJreur.re Ha KernlrpaHero Ha Br{pryanHrlcTpaHnIIIr s o6tacrn Ha Qrl3nqecKaTa naMeT B KerrroBeTe Ha Tpr4].E Hr.rBa C€I.r3rron3Bar HrKoJrKo crreqllaJllr3lrpaHlr perlrcr.bpa u pzulJruqHH 6lrrone n pau-KHTe Ha y[paBr.sBalqlrre perrrcrplt n peAoBere B Ta6ruql.rre rr Karano3rrre HacrpaHrrrlrrre. @rarogere CD (6nr 30 - Cache Disable) ra NW (6ur 20 - NotWrite Through) B ynpaBrsBa lns perrrcrtp CR0 ynpaolxnar KerrrlrpaHero HacHcreMHara rraMer. Kou6zuaqua 00 na gnara duara arl-rnupa KeulupaHeroIIa q.qrara Su:uvecna laMer Ha Bcrrqrr.I Hr{Ba c o6pareH 3arr}rc B rJlaBrraranaMer npr.r lor]a,qeHrre. IIpu CD:l KernrrpaHero e Ae3aKTrrBnpaHo. Onarose-re PCD (5zr 4 - Page-level Cache Disable) u PWT (6ur 3 - page*level WritesTransparent) B ynpaBrqBarqus perlrcr-bp CR3 ynpaurlar usJrocrHoro Ke-[r,rpaHe u crparerr,rqra 3a 3arruc B (araro3r,tre Ha crpaHr.rqr.rre. Koraro e ny-lupau, $narur PCD pa:peurana KelrrpaHero Ha rrara.lrota Ha crpaulrqr{re rrro :a6panrna, roraro e ycraHoBeH B eAr.tHt4 r{a. @larur PWT arrrrBrrpa Keuru-paue c o6pareu 3alr4c Ha KaraJrofa Ha crpaHlrrlnre, I(oraro e Hynr{paH Lr 3a-nuc npe3 Ke[Ja B rraMerra, Koraro e ycrauoBeH s 1. Orarbr pCD n pega Hara:ra,rora u ::a6ruqara Ha crpaHHIlI.rre yrrpaBnrBa c.borBerHo Kerrr4paHero Haurr,quDuAya-nHr.rre ra6nlrqu r.r crpaHr.rqrr. Onarr,r PWT B pela Ha KaraJrora ula6-nuqara lra crpaHr{rlr{Te ynpaBJrsBa crparerr4tra cborBerHo 3a 3arrr4c HaHrrAr.rBr.rAya^rrHure ra6nugn 14 crpaHt\r4- lno6arnuxr $rar G a pega ua rara-lota u ra6ruqata Ha crpaHrrqrrre ylpaBJ.{Ba r43qucrBauero na pe4one u 6y-$cpure TLB:a zxArrBrrAyaJrrrrzre crpanrqll. O:rarsr PGE (6z1 7 - page GlobalEnable) n ynpaBrqBatqnr perucr,lsp CR4 pa:peurara 4erluulrpanero na r.no-6arrru crpannqn c S.nara G.

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Kcr[upaHe PREFETCHh aaBar B63MoxHocr Ha rlporpaMara Aa rlpeAnoxuIra npoqecopa Aa 6:rae HssreqeHa npeaBaplrreJlHo nlluus or cI'IcTeMHaTa rla-

MCT B fiepapxurra Ha Keur naMeTLrTe. }{ncrpyxqraara :a tBHo lt3tr[crBaHe Ha

KcuJa CLFLUSH ocl4r)p.sBa B63Moxnocr sa ns6panu luHHa or Ke ra aa 61'.qar

IpeM:rxriarH or IraMerra. I{HcrpyKIIIture MOVNTI, MOVNTQ, MOVNTDQ,MOVNTPS, MOVNTPD ofi'rqecrn.sgar rpaHcQep Ha c'babpxtaHlrero Ira yHIt-

rrcpca.nHr{re perucrplr, MMX u XMM perr'Icrplrre aI'IpeKTlIo B clrcreMHara

tralaer,6es.qa 6'r',qar reruupanu B KoiiTo It Aa e I(erIJ or rpI'ITe gr'rBa'

flpoqecoprr ocurypqBa B'I'3MoxIrocrLr 3a Kernupane s L1, L2 tt L3 Ha

rporr3BoJrna o6nacr or naMerra. 3a lrHAtlsuAyaJHI'ITe crpalluqll I{JIu o6Jlac-

1r.r or cr.rcTeMHara naMeT Toii ae$IiHI,Ipa Ir rlrna Ha KerxllpaHe, I43BecreH oule

r(aro rnu rraMer. Tllnosere [al\4et, AeOIrHItpaHI{ 3a apx reKTyparalA-32, ca

KAKTO CJICABA:

. Cu,,tuo HeKeulupaHa - c'b.q:bpxaHl,Iero Ha IolerKllre Ha cl'IcreMHara

raMeT He ce (e llpa. Bcuuru onepaqlll'I 3a qereHe It 3anl-Ic B rIaMeTTa ce rI3-

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lroJr3Ba 3a B/I4 ycrpoficrna, I{3IroJI3BauIrI aapecHoro rlpocTpaHcrBo Ha

IIAMCTTA.

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IIATA IIAMET.. Ko'v6uuupaue Ha 3anucu - c:,a't pxaHltero Ha KJrer(I'ITe Ha cucreM-

IATa rraMeT He ce Kerxllpa. cnerylaruruu ollepaql{n 3a qereHe ca pit:}peme-

rrn. Onepaquure :a 3alrltc Morar aa 6'saar la6aseanu KoM6[HIrpaHu B 6ySepa'rit 3anr{c WC sa Hava:rqsaue na 6po;r ua o6p:srqenulra xru naverra. Togu

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'r'cMHara naMer ca KertupaHri, Cuenylarulun onepaqliH 3a qerelre ca pa3pe-

rrrcrul, Bclrqrn oncpallHli 3a 3anlrc oc'blqecrBtBar eAHoBpeMerIeH 3anuc B

143

JfttHnATA IIa Kella I{ B Cr,ICTeMHaTa naMeT. KOM6r,rHUpaHeTO lra 3alr{Cr.rTepa3peuero. To:lr run Kerlupaue e [olIXoAslI 3a paMKoBr,rre 6y$epu uturaro l<rM cucreMHara rrrrrHa ca cB'bp3aHI.I ycrpoficrna, ocr,ulecrnxnarqu o6-pruleulre K6M naMerra, Ho He rrpaBrr ,,nogc;ryuraane" Ha Aocr:bnr,rrenaMerra, flplr ro:u rnrr KerlupaHe ce no.4A'bp>r(a KoxepeHTHocr rra Ebrpelr-HrrTe KeIloBe Ha Ilpoqecopa u crrcTeMHaTa IIaMeT.

. O6pameH 3anuc - Bcvqnv orrepaqulr 3a 3anr,rc u qereHe or/r cracrew-Hara naMer ca KeIn:apatlz.. Onepaqr.rure sa vereHe ra3rroJnBar lrn$opwaqr.rrra,c't Atpxarr1a ce B Jrr.rHr,rure Ha KeI[a npn norraAeHrae. Jluncure npr.lrro[T,JrBar Jrr,rrlcBarrlara JTI.IHH.r B Kerra. CrteKyJar[BHt4 orrepaqrl 3a rrereue capirpetrreHr.r. Tenaenqzsra e rro BT,3MoxHocr Bcl{q(}r onepaq[r 3a 3alr]Ic Aa6r,,qar ocr,ulecrstBaHl4 B I(ernoBere. Kov6ranrapanero Ha 3arrucr,rre e pa:,pe-reHo. Tosu rr.rn KerrlrpaHe peAyr.lupa rpa$ura rlo cr4creMHara uruna, rli

xaro ce us6qrnar MHoro HeHyxHu 3anqcr.r B rraMerra, flocaegonarennrare :a,nlrcH ce aK) {yJrr,rpaT B nIrHI,rrITa IIa (eura, a He ce [pr,rABt4xBaT HanpaBo K.bM

naMerra. Crg'r,pNanuero na wo4lttluqupanara Jrr,rHr,rr Ha Kerla ce 3arlllcBa D

laMerra rro-K'bcHo, Koraro ce rr3n'r,JrntBa onepaqlrt :a o6pareu 3auluc. One-paqux:a o6paren 3a[uc Ha (eu-n]rHu.f,Ta ce craprr,Ipa, Koraro Kern'br e rrlJreuu ra3u InrHus, Tps6na ga ce orcrpauu, sa ga ocro6oar.r Mscro Ha HoB a ru*vg..Onepaqur :a o6pareH 3anlrc Ha Kerrr-Jrr.rHr,rrra ce craprl{pa rr or MexaHr.r3Mrrre

3a rroaAl,pxaHe Ha KoxepeHTHocrra Ha naMerra. Togra run ynpaDneHtre HaKerna ocuryptBa Har,r-Br{coKa cr{cTeMHa nporr3BoAnTeJrHocT, Ho r{3HcKBa Bcr,rqKfiycrpoficrna, Kor4To oc'bulecrB.,Ilar Aocrr,rr Ao cr.rcreMHara naMer rrpe3 crzc-

TeMHara [r.rHa, Aa 6rgar n cr,crorulle Aa noacn]TrBar AocrtnuTe Ao rraMer-Ta, 3a aa oclrryprT KoxepeHTrrocTTa Ha KeIrJ rraMeTnTe u crIcTeMHaTa IraMeT.

. 3au4uma Ha 3anuca - 3arnrcr.rre ce npeAaBar rro crrcreMHara rnr,rHa r{npeAH3BrrKBaT C6OTBeTHI,ITe JlUHLtr4 B XeTIIOBeTe Ha Apy ATe rrpoqecopl{ Aa6rgar rvrapxnpauv Karo Hera;rr.rArru. Cneryaaruanu onepaqlrr4 3a verene capt{}pell]eHr,r.

Perucrpnre :a runa Ha rraMerra MTRR o6nrponar onpeAeneur.r o6Jrac-rn ot $usrauecnoro aApecHo rlpocrpaHcrBo Ha cr.rcreMHara rraMer c KoHKpe-TeH THrr rraMer (verog na KernupaHe). Te 4anar B63MoxHocr Ha flpoqecopa,qa orrrt4Mn3r.rpa olepaqlrnre 3a pa3Jrr.tqHr.rre Br.rAoBe rrauer raro RAM, ROM,paMroBa 6yclepna naMer r.r B/}I ycrpoficrna, n3rroJr3Baulr aApecHoro rrpo-crpaHcrBo Ha rraMerra. Mexasugurr c MTRR pen crpvre pa3pelraBa Aa cege$nuupar Ao 96 o6racrr.r u:r,n $usnvecrara naMer, Karo rlrnbr fiaMer 3aDcsKa o6nacr ce 3aAaBa qpe3 perrrcTpHTe 3a Mo,qeJra MSR.

flpoilecopure, noln'bpxarqu apxr.rrexrypara IA-32, crxpansBar EpeMeH-rro DcrKa onepaqnr 3a 3arruc B 6y$ep sa :anuc. Toaa nogo6pxoa lporr3Bo.qu-

144

tclrrrocrra na flpoqecopa, T6fi Karo My AaBa BG3MoxHocr Aa npoA'r,nxu r.r3-

LJrHenr{ero Ha nucrpyrq}rure, 6es Aa ce Ha-[ara Aa lrqaKBa 3aBtprlBaHeroltn 3arruca B Kerla r{Jrr{ [aMeTTa. Togr,r Mexanrastl\4 c3lqo TaKa aaBa B'b3Mox-locr 3anrcrre Aa 6't Aar 3a6abrnr,r,3a Aa ce ocrrypu no-e$errzono rl:nors-ltntre Ha IInKJIure 3a .qocrGrr .qo naMerra, B o6rqn.[ cr;uaii, crrqecrnyeanerorn 6y0epa 3a 3anrrc e npo3paqHo 3a coSryepa ,qopu lr npr.r Mynrr,rflpoqecopHraxout[urypaquu. Ilpoqecopr,r ocuryp.sBa peAa rra 3anr{cr.rre BuHarr4 ,(a cbor-DCTCTBa Ha pe.[a, 3aJrOXeH B rrporpaMaTa.

Kou6uur.rpanr.rre 3arrlrcn ce 3aA'bpxar 86B BbrperrrHr{x 6y$ep WC, rofi-'lo e orAeJreH or KerrroBere Ll, L2 u L3, rarro v or 6y$epa sa sannc. Ey$ep:rrWC ue ce uo4cryrrrBa r,r He rroA,qr,pxa (oxepeHTsocr xa gauuure. Tooa 6ySe-pnpaHe ce ocsqecTBsBa, 3a Aa ce ocurypn B:r,3MoxrrocT Ha rrpoqecopa aa'l0pear.r Ilo-ronqMo KoJrr{qecrBo rr.ro4r.r <}uqrapauu aaHHrr D 6y$epa WC. flpraMITOTOKPATIIIITE 3ATI,ICI,I B E.4HA II CbIIIA ruIETI(A HA NAMETTA IIIE 6AAC 3ANI,ICAHA

catMo rrocJreAnara crofiHocr B rraMerra, Karo Mex.4I,rHHI.rre crofinocrz rqe6r,gar usry6enu. flpoqecopure Pentium'" 4 u Xeont* rroA,q'bpxar no Hrrrolr-(o 64-6afiroBr WC 6yQepa. Koraro 6ySepr,r WC e nrnen (ncuvru 6afirooeca na;ruguu), [poqecop'br r,r3['brH.sBa eKcrrJro3rraua rpaH3arrru.s 3a 3anr,rc Ha(r4 bytes rto tur{Hara.

Roumexcmxunm peJ{u.Li Ha Kema ea Aaunu Ll e xapaKTepeH 3a rrpoqe-copa Pentium'M 4 c xunepnuurxoBa rexrroJror(fi. Bagosara BxoAno-rr3xoAnacNcreua BIOS e orroBopua sa rou$lrrypuparrero Ha ro3r.r pexrav. Brsuox-rr{Te Bapr,raHTrn ca a,qnrxBer{ pe)KrrM rr pexorM ga o6rqo [ot3BaHe. flprz agan-l l.IDtiu.s pe)KrM ca BT,3Moxrrrr aBa Bapr{aHTa: aBaTa JroruqecKl.I npoqecopa aatl3nor3Bar e.qHaKBo LIerI,Iq Keru 3a Aaflnu L1 Hnra Asara noruqecKra rrpoqecopa7la ce KoHKypr.rpar 3a r.r3rroJr3Banero Ha ro3rr KeI[, Karo B To3l{ caylafi orgel-

r.rtT JIOMeCKI,I flpoqecop He MO)Ite Aa r,r3rroI3Ba IIeJIIT' KaIIaqI,ITeT Ha Kerna.I,Ignurnenr.rero na carraolrogr.rrfr.rqrpalll ce KoA Dpe.qr,r3Er.rr(Ba peAr.rqa

rrpo6rer'.ru npr,r npoqecopr.rre c x]r[epHurnroBa apxr,rreKTya. 3anncrr xa npo-rtccopa Ha a,4pec D cerMeHTa sa Koaa npear.r3Br{KBa MapKr.rparreTo Ha cboTBeT-rara ruHr.r.s B Kerrra Karo HeBa-rrr{Arra. flpa upoqecopure Pentiuml" 4 u Xeon'"'t'flt4c vnv IIoAcnyIIIBaHe Ha HHcTp)rKq[c B r(o,{oB cetMeHT, npr.t Ko.sTo [HcT-llyKrlr.rtTa e Beqe aeKoaupaHa II c'bxpar]eHa B Kerrra 3a cJIealI, npaBL4 HeBa-lrr.rA-

ro rlrJroro cr,AT,px(aHr{e Ha Kerlra 3a creAr,r. CneAosareJrHo x3rIbJIHeHI,Iero HarporpaMrr cr,c cauowogu$uqupaur ce Koa Moxe Aa upeAH3Br.rKa 3Haqr.rrerHa

J(Cf paAarll,I.s Ha cr.rcTeMHaTa rrpor,r3BoanTenHocT rrpn Te3r.r flpoqecopfi .

B rvrylrunpoqecopnr.r xouSr,rrypaqnu, [p]r r<onro c'brrlecrByBar HrKoJrKolroacl{creMl,I or Kerlr rraMerlr, npo6lerwsr :a KoxepeHTHocrra Ha KelrroBere erliK;rKlqrareJrHo naxen. B AaAeH MoMeHT Konr.rr Ha clAtpxaHllero Ha KterKa

t45

oT naMeTTa MOXe Aa Ce CbA'bpx(aT E KerrroBeTe Ha HsKoJtKo npoqecopa. 3ace ocurypu koxepelrTHocTTa Ha Iro.qcltcTeMr{Te Kerrr [aMeTr.r,IA-32 nog4rpxa nporoKoJr sa xeura MESI. Toi ce r.rgnor:sa KaKTo B earrorpoqecopHn, TaKa r.r B MyJrrnrrpoqecopHu rou$urypaquu.

flpu npororola MESI ce nponepraar 4e$ranrapan+ c..,croelus HaI(a JrriHr.rr Ha Kerla. Tesu crcro.sr rfl. ca .l'erlapt4 (or ntpnrme nu 6yrnuJrrna HMero Ha nporoKoJra):

. Modufiuqupauo (M * Modified) - Jn4HHrra B xeltra c.r,AbpxaMarlu.a, Ko.rro e Irao4uQraqupana lopaAr,r oca,rqecrBeH :auuc s Kerrra, TNPEAH3BI'(BA NOACJDTIIIBAHE IIA CI'CTEMHATA III,IHA OT KEIIIOBCTC I,I 3AIIXCr'logu$uqupauara r ]f,.uts, o6paruo B rraMerra, roraTo rrpu noAce nonyqlr loflaaeHl,re B Jrr.tHI{tTa Ha KeIUa,.

. Erccntysueuo (E - Exclusive) - xottrrero B Kerna e eAr.rHcrBeuo r{apyl KeIn B cLIcTeMaTa He piBrroJrara c ap),r.o Konue;

. O6ao (S - Shared) - Jntnns"ra ce cbAr'pxa eBeHryrurHoKerrra I,I BctrqKu Kou.Iq ca aKTyanHIr;

. Heeattudno (I - Invalid) - ctcrorHue, cre.q Haqa;rHo(reset), nora:na, qe cbcrorHr4ero Ha rtHtfr-ra e HeBa-rruaHo.

Bcsra ruHlr.s B Kerrra I,lMa rrHAnKarop na c.r,croxnuero, rofirocbcrosHr,rero ua unQopuaqr.txra, cr,Ar,pxaua ce B Kerla. flpexo4r orcbcTotHr4e B Apyro ce npeAr.r3BnKBaT oT orlepaqlru 3a 3anlrc 14 qeTeHe Har(aJrHrlt npoqecop r.rJrl{ np}r [oacJryuBaHe Ha rxlzHaTa, KOfaTO Apyronarqo ycrpoicrBo Ha rrrr.ruara r.rHrrq[lrpa quxtn.3a Aa ce noAAbpKoxepeHTHocrra Ha MHo)KecrBo (ernoBe D cncreMara, e ueo6xoguuo gaocurypsT IorrcnHIITeJrHlt crrfHil]In 3a KoMyHI,IKaTIUS MeXAy KerrroBeTe.

Ha Sur. 3.32 e lpeAcraBerra ,qlrarpaMa Ha npexoAr.rre B Kerrra 3aflpu e4uonpoqecopHara HMnJreMeHTarlu.fi Ha rrporoKoJla MESI scqraHa (eula Moxe Aa npeMr.rHe npe3 [ocIeaoBaTeJrHocT oT cT'cTorHu.s CIe.4 nbpBo-To cr,r 3apexAaHe B KerrJa 3a AaHHU Ll. ulu n yluSlrqrpature neruone L2L3. flpexognre Ha cbcrogfirr.sra 3aBucrr or Br.rAa Ha Aocr:bnure ao rraMrra npoqecopa r.rJrr.r apyrrrTe ynpaBrrBaullt ycTpoicTBa Ha mr.rHaTa.

flpll culrno cBl,p3aHr,r lapa]nenHrr KoMnlorlpHLr cucrelru (copu) rclruru npoqecopu noJBBar o6ua (rno6alna) nar,aer. Bupryanno npu,BCr,rqKr,r MyjrTr.tnpoqecopHr,r cIlcTeMH BceKr,r flpoqecop lr3noJr3Ba JIoKa-rrHa Ketunaver c o6pareu 3arrlrc, 3a Aa ce pe4yqr,rpa rparflrnlT rro crrcreMHara uruHa.flo ro3u Haqlru BceKr.I npoqecop npe3 lo-roJltMara qacr or BpeMero oc6ue.crnrDa Aocrt n Ao JroKaJrrrara cn Kerlr naMer u prAKo Ao 6aBHara DRAM nruROM cncreuua nauer. flpr,r c[creMr.r c MHoxecrBo ).TrpaBnsBarl]r ycrpofi-cTBa IIO llI,IHaTa, KOHTO He Ir3IIOJI3nar O6pareu sanr.rc, cbrrlecTByBa olacHocT

t46

Or nperoBapBaHe Ha rpaor,rKa rro urlrHaTa or MHoro6pofiH[Te .4ocrGrll.l AoltuMeTTa, ocBrqecrB.rrBaHu or BcrKo ynpaBffBarrlo ycTpoficrBo Ha rrrrrHaTa.

I lpn lrynrunpoqecopHt4 crrcreMr{ noBeqe or earlu flpoqecopeH KoMrlne(c Moxe

,llu HMa KonHr Ha eaHr.l u cl,rrlH Jrr4Hr.rr.r Ha Kerla. flporoKorbT MESI ocuryp-a-

lt KoxepeHTHocTTa Ha MHoxecTBoTo KelrroDe rr [peAorBparrBa HeHyxHoTo

finnaJl[,4rlpaHe Ea [r4HufiTe Ha Kerra. I:itcxnu'(Ia Ha BceKu llpoqecop 3aBI{-

c,ll'oT TeKyrrtroTo c:r'cTo.sHlIe Ha ruEutTa Ha KeI[a, Tlrna Ha TeK]'IrIaTa Tpalt-:tuKrlnr ro cficTeMHaTa rrIUHa Lr gbcTogrrlreTo Ha cr{rHaJrr{Te 3a froAcJr}'rrrBaHe,

l'0ncpr{pas}r or ocraHaJrrrre npoqecop}r.

"'{$cA'1y93p",* nor^lerft Dr cBMr

!oacryusaEnANd

rprDrlrno nolldvrB^nE trAlotr^FtrnErrn rrrqc

g

H

A

!H

5

H

>E

pII

ei,,'-s

^c' ,/ sd

%c e*rltuz. 3.32. ,\uaepaua na npexodume npu npomoKona MESI

6 rcewa 3a daHHu

t47

3,3.3uurnrn

OcttosHlrre HacoKI{ npu 3aulurara B KoMnrortpnara cr,rcreMaBaT 3arqr,rTa Ha naMeTTa, 3aIIIIITa Ha o[epaUHOnHaTa CrrCTeMa OT

rr,rre ll 3atqrra sa norpe6nre-nure rloMex4y LrM. N.{.exanulxr't sa sat4umanaMemma rp.s6na aa orKpr.rBa BcqKa rpernKa rrplr aApecupanero npeAr,rB'r,prrrBaHero rra Hepa3perrreH .qocr-rn. Bcqra uucrp),Kqrrr ce npoBeprBaHMa rrpaBo na onpe,Eenen BrrA ,qocrr,n. Taou npooepra ce u3Br,prrrBa orpoicrBoro 3a ylpaBJreHrre Ha naMerra, Karo [pr,r Bb3Hr.r(BaHe Ha

Aocrr,rlbr ce caHKqrroal,Ipa I,I ce r,r3BIrKBa c'borBerHara o6cnyNnarqapaua. Mexaxusv'b'r 3a 3at4uma Ha onepaquoHHama cucmena tpx6na 4aAOnycKa rvrogu$uqupanero Ha rrpofpaMr.rTe sa oneparlioHHaTa cr,rcTeManpr.rJroxHr.rre nporpavu. Tofi cbrrtro Konrponupa o6veua uexgy cra

MoAynr4 3a BIrcoKa naaex,4uocr. Mexanv3l'a,br 3a 3au4uma Hame r \peanasBa. eAr.rn oT apyr qpe3 orpaHr,rqaBaHe Ha aocT.bna Aoquara. lnere ocuoBHr,r cncreMl,I ga 3anlnra E KoMnrortpHl{Te cr,rcreMr.rfiepapxuunara (puuroeara) clrcreMa r.r nefiepapxraunara clrcreMa 3a

Apxurerrypara IA-32 noggrbpxa Mexanr.r3bM 3a 3arqrrra KaKTo HacerMeHTIr, TaKa u Ha HuBo crpaHr.rqlr. Tofi orpaur.rvaBa locrrna AoHH CerMerrTI.I HnII CTpanI.Iqu, KaTo r,r3noJBBa HnBa rra [pI,IBl4JIer]rrI:HUBA HA

'JptrBUJIerIIII 3a CefMeHTI.tTe r4 ABe Hr,rBa Ha npr4Bt tefv:,I 3a

Te, KoA:6T H AaHH[Te Ha o[epaquoHHaTa cr,rcreMa ce pa3nonarar B rlo-KO npr,rBnJrerllpoBaHr{ cerMeHTIl, TaKa qe [pr4JloxHr.rTe rrpofpaMl,r He MoraTocbIIIecTBrBaT UpoI.I3BOneH AOCTI,II AO TrX, a CaMO KaTO Ce Crra3BaT

orrpeAeJreHr,r npaBHna.B :arqr.rren pexI,IM BceKt Aocrtbrl Ao rraMerra ce rroaJrara Ha

.qa-nrr yAoBJrerBopsBa r.r3ncKBaur.r.sra Ha 3arqr{Tara. Bcr,ruxr.r nponepru ceBqT flpean cTapTr.rpaHe rra qr.rK:bJra 3a aocTtn Ao rraMeTTa eAHoBpeMeHHOnpeo6pa3yBaHero Ha aApeca. Bcrno uapylreuue Ha 3iuroxeHr.rre npaBaAocrln BoAn Ao Bb3Hrr(BaHe Ha r.r3KJIIorIeHI.Ie, Ilponeprure rlo 3arrlr.rrara HarraMerra Morar Aa 6rgar rpynupanu B cJreArrnre Kareropuu: npoBepru ga

luuur (rpanraqr), sa rnn, 3a lr.vRa Ha. rlpr4BnJrerau, orpaHr.rqesu.s 3a aApecu-pyeuara o6.nacr, orpaHr.rqeHr.rr 3a BxoAHr,rre roqKlr Ha npoue.qypnre, orpaur,t-qeHlle 3a cr4cTeMaTa r,IHcTpyKIII-tU,

VcraHosssaHero o 1 ua tflara PE o yflpaBrrqBallrfi perurcr:rp CRO npe-DKnroqBa npoqecopa B pexaM Ha 3arrlnTa, KoeTo oT cBo.s cTpa a aKTr,rBLIpa

MexaHr.r3Ma 3a 3aulnra rta cerMenrr,rre. 3arqurara ua HHBo crpaHtqrr ce aKTIr-DItpa aBToMaTr,rqHo c aKTrrBupaHeTo Ha cTpaHI,IpaHeTo Ha rlaMeT"ra I]pu ycTa-rroDqBariero n 1 na $lara PG u ynpaa.nrnarqua perncmp CRO.

t48

Mexaurr3vure 3a 3aulnra r,r3noJr3Bar cJreArrrrre (bJraroBe r,I noJrera B cI{c-'loMrrnTe cTpyKTyprr oT AarrHr.r, 3a Aa ce ynpaBJrsBa AocTLn:bT Ao cerMeHTrrTe

,l 0l paHr.rur,rTe:

. Tur Ha AecKpnlropa Orar S (6ur 12 xa 4ecrpunropa Ha cerMeHra) -olrpcaeJrr Aa-rru ToBa e o ,rcaTeJr Ha cr{cTeMeH cefMerrT, cerMeHT c KoA r.urrt

OOI'MEHT C AAHHI{;. floae ga rr,rna (6nroBe or 8 ao 11 Ha aecKpr,rnropa Ha cerMenra) -

Iltpc,qeJrr rrana na un$opvaqrura D cerMeHTa ( ro,q,,qanuu u.nu ceruenr);. flone ga .lIl-luur (6rarone or 0 ao 19 B ,[ecKprrrrropa na ceruenra) -

olpcaerrr pa3Mepa Ha cerMeuTa (saegno c $:raronere G u E ga cerMeurr4 3a

11urlun);. onar 3a rpagyn tpurer G (6ur 23 B aecKprznropa Ha cenueura) - on-

nc/tcJrr pa:'Mepa Ha cerMeHTa (:aeguo c noJrero 3a rnMlrr lt Srara E:a cer-tvlctl rra Sa gannu);

. Orar E (6nr 10 n gecrpnnropa na cerlrenra) - onpeaenq pa3Mepa Ha

cclvenra (sae4uo c noJrero 3a JruMur u tflara G sa cerMeHrr.r sa gaunu);. floJe sa Husor:o Ha rrpr.rBunerrr DPL (6urone 13 u 14 n Aecxpr.rnropa

tttt cervexra) - onpe.4ett nlrooro Ha npr,Ill{nernpoBarrocr Ea cerMelrra;. flore 3a 3a.ssesoro rirrBo Ha rrpuBuneruq RPL (6urone 0 u I n gecr-

pr.rrropa na ceruenra) - onpeaenr 3arBeHoro Hr.rBo Ha rrpuBr.rrerlrpoBaHocr([ ceJreKTopa Ha cefMeHTa;

. flo.ne ga rerylroro HrrBo rra rrpunurerrar CPL (6urose 0 u I B cerMerr-tlrrl{ per}rcrap na roaa CS) - rrHArrqnpa Hr.rBoro Ha npnBr-urerrrpoBaHocr Ha

1'0KyrrlaTa rr3[bJrH.,rBaHa rrporpaMa r{nu npoqeaypa;. Onar norpe6sren/cyneprafi:op U/S (6ur 2 n pegonere Ha Kararora

ruru ra6ruqara ua crpauuqure) - oflpe.qenr rnna Ha crpaHrruara: norpe6n-I'OJIC(A IIJII,I C}ICTEMHA;

. (Drar sa verene/aanr.rc Rfil - (6ur 2 n pegorere Ha Kara-rora r.rJrr.r

r rt6rtrrqara na crpaunqure) - onpegenr rr4na Ha pa3perrrenur Aocrtn Ao crpa-lllluaTa: caMo 3a qeTeHe I,rJrI,I 3a qeTeHe-3aII c.

I4gnorgsaHero ua re:ra Qraroae a noJrera AaBa B63Moxrrocr 3a IIMTIJIe-

Mclrr,IpaHe lta pa3nl,rqnl4 crrrJroBe Ha cxeMHTe 3a earqura. Koraro crsgana/l0cKpr.rnrop, ofleparlrloHnara cHcreMa 3apexna olpeAeJreurz crofiHocrrr B Te3r.r

rflrarone u noJrera,3a Aa oclrqrpu uz6panut crr.rJr Ha 3arrrrrra. B o6l1ur cny-

'rrt ne ce aonycKa npr,rJroxHr,rTe rrporpaMr.r ,4a oc6 IecTBrBaT aocT'bn r.r aavo;lurfuqupar cbAbpxasnero na re3r.r noJrera r, $rarone.

Psurosara clrcreMa 3a 3alqtrra nog:bp)Ka fiepapxn.n or 3arrrr.rrnrr HrrBa(pnurone) c pa3ruqHa rrpuBrrJrerupoBaHocr (Qr,rr. 3.33).

149

PI4HfOBE IIA 3AIIII4TA

'APO HA

ONEPAI[4OHHATACHCTE]t,IA

OECJDI{GAI.{HNPOIPAMI' HA

ONEPAUT,IOHHATACI4CTEMA

NPI.TJIO)ICIHIIPOfPAMI{

<Due. 3.33. Huea ua epapxunma Ha puHzoeama 3au4uma

flpoqecoprr r43rror3Ba Hr,rBa Ha rrpr4Dr,rJrerur.rre, 3a Aa npeAAOCTT,na Ha nporpaMr.r vLu 3aAauu c IIo-HI,tcKo HItBo Ha IIpI-IBLItefr4pOBaH

AO CerMeHT C IIO-Br,rCOKO Hr.rBO Ha npr,rBrrJlelllpoBaHocT ocBeH npr,rHa crporo 4eQr,rxr-rpaun [paBr.rJra. BcsKo Huso r.rMa orAeJreH crer r,r

Ha cTeKa c IIeJI n:r,JrHa r-I3oJlaq[r MexAy oTAetHr.rTe H\Ra v oTAeJrHr,ITepnnropnu ra6luqu. Koraro npoqecopbr ycrauoln Hap)TreHue Ha lrr,rBoronptaavr.ervtt, Br,3HrrKBa u3KrrroqeHr{e no o6ula aallura (fGP).

Onepaquonuara cvcreMa gaeNla uai-sucoKr{Te HI,IBa B prrHroBarapapxurr, 3a Aa ce 3arrlurn or rrpr.rJro)r(Hrrre nporpaMrr. I{eurpa.nnurr plrnrnafi-sucororo Hr,rBo Ha rlpl.IBuJrerraponanocr 0 u ce I,I:noJr3Ba orcbAr,pxaqrr sAporo Ha orreparlr4onHara cr.rcreMa (ro4, 4anull lrflrpnoro r-r BToporo Hr,rBo ce rr3noJr3Bar or cracreMHr.rre o6clyxnallr.rrpaMr.r, a Hai-Hr.rcKoro rrr.rBo (Hr.rBo 3) ua npuaulenapoBauocr ce rr3rroJr3BattpHJroxHHTe rrporpalrr.r. Cracreuu, (oI,ITo ri3rroJl3Bar caMo ABe orTe qernpu IrHBa Ha [pr.rBuJrerr4poBaHocr, rpx6na 4a r.r3loJr3Bar HyJreBoroTpeToTo rrHBa.

150

.,.."."*

3a ga usnrpruoa npoEepKI.ITe 3a I .IBara Ha npI'IBIlJIerlIlr Ha cerMelrrl{Tc

ko.{a r.r aaHHlrre, rrpoqecop'bT pa3noSHaBa cJIeAHI4Te TI'IrIOBe HUBa Ha rIpU-

o Tercyqo Huao Ha npueureeupoeaHocm CPL - rosa e r:usoro Ha npra-

Ha reKyl{ara [3nr'rHsBaua rlporpaMa r,rnl'I 3aAatla. To ce

s 6urose 0 u 1 sa cerlreurHltre perlrcrpll CS u SS. B o6u1ur cly-TO e paBHO Ha HIIBOTO Ha npLTBLTJIeTIpOBaHOCT Ha CerMeHTa Ha KoAa, 3a

ce r.r3Bruqar IrHcrpyKuHI,I. flpoqecoplr npoMeHt reKyllloro HI4Bo Ha

ocr, KoraTo yrrpaBJleHl,Iero ce TIpeAaBa Ha KoAoB cerMelrr c

Hr.rBo Ha rrpr.rBr.rrerupoBaHocT.. Hueo na npueure?uposaHocm ua decxpunmop DFL - npe,4craBt.s-

![ traBoro Ha npr4Bl.IJlertpouaHocr Ha cerMeHTa. Cl'xpaxlna ce B rloJlero

DPL sa aecrpunropa Ha cerMelrra. Koraro reryruusr I{3nGJrHtBaH cerMeHT

H0 KoAa npaBLI ollur 3a Aocr6l1 ,4o ,qpyr ceruenr, DPL na cerMeHTa' xGM

toilTo ce npaBn o6pr, IeHlrero, ce cpaBlrsBa c CPL u RPL na cerveura,

!ulrrrlln aocTsna. Ilpr.r o6pr,uenrae ruM cerMeHT 3a AaHEIa DPL nor<assa Haii-

Fltcororo HlIBo Ira nplBl4JlerupoBallocr Ha cefMeHTa, xttlt rofiro e pa3pe-

lrcu AocTbIIr'T. Hanpuvep, aro DPL na cerNaenr sa Aannr'r e 1, caMo reK)[flo

I'Jlrr,rrrsBaHa rlporpaMa npu CPL:0 ulrl CPL:l Moxe aa ocG IecrBsBa

,1()CTa,n AO TO3n CerMeHT AaIrnll.. 3aneeuo Hueo Ha npusurezuposaHocm CPL - npucsonua ce Ha cer-

MCtrrHr4Te ceJIeKTOpIl lI ce cr'atpxa B 6llroge 0lr 1 ga cerveursuq ceneKTop.

pouecopr,r usatpruBa npoBepKll sa RPL r'l CPL, sa aa orpeaeJ 'I aarll4 aoc-'t'hlra Ao cerMelrra e pa3perneH.

Hl.rsara Ha nplrBlrJlerllpoBaHocr ce lpoBepsBar rlpl'r 3apexAauero Ha

ccIMeHTHr4.s ceneKTop B cefMeHTHI4t pemcTT'p. flpooeprure 3a aocT'brl Ao

/(lIlllrre ce pa3JII.IqaBaT or rlpoBepKlrre npII npeAaBalre Ha yrIpaBJIeHI'Ie Mer(-

,,(y pa3rr4qHl4 KOAOBI{ CefMeHTI,I.

flpurunerlrpooanl,ITe IrlrcrpyKl{Lrll ca 3arII'ITeHI4 3a I43IrbJIHeHIte or rlpIt-

'ro)Klr[Te nporpaMlr. Tesr.r uncrpyxqun ylpaBrqBar Syurquonnpauero na

cncreuara (uanp. 3apexAaHero Ha cI{creMHlrre pe[Icrpz)' Te uorar aa 6lgarrr'trrt'lMgBaHlr caMo Ha ua -sucoKoto HIrBo Ha lrpltButeruu CPL:0. Aro ce

llillrpaDu onI.IT 3a Ir3nbJrHeHIre Ha rIpI,IBItJIef]IpoBaHa IrlrcrpyKqut' KoraTo(l[)L+0, Bb3Hr.rKBa u3n]rroqeHr.re no o6ua 3aull,rra (ffGP). npu apxlrreKrypara

lA-32 npunrarerupoBaHuTe uncrpyKlrlru ca:

LGDT- sapexqane Ha perucrGpa na r:ro6alnara,qecrplrnropua ra6-

LLDT - sapexaaue Ha perllcrbpa Ha JIoKaJrHara AecKpIznropHa ra6-JrHqa;

,,1t4 rla;

l5l

. LTR - 3apexAane Ha perrrcTbpa Ha 3aAaqara;

. LIDT - Ha penrcrbpa Ha Aecrprrnropuara ra6rurla Ha rrpeKbcBaHr.nrra;

. MOV (ynpasrcraqu perucrpu) - 3apexAaqe r.r 3arrll,c Hay paBneRa-r{r.rTe pe rcTpr{;

. LMSW - 3apex.{aHe Ha ayMara 3a clcroqH}re Ha Marlrrgara;

. CLIS - Hynr.rpaHe na $;rara sa [peBxJrroqBane Ha 3a.qava B )mpaBJrs-naqur perucmp CR0;

. MOV (perucrpu :a uacrpofira) - 3apex,qarre 14 3arvc Ha perucrplrr€sa nacrpofira;

. INVD - c'bA:bpxaHr{ero Ha Kerla craDa HeBaJrlrAHo,6es 4a ce aanurueo6parno B rraMerra;

. WBIIWD - cgr'bpxaur.rero Ha Kerrra craBa HeBaJrr.raHo, r(aro npeaBa-pr.rrenHo ce 3anucBa cbA:bpxaur,Iero My o6paruo B naMerra;

. INVLPG - pea B TLB ce Mapxrrpa Karo HeBaJrr{.qeu;

. HLT - cnlrpaHe Ha npoqecopa;

. RDMSR - qerene Ha pefl.rcrpure, cnequ$raunr,r 3a MoAeJra;

. WRMSR -:ansc B pergcrprrre, cneqnSnuuu sa MoAena;

. RDPMC - .rereue ua 6poxva:a MoHHTopr.rHr Ha [por,r3aoa]rreJrnocr-TAI

. RDTSC - qereHe Ha 6pof,.{a 3a or6e.nsssaue Ha BpeMero.3arqurara Ha HHBo crpaHr.rqu uoxe aa 6r,qe ocrrqecrBsBaHa caMocro-

{TerHo ItnH n xou6unaqlrr cbc 3arq}ITara rra cerMeHTHTe. Anaror}r.tHo fia3artrrrTaTa npH cefMeHTIrTe BceKr.t AocT,bII AO naMeTTa Ce [poBepgBa AanI{gborBercrBa Ha npaBara 3a Aocrr,n. Bcravru npoBepKr.r ce flpaBsr rrpeAu Aa e

craprupaH quKtJrGT 3a Aoclbn Ao naMerra. Hapyruanauero sa npaBara 3aAOCT6n IrpeAOTBpaTSBa IOCT:bla U npeALI3BUKSa r.r3KIIOqeHI.re IIpu rpeuKa HacrpaHuqa. flpoaeprnre ce npaBcr napanerxo c npeo6pa:ynauero Ha a.qpeca,TaKa rle He [peAr,r3Bu(BaT rroHr.rxaBaHe Ira npoIr3BoAIrTeJrHocTTa,

Ipoqecopr,r npaBl rrpoBepKr.r 3a 3arlr.rrara Ha crpaHurluTe Ha ABe Hr.{Ba:

orpaHrrqaBaHe Ha aApecupyeMara o6lacr (pexrv cynepoafi:op l.r pexvM rro-rpe6nrer)

'r npoBeprr,r 3a rnna Ha crpaHlruara (paepeurena caMo 3a qererie

r,rru :a uerene/tanuc).I,InQopuaqulra 3a 3arrrrra Ha crpaHrqrrre ce sr,Abpxa n 4na Snara o

pcAoBere Ha raraJro3r.rre r.rlr.r ra6nuqure Ha crpanr,rurrre: Snar sa verexe/sa-nr.rc (6rar 1) u Qnar peNuv cynepnafisop/norpe6uret (6ur 2).

MexaHr-rsvtr 3a 3arllura Ha HLrBo crpaHHItrH orpaur4qaBa Aoclbrta HacTpaHr.rqr.rTe Ha aBe lrr{Ba:

. peJrcuM cynepea sop (U lS rllarrr e nyrupau) - rona e nafi-npnnule-fnpoDatlut peNuv, rofiro ce nsnoJr3Ba or onepaqr{oxrrara cr{creMa ltnu or

152

,lt.rd**1

/lpyrn clrcreMHr,r nporpaMH (Karo HarIpI,IMep ,{pafiBeplrre Ha ycrpo ol'utl'l'$) ]{

![lrlrrreHH cr.rcreMHt ganur-r (xaro HarIpLIMep ra6tuql'ITe Na crpanuqnrc);. nompe6umerctcu pe cu.tt(UlS $.Jran r e ycraHoBeH B l)-roDa e usl'l-

[l.rcKo lrpl.tBrJlerupoBalru.{ pexI,IM, KoiTo ce Lr3rlor3Ba oT npI'IJIOxHI'rTe IIpO-

t pitMlr Ir .qaHHr.r,

C:r,otsetcrsrreto Mexay HI,IBara Ha rlpl.IBlnerupoBaHocr Ha cerMeHTIr-

tc r{ Te3I,I Ha CTpaHI,IIII4Te e OpfaHIBHpaIro no creAHI.Ig HatrI4H: aKo TeKyrrloTo

Itr.ulo Ha lpr{BrrJler}IpoEalrocr Ha rlpoqecopa CPL e 0,1utm2,toit e B pexnM

0yrrepBafisop u nMa Aocrtn ao BcI{qKLI crpaHl{q}I, aro e o norpe6lrrelcxupcx(r,rM ce pa:lpelrraBa Aocrarl caMo Ao rlorpe6urencrure crpanfiqu. 3a o6es-

lrcqaBaHe Ha To3l{ MexaHLI3l'M 3a 3aIrII{Ta CerMeHTtre Ha Koaa I{ Te3I'I Ha .4aH-

tm re rpx6ra ga Ir3noJI3Bar rlolre ABe HI.IBa Ha rrpIrBI'IJIefuIr: HIrBo 0 sa KoAa I'I

/l[rrHHTe ua cynepnafisopa Lr HIrBo 3 3a KoAa I{ AaHHI'ITe na norpe6uren.a.

Mexanugurr ga :aulltra Ha HIIBo crpaHl{q}I pa3no3lraBa ABa rlarla crpa-

I ll{qr:. c pa3peineH Aocrsrr caMo 3a qereHe (slarur R/'!v:0);. c pa3perrreH aocrbrr 3a ilereHe u :alnc (tlnarur R,4V:1).Cre.q unraqnarraaaqn.r (reset), roraro [poqecopbr e n peNIlr'r cynepnafi-

'rop n $:rarr,r WP:0 s yflpaBnsoatqut perlrcrbp CR, ncr'rurr'r crpaHl'Iqt ca

l)a3perrreulr 3a qereHe v 3anLtc. Koraro npoqecop:br e B pexl'rM norpe6urel,'tofi rr,roxe aa ocllllecrBtBa 3arlllc cauo a norpe6ureJlcKltre crpaHl,Iqll, KoI'{To

ca pa3perrleHrr 3a 3anuc. Crpauraqlrre ua cynepnafisopa ca aa6paneuu xaxroita qerene, TaKa r.I 3a :anuc n notpe6rareJrcKu pexlrM'

3a scsKa crpanlrqa arpu6yrure 3a 3aurnra, 3aJloxeHz s ra6ruqata otrrr,pBo Hr,rBo, Morar Aa ce pa3Jrl,IqaBar or re3lt, 3aJIoxeHI'r B Ta6ntllara orrrropo HrrBo. flpoqecop:sr npaBl{ rpoBepKlr 3a 3arqura Ha AaAeHa crpaul'Iqa B

KilrirJlora u s ra6rm\ara Ha crpaHlrlllrre.Creauute unose Aocrt,rl ce npooep.gBar He3aBacuMo or reKyrroro HIrBo

rra npraBnrerlrpoBasocr CPL sa npoqecopa:. AOCTT,II AO CerMeHTriIrTe AecKpHrITopIt B uro6anHaTa GDT u nor<al-

rra'ra LDT .qecrpranropnn ra6ruqll, KaKTo I,I Ao Aecrplrnropuara ta6luqa na

lrpeK'hcBaHr.ItTa;. AOcTbn AO CTeK B IIo-BI,ICOKO Ill.IBo Ha IIpI'IBI'IIerqpOBaHOCT IIO BpeMe

rra rr3Br.rKBaHe (CALL) na nporpaMa or apyro HuBo I.Irq npu Lr3BIrKBaHe Ha

lloarrporpnMa, o6cryKBaula Lr3KnloqeHue I.IJI' flpeK:bcBal{e npu [poMJlHa Ha

Il nBaTa Ha [pIrBI{JIerUpoBaIIocT,flpu rov6uuupaua 3aIrrI.ITa no ra6nraqIa fi cerMeHrL lpoqecop'br nr,pDo

llpaBI,I [poBepKr,ITe 3a 3arrltTa Ha celMelrrl4Te I4 cJIea ToBa re3I'I, cBl,p3aHL C6C

iarqnTara na crpanr.rqure. AKo rlpoqecop:br ycraHoBlr HapyneHHe Ha npaBI'I-

153

JIaTa Ha saul[Ta, He3aBHCUMO AaJru TOBa CTaBa Ha Hr.rBO CeTMeHTLI UJILI HaHqBo crpauuuu, Aocrr,rrbr ce caHKur{ol{Hpa (orrasra) E B:r,3HrrKBa r.r3K;rroqe-

Irlle rro 3arrlr,rra. Aro s63[I,IrHe lrsr-rrrcqeHr{e no 3arqrrra Ha cefMeHTure, rrpa-DaTa 3a AOCTT,TT AO CTpaHnrInTe He Ce [pOBeptBaT,

3arqurara na HI.IBo crpanr,rqlr He Moxe Aa orMeHu npaBara 3a aocr:brr,3aJloxeHn Ha Hr.rBo cerMeHT. Hanpulrlep, aKo aaAeH cerMeHT r{a KoAa e pa3-perxeH caMo 3a qerene, ycraHoBrBarrero na rfnara sa verene/eanuc RfM sanefoBr{Te cTpaHr{qr4 HqMa Aa IIpoMeHH npaBaTa 3a AocTbrr H onnTuTe 3a

Aocrtn Ao re3r,r crparruqlr rle 6's4ar cauxquou]rpaHu or 3arlnrara Ha lnvBoCETMCHTI,I,

3anlurara na HlrBo crpaHr-rqr.r Moxe aa ce rBnoJBBa 3a no.qo6proane nae$etouDuocrra Ha 3auluTara Ha HIrBo cerMeHTu. Tar<a nanpr.rwep aKo roJIgMcerMeHT 3a AaHHr.r, AorrycKarq qereue/:anuc, e crpaHupau, To MexaHrr3M:br 3a3arrlr.rra rra crpaHrrqrrre Moxe Aa 6'r,4e r.ranonsnau 3a 3arrlr.rra rro 3anr.rc Ha

nuAr.rBuAyanHrlTe crpaHrlrlr{. B ro:r.r peg ua vucJrr.r, lpaBara 3a Aoctr,rr Morar;1a 6r,Aar crecHtBaHl{ B nocoI<a or Hr.rnoro Ha cerMeHTr.rre KT,M rrnBoro Ha

cTpaHr.rqr{Te.

3.4. APXI{TEKTyPHA IIOAAPbXKAHA MYJITI4 IIPOUECOPHI4 CI4CTEMI4

Apxurerrypara na cbnpeMerrHrrre npoqecopH ocnryprBa noa,qprrxKa Ha

rour[urypnpanero Ha MyJrrnnpoqecop]r, Korrro npeacraBr.f,Bar r.{cHo cB:bpsa-

HH rrapa-leJrHr.r KoMnrcTbpHH cr{creM c o6lla naver. Apxr,rrerrypara IA-32noAAr,pxa MexaurrsMr,r 3a ynpaBnenue lr nogo6pmaHe na npor43BoAnreJruoc-TTa Ha MrroxecTBo rrpoqecopn, cBbp3aHrr KbM cr.rcTeMrraTa rrrHHa.

Te:u uexann:ura B(troqBar:. 3aIOrIOqBaUe Ha tnuuataufuluynpaBjleHl,Ie Ha KoxepeHTHocrra Ha Kerrr

raMerrrre 3a octrqecrBrBaHe Ha aroura.rnu (negenrarvrlt) ouepaquu B cncreM-IIATA NAMCT;

. IIHCTPYKIIIIH 3A CEPIdAJIII3A\V$.;

. nporpaMlrpyeM KoHTponep Ha rrpe(bcBaHxrra, BfpaAeH B qHna Ha

npoqecopa;. Keur Ha BTopo Huno L2, arpageu n qlrrra Ha rrpoqecopure PentiumlM 4,

Intel@ Xeon'" u Qaura.nra.ara npoqecopu P6, rofiro e rrcrro cB6p3an c rrpoqe-copa;

. Kerx or rpero Hr,rBo nplr npoqecopa Xeon'", roiro e BfpaAeH B quna

rra flpoqecopa u e Ttcrro cDl,p3aH c Hero;

154

. Xx[epHIrInKoBa TexIIoJIor}l.s' KO.sTo e pa3IlIHpeHI{e Ha apxl4TeKTypa'r'a

lA-32 tr ocurypna Bb3MoxHocr eAI'IH rlpoqecop Aa ll3rrt,rnsoa eAHoDpeMeIi-

IIO ,[BE I.IJII{ IIOBEqC HI'IIIKI'.

Tegra uexaslrsutt ca oco6eHo [oJre3HIr npu clrMerpuqHrl MyJITItnpoqe-

oopu (napaaennlr cllcreMlr, B Kol'rro BcIITIKI'I rrpoqecopr'r ca eanaxsrl), uo crlqo

taKa Morar aa ce I.I3rIoJI3Bar n 3a npl'rJloxeulrt' BxrroqEalq[ o6u1u rouQury-

paqnrr or npoqecop c IA-32 apxurerrypa u cneq[a-fiI'r3lpaH rIpOqeCOp KaTO

rranpr.rMep KoMyHI,IKaIII4OHeIT npoqecop, rpa$n'rex lpoqecop' BI',IAeo flpoqe-

oop H ap., cB:bp3axu rrlt o6rqa clrcreMl{a uuHa.Ocnonurare qeru ua MexaHlr3Mrrre 3a Itoggp:Llrra Ha MyJlrr4npoqecopu ca:

. Iloddpz,ucrca Ha KoxepeHmHocmma Ha cucmemnama nauem.Korato

,/lDa r,rJrll noBeqe [poqecopa npaBtr orllrr eAHOBpeMeHHO Aa OC'bIrIeCTBgr

/(ocr6rl ,qo eaI,IH I,I cbrrl aapec B cl'IcreMllara Irauer, e ueo6xograM crlequaJreu

MexaH[3'bM 3a KOMyHI.I(aqrIt I'IJIIT IpOTOKOJI 3a AOCTT'rIa AO naMeTTa, 3a aa ce

ocurypn KoxepeHTHocrra Ha aaHHlire Iltlt B KoH(perHI4 cnyqau aa ce oclrry-

pr4 Br,3Mo)KHocr ua ngrofi or rlpoqecopuTe Aa 3aK;Ift)qu BpeMeHHo aoctbtra

/(o onpeAeneHa KJIeTKa or rlaMerra.. Iloddpzxrca Ha ttoxepeHmHocmma Ha Keaa. Koraro gageu npoqe-

cop oc'bulecrBsBa aocr6fl ao .4aHIrI{, I(eInI{paHu or '[pyl [poqecop, rofi He

'rpr6ra aa noryqaBa HeKopeKTHa nut[opuaqur' Aro rofi vo,qutfuqupa gau-

rrH, BCHqKI{ Apyru npoqecopH, (ollro oc6 IecTBsBaT AOCT'bII AO m1 rp.x6na

/ta fionyqar voaurbuqllpalrsre AaHHI'I'. Ocuzypneane ua npedcrcatyeu ped ua sanucume e nauemma. Ta3u

qeJr e aKTyzl:rlra B cnyqa:are, Koraro pea6T Ha 3afivcr4Te n nauerra rpa6aa ga

cre,qBa rrpeulr3Ho peAa, 3iuloxeH B nporpaMaTa.. Paznpede,tane ua o6pa1omrcama Ha npeKbceaHutma *tetrcdy npo\e'

copume. Koraro MHoxecrBo npoqecopu rpynrquonupar napaJreJrHop B cI{c-

'[eMaTa e npelloptqlrTeJHo .{a ce I'I3IloJI3Ba IIeHTpaJII'I3UpaH MexaHI'l3GM 3a

lloJryqaBaue Ha 3agBKI{Te 3a nper:LcBaue I4 3a pa:}npe4elluero rau sa o6clyx-rlaHe oT rliull,IqHnTe rlpoqecopu.

. Iloeuwaeaue aa cucmeMHama npouseodume'tuocm qpe3 orloJl3orBo-

ptBaHe na [apaJIenI.I3Ma Ha HI,IBo liurrrKll Il Bl,3MoxHocrlrre 3a o6pa6orKa Ha

Mrrox(ecTBo rrpoqecll nplr cT,BpeMeHHlrre olepaurroHHl'I ct'IcTeMI'I I,I npl4Jlox(-

llI-l I]polpaMLr,3arcanrtenume amo]tuqHu onepaquu B KJIeTKIT or cl'IcreMuara rraMer ce

H3rroJr3Bar o6uKHoBeHo 3a ylrpaBneut.re ua o6qu crpyKTypl{ gannra (xaro na-

rrpuvep ceva$opu, cerMeHTHI.r AecKplrrlTopt{, Ta6rlrqu ua crpauuqure) n

cjryqauTe, Koraro ABa I,uu,I noBerle flpoqecopa ce oI]I'ITBaT eAHOBpeMeHHo '44noArzduqlrpar eaun n c'sq $rar uJIu eAHo I{ cl'lrro note. 3a oc'rurecrsglase-

155

TO Ha aToMrrqHu onepaq[[ lpoqecoprrTe MoraT,4a r[rroJr3DaT Tprz He3aar.rclr_MII MCXAHH3MA:

. fapaHTupaqu aroMnrrHn oflepaqu]r;

. 3arrroqBaHe Ha ruuHara c r.r3noJnBaxe Ha cmuaJra LOCKf u npeQur-ca L0CK na uscrpyKrltr.sra;

. flporortorrlr 3a noAAtpxane Ha KoxepenTHocrra Ha KernoBere, KorrrorapallTnpaT l43r[bJ]HerrneTo Ira aToMUqHr,I Onepaqu]I HaA Ker[rpaHl cTpyKTy_pr.r AaHHr, (saurcvnaue na reura).

Oupe4enenu 6asoau rpansarqr4r.r B naMerra Raro HarrpnMep qereHerovJll4 3anvc B cl.creMltara nirMer Ha 6afir ce ocrrqecrntBar rapalrrr{pano Blt-HarH Karo aroMrr.rnu ouepaqralr. BeAH6x craprr,rpana, rrpoqecoptT rapanrlr_pa, qe olepaqlrsra r{e 6baa 3aB:bpueHa npeAr.r Aa 6cAe rrpeAocraBeu AocranHa Apyr npoqecop lrnu areuT no rnHnara Ao rzuu x;rerKa Ha rraMerra. Ilpoqe-copl'T clrrlo TaKa no,q,q:bpxa 3aKrrroqBaHe rra ur,rHaTa sa r,r:6panu onepaqua rnaMerra Karo qereHe-Mo4r.rrfuqupane-sanuc n o6rqa o6racT Ha naMerra.I,IHreugr-rsHo lt3rroJr3BaHrre (JIerKr,r or rraMerra qecro ce Kerrt]rpar B KeruoBe-Te oT Itl,pBO r{ BTOpO HrrBO I{ CJIe.qOBaTeJIHO aTOMI,IrIHr.rTe Onepaq[Ll MoraT Aa6tgar octulecrnrBanv B KerlroBere ua npoqecopa 6e3 3aKJrrorIBaHe Ha rr&Ina-Ta. B Te3n cryqau [poToKorHTe, noAAT,pxaIIIrr KoxepeHTHocrra Ha KerrroBeTeD cr{creMara, ca orroBopl{It 3a rlpeAra3BrrKBaHe Ha aAeKBarHtt AeicrBl.rs Ha,qpyn4Te npoqecoptr, Kor-rTo KernlrpaT (reTKaTa, Ha.4 KO'TO Ce peanrBrrpa aTo_MI.IqHaTa OneparlHff.

B apxr,rrerrypara lA-32 ca rapaHTr,rpaHr{ zlBToMarrrrrno cJreAnr.rre aro-MI4qHI.I OlepaqEII:

. 9e:rene utu satmc xa 6ai.n;

. rlerese ulv 3arluc Ha Ayrt(a, pa3nonoxeHa ua l6-6urona rpauuqa;

. llereue unra ganac Ha ABofiHa A)Ma, parnonoxeH a Ea 32-6v-roBa rpa-HI,IqA;

o Verene Lrltv 3arruc Ha qerBopHa ,4yMa, pa3[onox eHa Ha 64-6:arortafpaHr.lqa.

flpoqecoptr pa3rronara cbc curraJra LOCK#, Kofiro ce aKrr,tB pa aB-TOMaTnqHO lrpu I,BnT,JTHeHIIoTO Ha KpTITLITIHu Oflepaq[u 3a 3aKJIIOqBaHe Hacl,IcreMuara rrrrHa. AoKaro ro3r.r cltfxtul e aKTHBeIt, 3zl.JIDKHTe 3a ynpaBJrenl{eHa ullrHara Ha Apyrr,rre rrpoqecopu tr.rv aterT rro rrlrHara ce 6roKr.rpar. nonporpaMeH n6T 3aKJrroirBaHero Ha rflr,rHara Moxe Aa 6'sae artr.rsgpago qpegH3nor3BaHero ua npe$urca sa uncrpryqur LOCK.

flpoqecoptr aBToMarI,IqHo 3algnoqBa lrr{Hara rrprl I.I3n6rqeHI,Iero HacJreAH14Te onepaqr{H:

156

. Ilsnaanenue Ha uHcmpyKuu.Ema XCHG, Korro ce o6p:rrqa rru na-MCTTA;

. IIpu ycmaHoeteane e I ua fiaaza B (busy) na decrcpunmopa ua cez-tneHma Ha 3adaqama ZSS. flpoqecop'rr recrBa r.r ycrauoBrBa B 1 rosn rfnarD rronero 3a rlrna Ha,qecr{pxnropa TSS, r<oraro npenrnrouna eagava. 3a 4a ceocnryprr, qe ABa rrpoqecopa HsMa .qa [peBKrroqaT Kr,M e,{Ea I{ caula Saaaqac,,.tHoBpeMeHHo, ce n3rroJr3Ba 3aKJrrogBaHeTo Ha rlruHaTa npr{ TecrBaHero LycrauoBsBauero Ha ro3r, 6nar.

. IIpu tnodufu4upaHe Ha cezMeHmHume decxpunmopu. I{enra e ga ce[peAoTBpaTH eaHoBpeMerrHoTo rraoAr,rouqupaxe Ha AaAeH cerMeHTeH AecK-pnnrop or ABa npoqecopa.

. IIpu arcmyatu3a4ut Ha Kama,lo3ume utu ma6tu4ume Ha cmpaHu-

4ume. llpo4ecopr,T r.r3rroJrna 3aK:rroqeur,r ql,rrrr, 3a ycraHoB.f,BaHe Ha (DJraro-

ltcTe 3a AocT:bn u 3a ,,Mp:hcHa" cTpaHr.rqa B peaoBeTe Ha (aTaro3r.rre r.r

't86rnqr,rre Ha crpar .rqrrre.

. Ilomez'pucdaeaHe Ha npeKacaanunma. flpotlecoplT ocr4ryprga 3aK-

JIIOqeH rIr.rK:6Jr 3a r,r3rrpaqaHeTo Ha BeKTopa Ha npelGcBaHe oT KoHTpoJrepa Ha

llpeK'LcBaHl,Iqra no [rI,IHara 3a aauHr,r, 3a aa oc]rrypr,r, ve Nrva ga 6rnar no4a-DOHH Apynr AanHtr, AOKaTO Tpae [pe,qaBaHeTo Ha BeKTOpa Ha r]peK:r,cBaHeTo.

3ar:rroqsanero Ha rrrrrHara Mox(e Aa ce ylpaBJlrBa rlo nporpaMelt n:r,T,

ktro ce u3ror3sa npe$u(c'r,T LOCK npe4 uncrpyxqzr.r :a vo4r.r$uqrapane naKJrerKrr B rraMerra. I{gxrnoqexr,re 3a HeBaJrrrAeH KoA Ha onepaqu.{ ce reHepr{pa,fioraro ce r,r3rroJnBa rosu nperlurcc 3a Apyra lrucrpyrqus r.tJrr.r Koraro rre ceocbtqecrBtBa 3anl.Ic B naMerra. 3annroqsaHero ua mrHara Moxe Aa ce aKTIr-Dl4pa IIo [porpaMeH nbT rrpl' cneArrnTe xHcTpyKqnu:

. Iftrcrpyrqralr sa recrBarre r,r Mo.4u$uqupaue na 6nr BTS, BTR u BTC.

. llncrpyrqnu 3a pa3MrHa XADD, CMPXCHG u CMPXCHGSB.

. flpe0urcrr LOCK ce rr3rrolr3Ba aBToMarlrqgo rrpu rrHcrpy(qnrraXCHG.

. Apnrverr,rqecrnre r{ JroruqecKnre Irltcrp)ffuul,ITe c e,qan onepau4INC,l)EC, NOT l,l NEG.

. Apnrueruqecr[Te u Jror[qecKuTe r,rHcrpyrrlr{}rre c ABa on€paHAaADD, ADC, SUB, SBB, AND, OR, XOR.

CoQryeprr rpr6Ba Aa rnnoJBBa aocrrrr Ao cevar[opu, xaro r,r3rroJr3Ba

c/tnaKBu a,qpecu lr e.qua(Blr A'bnxnHr.r Ha orrepaxnr.rre. Bpelrerpaenero xa sar-Jnotierrara orrepaqus o6xaarqa roJrr(oBa rlr-rK:r,Jra, KoJrKoro e Heo6xoAr.tMo 3a'uulr,prrlaae Ha Kpr,rr[quara onepaqur.,,3auroveuure" HxcrpJ&q]r]r Morar/ta 6'baar rfnor3BaHu 3a cr{E(poHr.Barlus Ha npoqecopr4Te, Koraro e.qnHr.rrr

157

flpoqecop 3anr4cBa .qaHun, (or.rro rp.{6Ba aa 6r,aar npouerenu or 4pyrqecop.

Koraro npoqecopr,T garnrrcBa KoA B TeKyrqo H3nbJIHtBaH cetMeHT

KOAa C HaMepeHrrero Aa ro r.r3rr:bjlHlt, To3I.I KoA ce Hapl{qa caMoMopaq ce noa (self-modifying code). Koraro e.qrrn npoqecop 3anucBa Koa B

K)[qo I.I3n:r,JIH.f,BaH CefMeHT Ha KO,qa Ha Apyr lpoqecop c HaMepeHIreTo

npoqecop aa ro r,nntJrHr.r, ce Hapfiqa Kpr,crocau vonr.r$uqnpaut roa (modifying code). llsnurueulrero Ha caMoMoan$uqr,rpaq ce KoA, Karro ItKpGCTOCaH VOgrAoUqUpatrI t<OA, BOAI,I ,4O 3HaqI{TeJIHO rIOHIrXaBaHe Ha

TeMHaTa npoIr3BoAHTeJrrrocT, KaTo cTe[eHTa Ha IIoHLIXeEI,Ie 3aBIrcIt oTrara ua vo4r.r$uKalrul,ITe u cnequ$uvurare xaparTeplrcrI,rKIr Ha Koaa.

Pedz,m ua docmonume ce ornacr Ao peAa, n rofiro npo{ecoprrn'brrr.sBa qereHero (load) n sanncr,rre (store) or/* cr.rcreuuata rauetcr.rcreMuara rnr,rHa. flporpavnr.rxr peA ce oruac.g Ao crplrKTHoro c[a3BaHepeAa Ha 3anr{cuTe I{ rlereHr,rrra npe3 c}rcreMHaTa rnlrHa c'bfJlacHo trH

oHHn.fi noroK. Tofi ce uapuua oItle ,,ctutgo" rloApexAaHe Ha AoclbnlrrenaMerra. 3a Aa ce onrlrulr3upa I.I3[T,rqeH[ero Ha IrHcrp]'KII]ILITe, e

HO Aa Ce [O,q,4:bpxa no-MaJrKo crpr,rKTHo [porpaMHr.rsT pea Ha

flpu Pentium'" 4 r-r Xeonr" npoqecopr.rre cna3Bar nporpaMlrter peA Ha

cr.rre c r.r3nparrlaHe n 6y$epa sa saruc.B uynrunpoqecopnra ronQurypaqr4v ce crra3bar cteAHIlTe npaBI,IJra

peAa Ha aocr:brrnre ao naMeTTa:. I4lan.usuryafirr.rre rrpoqecopu lr3nor3Bar cGrlrlrre npaBIrJIa 3a

KaKTO eAHOnpOqeCOpHItTe CItCTeMr.r;

. 3annclrre sa e4vlr^tr fi,q lpoqecop ce Ha6rroaasat B cburlrs pe,q

ocTaHaJrr.rTe rlpoqecop]r;. 3anrzclrre na uH,4uBr.r.qyaJrHr{Te rrpoqecopu rrpe3 cr.rcreMgara lrrrHa

cna3BaT orrpeAeJreH peA noMexAy ctI.Apxurerrypara lA-32 ocurypnaa H.sKoJr(o Mexaur.r:Ma 3a ,,3a

ulu ,,orcra6nane" na voae.na ga cna3BaHe Ha nporpaMHI,L,I pea:. Bxo,qno-zgxoAurrre r.rHcrpyKqrru, r{HcrpyKqr,rnre 3a 3aKJrroqBage

ur[Hara, npe$urcrr LOCK u rrHcrpymlnr.rre 3a cep]ralrrr3arrnr HzlrrararcrrJreH MoAer Ha cna3BaHe Ha pe.4a Ha .4ocT'brII.ITe .4o naMeTTa;

. Perltcrpure 3a rr.rra Ha naMerra MTTR vorar aa ce rcrroJlgBar3acl,z.IrBa:e'e vlrr4 orcna6saHe Ha Nro,qeJra Ha cna3BaHe Ha peaa Ha.qocr,brllireNAMCTTA;

. Ta6ruqara c arplr6yrure Ha crpaHrrqara Moxe .qa ce rr3noJr3Ba

3acuJrDaHe Ha Mo,4era Ha cua:lDaHe Ha pe.4a na ,qocT'bflr,rTe ,4o naMeTTa

oupc,qeJrelra cTpaHnr{a HJrx rpyna cTpaHr4rIH.

t58

BxoAno-r.rgxoanrare ycrpoiicraa, cnr,p3axrr K6M cr.rcreMHara rrlnHa, ItMaril{coKlt H3IrcKBaHLts KbM peAa, s roiro ce r{3BlplrrBaT 3afivcvTe B TexItI,ITe

rxo,qHo-[3xo,qHu 6yr[epu. I{sn:r:rnewrero Ha r,rncrpyKquu ga axo,q }r usxoA (INtt OUT) uanarar crpr.r(THo cna:lBaHe Ha [porpaMHr.rs pea, flpeAlr n3rr:blrHe-

fiero ria B[4 uncrpyrqua upoqecopr,T lz3qaKua Ea 3aB'bprnu I€nbJIHeHI,tero

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ltltcAr.r aa ce r.r3B'bpIIrH (oHTeKcrHo npeBrJrroqBarre, Llgnugenueto Ha Ilucr-pyxrll{r,rre 3a cep}ra.nu:aqr.rx nplr Pentium 4 u Xeon orpaHvqaBar cneKyJIarnB-

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Henplrnu.irerupoBaHrrre r{HcrpyKuuu SFENCE, LFENCE, MFENCEocuryp.anar e$errnBen Harrr.rn 3a ourryprBaHe Ha peAa Ha qereHIaflTa rI 3anl4-

crre or/n naMerra Mex.(y no.qflporpaMr.r, fenepl{paq}I aaI{HI{ Ir noArlporpa-Mrr, Korrro rr.r KoHcyMrnpar. Ilncrpyrqlrxra SFENCE cepnarl.I3l,Ipa BcI,ItIKl,I

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159

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paHo rrpu n3rr:bnHeHueTo Ha r.rHcTpyKur.rrTa 3a lrpexoA.B uyrruupoqecopHr.rre cr{creMu, Koraro AaAeH npouecop IlpoMeHt

B Ta6Jrr.rqa rnJrr,r Karirnor Ha crpaHl,Iuure, rlpoMeHlrre rp.n6na ga crauar.sHHe Ha Bcr-lqrcl,r ocrauzrJrrr npoqecop]r, flpe4anauero Ha npoMelrlrre B

Bere Ha Karallo3lrre r,ura ra6nlrqnre Ha crpaHqIIHTe KbM apyfl{TeMoxe Aa ce osbrqecrBr.r qpe3 r,r3[on3Base na ceuatfopu s o6rqara naMerMexrJrnpoqecopuu uperrcnanrax IPI.

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To:u npororo.n geQunupa 4na runa [poqecopa: lpoqecop 3a n6pBoHa3apex.qaHe BSP u upuroxulr lpoqecopu AP Crea BKJIIoqBaHe Ha

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trpeAcraBeH Qopuarrr na ragenruQuraropa Ha noKanHr,rr KoHTpoJrep HarperbcBarre. Toi crgr,pxa gey6uroeo no.ne sa ugenrr.rQrrraropa Ha [poqe-copa u 4ay6urooo floJre 3a u4enruQurarop 3a K;rbcrepa (axo uylrunpoqe-copl,T cbAtpxa urcrepu). 3a npoqecopr.r 6e: xunepnlrurrola rexnoJrorlrtlr.yterlat 6ur na r,rgenruQlrraropa cbar,pxa BrrHarr{ HyJra.

rDuz. 3.34- rDopuam na udeumufiurcamopa Ha .noKaJlHun KoHmporepHA npeKbcgaHe I ityJrmunpot4ecopHu cucmei4u

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162

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163

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Ocsonnure $yrrquu ua B[,I rrro4yr ca:. YnpasreHr.re rl crir (poHu3arlu.s;

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164

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rrpouecopbr He ce r,ruTepecyBa or cnequtlurara na ueputpepnoro ycrpoficrno,ir H3r6rHqBa caMo olepaquq 3a qererre u lanuc ua BfI{ agpecu.

B[4 Mony\ Kofiro ocrrypqBa lrnreptlefic Ha Br.rco(o Hr.rBo 3a rleurpaJr-rru.s npoqecop, ce napnua BII:I rcanat ur.u Bf LI npo4ecop. Blkluogyl, rofiro e

lro-npr4Murr,rBeu rro oruorueHne Ha crpyrTypara ]r .qeficrauero cu rl r,r3ucKDa

rro-gerafilr.rsrapauo yrrpaBJreur,re, ce uapuua Bf kI xoHmpoltep unu KoHmporepttu ycmpo cmeomo. B o6rrlr.s ctryuafi, BIId KoHTpoJreps ce r{3noJr3Bar B MnK-

l)oKoMnrcTpHTe, aB[n Kananu - B no-MouIHETe r(oMn]orprr.Texsr.rnara Ha npoapa,MupaHua exod-usxod Moxe Aa ce rtnoJr3Ba 3a

lcntrrr.r BXoAHo-n3xoAHr.r onepaqlru. Ilpra ner lpoqecop]T r43rr,rHsBa [po-lpaMa, Ko.sro AupeKTHo ylpaBrqBa r,BntJrueHrrero ua B[,I onepaqur ornro-rrnTeIHo TecTBarIe Ha cbcTogHHeTo ua ycrpo crroro, u3npaulaHe Ha I(oMaHAa

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'to qereHe l-urr.I 3alr.rc u rpanc$epa ua ganulrre. Ta3u rexHrrKa BoAL Ao roneMr.rtary6z ua npoqecopHo BpeMe rropa.qr,r Hncrr,rre cKopocrra ua pa6ora ua nepn-dtcpuure ycrpoficraa. Bbgr4oxHu ca ABa pexrrMa ua aApeclrpaHe Ha BlVl ycr-poiacrta: BlkI agpecHo npocrpaucrBo 3aeMa qacr or aapecHoro npocrpancrBoua KoMrrrorrpa u r.r3oJrr{paHo BII/ agpecuo npocrpaucrDo, orAenHo or aA-pccnoro npocrpaucrBo Ha KoMnrortpa. flpoqecoptr rperzpa perrrcrpr,rretta B,ftr4 Mogyrn (ynpauxrarqu/craryc z sa 4auun) raro KJrerKr4 or rraM€TTa uI43IIOJI3BA EAHII II CT'I{N MAII]I]HHI] HIICTPYKIIUU 34,{OCTI,N (AKTO AO KJTETKIITE

r raMerra rara n Ao Bfl4 ycrpoficroa.tlpu BlI4 c npercbclaHe rrpoqecoplT noAaoa Bp'I rouau4a 3a r.r3rr6Jrrre-

rrfe K6M BIV lllogytl, [peBrsuotrBa KbM rr3rrbJrHerruero Ha Apyru 3a4aqr4 ttroJryqaBa cr.rrHiur 3a npeKl,cBaHe or B[4 vogyl, roraro B[4 o6r.reu :aarplrz.'l'aglr lexslrxa e no-e$errunna or rexHr,r(ara c nporpaMr,rpaHl,rt Bxo,{-lrgxoa,r"r,fi xaro ce eJrr,rMr,rHr,rpa neo6xoaurrlocrra npoqecopl,T .4a qaKa. B rpax ualcel(n [HcTpyKIII{orreH qr.{K6Jr npoqecopbT npoBeprBa rrocTbnr{Jr}rTe 3agBKH

'tt npeKT,cBarre. Koraro e rroAaAeHa 3MBKa 3a npeK'bcBane or B/lI uogyn,rpoqecopr,T cr,xpaH.sBa KonTe(cra Ha reKyrqara rrporpawa (nporparranu.r 6porvu perucrplrre cu) ra o6cnyxra nperr,cnauero. flpoqecoptr uere gyvara or B/l,I uogyl u s 3am cRa B naMerra lura o6parnoro, cJreA Koero BT,3craHoB.rrBa

KoHTeKcra Ha npeK:hcHarara nporpaMa x srgo6Hos.rsa lrgnsrHeflueto it.3a nun.neuenrlrpaue ua B/tr4 c npeKl,cBaxe 3a r.r.qerrrra$uqupanero na B/

[4 vogyl, rroAa-rt 3a.{BKara 3a npexbcBaHe, ce H3rroJr3Bar H.sKorKo no4xoAa:Mrrox(ecrBo lrrrl:rrv 3a npeK'bcBaHe, co$ryepno,,:annrnaue" (polling),xapAyepHo ,,3arrurnar:e" u urr,rueu ap6rrpax. flpu co$myepnomo sanumlaHeKoraro npoqecopbr rroJryqu 3arBra 3a npeK:bcBaHe, rofi u3s[Ksa o6clyxoa-rlara nporpaMa, Kosro [poBepsBa nocJreAoBareJrHo ncuuru B/I,I wo5y.nu, u/la ycraHoBu rofi B/I4 vo4yn e [oAaJr 3arroKa 3a npeKtcBaHe. Ta:r.r nponepracc oc'buecTBqBa, KaTo ce qeTaT rrocJreAoBaTeJrHo pefiicTpllTe Ha c6cTo.sHr4e-

rc Ha BM MoAyJrrr. CneA raro ce ugenru$lrqupa B,&I wogyr, [peAH3Br{KaJrrrpeKtcBaHero, ce u3BrrKBa caorrerHara rroArrporpaMa, Korro ,qa ro o6cny-tru. Ovenugeu Hegocr"bK na co$ryepuoro 3anr,rrBaue e roJrrMoro BpeMe 3a

l)carr.r3aqus. flo-e$errunen ra 6'rps nogxog e xapdyepnunm notuuz (wapra-lrurra), rpe4cranen ua $11r.3.38, npu Kofiro Bcr.rqKr.r BIV v,.oayr'u u3noJr3Baro6rqa lzuu.a 3a 3arrBKa 3a npeK:bcBaHe,

Jlunlr.sra :a norstpx(AaBaue Ha rrpeK:r,csaHero o6xox.qa tlocneaoBareJr-lo BcHqKr,r B[{ vogyru. Cr.rrualrr 3a norB:r,pxAaBane Ha npeKbcBaHero orIlloqecopa [peMr,rHaBa rrocJreAoBaTerHo npe3 Bcr.rqKra cnrpsauu B/tr4 rraogylu,,Jt(xaro AocrrrrHe go ycrpoficrnoro, noAalo 3arBKara. To orrorapl, raroIpc.qaBa BeKTop no url,IHara 3a AaHHr.l, xofiro ce r{3noJr3Ba or rrpouecopa Aa

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aKTuB}rpa cEorBerriara o6cryxGarqa flporpaMa. flp]r IIInnHu.s ap6r-rrpax BA4

MOAyn n:bpBo floeMa yrrpaBJreHueTo Ha IlIrHaTa L cJre.q ToBa [oAaBa 3atBKara

3a npeKbcDaHe. rlo ro3r, Haqr.rH B aaaeH MoMeHT caMo earro ycrpoficrBo Moxe

Aa noaaae 3asBKa 3a rrperbcBaue. flpoqecoprr orroBapq c'bc cr.rrHuln, [o-'rn6px.qaBaud rrpeKbcBarrero, rrpu roero B[4 ycrpoficr*o, rloAzrno 3artBKara,

rrpeAaBa Be(Topa Ha [peKT,cBarre IIo urnHaTa 3a aaunu. flpu urr,runur ap6ur-pax( MoraT aa ce r.r3rron3BaT npuopI,ITerHI,I cxeMI,I.

O6uxnoseno flpoqecopr,rre pa3nonarar c orpaHI,IrIeH 6pofi axogose:aIrpekrcBane. 3a aa ce pa3rrrlrp[ 6porr na o6clyxaauzre ycrpoficrna, ce us-

oJI3Bar B:bnrrrtu ap6utpu Ha rrper'bcBaHrarra, Te npraeuar 3aqBKI,ITe 3a

rrpeKr,cBane or cBbp3arrr.rro nepu$epuu ycrpoficrna, oflpe.qerqr 3aJIBKara c

rrafi-gucox npuopr,rrer u unQopt',tnpar [poqecopa qpe3 aKTLIBt4paHe Ha clar-

nara 3a 3asBKa 3a nperbcoaHe INTR. CJeq Karo npoqecopr'T norBT,p.quIIpeKbCBaHeTO, KOHTpOJI€pI'T 3a IlpeK'bCBaHe nOAaBa nO UI'IHaTa 3a AaHHvc'boTBeTHr4s EeKTOp Ha npeK'r,cBaHe. flpoqecoprt 4upeKTlro KoMyHLrKLrpa c B/H uo4y.lr 3a rroJr) raBaHe I,IJII{ I,BupauaHe Ha AyI!{a or AaHIru. Br,rpelruaraspxrrTeKTypa Ha nporparraupyevur B/I,I rourpo-nep sa npeKbcBaHe e flpe,qcTa-

neu ua Qr,rr. 3.39. Tofi voxe la npteMe eAIroBpeMeHHo 3aJIBKI{ 3a rlpeK'bcBaHe

or oceM uepu<lepnu ycrpoficraa, Karo Hanuquero Ha 3iuIEKL ce or6erqssaqpe3 ycraHoBtBanero g I ua cGornernlr.r 6ur o perr,rcrrpa na sarnrrare. Kon-'rponepbT cb.ql,pxa u perr.rcT'bp c MacKIrTe Ha [peK'bcBaHq.{Ta, xofiro u:nol-3Ba 3a MaCKr,rpaHe (3a6paHrBaHe) Ha 3asBKr{Te or onpeAeneHlr nepllQepnuycrpoicrBa. Cre4 perncrr,pa Ha MacKr{Te cneABa npnoplrrerltara JIorI.IKa,

r(orro cJryxr{ 3a onpeaentHe Ha Hafi-ancoronpuoplrrernara sa.mra. BpI ron-'rpoJrep 3a npeKbcBage e nporpaMlrpyeM r.r cJreAoBaTetHo MacKI,ITe LI nplropt4-'l erHaTa a[cq]ITIJII{Ha ua o6cJryxBaHe Ha 3atBKI,ITe ce 3aaaBaT oT uegrparHu.sllpoqecop [ocpeAcrBoM 3apexaaHe Ha yflpaBrsBaltr4 Ayl!{a B cboTBeTHI.I.{ pe-

lriclbp Ha KoHTponepa. Br,sMoxuure pexlrMu Ha o6cnyxrane Ha npeK:bcBa-

\HITA CAi

. C 0urccupan npuopumem - Ha BcsKo nepurlepxo ycrpoficrBa ce 3a-

/(aBa npropr.rrer or 0 (IR0) no 7 (IR7).. Pomaqun Ha npuopumemume - 3a npllnoxeHllt, B KoLITo o6ctyxBa-

rnrre nepuQepuu ycrpoficrBa r.rMar eAItaKbB rlpllopnTer, rlprlopuTerlrre Haycrpoficroara gr,rHaMuquo ce fipoMeu.sr, Karo ce npunara [paBr,IJloro nocJle-

llrroro o6cnyxexo ycrpoficrno flonyrraBa uad-uvcrx np]IopllTer.. Macrcupane - npoqecopbr gafpatsRa o6cnyxcalrero Ha 3atBKIr 3a

rrpeK'bcBaHe oT orrpeleJreHr{ or uero nepu$epur.r ycrpoficrna.Ha <fur. 3,40 e nora:|aHo [3noJnBauero ua B/]I rourporep 3a npeK;cBa-

rc B Tlrrrr.rqHa crpnrpna nlar$opua.

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3a yeerr,ruaraue na 6pox na o6cnyxoauure nepu$epnu ycrpoficrra cenznorssa rcacrcadHo cebp3BaHe or rtporpaMupyeMr.r (oHTpoJrepr.r Ha rrpeK'bcBa-lwsTa, pH KoIrTo ce lt3rpaxaa aByeTaxna cTpyrTypa ,,rnanen-no4vrauen"(master-slave). ilrpnuar erax na racxa.qara ((pur. 3,41) nrurrovna 8 uo4vune-rr{ Kolrrponepa 3a npeK'r,cBaHe (slaves), ncenu or Kor{To upuer"ra sarnxu or 8

rrepz$epnu ycrpoficrna. Tara o6rqnrr 6pofi ua o6c-nyxnanure nepa$epnuycrpoficraa ce yBerurlaBa go 64. Bcercu noArtuHeH KoHTponep B 3aBr.rcr4MocT(Ir 3aJroxeHr{r B rrero pexnM Ha o6cryxnaue r-rs6upa 3aflBKara 3a rrpeK.6cBaHe

o nai-rlrcon npuoplrrer (n nafi-rexrus clyvafi lrs6oprr e 1 or 8).

Quz. 3.40. Ilsnonseane ua BfH rconmpoaep 3a npeKz,csaHea munuqHa cbpstpHa naam$opua

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IfsxoA:br ga gassra 3a [peftscBaHe INT sa sceru loaquHeH RouTporep

CBT'p3aII KlbM gLOTBeTHUs BXO.{ 3a 3aqBKa 3a [peKlCBaHe IIa lnaBHlt-fl

nep (master) or Droplat erax Ha Kacragara IRO lo IR7' frasn .[rlpaBu ceneKqn.l Ha BTopo HI,IBo Ha Hafi-BucoKonpuopl{Terlrara 3asB(a or6pauure 8 :assxu or no.q'rraHeurlre KoHTpoJIep]I ]I l{3rlpaqa K6M

[poqecop us6pauara 3asBKa 3a npeKbcBalle (n nafi-rexxu.a clyraft I orcbrlpoBoaeHa oT cborBeTHlu BeKTOp Ha rlpeKFcBaHe cJlea noTB:bpx'4aBaHe

rrpeKbcBaHero oT IIeHTparHI,I.a npoqecop.

Karro npr.r rexll,Irara c nporpavnpaN B['I rara H [pl'r rexHr{rara sa B/

lI c nperccnane npouecopbr e orroBopelr 3a Ir3BJlLqaIre Ha AaHIrIrre or HIaB-

ltara IlaMeT IIpI,I lr3xoAna onepaqrg r 3a 3Ar]nca Ha .4aHHIlTe B rnaBHaTa IIa-

Mer npr{ BxoaHa orlepaqrit, T.e. npoqecop'br e aHroKI-IpaH HerlocpeacrBeHo c

r3ntrHeHnero uaB[4 onepagut' no.4 eaHa Irnu ap]T a tfopMa'

flpu dupercmnun docmz,n do nauemma (DMA - Direct Memory Access)

Tpaucrfep:rr Ha AaHHI4 Mexry B[4 MoAyn I'I rraBHara naMer ce ocl'IIIecrB'IBa

,[ peKTIro,6eg narlecara na qeHTpanHlr.f, npoqecop' Tofi e oco6eso npenopB-

q[TeJreH npl rpancsepa Ha roJIeMI{ 6norose .{aHHu' fIpN uero ce }BrroJBBa

ronrpoJrep 3a ,qlIpeKTeH aocrbn go nauerra' rofiro Moxe Aa [oeMe wpaBJIe-

ItueTo Ha cucreMHara I[uHa, Karo IlellrpiuHlrqT upoqecop ce ocno6o4ra or rarr'r

;1cfinocr. Kourpoleptr 3a aIrpeKTeH ,4ocrtrl Ao rlaMerra Moxe 4a I'I3non3Ba

cHcreMHara IrIr{Ha, KoraTo rlpoqecop6T He ce Hyxnae oT Heg' T'e' He u3BlplnBa

Jtocrr,n ao naMerra. Apyr no,ry'oa e qeHTpruHu.sT npoqecop aa 6bae upnHyx-

J(aBaH Aa ornoxu BpeMelrHo olepau]rtra rlo cllcreMuara ruI'IHa' Ta3I'I TexHI'rKa

0e r.r3rror3Ba no-qegro n ce HapI'Iqa "KpalK6a

Ha quxlra"' rrfi raro $axTuqecKr'I

Korrrponep'LT 3a Al4perreu .4ocrbn Ao rlaMerra "(paAe" qramu no uuuala'

flpu ueo6xograruocr or I'I3rI'LrHeHI'l ero na BII4 onepaquq npoqecopr'T

l(enerupa [paBa Ha KoHTpoJIepa 3a.q]rpeKTeH AOCTbn ,qo naMeTTa Karo My

Iro.qaBa rllrla Ha ouepaqlltra (qerene ITJII'I 3arlllc), agpeca na B[{ t'lo'qyl, ua-

qarHss aApec Ha 6rora n rnasHaTa nartler r'r 6pol na A)rMI{Te' TIOAJIeXaIIII{ Ha

o6veu. Kourpo.ltept,r 3a aIrpeKTeH Aocrbn ocblqecrBsBa o6MeHa, (aro ocBo-

6ox4ana qeurparnlt.fl [poqecop ,4a [poA'bJIxIr c apyra o6pa6orra' Caeg saot-

prxBaHeTo Ha TpaHcoep KoHTpoJrepbr 3a AI4peKTen Aocrrn uuQopuupa

rrpoqecopa 3a roBa rlpe: [oAaBaHe Ha ctrHaJI 3a rlperbcBaue' flo rosu naqran

D pexLIM Ha ALIpeKTeH aocrBn Ao naMeTTa rlpoqecopbT e aHf&KHpaIr cilMo B

naqaJroro Ir B KptuI na B[{ o6rvreu. HnQopr'laquouullsr o6MeH Mexay Kolrr-

poJrepa 3a AI,IpeKTeH AOCTITI U rJIaBItaTa [aMeT H€ ce ocbllecrBqBa uo cuc-

'r'eMrrara rrrltHa. B:I'TpernHara apxr'ITeKTypa Ha KoHTpoJIepa 3a alpeKreH Aocrbn

/Io rlaMerra e rlpeacraBerra ua $ur.3,42.B I II npoqecop raMa co6ctseHa clrcreMa uxcrpyKltrull, cneq[aJl]I3rrpaHa

3a [3rr:bJruexl{ero xa B[{ onepaquu. 3a lruu4'rxpaue naBlI{ o6ueu qeHTpaJI-

lrr.rsr rrpoqecop AaBa ,qlIpeKTI'rBI'I Ha B/tI lpoqecop Aa I'I3rI:I'JIHIT [porpaMa 3a

Bll4, crcn Koero npoA'bnxaBa c Apyra o6pa6orra' BpI upoqecop tlsBrt4qa

rrHcrpyKrlrrr{Te lra B[4 nporpaua u ru usn'slurna 6es yuacrl'Igro Ea qeHTpa:r-

lrt.rq fipoqecop. C.[eAosarerno qeHTpaJIHI'Isr rlpoqecop Moxe .lla 3aaa.qe noc-

JrcaoBareJlHocr ot B['I onepaqrall 3a ]i3IraJIHeHI'Ie na B[4 npoqecop' cleg

H3nbJrHeHI{ero lra xouro rofi lqe 6tae rrHOopMIrpaH qpe3 rIoJl)AIaBaHe lra crlr-

IIar 3a [peKbcBaHe.3.4/'. Kacrcaduo csbp36aHe Ha npozpauupYewu BIII ronmpoaepu

HA npeKbcSaHuama

t73

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<Due. 3.42. Btmpeuna apxumeKmypa Ha KoHmpo,lep sa dupercmeudocmz'n do nawemma

Bl2I xanal [peAcraBnrBa pa3rrrrrpeHr.re Ha KoHqenqrrra 3a Ar.rpeKTeEAocrarr ,qo naMerra. flpu rounrorrpult cficreMv c B[{ rana.n rleHTpaJrurr.srnpoqecop r.r3o6qo Ee e aHraxupaH c r,r3rr.r,JrueHraero Ha B[{, a cavo c uerono-To Hur,rqlrupaHe. Ilgn:srn.ssaHara nporpaMa or B/tr{ ranal oflpe,qenr rrept.r-(repnr.rre ycrpoficraa r.r o6racrure or rJraBHara rraMer, MexAy Kor,rro rle cepcafi.lsupa o6MeHbr, rrplropurera ua o6clyxaane n cneqlrQlrrara Ha o6pa-6orxara na eBeHTyanHo B63HHI(HaJrr{ rpeurrr.r. Bp{ (aHa:r cJre,qBa re3rr rrHcr-pyrqr.rlr u ylpaBntna BIl{ o6uen.

Bf?l Karanv Morar Aa 6b,qar ceJreKTopHr.r r.r MyJrrr.rlneKcur.r . Cenercmop-ttume Bf LI KaHaJru ce rnnoJr3Bar 3a ynpaBJreur.re Ha rpaHc$epa c oucorocro-pocrnn nepu$epulr ycrpo crna ra n .qaAerr MoMeHT To3r.t rr.rn Kanzu )mpaBJrrBa

t74

o6Meua caMo c eAHo ycrpoficruo. My./tmun"xeKcHume BIU KaHaru ce I.{3rloJI-

3Dar 3a ynpaBneHr,re Ha rpaHcoepa c IlepuoepHH ycTpoficTBa c pa:]nlrqHo

6lpsogeficrarae u B AaAeH MoMeHT To3Ir rHrI KaHaJI yrlpaBJrtBa o6MeHa c MHo-

,t(ccrBo ycrpoicrna. 3a ynpaolelltre ua 6asHlrte ycrpoficrBa ce LI3rIoJr3Bar

6a m-uyttmunteKcHu KaHaJxu, a 3a )mpaBneule Ha 66p3l.r nepu$epun ycr-poficrra ce r.rano:rznar 6torc-uytmun,terccnu Bf H rcanattu.

tr{mep$efictr rvrexgy BPI Moayn ll KoHKperHoro nepr,r$epno ycrpoi-c'rna rpr6aa Aa ce aaanrr,rpa rr,v cne{raSunara ua nepu@epHoro ycrpoil-c rno. Egua or ocHouulrre xapaKrepvc"trtKv e Ealrrt t urep$efic:sr e napaJIeJIeH

rlJru cepueH (noc.reaonareren). flpra naparelrurq LIHTepOefic crrlecrByBarMrroxecrBo JraHvA 3a aaIrHIr, no (oI.ITo eAHoBpeMeHHo ce npeAaBar 6urore-tc. flpu cepufixn.r nureptfefic cblrrecrByBa caMo e.4lra rvuets.3a aaHHLr u rrorcs nocJreAoBarerHo BbB BpeMero ce noAaBar 6lrrorere, flapalelnnlr rax-

'r'cp$eic ce r.r3noJr3Ba rrpu no-BrlcoKocKopocrHl]re nepnr[epHr.r ycrpoficrrar(ilro Ar4c(oBere. Cepnfiura.ar lruret!eftc ce nsnol:na ga no-6asHu ycrpoficrnaKArO KJraBr.rarypara rr [pI.IHTepIrre. cn:r,pssanero MexAy B,/tI MoAyJI I,I [epu-

drcpuure ycrpoficrBa B KoMnrolt pnara cucreMa Moxe Aa 6:bAe roqt<a-c-Toq-(a (point-to -point) n:m c MHoxecrBo rovrn. tr{urep$efictt or rnn'totrKa-c-Toq(a ce r.r3noJr3Ba 3a MoHorroJrrr3ripaHa JIuuur wexny B/I'I MoAyJI Lr

rrepu$epnoro ycrpoficrro. flpu ua.rxlrre KoMnIorbpHI,I cqcreMl (nepcoua:l-

trr,I KoMrrrorprr u pa6orulr cranqulr) ro:r,t run nureprlefic ce u3rlon3Ba 3a ruIa-

lr.rarypara, npnHTepa r.r MoAeMa. Brnurnure uurep$eficu c MHorororlKoBocrlbp3BaHe ce u3rroJr3BaT 3a BT,IrIrrHIr MaCOBL naMeTI{ (gucrcoou ycrpoficrna) uycrpoficrua 3a Myrrrr.rMear.r.,r (CD-ROM, Bu.qeo, ayAlro), Karo Ha npaKrl{Ka

IpeAcraBJrrBaT B'LHIIHI,I U]]iHI.I.

llurep<peficr,r SCS/ (Small Computer System Interfice) ce Lr3rIoJr3Ba

lrpH flepcoHaJ]Hr.( rounrorpu u pa6orHI,I craHqI.II4. SCSI e crau4apreH LiHTep-

(refic :a ycrpoficrna CD-ROM, ayAl{o o6opyABalre L Bl'Hrrrua MacoBa ArIcKo-rla naM€T. Tofi e napa,rereu uNrep$efic c 8, 16 unpr 32 :lunuu 3a AaHHI't'

l(ou$urypaqnxra ua unrep$efica r o6qur cnyuafi ce Haplrqa rlrrlHa, B'bnpeKIz

,rc ycrpoficrnara ca cB'r,p3aHn B nocneAoBareJrgocr or rI,Ir ,,MaprapurKa".Bcaro ycrpoficrno, cBbp3auo Kr'M SCSI, uva aga rolreKTopa: eaI,IH 3a BxoA rr

caus ga r.rsxol (Our. 3.43).flepur[epnr.rre ycrpoficrna ca cBl,p3aHI,I [ocJIeAoBareJIHo eaHo c Apy-

fo, Karo ear,tHlrjlT rpafi na nocreloBaTeJlHocrra e cB'bp3alra c xocra. Bcuq-r<u neplrQepnu ycrpoficroa $ynrquolrllpar He3aBI,Icravo fi

^,rorar Aa o6veH.tr

ru$oprraqu.a KaKTo c xocra, TaKa H noMex,qy cu. Tpauctfeprr Ha AaHITI.ITe

0e ocr,ulecrBeBa rrocpeAcrBoM naKerLI c6c cro6rqeHr,rq. ZurepQeficrr SCSI

Io,q,qr,pxa acr.rHxpoHeH rpanc$ep Ha AaHHI,I, npll KoiTo 3a Bce(u o6Nlen.sH

YNPAB]UIBAIIIAJIO|I4KA

175

TEPM}IHATOP

@uz. 3.43. Ilpuuepua xonfiuzypa4ua ua uamepSe ca SCSI

6afir e ueo6xoAl.rMo Aa ce u3rroJr3Ba rrporoKoJl na prrocrncxane (

saxnxa REQ u nornrpx4enr.re ACK). Cuuxpouen pexuu xa rpanc$epce noaa:r,pxa. no e seo6xoArauo lr3prrqHo ga 6'r,qe 4oronopeu. fIqeHr{ero sa o6ueussure cro6urenus e Aa yflpaBrsBar r.rnTep(Defica.

Mar6T Ha c'so6ulenn.sra Moxe Aa 6r,Ae eAno6afiror, gny6a ron ulnctar'pxa rpr,r rrJrn uoseqe 6afira. Tegr.r cr,o6rqenr,rr nocrr nn$oplraqr,rr3aB'bprlBaHe Ha r{3rrbnHeHr4eTo Ha (oMaHAa, npeayrrpex.qeHue 3a

He rra Bp'b3Kara, ycTaHoBeHa rpelIIKa, AofoBaprHe Ha cHHxpoHeH TpaH

Clrcreuara KoMaHAn, r.r3rroJr3BaHa rrplr npororona SCSI, srrroqsacrBo KoMaH,qn, cneqraSuunr.r 3a AaAeHo ycrpofictno u ocBeH ToBa MH

crBo KoMaHArr 3a BclIqKH ycrpoficrua.

3.7. IIII4 HHA APXI,ITEKTYPA

Ilhanara upe4craBnsBa cpe,qa 3a rrpeAaBaHe Ha cr{lrHaJrrr MexAycrro ycrpoficrna, cB:6p3anrr K'rrM He.f,. B aaAen uonaeur caMo eaHo

crBo Moxce Aa [peAaBa curHarq IIo Inr.IHaTa, a eAHo l{tn noBeqe

Morar Aa rrpr{eMar re3r4 cr,rrHarlt, Ilft.rnara srnloqga MHoxecrBo JII{HI,Iu,

Bc.sKa or KoHTo ce lpeaaBa aBoItrIeH curHa-II. Illunara, rorro crtp:uaHrrTe KoMrror{eHTn Ha KoMrr}oTbprraTa cr,rcTeMa, ce Hapnqa cucme,MHa

Crnpeuenulrre clrcreMHlr rrrHHI.r glAtpxar orolo 100 JrI.IHIrr,I, Kor,(To E

u1u.r c:ryvafi vorar Aa 6raar pag.qe.neuz na rpu $yurqlroHanHr,r rpynu:ua uruua (rpyna aapecur,r ruulrlr), uruna sa gauuu (rp1.na luuuu za aawu)ynpaBJrrBauln lranura. Bporr rra Jrr,rHHHTe 3a ,qaHHL olpeAersr rlr.rpr,ruararnuHara 3a AaHrrrr u pecrreKTuBHo 6por na 6uronere, Korrro Morar AanpeaaBaHlr eaHoBpeMeHHo. CneAonar:e.ruo ur{puHara Ha rrrlrHara 3aolpeAent B 3HatlLrreJIHa crerleH npoflycKalelnala cnoco6nocr Ha rflrluara,.flo a4peorara ruuHa ce urrgr.ruupa aApecl,T Ha H3ToqHr.rKa r.rrrl lon)rqarerr ql

176

peAaBaHrnre aaHHI{ rro rrl{Hara 3a gaunu. flo ynpautBarlruTe rI{IIu[ ce npe-

IBDaT Cr,rfliaJll,r, O[peaeJItIq]I aocTbrla nJIu I8[oJBBaHeTO I]a npeaaBal{tre

4tunu, Vnpauxnarll,ITe cIrrHaIIu Morar aa 6'r4ar sa rlereHe B IlJrIr Sanlrc ortruuerra, BpI:anr.rc r.rnr.r B[{ vereue, norBbpxaeHl'Ie sa sarlpureu rpauc$ep,

SntBKa 3a )mpaBJleHlre Ea Irr.IHaTa, pa3pelneHl'te 3a )mpaBneHl'Ie Ha InHHaTa'

lngDKa I,I florB'bpxAeHl.re Ha rlpeK'bcBalre, cllHxpoHl{3aqHs, L4l lrr\uaJrtt3 r$fl(trava:rno ycranonrmane).

Octtogsure KoMnoHeHTI.I, cB'bp3Baulr K:r'M cl.IcreMHara rttllHa, ca: qeHT-

poneH flpoqecop, rJIaBIra I]aMer n B[4 v'oxytru. Hafi-upocrara rou$r'rrypa-qr{r Ha cBT'psBaHe e o6xlara uruxa (tfur. 3.44)' Tx o6ave r'rva peAraqa

ltcAocraTbIII{:. lonycruuuar 6poft cnsp:oauu KoMnoHeIrrH e orpaHI'I'{eH, r'rft raro

ltrtrHaTa I.IMa orpaHl,IqeHa ToBapHa cnoco6nocr u c yBeJI[qaBaHe Ha a6Jlxl{-ttara ua o6rqara IIIlrHa pacre 3aKBcHeHI4eTO Ha cI'IrHa!'Ia, Koero oT cBo.s crpa-

il Boal.t Ao 3HaquTeJIHo noHI{xaBaHe Ha rIpoIt3BoAI'rreJIHocrTa;. O6ulara uuua craBa rtclio M.f,cro B KoMnlor'T,pHara cl{creMa' Kofa-

t o rrHTerrlIBHocTTa Ira rpaHc(bepa Ha aaIrHI'r npeB['ImaBa MaKcHMaJIHaTa rlpo-

lycKareJrl{a cnoco6uocr Ha [rllHara;. Maxcr,rrrannara cKopocr ua rpanulep ce onpe.4en.s or Haft-6aBHoro

ycrpoicrno, cBT'p3aHo Kl'M Irrlllrara.Iopaau ,upacru.ruure pa:luru I 6tpoogeficrruero Ha npoqecopa' rnaB-

nara rraMer u neputfepunre ycrpoficrBa, cbBpeMeHrrI'ITe (oMnrorhpHI'I clrc-

leMr.r lt3[or3Bar iepapxr,ra or rIJ]IHI,I, BceKL erax or Kotro e clo6paaen c

6 rpso.4eficrruero Ha cBlp3BaHure KoMrIrcTa'pHI-I MoAyJrIa. Illunuara fiepap-

xnrr Ha c'bnpeMelrlrlrre KoMrIIorl,pHIl cllcreMla DKJIIoqna nafi-o611o rpra eraxa:,ryoqecopna (Jtonatna) uuna, cB'bp3Balqa qeIrrpaJIHHt npoqecop c BtHrrrHa-

ta Kern rIaMeT, cucme.+tH.a tautn, K:bM KOqTO e CBT,p3aHa rnaBHaTa naMeT II

p awtup umenn (B /E ) rltHa, cBbp3Balqa nepu$epuure ycrpofi crna. Bp:ssrara

MexJ1r orAeJrnlare HI,rBa lta [rLrHHara fiepapxur ce ocb[recrBqBa [ocpeAcrBoM

6yr[epnpaqu ycrpoficrBa, Hapeqeul MocroBe. Ovenra4lro 6rpsure ycrpoi-0'rBa ce HaMr,rpaT g no-ro.ruva 6ls3ocT Ao rlpoqecopa' ctrqecrneno npeAIrM-

oTDO e, qe [poMeHr.ITe B apxnrerrypara Ha IIeHTpaJIHI'I' lpoqecop se ce

o'rpa3.sBar Ha lrr.rnara I,I o6parHoro qb lo e B clrna.

Illlrnara PC1 (Peripheral Component Interconnect) cJryxI'I Karo Me)K-

;1r.runa ruuna (erax rvreqanr,ru) r urunnara fiepapxu.r na KoM[roTbpHaTa cl'rcre-

Ma r{ oclrryptBa BI,ICOKa npOLT3BOAI,ITeJIHOCT npI'I BHCOKOCKOpOCTUIr B/I{rroAcr,rcreMr4 Karo rpa(blrqHl,I aAa[TepI{ ga

'J1rcfinev, MpexoBlr unrept[eficnra

r(orrrpoJrepn, aI,IcKoBI.I KoHTpoJIepu u 5p. T.r e pa:pa6oreua or @upruara Intel@

ra clrcrevlr, 6atupann Ha Pentium'". Hauupa uruporo [pr'IJIoxeHI'Ie npll sbBpe-

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MCrrHr{Te rrepcoHaJrHI{ Kolvinrorpl{, paSornu cranqrau ra clpolpu.Illunara PCI

MO)r(g Aa rroa.q:bpxa KarTo eAHorlpoqecopHl{, TaKa I4 MyJrTl.rnpoqecoplrH KoE-

tlurypaqur.r. Tx e cunxpouna ruLIHa c IIeHTpaJIrBIapau ap6urpax.Ha $ur. 3.45 e npeacraBeHo Lt3uoJBBalrero na rrlrlnara PCI s eanorlpo-

tlccopua crrcreMa, a xa $ur. 3.46 - za MyJrrlrrlpoqecopHa xout[urypaqrar n

or,prr,pna nnar$opua.Bpr,exara vexgy BlrcoKocKopocruara [poqecopHa rlzHa u nl'ruara PCI

ltpH aecKTorr crlcTeMu ce ocflrypsBa oT eneKTpoHeE Mocr, rorta6r'rnHpan c ron-I'ponep Ha rnaBHara DRAM uar.aer. ElenrpoxHlrtr Mocr Ir3rrbJrHtBa porsrar0 6y$ep, ocuryptBaq $yrrqrounpanero Ha.4Bere Immu, flpoqecopnaralruua u urranara PCI, c pas:ruvua cKopocr. B Myrrl4npoqecopnnre rontfury-p uur{ K6M clrcreMHara IrHHa ce cB'Lp3Bar eAEa I{tu noneqe rrulnra PCI no-

opcacrBoM eJreKTpoHIlLI MocroBe. Cucreuuata urltEa rroAA:bpxa caMo

lpouecopa c BbHrrrHara KeI[ rlaMer, rnaBl{ara naMer u PCI uocronere.IlIusara PCI voxe ga 6:r,qe routfraryprapana xaro 32- ruu 64-6urosa mnHa.

Jknuure Ha rrl,Iuara ca pirAeneHlr Ha creAlrlrre tfyuxquoua:Inu rpynu:. Cucmeuuu ./IuHuu, Kolrro BKjrroqBar lt3xo,qa Ha raKToBItt reHoparop

l cr{rrrara 3a unv\r4alru3aw.t (feset);. Jluuuu sa adpec u dannu (32-6utonra, rnrynrumercr,rpanra);. Jluuuu 3a ynpasreHue Ha uamep$e ca. Ynpannaaar cuuxpoHllsalru-

,r'ra Ha rpaH3aKqI{LlTe rr ocHryptBaT KoopAIrHaIII{tTa Mex,Ql r{HI{qI4aTopI{Te Ir

o'l DerHHrIr,(Te na o6Ir,reua;

. Jluxuu sa ap6umpatrc. Bccxo rrasno ycrpoicrno, cB'bp3ago KtMtrrranara PCI, raua co6crresa ,qBofiKa nI.rHI.Iu sa ap6rarpax, Koltro .qupeKTHo

cir cBT,p3aHr{ rc,M ap6un'pa Ha IluHara;. Jluuuu sa uuduqupaue Ha ?pewKa no qemHocm u dpyzu zpewxu.Illunara PCI npeanara LI Aon'bJIHr.ITetHIt nrauralr (raro onqllx), roaro

Morar aa 6r4ar pa:ge.neuu Ha cJIeAHxre $yurquoua:ruu rpynu:. Jluuuu 3a npeKbceaHe, Ana:Ioruqno na n.rir.rr,rre :a ap6nrpax rearr

Jluur4u ce rroJnBar IrH,(IrBI,I.ryanHo or ycrpoficrnara, cB'bp3aHH KT,M rrrltuara.. Jluuuu sa noddpoacra Ha Keu) naMemma. Te uoAArpxar [poro(o-

Jlr,rTe 3a rroacnyrxBaHe Ha Keua.. Jluuuu sa pa3uupeHue. Tona ca aorlullrrrrerulr 32 tnnuu, xouro

M orar aa c€ I,I3[oJr3Bar 3a piBlrrlptnaRe Ha 6a:osata Mynrurrnerclrpaua uu4Ha

'ra agpec/4annu.flo npewe Ha (ba3ara lra noaaBauero Ha aapeca rro ynpaBJrtBal.qltre Jlu-

ru.rt.r ce HHAHITITpa rrrrrbr Ha rlsttbJllrtBaHara rpau3aKql{t. KolraH4rare, no4a-rilrrlr no ullrHara PCI, ca ole4nrare:

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qi

aa

\kiei

q

l8l

. Ilom|bp,rcdasaHe Ha npe{bceaHemo. ToBa e KoMaHAa ga qereHenporpaMrrpyeMr.r.r KoHTponep Ha npeK.hcBaHr,rrTa, cB:bp3arr Kr,M rrrr,rHaTa.

. Cne4uareH quKbn. ll]f^],l\uaropr,T Ha rpaH3aKrlurra rnrrpaqaIIEHI,IE KI,M EAITH IIJII{ IIOBCqE OTBETHEKA.

. BILI ,remene. Oc:srqecrnraa rpaucr[ep Ha aaHHr.r MexayIT OTBETHI,I(A.

. BIII sanuc. Ocr,rqecrnxna rpaucSep na gannu Mex.qy r4rrrrqrraropaOTBCTHI,IKA.

. Vemene om nauemma. Octuecrn.ssa ce E eKcnJIo3nBeH pexr{MDKJIIOqBA qETCHETO HA TIOJIOBI,IH I{JII4 IIO-MiIJIKO OT IIOJIOBI-IH IUHI,I.S HA KE[A.

. Vemene Ha JluHu,n om naMemma. Ocr,ulecrnrna ce opexl,rM I{ BKJITOqBa qeTeHeTO Ha rloBeqe oT nojroBr,rH ao Tptr ltu:dt(r.t Ha Kelfia.

. Mnocrcecmeeuo LrcmeHe om naMemma. Ocr,rqecrggga ce B ercnJro3I,tDeH pexr{M I.I DKJrrOqBa qeTeHeTo Ha IoBerre oT Tpv ,uHtlIJ Ha Ke[a.

. 3anuc a nauemma. Ta:u rovanga flo,qArpxa crparerllsra 3aTeH 3anI{C nA nvllvsTa B Kerrra }I rapaHTl.Ipa 3a Vca EA rroHe eAHa JTI,IHII'KEUJA B NAMETTA.

. 3anuc e naMemma u MapKupaHe Kamo ueeanudno ctcmonHuemotuHuflma e Kewa. Tparcfeprr Ha AaHHr{ o6xBarla e.qr,rH r.rJrr{ rroBeqeHa .4OCT"bn AO rraMeTTa. Tasu novauga rroAA.r,pxa cTpaTerr.rrTa 3a3anvc Ha trrtIlpr[Ta B Kerla I4 rapaHTr,rpa 3arruca Ha noHe eaHa Jrr,IHItt HaB naMerra. Cba:bpxaHrnero rra ocBo6o4enata muu.a D Kerrra ce MapKrrpaHEBAJII.IAHO.

. Vemeue sa rcoafiueypupaHe. C ra3r4 KoMaHAa rJraBHoroIIo urr{HaTa flpoquTa napaMeTpr.rTe 3a ronrfurypupane Ha ycTpoftcTBo, cB6p3aHo KbM rrrr.rnara. Bcaro ycrpoficrro, cDbp3aHo KT,M rrrlrrrara pCI, uoxecbAl'pxa Ao 256 nr,rpeurur.r peflzcT'bpa, Kor,rTo ce rr3[oJr3Bar rrp]r3a\vsTa Ha cr.rcTeMara 3a ronrfurypr.rpane ua rona ycrpoficrno.

. 3anuc sa KoHfuzypupaHe- C ra:lr rovanga uanuoro ycrpoficrnorrnHara arrya:rr.r3r.rpa napaMerpr.rre 3a Koud)rrypupaHe rra ycrpofi crBo,HO KbM INI,IHATA.

o llurcz'a c deoen adpec.lluuquaropr,r na rpaH3aKrlr.rrra r,rHArrqupa,r,r3no;r3Ba 64-6uron agpec.

Bcexu rpauc$ep Ha AaHHr,r no uruuara PCI ce ocbqecrBrBa B paMKnrona eAHa rpaH3aKqur, Korro cba:r,pxa Qasa na noganaue Ha aApeca Ir eAHanIH IIoBeqe Qasn ua nogaoane Ha AarrHrr. Illl-rsara PCI noAAbpxa rleHTpann"3Hpalr crrHxpoHeH ap6nrpax. Bcrno rnanno ycrpoficrBo rro urr.rHara pa3nora.fa c liHArrDnAyaJrHr.r Jrr.tHr.rlr 3a 3aqBKa (REQ) u pa:|pelller {e (GNT), ronro oacD'r,p3arrH K'r,M rleHTparHr.rs ap6r.rrr,p ($nr. 3.47).

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Lleurpa.nnlr.ar ap6r,rrtp voxe ga u3rlon3Ba pa:iJrLIqHI'I crparerul'I 3a

MaHe Ha pefireHl,Ie 3a IIpeAocraB.sIIe Ha ynpaBneHl',Iero Ha lIII,IEara: Ha rl6p

To rJraBI{o ycrpoficrBo, rroaa'lto 3aqBKa, KpbroBa alrcqnrIJII'IHa Ha

xru cxeMa c OHKcI{paH npl,Ioplrrer Ha tJraBHlrre ycrpoficrna. 3a

To Ha BcsKa rpaH3axutrs rro urltuara ce oc:rlrlecrBtBa ap6urpax.3a cJreABaurara rpamarlluc ce [paBH eAHoBpeueuuo c rpaucr[epa ua

Te npr{ TeKyulara rpaH3aKql4t, TaKa ue ap6urpaxtr ne I'I3ItcKBa

Hr{ rrrrJrr, rro rrrltnara. Tosn sfi.q ap6urpax ce sap]Iqa crpur ap6urpax.

184 185

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IPOI43BOApITEJIHOCTIIA KOMTTIOTbPHII CTTCTEMI4

flpolrsrogr,rreanocrra (6tp:ogefi crnlrero) na ror"lnrorbpHara cI{creMa

orpa3sBa cKopocrra na uut[opuaquouuara o6pa6orxa. I,Iorrepna ce n 6poftonepaqun (uucrpyr4rn), usnuneHll 3a eALIHI,IIIa Bpeve (ceryn4a). Ilponsao-lureJtHocrra Ha KoMrrroir,pa 3aBlrct{ rJraBHo or gua <farropa: TexuoJlorutra(creuenrnara 6a:a) u rovmompHara apxl,IreKrypa.

Tpaguqraoxuo Qupwara [poI,I3BoaLITeJI oqeHtBa npolt3BoalrreJlHocrralla KoMnrortpa Ha MarrrulrHo HItBo, Karo rl rlpeAcranrgsa a6corrorxara MaK-

o[MaJrHa crofiuocr, H3MepBaHa B MI'IJII,IoHI,I ]rl{crpyKqlllr oa ceryuga MIPS(Millions of Instructions per Second) LJTI,I MI{rIIloHIl onepaqn[ 3a ceKyHAa

MOPS (Millions of Operations per Second). Taar,r npousno4r.rrenHocr ce Ha-

pr4qa ^taKcuMarHa

(anapamna) lr [peAcraBrsBa a6co;uorua oqenra Ha rlpo-l.t3DoarrreJrnocrra, mfi raro o:rpa3sBa arlaparHoro 6tpsogeficrsue Ha

Maursnuo H[so. H3MepBa ce rrprr nr,JIHo HaroBapBane I{a pecypclrre Ha IIeHT-

parHs.s npoqecop rtpa 50o/o orlepaqlllI cyMlrpaHe Il 500/o onepaquu )'MHoxe-trne. Ha rfur. 4.1 e [pe.qcraBeua rlpol,r3BoAlrreJrHocr"Ta Ha Mlrrpoupoqecopxretra $upuara Intel U0l. flpu uayvuu lI uHx(eEepHI,I rpuroxeHll.t, I.r3I.rcKBa IlIt o:r.sv o6ev r,r:qncreHsc HaA qItcJIa c [taBarlla roqKa, a6contotuara npou:-tloar.rrejrHocT ce I,I3MepBa B MlrnlloHlr olepaquu c nJlaBarqa 3arlera'I 3a ceKylr-

lra MFLOPS. Auarorlr.rHo rlpll [p]InoxeHI.IrI 3a l43xycrBen tHTeJIeKT

lpor.r3Bo,qr{TeJrHocrra ce I,I3MepBa B 6pofi .noruuecrra usno,qu sa ceryu4a LIPS(Logic Inferences per Second). B rosu cryvai oqelrKl{re lle orpa3tBar lreroc-pcAcrBeno aflapar:avre Bb3MoxHocrLI Ha KoMnrorbpa, rufi xaro ga peanv3a-

r(r{rra Ha qeficrnlrx or BLrcoKo uuoo ca ueo6xogr.rMll MHoxecrBo MaIrrItHHIt(nrspaqnu. 3a no-ronevr.r nopsablllr sa [pou3BoAI,ITeJIHocrra ce r.rgnongsa G(r'nra) (10rM) u;ru T (repa) (103G) ouepaquu 3a ceKyHAa.

Toqnoro oqenrBaue Ha [pola3BoalrreJll{ocrra e oco6eno Baxso rrpra

lurrcoKonpol{3Boal,ITeJrHr.rre KoMnIorpI,I c BI,IcoKa IreHa, npu rolrro norpe6r,rre-Jn{re rcr{cKBar Mar(crrMaJIHo 6rpso4eficrnue 3a nplrroxHure cL nporpaMl,I.

llponsoograrenuocrra Ha KoMrlrorplrre o6aqe :asucu or Mlloro D3aI{MHo

cB'r,p3aHrl Qar<roplr Karo KorrKpernoro npnJroxeHr,re, o6elta na n3qrrcJrr{TeJl-uara pa6ora, ns6panr.rr aJrloprrrcM, rloBelnKrdre ycr{Jlr-r.s 3a onrIrMI.I3I.rpaue EalrporpaMara, cnoco6uocr,I:a na KoMrrrrJlaropa 3a onrnMq3aqru, eQerrunnoc-TTa Ha OrrepaquoHHaTa cucTeMa, KoMnrorl,pHaTa apxrrTeKTypa r4 Ap.

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<Duz. 4.I. Ilpouseodumettnocm Ha uKponpo4ecopumeua fiupnama Intel

Cr,uqecrayaar lruox(ecrBo rro,qxoAu 3a oqeusBaHe Ha [pou3BoAurerHo.cTTa, cTpeMexbT rrpr,r KorzTo e ,qa ce yaoBneTBoprT H3rrcKBaHIItTa Ha Bcr.rirKtl

3arrrrrepecoBaur,r crpaHr.r or rr3MepBarrero Ha rrpor.t3BoAnre.nnocrra (npoer-'rarrrn u norpe6ureru). 3a lorpe6r.rren]rre e oco6eHo Baxuo Aa 3Ha.sr no KaK6D

rraqHH cr{cTeMHaTa nporr3BoAr{TeJlllocT ce BJrr{re oT apxrlTeKTypaTa, KoMnt4-

Jraropa, oneparraoHHara cr.rcreMa, nepn$eprzxra n gp. flo ro3u HaquH Te MoraT;(a ce Db3noJr3Bar or cneqr.r$r.rnara Ha apxureKTypHrare 6elegu a ga us6epatonTriMaIltu.{ cTHn Ha lrporpaMupaue. Ha npoerTaIlTIrTe Ta:}}r oqeHKa rrle no-Mofrrc npu onTr.rMu3aqr{rTa Ha anapaTHr4re cpencTBa u nporpaMrroTo ocurypt-Barrc. 3a pearrru nprrroxeHrrr ce ofipe,qeJ.s r.Hap. cpedHa npouseodume,txocm

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t-lF.,

103

rra KoMnroT'bpa, Kotro e 3IraqI.ITetHo rIo-IlHcKa or MaKcHMaJrHaTa rlpolr3Bo.q[-'leruocr n r o6qr-rx clyuafi npe4craBJrtBa ol{ono 4002 ot uarcuvalxara npo-

}'3BOAIITEIHOCT.

Cucrevnara npolr3BoalrreJllrocr Ha xoMrllorplrre ce BrI'Ise B 3Haqlrrer-

lra crerreH or rrpr4JroxHaTa o6racr. 3arosa ce ae(blrHlrpa rIoH grfiero 3D KoM-

Dm?,p,llprr Koirro nplr3BoAl.rTenHocrra ce oueH.sBa KaTo roqKa B TpIrMepHoTo

rrpocrpaHcrBo Iro rpl{ HanpaBreunr: 6tp:o4eficrBl're Ha ITeHTpaJIHI'II [poqe-cop, JrareHTHocr Ha cI.IcreMara 3a npeKbcBaHe rr e$eKTHBHocr Ha B['I cHcre-

Ma. Bbp3oAeficrBl.Iero lra qeHTpzlnH[s lpoqecop e or n3KrroqllrejlHa BaxHocr'Ja nHxeHepHu I,I HayqHI.I [pLrJIoxeHItg c foll.f,M o6eM I'r3qucJleHl',Ic HaA qUCJIa C

lrJraBarrla ToqKa. JlarerrTHocrra Ha cHcTeMara 3a rIpeKGcBaHe e KpI{TI'IqHa 3a

cncreMlt 3a ynpaBJreHlle B peaJIHo rpeve, rrfi (aro rr onpeAent BpeMero 3a

orfoBop }ra KoMnloT'bpa 3a aHaJII,I3 Ha KOHTpOnupaHI'ITe rlapaMeTpfl Ha yrl-

paBrqBaHrrlt o6err u gaAeficrgaHe lra aaerBarlla lpofpaMa 3a ocllqecrBtBa-rrcro Ha o6paruara Bp-b3Ka :a srsAeicrll4e B-bpxy ytrpaBntBaHls o6ert.li'r,p3oAeilcrBuero na B[4 clrcreMa e or cbnrecrBeHo 3HarIeHI'Ie 3a I'IKotroMll-rreckr.r flprlro)xenzl, rouro u:o6ulcrBar c ItIrreH3I,tBIrn o6p'r'urauug ruv Auc-

Ka 3a r{3rroJr3BaHe na 6asu gannu u gp.

OcuoseH Mero.q 3a olpeaengHe Ha KoMnlor:r;pHara rlpol43BoalrreJlHocr

c H3rrr,JrHeHuero Ha eraJloIIHI,I nporparru (benchmarks). Tofi ocuryp;rla noay-IIADAHETO KAKTO I{A KAqECTBEHH, TAK I.I HA KOJIIIqCCTBEHI,I OqEHKI'I HA NPOII3BO-

,JlnreJrHocrra. Rauecmeeuama oryeHKa 3acsfa xapaKTepl'I cruKure Ha

ltaspa6oroaurar roMnrorap Lr orKpttBaHero Ha HeAocrarcql4I,I eBeHTya"lIHrI Tec-

rfu Mecra. Tt ce npazu oule B erana Ha rlpoeKTupaHe B'b3 ocHoBa Ha ctlMyJla-

rprur c KoHcepBarI{BHIr aonycKaHur. Toaa e r.uap.Qa:a sa,,rlluxnlrl rur:1p",r| r(orro npoeKTaH.rttte o6er{asat BItcoKa npoH3BoAIrreJIHocr ua 6agara sananpaBenure cr,rMyJraqr.rn. Bceru non (oMnlortp o6aue rpr6na ga 6r,,4e pa:-|JrexAaH cl{ellrsqHo ao oKoHqareJIlroro My npe.qaBaHe Ha KJrI,IeHTIare B Maco-

lr,r KoJrrrqecrBa. Cregra $a:ara ua ,,6enutr cror:", npl Kotro xoMrlrorbpl'T ce

IpeaJrara Ha rra3apa, Ho nplreMaHeTo My or KJIIreIrrIiTe Dce oI]Ie He e cfirypHo.O6HKnoseHo n ra:u $a:a 3a KoMrllorbpa He e cr,3AaAeHo onrvMaJlHo npo-rIaMHo ocrrypqBaHe, Koero rpr6na 4a ce (oMrIeHclrpa or norpe6trenure.

Haii-saxHara Ka.recmleHa xapaqmepucmuKa, norro rpa6na La 6t'Ee

orrpeaeJreua 3a aa,{eH KoMnlorr,p, e cGBMecrItMocrra. O6xBarbr Ha cbBMec-

lr.rMocrra Moxe Aa onpeaenll nporpaMHoro ocvrypqBaHe u nepr'rSepuure

yclpoficrna, Kouro Morar .qa 6rgar ltsnolsnaul{, KaKTo L B3aI'IMcrBaHero Ha

IpofpaMr.r u t[afirooe. or eAna cTpaHa cbBMecrxMocrra e xerarenHa, Tafi

r(il lo yrecHrBa npcxoAa KT'M HoBLr anaparHH cpeacTDa. B ro:r'r clyua unona-

rlrrurc ri arrapar'rrnlc cpeacrBa ce peanr3lrpar xaro tlaAcrpofi(a IlaA c'Lure-

187

crByDalloTo npoqecopHo rApo. Or,4pyra cTpaHa sbBMecTuMocT.Ta eTop, (O'TO B 3HaqraTeJlga cTeleH Moxe Aa crrbHe TflctoTo pa3BlrTr,re,cTBeHO CbIqeCTByBaHeTO Ha CLBMeCTIIMOCT npr,r e3HqHTe 3aKoMrrrr.[aTopr4Te r,r onepaq]rorrHnTe cr.rcTeMrr e xpafiHo Heo6xoAuMo, T6fiD rrpoTr,rBeH cnyqafi [oTpe6uTerrr Tpr6Ba Aa p,Bpa6oTBa co6cTBenoJroxHo nporpaMHo ocxrjT)rBaHe, KOeTO BOAr{ AO HeAOnyCruMu parxoAr.rBpeMe rr TpyA 3a rrocTHraHeTo Ha peanHu p€yJrTaru.

Ha ocnooara Ha KaqecrBeHara orIeHKa Ha upolr3BoAr4TeJrHocrraga 6rgar [peAloqereHu oflpe,qeneEr.r rcfiacoBe KoMnK]Tprr D 3aBrrcrrMocrapxr,rTeKTypaTa rrrrl. Egoa cneg oroHqaTerHoTo o[peAeJrrHe Ha KarrxapaKTeprrcTI,IKu Moxte Aa Ce flpucT,brru KL:l.'l KoJ.tuqecmeexu o4enrcu,TeBar rleHara, npogyKTuBHocrra, Ha.uexAHocrra u 6tpao4eficrnuero. {,DKJIIOiIBa He CaMO Cpe,4CTBaTa 3a 3a(ynyBaHeTo rla KoMrrK)TT,pa, HO HAt'lre 3a nucranvpaHero, noAAplxrcara, o6yvenuero ua o6cnyxnaulraa uep"coHiln II pa3pa6oTKaTa Ha rrpHnoxHr,rre nporpaMv. Ilpodyrcmueuocmma to6qu.r cryafi ce Aerfunupa raro ornourenue qeua/npor.r3BoAr.rrenHocr, Ho npuIIefi Hara oqeHKa 3aA:bJIxrrreJIllo ce BKJrroqDaT AItaJIoroBI.ITe cp€AcrBa, Br,rco_Kocr{opocrHr.rre rparfuuuu cpeacrBa, HaJrrrqnr.rre MorqHu peAa(Topv a Ha-crpoiBaulu nporpaMr.r, KaKTo r,r cpeAcrBara 3a AoK)MeHTrapaHe Ha p€yJrrarnre.

Bucorara nadecrcdnocm e or oco6eHo 3uaqeHr.re npfl nporpaMv, rr3uc(-larrlu ron.av o6e}"{ I{3quc;rrrrenua pa6ora r,r clorserHo ronrMo Ma[InHHo Bpe.ue. [o6'sp norasareJr 3a HaAexArrocrra Ha KoMrrrcTspa e cpednomo speMe 3aomKa3,

HaKpar ce flpaBr{ KoJrr,rqecrBena orIeHKa na 6.sp:o4eicrruero Ha KoM_nroTbpa. Tq noL{ara Aa ce lpeueHr{ rroJre3r]ocTTa Ha KoMrrroT:bpa 3a AaaeHatluptta lrnu opraHr{3allrar, crrrMyJlupa pa3Brrr[ero Ha cr{creMHoro rr npr4Jrox-xoro rrporpaMHo ocrirypqBaHe, Karo AaBa B:r,3MoxHocr sa eSerrunxo r.r:no.n.3DAHE HA gbIIICCTBYBAIq}ITC APXI-ITCKTYPI{.

Equu or nai-rur-rporo r{3noJr3Baunre MeroAri 3a olpe.qensHe Ea KoM-nloTlpHaTa rrpoI43BoaI,rTeJrHOCT e I,I3[bJrHeHr.teTO Ha eTaJ]oHHL rrpofpaMn.flolyvenara orIeHKa Moxe Ia 6.bAe a1conpmHa, :ror:aro ce oqenrna e$er-1'ITBHOCTTa Ha KOMTTIOT:Lpa 3a AaAeHo rrpLUIoxeHI,Ie h omHocumelHa, KotaToce npaBrr cpaBHr.rrenrra orleHr(a c Bl3Mo)Kuocrlrre Ha Apytlr KoMnrorpu. IIpo-cKraHTnTe H3IIOJI3BaT TeCTBaHeTO C eTaJIOHHr.r [porpaMI,I, 3a Aa ynecHqT I,I3_6opa cu MexAy aJrrepnarnrHrr apx[Te(Typnu perlrenrr.tr rr rexH]rqecKgpeaJrrr3arruu. Knenrure pa3q ra.r Ha eranoHHr4Te rrporpaMu xpu 3aKynyBa-Ilero Ha HoB KoMlrorbp, a nporpaMr,rgrl,ITe _ 3a H36opa Ha orITHMa.IIeH crllJl3a nporpaMr{paHe.

r88

I,Ignorgnaxero Ha ney,4aqHr,r eraJrorrHr.r nporpaMr,r o6a"e Moxe Aa rroA-De.qe (arro npoeKTaHTHTe raKa r{ K;rrrerrrr{Te ra norpe6r.lre.lure. Ero 3arrlooqerrrara Ira npolt3BoA[TenHocrra rpt6Ba Aa BKJrroqBa:

. flpequgga xapaKrepr,rcruKa Ha r.r3rrr.rcrr,rrerHnr roBap;

. [6pBoHa.IaiHo recrBaHe c era-rroHHr,r nporpaMz;

. Tecrsage c rrporpaMr.r, alpoKcrrMrrpauu exeAHeBuoro HaroBapBanerra KoMrrroTbpa.

Llgqrzcr:arerrrusr roBap rrpe.qcraBnrBa cMec or pzr3:rrzqHr{ Tr.rrroBe upo-tpaMu, r.r3l'brnsBanr,r or e,4IlH KoMnlorbp, OcnoaHure xapaloeprrcrr.rKlr Hau3trncruTernut roEap ca rl3ucKBaHr.gra 3a Bxo.EI,I3xoA, o6eM:br I,r BnAr,T na

'r3qr.rcJIHTeJIHara pa6ora, BT,3MoxHara cre eH Ha BeKTopr.r3arlut.

flopagu oruocureJrHo npocrara cr{ apxr,rreKrypa rro-Ma.lrKr.rre KoMrrrorprrMorar Aa 6rgar oqenxnanlr c upocru eraJrolrHr,r [porpaMr.r (or nu4a uaWhetstones). Ilpor,r3BoAr,rre:rrrocrra Ha re3r.r KoMrrrorpn rre ce npoMeur 3uaqr,r-

TenHo rrpu pa:urnrrqHTe IIpLIJroxeHLIt. Morqur.fe KoMIIIoTpr,r gbc 3Haqr,rTeJIHI,I

apxr.ITeKTypHlr yc:bBtpueHcTBaHu.s u pa3[rupeHr.rs ca MHoro no-qyBcTBl.rTenHr{

xr,M xapaKTepI,IcrI,IKI{Te Ha KoHrperHoro rrprrJroxeriue, r'rfi raro npolt3BoAlr-l'eJrHocTTa HM SaBHCr,r .qo roJItMa cTeneH oT cTeneHTa Ha r,r3noJr3BaHe Ha apxfl-'reKT)?rrHTe yclB'bprneHcrBaHrr:r Ha KoMrrrofi,pa. C erevenrapnure eraroqHr4uporpaMr.r ce olpeAers MaKcr.rManHara (anaparHara) npor.r3Boar.rreJrHocr.

Brs scuqru cnyvau rpx6na ga ce rrMa npe,qBrr,q, qe [porpaMnre ca rrpu-cnoco6eHu B no-ror.sMa r,rJrl,r [o-MaJrKa cTerrerr K:r,M KoHKperHr,rr r(oMrrror6p,tla KofiTo IrIe ce r.r:nrnnxnar. .{opn Koraro e r.r3noJEBaH e3LrK 3a nporpaMr.rpa-rre or BrrcoKo uraro, us6op:rt Ha MareMarr{qecKu MoAeJr, qrrcJrerr MeroA, Ha-rrr4H'bT Ha TpaHcoopNtrrparre Ha srr3r-rvecrra.r npo6reu B KoMnroTbpHa nporpaMaonpeAeJrrr cuequ$fiuuara p eaJrv3al1:z,s Ha AaAen npo6reM. Ocroonrarr npo-6rev ryx e go xarna crenex rpr6na .qa ce MoAri$rrur4pa eraJroHnara rrporpa-Ma nprr oqeHqBaHero Ha c[cTeMaTa. Apyr BaxeH npo6nev e Aa ce onpeaenr4'roqHo KoII KoMloHeHTrI ce TecTBaT oT aaAeHa eTaJroHHa [porpaMa, BbnpeKI.Ir{e e xeIaTeIHo Aa ce orleHsBa qsIaTa cucTeMa - a[apaTHnTe cpeAcTBa, cu-cTeMHOTO r{ nprrJroxHoTo nporpaMHo ocuryprBaHe.

B uuoro cJryqar e rroJr*Ho ,qa ce HanpaBn orrroclTeJrna oqeHKa ]ia pa-6ot:ala ua IraaurlrnHo Hr.rBo cnp.sMo pa6orara Ha BI,IcoKo HI,rBo - Harrpr,rMep Aacc olpeAenr,r cpeAHnrr 6pofi usnnnueuu lrr{crpyKrlrru, Heo6xoAaM 3a BcrKaofieparlHr c nnaBarrla roqKa r{Jrr.r 3a BceKu norurqecKr,r usnog. Te3ra oruocuren-rrH oqeuKn AaBar rrpeAcraBa 3a e$erTnBuocrra Ha KoMrrrorbpHara apxr.rreK-'r'ypa, B rracrHocr rra KoMrrr.rJraropa, 3a Aa,qeHo rrplrnoxeuue. Te ca noletnn,'r,ft raro ganar n'r,3Mo)KHocr Aa ce npese6perHar rexnoloruqsure oco6exo-CTI' TIA KOMIIIOTBPA.

189

flpra oqen.roanero Ha flporr3BoAr.rreJruocrra Ha KoMnrorprrre c yclexnpr.rJrara epapxuueu nodxod, r'pu rofiro unrfopvaqHrra, rroJryqerra Ha

AeH erarr, rroAnoMata aua:;,vga Ha cneABaIqH.E eran, Or oco6eno 3HaqeHI,Ie

r(opeKTHoro r[opnaupane na pa6oruu.a H3qr,rcJlr..rreJreH ToBap.

Ha nafi-nucroro nlruo ua epapxlrqra ce r.r3ntrurBar rrporpaMr.r,

t:ecrear 6a3osure oflepaqnu B KoMrrrorbpa - cyr!{HpaHe, )MHoxeur4e I.I

Iporpauure rpr6sa aa 6T,aar aocrarbqHo rrpocrr.r, 3a Aa Moxe Aa ce

BH r,r3qepnareJleu anarlre. Or I,BMepDaHero Ha reslr onepaq[I.r Moxe aaonpeAeJru BpeMeTo 3a 3an'bJrBaHe Ha r.rHcTpyKrIHoHHHTe KoHBerrepu,

oT I43IIOJBBaIIeTO Ha Kerna, BpeMeTO 3a AOCT',bn ,qO naMeT'Ta, BJII.ISHI.IeTO

xon$rrzrrlrre npu o6pr,qanero K6M ear.rH u sbrrl Mo,qyJr Ha rraMerra,TO 3a AOCTT,n .4O Ar.rCKOBrrTe [ar\4eTr.r ]r ,4p. flpOrpaWr,rre, recrnarqnouepaqrrl,I B KoMllrorr,pa, AaBar B'b3MoxHocr .qa ce onpeAenu HeroBaracrMaJrrra (anapanra) npon3Boar,rrenHocr.

Ha nroporo nr-roo r fiepapxllrra ce I,I3noJI3Bar KoJrerqrrlr orrApa, Kor,rro [peAcTaBrqBaT qacTr,r oT peaurHH rrporpaM!4 unL, cacr,rHTmupaHrr, IIIuporo fiprrJroxeHrre ca noJryqr,rJlr{ cJre,qHI,ITe KoJIeI(qulIrpaMHr,r s,qpa:

. Whe ts tones. flpegcrannrnar cr.rHre3r.rpaHr.r eraJroHHr{ flporpaMr.rocHoBHa apnrMerr{Ka. I{gno:r:gar ce 3a oqerrKa Ha rrpor.r3BoAnreJrHocrra(oMrrrorprr c Hr,rcKo r.r cpeguo 6rpoogeficrnue.

. D hryst ones. flpegcran.rxnar cr{HTe3r{paHr,r eraJroHHr-r nporpaMr,roqeHra Ha onepaqlrure B cr,rcreMHrrre nporpaMn. llsuonsnar ce 3a oqenranporr3BoArrreJrrrocrra nprr Heqr{cJreHI,I rpLIJIoxeHI.Ifi npI,I Ma,{Kn u cpCAnnnroTpr.r.

. Linpack. flpegcrarn.ana nporpaMua 6rz6rraorexa ga rr,rnefinapa. I{:nor:sa ce 3a oueHra Ha BerTopHara u cKaJrapHaranpu o6pa6orrara Ha rrucra c rrraBarqa rovra. C xoneKuurra nporpaMHr.rLinpack ce or1ensna npor-r3BoAr,rrerHocrra Ha rrrlrpoKa raMa KoMrrrorptr -rrepcorraJlHr.{Te KoMrrrorpr,r Ao MorrIHn r(oMrllor:bpuli nlar$opuu, Ta:uquq c'r,A'bpxa nporpaMa 3a aeKoMno3r.rpaHe Ha MaTpnqara,cl,rcTeMa JInHeITHI.I ypaBHeIIHt LI nporpaMa 3a peruaBaHe Ha crcTeMaTarru ypaBHeHnf Ha ocHoBaTa Ha ae(oMno3npaHaTa MaTpHqa oT rrbpBaTa

rpava. Ocuoonure orrepaqurr ryK ca )MHoxeHrre Ha BeKTop cbc cKaJrap

cyMr.rpaHe Ha BeKToprr.. IIuKnu ua Livermore. Tosa e roreKrlras rroArrporpaMr.r, x3BJreqeun ot

na -qecro u:nuHqBaHure nprrroxHu rrpofpaMI.I B Haquona"tuara la6opato.pua ,,Lawrence Livermore" s CAIII. T.[ c'barpxa anaparr{o onpe,qener{H noAruporpaMn Karo noAnporpartu sa nxog/u:xoa, yrrpaBJreHr{e Ha naMerra r,rJII{

t90

loArrporpaMrr sa rpa$nra. C ratlr ronenqr.rx ce orleHrBa cxa:rapHara r.r BeK-I'opHara rrpou3BoAr{TeJrHocr npr.r o6pa6orrara Ha AaHHr.r c ruraBarrla roqra.Tt ce r.rgnorssa ga orIeHKa Ha npol,I3BoAr{TeJrHocrra Ha cy[epKoMnrorprare,

flonacrorlleu 3a pa3nuqHuTe npnJroxHr,r o6-nacrlr ca paspa6oreuu[tHpoKa raMa eTilnoHHr.r l]porparMl.I (aTo Harrpr,rMep 3a IIpIrJIoxeHIt.s c MyJrTrr-McAr.rs, KoMrrrortpna rpa$una, npeArreqarrra noAroroExa r,r r.H.

B o6ulrs cryuafi na ocrroBara Ha rrporpaMnri rApa ce oqeHrBa caMoupor.r3Bo.{nreJrHocrra Ha qeHTpaL'ruux npoqecop. MHoro pr.{Ko c rqx ce oqe-lttBa rrpol.r3BoAlrreJluocrra Ha r4HTerpupaHara crrcreMa, rrfi raro nopagral{sr:rrcqrrreJrHo rrpocrara cn crpyKTypa re Morar ga $opur,rpar fiorperfiHalrpeAcTaDa 3a cI{cTeMHaTa rrpolr3Boal.ITenHocT npr.r qrIocTHu.s n3rllrcn[TereH'toaap. lpyr uegocrallK npr{ rr3rror3Bauero Ha ran{Ba orHocr{TeJrHo rlpocrltltpofpaMl,I e, rle cTaTHcT[KnTe npu LtHArrBnAyaJrHraTe oqeuKII Ha npol-r3BoAr.r-

I',CJIHOCTTa Bapr,rpaT B III,IpOKI,I rpaHHrlrr A 3ABflCAT AO IOJI'Ma CTeneH OT Ir3-ltoJI3BaHI.It KOMrrr.rJraTOp.

flpu no4,xoqa c nporpaMurrre rApa e neo6xograuo 4a ce E3Bbprrrlr cneA-lloro:

L Ct crass, ce H3qeprrareJrna xapaKrepr.rcrr.rKa H a pa6oraut uluuamrtJIoH ToBap, I(aro ce olp€AeJltr KJIacoBe npo6.nevr.r r{ Texrrlttr ornocl4TeneH/(rr B rlsJlo CTHLITI TOBap.

2.I4sw,ptssna ce ceJrerrll.rr Ha MHoxecrBoro nporpavu or pa6 or*trs. tr3-rlHcJrr.rTeJreH ToBap c qen cpeArro npeAcTaBsHe Ha oTAerHuTe npIIJIoxeHLrt,xaTo ce BKIIIOqaT nporpaMr,r oT paBII,IqHI.rTe RrracoBe rrpr,rJloxeHllt lI ce olpe-l(ersr ctorBerur.rre renroBHn roe$uqr.renru 3a BcrKo rrporpaMuo r.qpo B 3a-uuctIMocT oT HefoBoTo npeacTaBrHe B ToBapa.

3. Onpeger.rr ce qacrrrre or nporpaMr{Te (r4para), (or.rro KoucyMr.rparnai-rorql,rata qacr or BpeMero 3a r.I3rI:bJrHeHue, Tona e rpraraunara clblrKarrpu $opnnpauero Ha nporpaMHlrre ;rapa.

4 . Vls'aracrssa ce 6rp:ogeficrruero rrprl rnnbJrHeur{ero Ha flporpaMHrzrexApa, Karo ce B3eMar upe,EBr,rA TerroBHure noe$uqueuru

Ha rperoro Hr,rBo rrp[ irepapxmunun rroAxoA 3a orreuKa Ha rrpox3Bo,qu-I cJllrocrra Ha KoMrrrorprrre ce llsnolnBar 6a-:onra uognporpaMl.I, I,r3BrerreHs

or rrrllpoK crleKTtp npuJroxeHr,rt. Te recrsar (aKTo rIeHTpaJInI4.s npoqecop,'l elxa rr Bxo.qHo-r,r$(oAHara cr.rcreMa. Taxa $opr'.tlpanara oqenra o6ave ue or-pa3tBa B3araMoAeicrBuero MexAy rroAnporpaMuTe B paMKrrre Ha peanHrrrerrporpaMu. Aro pea.nuure uporpaMn sbAl,pxar Apyrrl rroAnporpaMn, (or,rroKotrc) {llpar 3Haqr,rreJrHa qacr or BpeMero 3a u3nbrueuneto uv, to 6a:onr.rrelro,qnporpaMr,r ne 6r.rxa uour.r Aa cb3AaAar rlsnocrrra Kaprr,rHa Ha cucreMHa-'l'a nporr3BoarrTeJrrrocT.

l9l

Ha rosa HrrBo or fiepapxuara p$ynrarr{Te or ra3rl}JrHeulrero Ha

JroHHrrre lporpaMn Beqe npeacTaBn.{BaT rrHTepec 3a t(paiHr.]nrr,ft raro re AaBar unrfoprraaqur He caMo ga npor,r3BoaureJrHocrra, a

TaKa r.r 3a rrapa.nenHr{Te crpyKTypu r,r apyr}r orrrr.rMr.r3raparqu $axropu.Ha vermproro nuno a iepapxraara ce r,r3rroJnBar cbKparenr.r Bepclr]

ocltoBrrr,rre rrporpaMfi B r-r3ql,rcJrurerHl.rq roBap. C r.gxna nououl ce

nrauvo,qeficrnnrra Mexay 6agosrlre noarrporpaMr,r. Or gpyra crpauacr,atpxaT MHoro MaJrKa qacT oT upeaBaprrreJrHara u nocr o6pa6orna,nbJIHtBaIta oT rIqIocTHrrTe BepcIIIa Ha lporpaMr.rTe I{ Moxe Ia cba'bpxaTaa He cba:r,pxaT B3arrMoaerrcTBr,re MexAy rleHTpaJrHrrr flpoqecop n Bxo

I{3XOAHaTa CHCTeMa.

B o6u1u.r c.nyrafi ctKpareHlrre Bepcflr,r Ha nporpnMr{Te ca flpeuocrrMupa3JrrrKa or qrJrocrHrrre nepcr,ru. HegocralbK sa rnnoJBBar{ero Ha

HHTe BepCHH Ha rIpOrpaMHTe e, qe ca o6reKqeHr.r E3scKBaHr,rqra 3a IIaMerDxo,q-H3xoA, flopaAu Koero r.rMa onacHocr 4a ce sary6u opurnHaJruararpaMHa crp]'r(Typa. Hanplrlrep aKo ctKparelrara Bepcr,rq Ha ,qa,(eHa

Ma ce u3n:bJIHgBa oT KoMrIIoTbp c orpaHr,rqeH o6eM Ha flaMerra,oqerrKa 3a [porr3BoaraTenHocTTa xle ce pa3nvvaBa c:brqecTBeHo oToqeHKa, flonyqeEa npn u3rI'bJIHe[rueTo Ha nbJlHaTa Bepcus Ha npofpaMara.

Ha ueroro Hlrso or iepapxzxra rraoxe Aa ce rroryqrr Hait-ttt :lua vKapTIrHa rra crrcreMHara rrpou3BoAr{TenHocT npn pe[aBaHeTo Ha

npo6:rera, Ho Br,rrpeKn ToBa cbuecrByBar r.r peauqa Heaocrartqr.r.Jro raTa npeHocr{MocT Ha nbJrHr,rTe Bepcr4r,r Ha nporpaMrrTe rrpuHA CI,ICTEMHATA IIPOII3BO.qI,ITCJIHOCT C6 ICCTBYBA TEHACHIIHfl AA CC

cTr.rJIbT Ha rrporpaMrrpaHe r.r BnoxeHATe ycvnr4s 3a aaanTnpaHe Ha

Ta Kr,M aaaena apxr{TeKTypa. }I:uepoauero Ha cr,rcreMnaraHocr 863 ocHoBa Ha rIeJrH nporpaMu rpt6l,a Ea ce usB:,p lr eaBa cJreA

u LI3rIepnaTeIeH aHaJrrr3 rra pe3yJrTaTr,rTe oT r43MepBaHr{rTa c ollpocTeHrzrpaMrr H ToqHoro ,qerfunupaue Ha r-r:qncJrrrrerr{ara cpeaa. Oco6eno naxnoHa roBa rruBo aa ce r,r3rron3Bar o6pa6orsaHure .4aHHu n nr:ren o6eu, rarroururocruuqr KoA Ha nporpaMara 3a AaAerro lpr{Jroxeur.re. B npornneu cryuarroJryqeHr{Te pe3yJlTarr.r Morar Aa 6r,Aar uoasexAarln.

Iferra npu safi-nucororo, [ecroro Hr.rBo Ha fiepapxurra, e Aa ce ug.creABar HacoK[Te npr.r $opuupanero na 6r,Aerqlrg r.r3qlcrurereH ToBap, (aF"TO H HODTITe rrOAXOAr,r nplr C'h3AaBaHeTO Ha :Urropr,rTMr4 r,r apxr{Te(Typll.Cle4onare.ruo Ha roBa HrrBo rr3rroJr3BaHr{Te recrone rp.r6na Aa orpa3slaTarropnTMr,rrrHr.r rexHuKr.r, KoHTo ca B npouec Ha pa3pa6orra u ca nepcneKTHIt.

rrlr. EcrecrgeHo He e pa3)a{r{o aa ce orxBtpJrrr o6eqaBa trrl apxuTeKTypHtlnpOeKTI.I CaMO IIOpAEI{ C [HATAB3aI.IMOCBI'p3aHOCT Me)(try CG3AaAeHItTe npo.

lq2

rpaMr r csuecrByBarlfiTe KoMrIrorr,pHLI cIlcTeMI,I. flpu nporpecnrnoTo pa:]-

DI'THE OT E,qHO IIOROJIEHI{E KOMIIIOTPI,I KbM CJI€ABAIIIOTO, CbEMECTI'MOCTTA C

mxeu $arrop, no Ha onpeaeJleH erafl or roBa pa3Blrrl{e Moxe Aa ce [ocrl4r-He 3HaqHTeJIlto floBnrfanaHe Ha rlpolr3BoalnreJlHocrra, Karo ce o6uoru pagu-

kanHo cbrrlecrByBa Ioro nporpaMHo ocurypxnaue. P$yJrTaTI,ITe oT TecTBaHero

c raKuBa uepcrreKTrrBHH rrporpaMr{ e rpyaHo aa 6rAar o6o6nlenu. B gar'.r.{Ha

NA TOBA TE AABAT Bb3MO)I(HOCT AA CE OIIEHI,I IIOTCTTqI'A'I'bT NA I'OBI,I KOMIIIOTb'

pnr,r cr{creMr{, 3a Kor,rro Morar Aa 6taar cbs.qaAeHl,I HoBLI flporpaMu LI ,qa

6r,ge $opuupan HoB u3trracrurereH ToBap.

Cne,qosareruo ga cpaDHeHI{e Ha npoI,I3BoaHTeJrIrocrI{Te lra (oMlrrorprr-

re r.r :a x.nacu@uunpaHero IrM crlopeA rIpoI,I3BoaI.rreJIHocrra 3acera ce It3rIoJr-

3DaT C ycnex eTaInoHHI,I nporpaMla.ExcnepuuenmattHu mexHuKu 3a oqeHKa na npuseodumetHocmma Ha

KoMnpmtpHama cucme.Ma.I{enra ua npoerranTa Ha KoMrlrorpl4 e Aa srsAa-

lle KoMrrroT'bpHa cHcTeMa, rotro ule ycflee Ha rla3apa. ToBa I{3rrcKBa oI]TIr-

MaJTHO r.r3rroJr3Barre Ha HaJrr{qHr.tre xapayepHlr II cooTyepHlt rexHoJlornu.

OcHosHara rler e or(pl,IBanero rl orcrpaHtBaHero Ha recHLI Mecra B rlpoeKTa

na rolturorr,pa. 3a ra:lu r{€JI rIpoeKTaHT'br Ha KoMrrrorpl,I paSrlotara cbc cre.4-

[HTe aJrrepHaTHBI,I: In3CJreABaHe rlpe3 aHaJrI.ITI.rqHIt MOAeJII,I KaTO HarlplrMep

Bepr{rr{Te na Maprou nru aa ,I3ror3Ba eKcrIepnMeHTaJIIrL TexHI.rKI.r Karo Ha-

npuMep cr{Mynaqra.a no cnegu (trace-driven simulation), cur"rynauux no cr6u-rnr (event-driven simulation) LIJIH arlapareu MoI{xropI.IHr Ha cbrllecrByBaI{[rrporoTr.tI]u.

3a ra:c.neasaue Ha cr4creMnara [polr3BoAnrenHocr rIocJreAoBareJIHo noncnvnra fiepapxr.r.rHr.r HrrBa or IIeIrrpaJrHLrt lpoqecop ,4o 3-D r<ounrorupa e ne-

o6xogr.rvo yBeJrrrqaBaHe ua uu{opuaqurra 3a rloBe,qelrl4ero Ha qurocruaracncreMa, rrpr,r Koero neus6exno neo6xoAlrMocrra or eKcrIepI,rMeHTI,I HapacrBa.

flpu usno.nonane Ha rrpoqecoplr c onpocreua crpyrTypa ce ycnoxusBa crpyK-'rypara rr opraHr.r3arlr4sTa Ha rlurocTHaTa cHcreMa. I-leurpaluuxr npoqecop,narrre.rra, B[4 cucTeMa, pa:]tllqHlr KoMnoHeIrrLI Ha onepaquolrHaTa cvcreMa I,I

rrpunoxHoro [porpaMHo ocuryp.f,BaHe BtnssT B6pxy [pot3BoAtrenHocrra Ha

rrsJrara cr,rcreMa. Ctuqecrnyaar unoro rIoreHIrI,IaJIHI.r nplIqI.IHI{ 3a recHlr MecraD eaHa cllcreMa. Heo6xoar,ruo e ,qa ce I,IMa [peaBI,IA 3Harlureruara cJIo)KHocr

rrpr.r TpaHcoop^,fl{paHeTo lra nporpaMl.I Ea e3ull}r oT BIrcoKo HIrBo B cLIrHzrJILI,

ynpaBJrrBarqlr anaparHltre cpeacrBa. OcnoseH e npo6.rermr 3a onrI.IMIrpaHe

rra c'borHorflennsro Mex,ry coQryepa u xapAyepa B KoMnlorapHara cl,IcreMa.

Br,annr<na mnpocr,T KaK Aa ce HanpaBI,I LB6op'LT. Bb3MoxHo JIu e .{a ce cb3Aa-

I(e Br,rcoKonpol,I3Bo.qnrerHa cucTeMa oT HecJIo)KeH xapryep I,I HecJIoxHI,l KoM-

nuraropu? .{e6arr,r RISC/CISC, BoAeH rlpe3 nocJIeII}ILIre roAIrHI'I, e

193

noKzi:nTeJreH 3a Ta:tlr auITepHaTI.{Ra, vlMa BB3MOXHOCTT,T 3a r,r36op n alnTepHa-Tr,rBIr, Korrro ce rnrroJr3Bar rIpH nyxla or lr3Mepuanug, v ana:lw3r4, Oco6ego earryalex upo6rerurr la nacrpofirara Ha 14HArrBrrAyaJrHHTe KoMrroHesru, pa3.gellnero ua QyxquoHalrHn [o,4crrcreMn r.t orlpeAe.nanero na e$errr.rre, Korr-ro ce :ary6nar npr{ TecrBanero Ha ,qeKoMno3r,rpaHara cr,rcreMa.

Ercnepuveuranrure rroAxoAr,t 3a oqeuKa rla KaqecrBeulrre L Kot[tre-cTBeHHTe acrreKTr.r Ha npoII3BOArrTenHOCTTa Ha KOMIIrOT6pHr.rTe CI.ICTeMU

aKjrroqBaT I[n:LJrHeHr{e Ha rlporpaMH KaKTo oT pea-IrH[, Ta(a ]r oT Br.{pTyaJIII[(cuuynupanra) anaparHrr cpeAcrBa. B cly.raure Ea crrMyJrrrpaH xapAyep, rro.DeAeHrrero Ha crncreMara ce OopMlrpa Ha ocrroBara Ha nonyqeHnre crarnc-TtrKn, oTpa:lgBaIqI,I Ar.rEaMr{KaTa Ha I,I3qHcIHTenHHs rrpoqec.

Cralryraus.ara (r,rvlrraquonuoro MoAenrrpane) [peAcraBJrrna ocHoBHaqacT oT eKcrrepI,IMeHTaJIHI.ITe It3CteABaHU.S Ha KOMnIOTtpHr,rTe apxr{TerTyplt I{3aeMa BaxHo MrcTo B oTKpLBaHeTo Ha TecHnTe MecTa I,I [OCTI,IrarreTO Ha OII-THMzrJrHa npor,r3BoAr{TeJrHocr. Or gpyra crpana roJrrMa qacr or npo6nerraurorra HoBara KoMnrcTrpHa apx[Te(Typa He ce nporB.sBar, ,qoKaro rr ne 6rgopearH3HpaHa rr He ce [poBeaaT eKcrreprrMerrTr,r c peanHrr anapaTHn cpeacTBa.OcneH rosa Aopn cJre,q KoHcrp)MpaHero Ha cucreMara pe:LrrHnre cra6ocruce rrpo.sBsBar caMo rrpu BHuMareJrHn Lr3MepBaunt Ha peaJrHo pa6orelrlaracI{cTeMa. Bcerr,r or Lr3noJI3BaHrrTe noAxoArr BoAu .qo pa3nlrrrHr,r KoMnpoMlrc{MexAy Kpr.rTepr.rsTe qeHa rr BpeMe, 3a aa ce oclrrypu rbBKaBocT Ha eKcrrepu-MerrTaIIHaTa cncTeMa r4 AocToBepHocT IIa nojryqeHllTe AaHHr,r.

Cuuy,taqunma no credu AaBa B'h3MoxHocr Aa ce aqrruyJrrrpar AaHrrr.r,6es Aa ce HaMaJr.EBa e$errrannocrra Ha MoAennpaHara cr.rcreMa. Tq cruoocnrypsBa B:b3MoxHocT JIecHo aa ce [poMeHgT Mo.qeJII,IpaHr.rTe cr,rcTeMriI{ na.paMerpn ,i pt3ptcKr,arvsra 3a IroJlyqaBaHr,rre Aannra. Metogtr uo)r(e Aa ce rc-noJr3Ba c JreKoTa 3a nolyqaBaHe Ha AarrHr,r IIpu cbqecTByBarq]r [poAyKTr,r IrJII{ercnepnMeHTaJrHn rrpororltrlt.t. To:u ru4 craMynaqfirl o6aqe ItMa ABa ocHon-HU HeAOCTaT'r,Ka: Hr.rCKa CKOpOCT Ha HaTpynBaHe Ha CTaTI-ICTI{KLITe r,I Heflep-

$errnocrra na MoAena. Oarmr, ve AaHHr4Te ce HarpyrrBar HrKoJrr(o rrbrltno-6anno or 6tpsogeficrouero Ita r.BcneABanara cucreMa, e rroraiareJleH, qe

rre e B'r,3Mon<rro Aa ce Ao6ue rrbrua npeAcraBa 3a peaJrture cr,6vrvrq. Br,nperulToBa ro3r.r Br.rA crrMyJraqujr e Ao6pa ntpBa crrnra sa gerainrroro r.r3cJre.{BaHe

rra clrcreMara. flo-xararrr, Koraro ce o6e4uuar u.qpynr eKc[epr4MeHTarHHTexnn(H, cnMynaqraonun.rT vo4en uoxe ga 6:r,Ae rroTB'6pAeH, KoeTo rrbx ocn.ryprBa Mexaua3Ma 3a AaBaHe Ea 6'bp3 orroBop B Kor noco(a Aa ce orrrr.rMl.rgr{-pa cucTeMara.

flpu naruuue Ha peaneH xapAyep Morar Aa ce r,r:nor3Bar rpu MeroAa:codlryepe rr Monuropraur, Qrpr"ryepeH MoHrrroprrHr r,r anaparen MoHrrropr.rlrr.

194

Ilpozpauuunm "MoHumopuH? e rIpI.IJroxLIM KaKTo rrpr.r peanHu KoMrlror-pr.r, TaKa r,I [p]r eKcrrepnMeHTiuIHI,I npororl,Ifin. kI B ABara cjlyqa.,I e rIoJIe3eH 3a

lrpoBepKa Ha aAeKBaTHocTTa Ila cIrMynaqr.IoHHI,Is MoAer. Tara cpanurnaueroIIA ,qAHHI{TE, IIONYT'CHU IIP'I IIPO|PAMHHff MOHIITOPI{HI, CbC CIIMYJTAqUOIIHI,TTE

pe3yJrrarH MoraT Aa AoBeaar ao pa3pa6orBaHero Ha rlo-Ao6pa Meroaonorus:la cnuyraqnr. flporpaMHHsT MoHItropI,IHr e JIeceH 3a pezul.l3aqus u qecro ce

ylecHqBa oT apxvTeKTypHlrTe xapaKTepucTlrKl{ KaTo BT,3MoxIiocTI'ITe 3a Tpa-

cnpaHe Ha nporpaMara HJru r,BnoJr3BaHero lra lporpaMlrlr roqKI.I Ha lrpelc6cBa-

rre. CneAoBarerHo rofi e Hai-JrecHo IlplrroxuMllsr MeroA. 3aeAno c rosayJrecHeriue o6aqe vEBa roJrrMoTo npe.4u3Bl{KarencTBo 3a e(beKTI.IBHOTO I.I3-

rroJBBaHe Ha AaHHr.rre, nonyqeHl npll [porpaMHI,IrI MoHI.rropI{Hr. ocHosHl.l

Ireaocrarlrlu ca HlrcKara cKopocr Ha c'b6npaHero Ha re3lr AaHHIr, KaKTo I,I

Jltlncara Ha rbB(aBocr (nee:r,:voxuocrra Aa ce npoMeHsr napaMerplrre Ha

H3CJreABaHaTa CI,rCTeMa) 3a pa3nlrKa oT CIrMyraqI{oHHHTe MeTo,4Ir.

Anapamnuam MoHumopuHe KaKTo Ir [porpaMHv.s MoHrlroprlHr Moxeaa ce [p]Inara npfi cbrrlecrB]tsarl}l MamrIHrI I4 eKcrlepuMeHTa,'IHIt npororlrrlE.11 s ADara cJr) raq qeHara e BI,IcoKa r.r Heo6xoan^doto rpel're e ronmao. flpe-AnMcrBoro e Br.rcoKara AocroBepHocr na nudropvaqlr.sra. Heaocrartlrule ca

Br.rco(aTa ueHa 3a KoHcrpylrpaHeTo Ha alapaqlpara I,I TpyaHocTLITe rlpu IIpo-Ms*ara Ha r{3MepBaHrrre napaMerplr. flpo6.xeuu ca KaKTo cr6upauero xaercneprrMeHTaJrnr.rre aaHHI,I, TaKa I.I T.Druara o6pa6orra u LrHTep[peraql.rsraHa floryqeHuTe p$ynTaTI,I.

rFopuyepuunm MoHumopuHz (u:uepnane qpeS Ia3rI:r,JIHeHIle Ha MI'Irpo-nporpavll) 3aeMa cpeaHo M.qcro Mex,qy nporpaMHlrt u a apa"rrns MoHItro-puur. Karro nplr anaparHltt MoHI4TopHHr ycrpo crnoro 3a MoHLrropLrHr He

Rrvs.e Ha aocroBepuocrra Ha pe3yJTaruTe. Or ,qpyra crpaua no4o6no uanpofpaMHr,rs MoHuTopHrrr He e cK'brl Ir IrMa Bb3MoxHocT 3a tecHa npoMJIHa.

B pe:rcue woxe 4a ce o6o6uu, qe [p]r r{3cneaBaHero Ha KoMnIorI'pHI4-Te apxnreKTypu e IraJIoxIrTeJrHo r43noJr3BaHeTo Ha eKcnepItMeHTzrJrHI{ TexHIl-

K}r KaKTO B eTarla Ha npoeKTr.rpaHero raKa r.r cjlea gb3.4aBaHeTo lra peaJlHara

uaurnna. flopagz Br4coKara cJIoxHocr Ha roMnlorlpHzre cr.rcrevu e neo6xo-

Ar,rMo Aa ce rrpoBepu n'rpro $yu.uaMeuTiulHara KoHlrerIqus qpe3 eKcreH3I{BHa

crrMyraq[.s, cJea (oeTo aa ce cb3AaAe v recrBa rrpororrrfl Ha crrcreMara, [pI.Ir(oero ce norBbpxAaBa paqrroHaJrHocrra u pa6orocnoco6uocTTa Ha KoHuerI-

4ur.ra u ce ct6npa r,rn$opuaqr,rx, nore3lra npu cJreaBaurara rrrepaq[s or pa3-pa6orrara ua uoaera. floresHocrra na egun verog (uanpuuep cuwyraquxra)voNe aa 6'rae noAo6peHa Karo ce c'r,qerarr r,r3BoaLITe, noJIyqeHI,I npfl I,I3noJI-

3EalreTo Ha To3!r MeToA c pe3yJrTaTHTe, nonyqeuu npu npL{JIoxeHIIeTo lra Apyfuero4 (nanpnvep rr3n rrrHeur,rero Ha nporpaMara or npororun).

t95

C uel aa ce I,I3cJreaBa B3ar{rvro,qeficrsuero v r'nvstavero Ha

Sarropu n roumorapHara cncreMa, e neo6xogr,ruo eKcrIepIrMeHTaJIHoro

cJre.qBaHe Ha KoMrrmTrprraTa npo[3BoAHTenHocT aa ce [3Br,p u Ha

fiepapxuuulr HrlBa, (aro ce oflor3orBop.sBar MarcnMaJrrro [peAr{McrBaraBcflKo srrBo u ce orrmTar cborBerlrl{Te orpaHr,rtreHu.s. flpra rona ce

Bar p$ynrarr{Te or Bcr{qKrl HnBa 3a tfoprr,rupane n gorasaaue sa o6rqaraAeuqr.rq. TogI{ [o&{oA AaEa Bb3MoxHocT 3a oTrpI4BaHe xa ,,recnu Ivrec,I:a"

cJroxHr{Te KoMrIroTSpHL crrcTeMI,I, Ko[To B:bSupen.f,TcTBaT onTlrMilflIroToNOJI3BAHE HA HAJII,IqHATA TEXIIOJIOTU'.

flpu cpannenue Ha rrporcBo,qr.rrerHocrr.rre Ha aBa (oMrllorbpaga ce us6aroar cneAHr{Te rroxBara: I.I3noJBBaHero Ha valrr,r no o6euHH rrporpaMr.r, Kolrro ce no6upar H3urno B Keura, r.r3rroJBBalrero Ha

ven 6poft runore AaHHrr, fien3noJr3oauero ua B[,I oleparlr4r{,Ha poJrrra rra KoHKpeTHu r.rHcTpyKrlr B rrporpaMflIrTe sapa,Ha pe3ynrarr,rre or o6pa6orxara Ha eKcrrepr.rMeHTaJlHlrre AaHHIr,no pa3nr,rqHr,r MeroA[ KaTo Hanpr.IMep cpaBHsBalrero Ira

.qaHHu or cnMyJlaulrtTa Ha enHaTa KoMnroTbpHa cHcTeMa c Te3u orHI't MoHI,ITOpITHT Ha Ap)'rara cncreMa, r,BnoJl3Ba}tero Ha KoMnI IaTop c

ao6pu (.nolru) onrnlusuparqu Qyurqura. llxrepec npeacraBr.sBaTO Ha BJI,I'HI,IeTO Ha pa3nr{qHHTe D}IAOBe BI,ICOKOCKOpOCTHa rIaMeT B

pa (perucrpona npo3opqlr, MrroxecrBo perlrcrpoBn Safinooe,perrrcrpoBr.r $afinone) B:r,pxy flpou3Boar,rreJruocrra Ha KoMmorbpa flpupoK crreKTr,p KoMrrroTspHr,r apxrrTeKTypr{ c pa3lrdqHI,I c}IcTeMLi

196 197

fnaea 5

NAPAJIEJIH?I KOMTIIOTbPHI4 CTICTEMII

5,1. IIAPAJIEJIHII KOMIIIOTbPHI4 APXI{TN'KTYPH

Cropeuennure napirneJIHI,I (oMnlorbplt[ apxr4Te(Typr.r uorar aa 6r'Aarpa3Aeneul.r rra aBa roJIeMI4 KJIaca B 3zrBltcl{Mocr or rlp}IeMcrBexocrra or $onI{ofi lrauonara apxI4TeKTyPa:

. Eeonpquouuu napaterHu apxumeKmypu, HerlocpeAcrBeno pa:lBI'IJrI'I

ce or $ox HofiNaaHosara apxr.ITeKTypa cr,c cbxpaHsBaue ua $opvara na ve-xaHr.nMa 3a yrlpaBneHlre or I,IHcTp)rKquI{, upl'r KoI{To IIeHTpanIErIpaHI'ItT I'rH-

crpyKrrrrolren rloror ce rpauc$opvupa B aeqelrrpanl'r3l4paHl I'IHcrpyKqI'IolIHIr

IoToIIU, n3rIbJrH.tBaHLI IIOA )mpaBJIeHI,IeTo Ha pa3[peAeJleHa orlepaq]IoHHa

cr,rcreMa. Tyr cnagar MyJlTltrlpoqecoptrre, MytrHKoMnrorpI'ITe' acoqlrarl'IB-

nr.rre npouecopll, crrcroJrnqHlrre npoqecoplr, npoqecopl'Ire c pax,IlpocrpaHe-

nue na Sponra na BbrHara, Be(TopHIlTe npoqecopu, flapanenul'rre (oMnrorpla

c Syxr<qrzonanua perou{urypaqur.. Padurcaluu napare.nHu apxumercmypu c KaqecrBeuo HoBr'r MexaHIr3-

Mn 3a ynpaBJreHlre (ot gannu, or 3a.sBK[, or curyaqun)' Tlx ce nrnrounar

napaJrenHllTe KoMIIIOTpI{ C )mpaBneHue oT noToqI'I aaIIHI{, peayKIIIroHHuTe

apxr.rrerTypr.r, oprIeHTIrpaHI,I rbM e3nqure sa tlyuxqzol{aJluo nporpaMl4pane I'I

naparJIeJIHuTe rorErlecKl.I KOMnIOTpI{.

Ilpeqroxenu ca pa:luvnr.r geQuuraqulr 3a napareJlxrr apxurerrypu. Tpya-

rrocrra B rrpeqr.r3noro ge$unltpane Ha repMI'IHa u4na or npo6.neMa 3a Il3-

rpax(aaHero na r.naclr$r.rraqutra Ha rlapaJlerHlrre apxltreKT)rprr' Kosro aa

oTfoBapq Ha cJreAHI.ITe u3I4CKBaHU.fl :

. flo.q,qrpxane I.r BruIroqBaxe Ha eJIeMeIirI'ITe xa rnacr-r$uraquara ua

Orran, ocHonasaua ce Ha noroql{Te or ngcrpyKqlru }I ,qaI{HI{;

. O6xnarqase na rounefiepnure, neKTopHIlTe npoqecopn I'I Apyru [apa-reJrxr{ apxnreKTyplt, Kolrro He Morar aa ce npncnoco6tr KbM cxeMara Ha

Orran.Ocuoneu xpurep[fi sa o6uara Kraclrtflrraqnr ua xoMnrorr'pHllre apxu-

re(Typn Moxe ga 6rge oprauus a\vsra Ha InqIrcJII{TeJrIrus upoqec. Tofi ce

H3rpaxAa KaTo o6pa6oTKa Ha rIoToIIu or nu$opvaqur - AaHITI{ H I'IUCTpyK-

qun, B 3aBr.rcr.rMocT OT ToBa Aulnr.r Te3s rroToqn ca e!:v]f^n.c'],i.n n tHra OJuH e Ha[paBrrn eAHa o6ula Knac]r$l.rnaqNe xa rounrolr,pHrireTypr.r, c[opeA KorTo cT,uIecTByBaT cJreAHrrTe r{eTr.rpu apxuTerTypHr Kra

. K,racrr ,pduuuaeu nomorc Hncmpyrc4uu, Edu*uaeH nomoK I(EHEI, SISD) o6xBarrla KoMnrorpr{ c r}ou Hofiuauoaa apxr.rreKTypa, r.e.nloTpIrTe c [ocJreAoBaTeIHa opraHu3aulr.g Ha h3qv cJIeHI.ItTa.

. B r.naca ,,Eduuu,reu nomoK l4HcmpyK4uu, Mnoucecmeenu IIdannu" (EI'LM!, SIMD) ce u3nbrH.sBa eAuuuqeH rorox or l,rHcrpyKqr.rlrMHoxecrBo norolllr or AaHHr.r, Kor,rro ce o6pa6oraar B MHoxecrBopu. Kuu ro3r.r Krrac cnaAar Marpuqnr.rre rrpoqecoprr.

. Krr,r rcnaca ,,Muoucecmeeuu nomo4u l:IncmpyK4uu, MHnomoqu fiauuu" (MUMI, MIMD) cnagar uyrrrunpoqecoprrre r.r

nroTprrTe.

ffi IIOTOK ,{AHHI4

(a) r.tac ,,Eduuu,rca nomoK uHcmpyK4uu, eduuuten nomorc dauuu"

(6) rcttac ,,Eduuuqeu nomoK uHcmpyK4uu, MHo)tcecmaeau nomo4u daunu,,

6rMD)-Ileren4a:Un - I-IeHrpaneH npo[ecopKfI - Kouyxuraquoneu npoqecopMf[ * Mo4y:r nnuernE - npouecopeu eneMe8r

LIYV - LleHrpa.rno y[paB,'rrBaulo ycrpoiicrBo

l9lt

lloror aarruu

MPEXA OT B :bTPEIIIHOCI4CTEMHI4BP:b3I{4

r i OETIIAONOBAJIHA)NAMET i

(e) rcttac ,,MnottcecmaeHu nomoqu uHcmpyK4uu, itHo)rcecmaeHu nomoqudannu" (MIMD) c o6t4a nawem (MynTHnPOqECOPil)

llEr ii IITE. nE''

MII"MfIr MfI2

MPEXA OT B bTPEIIIHOCI4CTEMHI4BPb3KI4

(z) x,tac ,,MnoucecmaeHu nomo4u uHcmpyK4uu, JvHo)tcecmseHu nomo4u

daxnu" (MIMD) c pa3npedeneHa naitem (MyJITIIKOMIIIOTPn)

@uz. 5.1. Raacufurcatlua Ha KoMnnmbpHume apxumercmypu no Qtuu

KnacuQuxaqurra Ha OruH ce oruact 3a eBoJIIouIroHIrIrre rlapanennlapxrrreKr)rpE c ynpaBrer{}re or rrHcrpyKqlrn (sur. 5.1).

O6o6qes nporpaMeH MoAen Ha rlapaJlenHa KoMnrorbpHa cucreMa e

rrpe,4craBeH Ha oHr. 5.2. E$errunuoro LI3rI'LnHeIrue Ha npofpaMnTe rIpI4 IIa-

llli-Ji

i N,flr

-- |1,llll_,-_-_!

il

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200 20t

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l)BnenHrrre KoMrIIorpI{ ugucrsa d erotuno3uqun Ha npultotcHa ma np oe paua

na omdeluu radauu, za n3[bJIIreHI'Iero Ha Bc.sKa or KoI{To ce feHeplrpa lto

cArrH rrpoqec. Bporr ua reueprapaHl{Te npoqecl{ 3aBI'Ic}I or rI-IIr4 Ha napaneJl-

lll'fl anropl{T"bM.flpu cmamu,mo-napareJx*ume arlopumwu 6po.rt na npoqecllre' KoI'ITo

uorar aa 6raar ngrlr'JlHtBaul eAItoBpeMeHHo, e rBbpao $nrcrapan r'r ne ce npo-

Meltr no BpeMe Ha I,I3flT'JIHeI{UeTO na nporparraara./.{uHaMuLIHo-napallelHume

tulZOpUm,MU I,Bpa:,{BaT IIapaJIeJIImMa qpe3 M[roxecTBo [poqecu' KoI'ITo MofaT

;1a n:ar.rwogeficrnar rloMex4y cu lI or cBo.a crpaHa,qa rexepl'Ipar HoBI'I fipoqec]I.

6po.ar na anrraorutre npoqecn, pecrr. rroreuqua-xuusr napaJreJII-I3:LM' 3a-

JIOXeH B a-nroplrr:bMa, B parlJllrqHrnre MoMeHTI',I OT I4nbrIreHHeTo Ha rlporpa-

Mara ce r,ItMeHt v 3aBvcv KaKTo or o6pa6ornaurare Aarr:n u or HaluqHlrre

u3qrrcJrlrreJrHlr pecypcu. Bceru npoqec peaJIr{3I'Ipa u3rlb:Iuel{vero Ha o[peae-

JreH rrporpaMeu cerMeHT, I,IMa cpeacrBa sa s3atlN{oaeftcrelre (o6rqyoane) c

/(pyrIITe npOqecu B II3qIIcJII'ITeJIHaTa cltcTeMa I{ ce xapaKTepI'I3I'Ipa sbc cT'CrO-

,IIIIE - C:bOTBETUO AKTI,IBHO 'JII{

IIACI.IBHO.

O6eurr ua lmiu.rcJrl4Tetgara pa6ora, roaro roil o6xnalra, 3aBLcIt orrrr.rBoro rra napaJIeJIu3Ma B KOMrIrcTbpHaTa ap .rrerTypa u IIa lloreHql',IarHlf,

aparenl,I3:bM B rEIrbnHtBaHI'lt iuropl'ITbM, KaTO MOXe Aa Baplrpa oT oAI'I-

rruqHa MaIII.IHHa LIHCTp)',KIIuS AO [poqeAypa, BI{JIIOqBalqa GToTI'IIIH ITHCTpyK-

quu. flpoqecrlre ce xapaKTepl.l3lrpar cbc cJIeAHIrre oco6enocrlr:. Te npe,qcrarnrsal Hafi-varrure eAIzHItqI{ H3qHcJll{re.nua pa6ora, r<o-

l.tro Morar ,qa 66aar rIJIaHrIpaHIr He3aBacnMo 3a I'I3II'F,JrHeHI'Ie or rlapareJrlrara

I3qI,ICJII,ITEJIHA CI,ICTEMA;

. Bceru lpoqec Moxe Aa reuepl'Ipa eAI'IH ITJIII HSKoJIKo Apyr[ [poqec[;

. flpoqeclrre B3al.IMoAeficrDar rloMexAy cn vpe: o6ueu Ha raruv rrrttcnruaurn, T.e. AaAeH npoqec Moxe aa reHepl'Ipa AaHHI'I' ronro Aa 6lAar ron-cyMr{parrfi or Apyr npoqec.

flpoqecure Morar Aa 6tgar eneueurap*u r4ltrt cbcraBHt. Eleuenrap-rrr.rre [poqec]r He.vorar ga 6rgar pa3Jloxenn Ha flo-wa:rro uo o6eu npoqecu'

C'rcrannr.rre npoqecI,I c't a:bpn€T enelraeurapura u/r'rlu cbcraBHl{ npoqecu, o6e-

/Ir.rHeHu B e,4Ha UHTerpupasa cTplxrypa, Kolrro ce uaMlrpaT B oIIpeAeJleH TI'In

oTHOIrreHr,It lroMexay cl,l.

Ha $ur. 5.3 e [oKa:]ali [pI'IMepeH auHaMllrlxo-fiapareJreu arroprrr:bM'

3a rlueTO II3n:bJIHeIIue Ce IeHepI'IpaT [T,pBOHaqaJIHO eJIeMeHTapHI'ItT npoqeC

X r.r cbcrasHllsr lpouec Y. ABara lpoqeca X ]r Y ca B orlro[reul{e Ha rrapaJle-

Ittt:rv, 'rtfi raro Mex,qy rfi lre cr,rllecrByBar HI'IKaKBIT rIpuqI'IHHo-creAcrBeHlz

npr,sru. Crcranur.rrr upoqec Y nxlloqBa eJreMeHTapnure npoqecu A, M ll B u

cccraBHr{r [poqec C. npouecbr A reHepllpa npoqecure B u C l-r creaoDarer-

5.3. feuepupanu npo4ecu 3a peatu3aqutma Ha npuMepeH

d uuauu,tuo-naparereH arz opum?, M

202

dtuz.

203

rro rofi e n ornoureHlre Ha cJIeAcrBIre c re3I.I ABa rlpoqeca. flpoqecnre B rz C ca

D OTHOTTTeHI{e Ha rIapiLIleJILr3GM rIOpaaI,I JIIllCaTa Ha [pUqItHHo-creAcTBeHrl

DpI,3Kr{ MexAy Ttx.Crcraruraxr npoqec C o6xsau{a eaeMelrrapHI'ITe [poqecu D, E u f; raro

E ll F ca B orHo reHl{e Ha napaJIeJII.r36M, a npoqecbr D or eana crpana tt

upoqecure E u F or .qpyra, ca B orHolrreHve Ha cre,[crBqe c o6parna npr'sra.

Cne.qosareJrio rurloBere oruo[res]Is Mexrqt flpoqeclTe, reHepnpaHfi rlprl

r3n:r,JlHeHI-rero Ha Aa.qeH aJIropLlTlM, oTpa3sBaT cTeneHTa Ha rIoreHqI4a-IIHI',It

My napulneJrn3'bM. O.resI,IAuo e, qe s cl{creMara Morar Aa 6baar eAHoBpeMeH-

Ilo peaJrr43rrpaHl caMo npoqeclrTe, KoI.ITo ca B orlloueHl'Ie Ha rIapiLneJIIt3'I'M.

I{arraqlrero Ha orHorneHne or rlrrla Ha KoHKypeHlruq, arrepHaruBHocr, cJlea-

crBr.ie lI cJreAcrBlte c o6parua npr'sKa I,I3I.IcKBar roop rvrat]t4a Mexay rlpoqe-

urre, o6yc.nanrrqa orlpeAeneHLr $opuu na asar'rvoaeictsue vexay rtK, Karo

or cBos crpaHa napaJleJrHara (oMnrorbpHa apxlrrerrypa rpa6na Aa ocurypllcrferrzneu MexaHLr3:hM 3a peaJlrt3aqut Ha re3n B3aI4MoAeIcrgnq. Koopqltna-qr,r{Ta Mexay rrpoqecr.rre B napaJIe.}IHaTa Il3qLrcJIIrreJIHa crlcTeMa I{3IrcKBa ctea-rrnre $opvn na staur4oaeficrslle Mexay r.sx:

. Cuuxponusa4un;

. I'Iu$opuattuoueu o6aeu;

. Bsauuuo u3KJxtoqeaHe,

flonacrosrrel\d npo6reMI,ITe rlo ca3aaBaHe na et[enrraneu uexaHI'BaM 3a(oopar,rHarrus Ha npoqecrrre B rlapaJrenHzTe KoMrIIor:bpHn crcreMll ca o6errrra uHTeH3nBHI,I n3cre4BaHug., Karo ca rlpeanoxeHll peAI,Iqa peLreuux. Hafi-l on.sMo [pI,BHaHr{e e rroJIyqI,IJro pelneHllero, npeAJloxeHo or Xoop or Orc-tfropacru.a yHr.rBepcI.ITer, Lr3BecrHo rloa Ira3BaHLIero ,,rcouynurca4ua uezcdynocaedoeamenuu npo4ecu",Koero npe.qcraBr.sBa [T'pBI.Iqr ycne reH olltr Aa

ce ocuryp.sT Tprrre acflerffa Ha KoopAI,IHaqIrsTa Mex,4y npoqecl.ITe rlpu napa-

rerua o6pa6orrca. PeueHr.Iero lra Xoop o6ealtr.flsa clrHxpolrx3aqlltra n IIH-

$opvaqlronuzr o6ueu lrexgy npoqecrrre, Karo re ce peaJllrslapar Ha ocHoBara

lra BxoAHo-r,r3xollHr,I oneparopH.Onrlrlta;rso perneHr.re Moxe aa 6rae noctltlgaro npu IrHTerpupaHero

rra rpr.rre $opr,ru na Koop4uHaqlr.tr Mexay llpoqeclare, T.e. Te3It rpl{ acrleKTa

rra sga[voaeficlBlrero MexAy rxx ga 6r4ar peanu3ldpaH[ Ha oclroBara Ha

KOMyHI]KarILl.f,.

06o6qenurr crpyKTypeH Moaen Ha rIapaJIeJIHa KoMrlrorbpHa cI'IcreMa

c l.r3rpaAeH sa 6azara Ha rpI.I ocHoBHIr fpa,qIrBHI,I eJIeMeHTa:

o llpo4ecopuu eJreMeHmu, T.e. Mo.qyJII{, Kolrro Morar aa peanl,I3l4par

ilpnrMerr.rrrnr.r I.I JlornqecKr.r olepaqlllt Ha,E .qaHHI,ITe. Tegll ereveHtu sgauvo-,r(ciicrsar IIo MexAy cH rrocpeAcrBoM clrHxpoHI,I3I,Ipautt ct4ruarvi

. Modytu nauem, x.ortro cJryxar 3a cbxpaHsBaHe na uuQoplraqul;

. RonynurcaquoHHu eJleueHmu,Korrro npeacragJrrBar Moaynr.r 3a n

AaDaHe Ha unrfopvaqrax lr ce xapaKTepa3rapar c rrponycKarernara cr.r

co6noct.Opranusupanero na eQerrlrnua clrcreMa sa r.rn$opvaquoues o6ven

paMKHTe Ha flapzurenHara KoMrrrorbpHa apxr,rreKTypa e peurananl rfarropMaKCI,IM{LIIHOTO II3IIOJBBaHe Ha rrOTeHrIranHXS rlapaJleJlr.r31M B

Hut aJlropltrbM, rlopa.ql,r Koero B 3HaqHTeJrHa creneu o6ycnanxnpou3BoAr4TeJrHocr r.r e$errr.rruocr. Ocnoseu upo6lew Ha crpyKTyparaopfaHu3aulrtra Ha rlapalneJIItI,ITe KoMrrrorpr,r e ra3r'pax4anero na eSexrraouae.quoBpeMerrHo c roBa u(ouoMrrqecxu qenecr,o6pa:Ha Mpexa or B:r,

cHcTeMHr4 Bp63Krr.

5,2. TAKCOHOMI4S HA TIAPAJIEIIHPITE MIMDKOMIIIOTT,PHI,I APXIITEKTYPI4

Tarcouovuqta na qrxlecrByBaulure rrapa.lreJrHr,r KoMrrrorprr ce ocuoBa-Ba Ha xapaKTepucrr.rKr.rre Ha apxrrre(Typara Ha anaparHr.rre cpegcrra, $op-Mlipaula AorHus c:rofi xa cucrevara r{ a6crpaKrHara Marnr.rHa B ropHug, cttoi4,,

A6crpaxrnara MarrruHa orpa3sBa nporpaMHn.s MoAeJr Ha KoMrrrorbpHaracLtcTeMa.

Ocrosurare apxrrreKrypHn K;racoBe Ha arraparHr-r cpeAcrBa ca:. Cucrevu c $usrauecxa o6ua [aMer;. Cucreuu c pa:|[peAereHa rraMer.Cucmeuume c patnped.e,tena nailem vrorar ga 6r,gar apxlrreKqtpu o

Ar.rcraHrlr,roHeH Aocrafl Ao rraMerra uJrrz apxnrerTypu c o6lren na cro6nlenul,Ocnosurlre t[opvn ua a6crparrura ualrnuu ca:. Cucre:llu c o6ven na sro6rqenlr.s;. Apxurerrypu c roruqecna o6rqa naMer.Crrqecrnynar rpn perlreurrr Ha apxr.rrerTypr.rre c JroruqecKa o6ua na-

MET:

. Apxurer<rypu c pa3npeAeJreHa o6rqa nauer;

. MlroronuurorH apxr.rreKTypr4;

. Apxnrexrypu c o6rqa nauer.TarcoHol{Hsra ua MIMD apxrlTerTypr{Te e npeAcraBeHa na $ur. 5.4.

,{nere ocuonura r[usuuecru t$oprrru ua MIMD apxrrreKTypr,rre ca: Mynrr.rrpo-qecopn c o6qa tluslruecxa rraMer n apxlrrertr)?lr c pa3npe.qeneua rraMer,Apxurerrypure c pailnpeAeneHa rraMer Morar Aa 6r,gar apxurerrypn c Aua-

204

laH{I{oHeH Aocrbn Ao rlaMerra ltn[ apx[TeKrypl c o6ues Ha clo6rqenu.s.

Karro apxr.rrenrypr.rre c ,uucraHlrllolreH Aocrr,n ao rlaMerra rara I{ apxlrrel(-'rypnTe c o6Men Ha c6o6rqesl4t ce pa3AentT oT cBos cTpaHa Ha rIoAKJIacoBe B

3aBrrcHMocT oT nporpaMHl,rq Il KoMyHIrKaqItoHHI,I.g MoAeJIt, KOI'rTO Te noA-gr,pxar. Or e4nara crpaHa rloaruIacoBere ca apxI,ITeKTypI'ITe c pa3rlpeaeJlena

o6ua uaver u wHoroHIrI[(oBI.ITe apxllremypl{ H or Apyrara crpaua - apx -TeKTyplr c o6ven ua c'r,o6rq e$vs. c nltrt 6es nuprya:Ina o6ula uauer.

B cuucrra ga naqecrBeHlrre 6eJe3I,I pa6omnomo anolrcecmSo ce omHa-

cn do onotsomeopnaaHemo Ha 'toKanHocmma I npozpa ume c 4et pedy4u-paHe Ha \ecmomama Ha KowyvuKa4un c ocmaHatume ezsttu. lpyruxauecrseuu6e:rsu ca rpaHyJrara Ha napaJlenHara o6pa6orra 14 B63MoxItocrI4Te 3a Mo-

ayJIHO pa3rrrlrptBalre Ha cl,IcTeMara.

Cavo aprumerrypr.rre c o6veu na oro6llenna ,qorrycKar HeorpaHl'IqeHo

MOAyJTHO pa:l uptBane Ha cl{cTeMara. flpr.r r:rao',ruecxute cucrerr,rr'r c o6vesHa cao6rqeHr.rJr KoMyHrrKaIIlItra ce peanlr3lrpa or sAporo Ha orlepaquolruaraclrcreua. B togtt cryuafi npll napalelHnre orlepaqlroulrl'r clrcreMl rtareHTHo-

crra e rroHe c eAr.rH rrop.rlA'bK no-BItcoKa or JIaTeHTHocrra IIpI,I apx[TeKTypI4Te

c ar,IcTaHquoHeH aocT'hn ao rlaMerra. c.leaonareluo KoMyIr[KaqIloHIlnTe

o6erru rpx6na ga 6'r4ar rolelrra, Koero Eo.4I'I Ao nporpaMeH MoAerr c KoMy-

Hr.rKr4parqu npoqecu. MgoloulruxoBllTe apxJ{TeKTypI,t u:n'slurnar rol.au 6pofiManxr,r rrpoqecra (nuurrra). Br,nperu roBa re ca oucoro eQerrunHlt nopa,4l'r

etleI<rlrunara cxeMa 3a nprlrloKplrBalre Ha JrareHTnocrra. Apxurerrypure c

RnpryaJrHa rraMer ce pmrnexaar ocHoBHo Karo rlporpaMeu uocr or pa6or-

Irl,rre crarrquu c KJIbcTepH KbM napanenHl.ITe MaIII,IHI,I.

3a aa ce onoJr3orBopl,I ltbrHr.r.f,T noreHqLIaJI Ha MacI,IBIio lapanenHureKoMrrrorpr.r, cr,orBerHrrre nporpaMulr napa,qrlrMl,r rp t6va aa 6t'gat pasnuru c

qen [peAcraBrHe Ha o6MeHa na cto6ulenurra Ha MHoro no-BlicoKo HI'IBo Ha

a6crparqul, Karo rlo ro3lr HaqI.IH orpa3tBar ecrecrBoro Ha npI'rJIoxHI{Te aJI-

ropuTMrr, a He Ira HaqnHa, no KofiTo pa6oru lranlruara.

5,2, 1. Ilporpaunl{ Mo,qeJII{ 3a rlapaJreJlrrlt KoMnrcTpI{

flporpauuuxr l.roAen orpa3sBa cbrluocrra Ha npunoxeHlrero, a He crI'I-

:ra ua tfynrcquouupaHe Ha napareJIHIt.E KoM[Iorbp.Modett c o6ueu ua cao&4euua.fIporpaMHusr MoAer, Kofiro e Hafi-e$eK-

Tr.IBeIt OT UreAHa Toqra Ha Ir3ql.Icjlenr.rxra ra uafi-npocT orHocHo peaJru3ar\r4s'

Ta 3a apxrrTeKTyplr c pa3rlpeaeteHa rlaMer, e MoaeJIbT c (oMyHHKlrpantru

npoqecra, KofiTo Ar.rpeKTHo orpi{ttBa naqusa na aeficrBHe Ha cvcreulTa. ]Ipunapaduznama c o6MeH Ha czo6t4enun napallelu3wbm e Ha HuEo KoMyHuKu-

205

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&c Es eg d9!1-s

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E * 5i ; !j;9 a >s 9 gr;E tE e" XiaHE e 3E 9E ;+i3{3 e8 f,P 6:3.E

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206207

pau4u npoqecu, m.e. u3nbrHaaa ce zolttma zpaHyla. Bceru sr3er rava or-aeJrno aApecHo rrpocrpaucrno. flporpaMurrre cerMeurr,r uorar ga 6r,gar npo-uecH, BKJIIOqBaqU rOrffU O6eM r,BqUCnUrenUa pa6ora IrJrI.I KoJIeKIII,I' OT MaJIKI.T

upouecx. flporpauucmr e orroBopeu 3a ocbrrlecrBsBarrero rra KoMyunKaqrr-rra MexAy [poqecr{Te, r(aro BMr,KBa Korrcrpyrqur{Te send, receive u reply tuporpaMHl,I.s Ko,{ B cborBercrBrre c rr3rroJBBaHur KoMylru(aqlloHeH flpoTo-xoa. Heo6xoAravocrra or .rrBHa cl,IHxpouu3arlus Ha o6MeHa Ha Aanr{r,r, KaKTo

r.r KoopAr.rHarlnqTa Ha rrapareJrHr.rre lpoqec]r lpaBr.r rpyaHo rrpr4JroxeHl,IeTo

na Mo,qeJra c o6MeH ua or,o6rqeur.rx. Orrooopnocr Ha rrporpaMrrcra e .qa Ae-tlnuupa npaouruo roqrrrre Ha cr.rHxpoHr.r3aqrar, 3a aa ocvrypn KopeKTHocrraIta napaJleJrlroro n3rrbJrHeHHe.

flporpavrapanero c fiapaaurMara c o6MeH Ha gbo6rreHns ce onpocr.s-Da 3HaqI,ITeJIHO 3a rIpIrJIOXeHr,rr, KOr,rrO [O3BOr.rrBar U3nOJI3BaHeTO Ha MO.4eJIa

SPMD (Single Process Multiple Data - e,qrrs [poqec, MHox(ecrro 4anuu). Bclyvar uogerrlr SPMD sxnlo.lsa e.qHa rrurrrra, Korro ce [oBTapl BbB BcntIKn

llr,3Jrr.r u ce [pI,IJIara K6M pa3JrrrqHr{ MHoxecrBa aannu, flo raKbB Har{uu Mo-

ae:n r SPMD rollSunrapa r.no6annara xoMoreHHocr (Ir.troxecrno eAHaKBIT

npoqecu) c Jro(aJrHara aBToItoMHocr tta I,I3rIT'JIHeHI4ero Ha npoqeca c pa3-

rrrrrHfl AaHHIt, CneAonarenso aparenusa:dtl,rTa ce cBexAa Ao 3aAaqara 3a

pa3rrpe.{eJreHr.re Ha AaHHuTe, a Koop,4uHaql,Isra Ila [poqeclrre ce ocbulecTBt-aa qpe3 cxeMa 3a cr,rHxpoHr{3aqrrs ,,3aKlroqBaHe ua cttnra". (,,lock-step") BTo3r, pexr,rM BceKr.r rrpoqec u3[brH.sBa rpu nocle4ooate.nurz $asu:

1)uoayuana uoBo MnoxecrBo BxoaHI.I .qaHIrIr or Apyfl, npoqecll;2) usuuctllra HoBn pe3yJrrarr4;

3) usnpanla pesy:rrarr.rre K6M Apyflr npoqeclr.Ctrqecrn;aar naxHu KJracoBe rlpl{ioxeHl,ts, Kolrro Aonycxar It3rIoJI3Ba-

Hero Ha npocr voaen SPMD. Tunuqeu npo6reu e peruaBaHero Ha qacrHI.I

guSepeuquanxu ypaBHeHn.{ no Mero.qa na rpaftuure eJIeMeHTh, nplr rofirocerMeHTupaEero na ge$nnuquounara o6racr ua noArrpocrpaHcrBa Lr aeKoM-nO3IlpaHeTO Ha MaTpLIrIHI,I.f, aJIrOpItT'hM IIa MIIOXoCTBO eAHaKBLI KOI\4yHIIrU-

paxru fipoqecfi e rrpocro. Ko*rynraxaq]rrra c'brrro e op]IeuTrlpalra K6M pernerKa

or npoqecopu. IIpu gpyru ruIacoDe npnnoxeulaa 4e$uuuquouuara o6:racr e

HeperyJrrpua u rr3non3BaHeTo Ha MoaeJra c (oMyHrlKrrpauu upoqecn e rpyA-lro upuroxurr.r. Cnequ$uunoro e, ve rrprl HeqI,IcreI r npl IoxeHI.I.fl, [pI,I KoI4To

n o6rqr.u cryvafi runcBa Br.rcoKara crerreH rra [apaJreJrrreua no 4anur.r (npr.rcr,rq

rra rroBerrero rrlrcJreHu npuloxeur.u) A 3all,z'cfl"r cnrno or crpymyplr c yKa3a-

TeJru, flapa.4r,rfMara c o6uen na cT o6[Ienr.rs lroxe .4a ce oKaxe Aocra HeIIoA-

xoArula.

Ilpozpauea uoden sa apxumeKmypu c o6u,1a nauem. flpn vucnnpIanoxeHur o6rquar uporpaueH Moaet (Qr,rsnuecxa IrrI,I rorutlecKanaver) e napalelr.r3aqr.rrra Ha qI.IKJIu. Iapaneausvrr Ha HI.IBo aaHIrI{ ce

craB.rr raro rrHKnIt or orrepaqulr HaA MacuBrr. 3a npocroranporpaMgl,I cefMeHTI.t Mexay rrtrrsrure o6uKnoseHo He ce

flaparenr.rsaquxra ce osbrrlecrBrBa or KoMrrr{Jraropa, KofiTo reHepllpa KoA

napaJIeJIHo H3nbJrIreHI,re.

Ilpozpa"uex nodet c o6qa nauem sa MIMD apxumeKmypu c

deaeua na"uem. I4gno.nggasero na r.ro6a:rnu npoMeHrI.IBL npu MIMDTerTypr,rTe c pa3rrpeaeneHa naMer HaJrara ,,qacrl{qno nogpexgaue"cr,orBerHo MHox{ecTBo orreparopr,r, npl.r KoeTo HI.IBoTo Ha napaJleJrll3bM

rlucor(o Ha HnBo oneparop r.r c'r,oTBeTHaTa rpauy.na e $uua.IIpu rraoAe:ra c o6ula nauer roopAr4[arJv[Ta Mexay rIapiIJIeJIHIrre

qecfi ce ocbrqecrB.f,Ba rrpe3 3afiuc ulu qereHe Ha rno6a-rsr,r npoMeHnIrBI,t

o6ulara naMer. Hapyuraaauero Ha crpnrTHr{t nocneaoBareneH peA Ha

ul4frTa u 3anr4cl/re npoMeHt ceMarrrr,rKara Ha nporpaMara. nplrTO }ta lporpaMaTa oT rlocreAoBarerHa MarunHa, qacTlrqHoTo Iro

ua 3aBrrclrMocrllre tro AaHHu e ocnrypeuo or o6uloro rloApexaaHe Ha

TOprrTe B nocJreAoBarejrHaTa npofpaMa. AocrI)rl'I'T ao rIaMeTTa B nocJI

TeJIHrrre Marrr.rHr.r e arovu.ura (ue4elralraa) onepaqrzr, r,e. pe.4br Ha

3a Aocrbn ao rraMerra e $uxcupan or nocJreaoBareJrHara rlporpaMa I4

r(BaHero 3a,,qacrr.rqHo nogpexgaue" aBToMarItqecKI{ e I.I3rI'brHeHo.

Tosa o6a.re He e ocfirypeHo npu napaneJIHHTe onepaq]Iu n o6rqaraMeT Ha [apaJreJrHr.rre KoMrrroTpI,I nopaAl ABe flpvur4Htli

l)B aaaen MoMeHT Morar Aa ce lt3ntJrHtBar H.sKorKo orlepauuu

,qocran Ao o6rqara rraMer eAHoBpeMeHHo;

2)Onepaquure 3a aocrbn Ao pa3npeAeneHara o6ura nalvrer He ca aro.MI'qHI,I.

3a aa ce [ocrr.rrHe AocralbirHo Bncoxa nponycKareJrHa crroco6uocr Ha

naMerra, o6lrrara naNaer o6nrnoseHo ce cbcrolr or orAelxu 6auru nartae:r, ro.HTO KOMyHx(r.rpaT 3aeAHO C npoqecopr{re npe3 E bTpeuuoclrcTeMHara Ko^,fyH!|"

(aqnoHHa vpexa. flpr.r a:bnrr{ Mapulp}'ru MpexoBoro 3aKbcHeHlre Mox(e AaIrapacrHe 3HaqHTerHo, Toaa Nroxe Aa AoBeAe Ao ycnoBnr 3a ,,cbcmegaHuetlMCxAy KOHr(ypeHTHnTe Oneparlr4r-r 3a Aocrlrr Ao I]aMeT"ra,Ko:,rTo ,,HapyuaSamtlaToMHqHOCTTa Ha 3anr.rcHTe r{ CJTeAOBaTenHO BO.{gT AO HeAeTepMr,lHI.IpaHOCT

rra onepaqur,rTe 3a Aocr-r,n Ao naMeTTa. To:u npo6rev ce npeoAonsBa rlpoS

llpxrrre(TypHu pa:|[upeHuq, oc]rr]?sBarqu,,nocmogHcmlomo ua noutedoga.mc,'ttrccmma" Ha onepaqllltre 3a,qocrbrl.4o naMerra. fIpL MyJITI.mpoqecopHTo

208

TOBa e OCurlpeHo, a(o p$yrraTnTe oT I,l3llbJrHelrueTo Ha napzlnenHaTa rlpo-lpaMa ca earraKBH c Te3Ir, [oJl) IeHH rlpl,I [ocJIeaoBareJIHaTa rlporpaMa.

flpunqurrr Ha,,rocro.sxcrBoro Ha nocJleAoBarelnocrra" ocr4rypflba

KopeKTHI.Iq peA Ha ,qOCTr,nuTe AO naMeT'Ta' HO He rapaHTl'Ipa KopeKTHocTTa

na Aocrtrrtre Ao o6qLITe o6enrn na [apaJIeJIHIrre rlpoqecll. Tt' rpn6na ga

6r,4e ocurypexa or [porpaM]rcra qpe3 aaeKBarHH cHIrxpoHI'r3I'Ipau]I crpyr-'rypr.r 3a AocT'r,[ ao aalrHlrre, r.e. neo6xoar-rvo e .qa ce AeoIrHItpaT KpI'rrnqHI'I

cerqun, V4on-nerBop{BaHero Ha I,r3I.IcKBaH}Itra Ha npuHIII{[a Ha ,,[ocroqH-CTBOTO HA IIOCJICAOBATENHOCTTA.. MOXE AA AOBEAE AO 3HAqI'ITEJIHI' BPEMEHA

3a a3qaKBaHe. Ha nparruxa HeroBI.ITe rIpeaI'IMcrBa ce ocuryptBar 34 cMerka

rra sary6ara na npoIr3BoaLITeJrHocr. flpo6nelrcr voxe Aa ce o6lerqlr raro ce

npr.rJroxn ,,cJra6'! MoaeJI c ,,nocrorll{crBo Ha lrocJleAoBaretuocrra". fIpI'I To3I'I

MOAen [p[HrInnT,T Ha ,,IOCTOSHCTBOTO Ha TIOCJIeAOBaTeTHOCTTa" Ce OCUry-

psBa caMo B Tot{KLITe Ha cl,rnxpoHlt3aql{.s, 3aaaAeu[ or nporpauucra. Pe4lrHa AOCT:bnHTe .4O rraMeTTa Ce 3aMecTBar oT pe,4a Ira roqKl'rTe Ha clrHxpoHl-I3a-

uug. Tosa HaJrara [porpaMl,ITe Aa ce cr,craBsr or BllcoKo rcnanr'rt[nqlrpaura

[potpaMr4cTr4, Kolrro MofaT B sBeH EI,IA .qa KOOpAIIHI'Ipar AOCT:bnI'ITe AO IJIO-

6arnsre o6errlr.

5.2.2. Apxurercrypn c o6Iqa Qrnuvecxa rlaMer: apxlrrercrypa PRAM

Ilapatenuama uauuHa c npou3aoleu docmz'n PMM (Parallel Random

Access Machine) notrce da ce pasz'netcda Kamo KaHoHuqHa fiopna ua napa-

lerHua KoMntumbp, TaK ranro Qou HofiManosara Marrl.rHa e KaHoHIrqHa

rlropua na rrocJreaoBarerHl.r.{ ItoMflrort,p. flapaleluara MallnHa c [poI'I3Bo-

neu ,qocrr,n PRAM gratpxa MlroxecrBo or He3agucl'rMrr rIocJIeaoBareJIHIt

npoqecopu (RAM's - Random Access Machines), BceKI'I or Koliro pa3rlorlara

c r.rHArrBr,rAya"nna (noranna) naMer rl (oMyHIrKI'Ipa c ocraHilrtlrre rlpoqecoptr

nocpeAcrBoM ruIo6aJllra naMer, Ko.sro BCI,ITIKI,I lpoqecopu rasnolsnar o6rqo,

I{era 4a pa:raegaMe rrapaIIeJreH KoMnlotbp PRAM, ornovaaq p lpouecopaP0, P' Pr,..., Po,, u M rrerru n o6rqara nawe:r M0, M' M2,j.., M,-,. Bceru upo-rlecop Moxe Aa rlporlere cEA:r,pxaHl,Iero Ha KJIerKara M or o6rqata naver,Karo H3noJBBa u:rrcrpyr'q;ulna fuEAD (Mi) u 4a uogu$r.rqlrpa cbar,pxaHl'Iero

rra KnerKara M c I.IHcrp)'Kqlrtra LI'RITE (MiI Bcercu npoqecop Moxe aaH3nbrusBa aroMuunu (ne4elnlrn) onepaquu, Kolrro I'I3IIcrBar eAlra eAI4HuIIa

lpervre. Tesu orrepaunu ItMar cneauara QopMa:Read (Mi)Compute (Mi)Write (Mi)

209

Bcuqxr,r atorvrrlqglr onepaqull ce r.r3B,LprnBar crrHxpoHHo. C apyruDCI{rtKHTe fipoqecopfi tIeTaT, r,I3rlr.tcj1.sBaT Ll 3AnptcBaT eArIOapeMeHHo.

.{ocrrnrr 4o naMerra Moxe Aa 6:bAe octxtrecrBeH no paj}Jrr_tqHra Haqu-rrr{. AKo B Aa,qen MoMeHT caMo e.qaH lpoqecop Moxe Aa qere AaAeHa KJrerKa

MHOIO qr4TaTeJrr{, MHoro [lIcaTeJII{, [pOr.I3BOneH

Mrroro qr{TaTeJrH, Mnoro nEcaTeJrr,t, [p]ropnTeTelt

or naMerra, Aocr.bnr,T e 3a eKcJry3r,rBno verene (ER _ Exclusive Read). Aro.qaAeH MOMeHT HTKOJITO llpoqecopa MoraT Aa qeTaT eaHoBpeMeHHo eAHacr,rqa KJrerKa or naMerla, Aocr:r,rbr e 3a rrapaneJrHo uerene (CR _ ConcurrentRcad). Analona.rrra uaclr$uxaqr,r.s ce r.r3floJrBa 3a aocr;rra 3a 3anr4c. 3alrrrcbr e eKcK;ry3ranen (EW - Exclusive Write), axo B AaAeH MoMeHT caMdeAHH rrpoqecop Moxe Aa oclrqecrBcBa 3arruc B AaAeHa xlerr<a ot o6rqaranauer. 3anucr,r e napa:re.nen (CW - Concurrent Write) axo n ga4eu uot,renrII'ToIKO npoqecopa I,I3BlprIIBaT 3arIlIC B eAHa rr c6ula ruIeTKa oT IraMeTTa,cryqar Ha napareneH 3anrrc lpoqecopr.rTe MoraT Aa 3anr.rcBaT pa3JrrrqHr.r aaH-Hrr, nprr Koero B:6anr.rrna xon$.rlrrr. Ikxonr<o uogela ca [peAnoxeHra 3a pa3.perrlaBaHero ua resr.r ronQ.nurrr:

. flpocr MoAeJr: BcrrqKr.r fipoqecoprl rpr6aa ga:anlrcBar ear]a ucroinocr B eAHa fi clrrla Krerra Ha naMerra;

. flpou3Boreu MoAeJl: He3aBr,IclrMo or nocJreAoBareJrHoorra Ha 3anu-cnre n o6rqara KlrerKa Ha rraMerra aJlropnrtMr,T Tp n6na ga ce rr3n:bJrHr{ Ko-peKTHO;

. Mo,qel c lprropr.rrerrr: npoqecopr,rre r.rMar npr4cBoen, rrpuoprirern ucaMo rrpoqecop'br c uafi-nucor npuoprrrer ule octluecrBr.r sanuca u o6rqaraKJIETKA HA IIAMETTA.

Anropr.rrsrurr :a PRAM npe4craurBa rrocJreAoBarerHosr or aroMuq-rr orlepauuu, xorlro Ecertrl npoqecop rps6sa aa ugnr.run. Haqaluure AaHEI3a anroprrrbMa ca pa3[oJroxeHr.r B o6rqara nauer u pe3ynrarrrre cre4 o6pa-6orrara ce 3arllrcBar cr,rqo n o6rqara nauet, pa3luqszre vo,uelu pRAMdropvnpar crear{ara fiepapxut:

. EREW - eAuH qrdraren, eAr,rg rrr{caren;

. CREW - MHoro qr,rrareJrr.r, eAr,rH rrncaren;

. CRCW (common) - MHoro .lrrrarerru, Mnoro fl]rcarer , [pocr Mo.l{eJr;

. CRCW (random) -MOAEJI;

. CRCW (priority) -MOACN:

. Tqcnoro Mrcro Ha tfu:uvecrara o6u1a rraMer - Aocrtrnr - Moxe Aa6r,gc npeo4o.rruo .(o r.r3Becrua creneg qpeg [ps,EaBaHe Ha cry,raeH xaparrepna Aocrr,na, Karo ce flpr{Jrara 4ry$aana cxeva. flpes n.rpnara $a:a rrse.nr,r.

210

I,I3TOIIHHK U3NPAqA3AABKATA CI,I 3A AOCT6II AO NPOII3BOJIEH MC)K,qHHCH B'b3EI'

[36paH rlo cJryqaeE npLI3HaK. Bceru glgel B cl.rcreMara Moxe ,4a II3rI:LlIH.gDa

porrra Ha MexarrHeu B63eJr c Bepo.srHocr lA{, rl.qero N e 6posr Ha Bt,3nrl-

re. flpe3 BTopara Qa"sa vexgr.runrarr B63eJr rIpI.rABI,IxBa 3a.sBKara K.bM Aecrt-rraqrrJrTa. ToBa e ocHoBHaTa KoHIIenqIrt 3a nap:rJIeJIHaTa MauI,IHa c npolr3BoIeH

Aocrbrr PRAM. Cxevara 3a cJlyqaeH Ir36op MI,IHI,lMH3Itpa BeposrHocrra 3a

xou$nurrlr nprl AocrGna 3a cMerKa Ha ynerl,IrlaBaHero Ha 3aKT,cHeHIlero 3a

,qocTr,rr lopaAr,r aByoa3rraTa cxeMa.

5.2.3. MIMD apxrrrexryplr c pa3rlpeaeJrena rlaMer

Jlamenmxocm npu KoMyHuKaqu"s. Octtosuu.sr [po6neM rrpl roJIeMI'r

MIMD apxurerryprr c pa3[peAeneHa naMer e 3aK:LcHeHIrero (JIareHTHocrra)

I]pn (oMyr{r.rKaqurra. AKo rro EpeMe Ha KoMyHIrKaIIIittra rlpoqecopllTe Tpt6Ba

Aa npecro.sBaT, KoMyHrrKaqrrorrHaTa JIaTeuTHocr Moxe aa ce EpeBbpHe B KpIr-

TrrqeH orpaHr4qaBa l $anrop sa npoI,I3BoaIrreJIHocTTa. IpI.rHIIIrlHo cbulecTDy-

BaT ADa riaqrHa 3a pellaBaHeTo Ha rIpo6JIeMa c naTeHTHocT-ra2 MuHuMu3upa$e

rra JrareHTHocrra I cKpuqaHe Ha JraTeHTHocTTa.

I{enra na Mr{HlrMl{3arrv rra Ha JlareuTHocrra e aa ce orcra6u srli.sHne-TO Ha KOMyHT4KaU[rra AO npeHe6pexHMl.l cro Hocrl-l Hr qpe3 He Horo Ha-

MaI.SBaHe rJrr{ qpe3 HaMiur.sBaHeTo Ha qecToTaTa Ha KoMyHI,IraquoHHIrTe

TpaH3aKrlut. crpznanero Ha naTeHTHocrra e opraHlmaquollHa cxeMa, Ko.flTo

no3BoJrrBa Ha npoqecoprrre Aa BbprxaT lr3tlucJlurerHa pa6oTa no BpeMe I{a

KOMyHr,rKaUrrrTa. ,{nara ueroga Morar Aa 6l4ar Itor''r6unupauu.Tpagraqlronuurr nogxoa e Aa ce MnHI.IMI,I3I4pa qecrorara Ha KoMyItI,IKa-

quOHIlI,ITe TpaH3aKIII4Il, KaTO 3a DCeKI{ BT,39JI Ce OOurypq AOCTaTbqHO rOIgMar.r 6rp:a nropuvna Kerrl-rraMer B,uorItJIHeI re Ha l:r,pBtttgara Kelr-naMer, Kosroe HHTerpupaHa B rrnna Ha Mr.r(ponpoqecopa. flo To3LI HarluH pa6oTHLrTe MHo-

)t(ecrBa Morar aa ce noAA:r,p)Kar B'LB BTopl{qHara Kerll-naMer. IIeHara Ha roBapeureHne e 3HaqI,rTeJlHa. Ha nr,pno M.scTo r.[noJBBaHeTo Ha Kelrra cs3AaBa

npo6neu 3a KoxepeHmHocmma omHocHo z,lo6anHume npoMeHnulu B Ir3qvc-r'rr.rTeJrHara cpeAa c pzl:'npe.qeJleHa naMer, KofiTo r.r3r,rcKBa cTaHAapTHI,ITe Tex-

rrHKrr, r43froJr3BaHli B apxrrreKTyprr c qenrpanHa rlfirlla rbM rlaMerra, T.e.

TIOACJIYINBAHE V IjHBAJIIjAA\Vg HA IIO3I,TqII'TA B KEIIIA.

Kouyuurcar4uouuama cucmeua aKrnlraa anapamHu u npozpaMHu crxo-

eae, Koumo c?r6MecmHo ),6e.nu\aqam lameHmqocmma. rlpu r'ry.nrunpoqeco-pnre c o6xra Qusuvecra naMer KoMrroHeHTara, cBbp3aua c xapayepa, e

RpeMero 3a Aocrr6rr npe3 Mpen€Ta, goxaro co$ryep:sr H3HcI(Ba aonLJIHI,ITet-

211

flaMer c 4 - KparHo pe.ryBarre Ha a,qpecrrre

rDue. 5.5. Apxumercmypa Ha eb3erxa, ocuelpneatq crcpueaHeHA llqmeHmHOCmmA npu KoMyHuKat4ua

IIlr pa3xoaH 3a noAll,pxaHe Ha ,,[ocToqHcTEoTo Ha nocJreAoBaTeJrHocTTa" Ha

.qoclbrrrrre Ao rrawerra. IIpz apxnreKTyprire c o6MeH rra cr,o6rqenur xapgy-epHara roMrroueuTa e EpeMero, Heo6xoAnMo 3a rpauc$epa Ha clo6rueurrerooT H3TOqHr.lKa AO AeCTqHarIU.gTa npe3 MpeXaTa, ,{OKaTO KOMnOHeHTaTa, CB'bp3a-

rra ctc colDryepa, e BpeMero 3a uHttr\ualtu3a:q:r.fl Ha npeAaBaHero, Heo6xoAn-MO Ha SApOTO Ha OrrepaunoHrraTa cr{cTeMa Aa H3nT,Jrrrr.r MexaynpoqecopHaTaI(oMyHr.rKarllrr. Cre.qosaterHo Mtlrr,rMr{3r4paHero Ira JrarelrrHocrra r.r3r,rcKBa

KoM6rrHr,rpaHr,rre ycurvs, Ha crrequilnr.r3rdpaH xapAyep l,r orrrr,rMr.r3r.rpaHx rrpo.|paMr{r, cpeacTBa.

5.2,4. Ocuonsu Kareropfiu apxurerryp[ c pa3rrpeAeJreHa rraMer

flpu apxurerrypr.rre c pa:'npeAenena rraMer uoeam da ce u3no.r3aamdau pasltuuuu i exaHu3Ma 3a KoMyHuKaqus .tnetcdy etslume. Bcenlr s:s3ea'lpr6ua ga lroxe Aa oc'r,qecrBtBa Aoclbrl He caMo Ao HeroEara JIo(aJrHa na-Mof, Iio H .(o naMeTI{Te Ha ApyrrrTe Bb3nI,I I,IJII,I Dr3en:r,T Aa Moxe ,qa KoMyHIt-KHpa qpg3 H3[pauaHe/nonyqaBaHe Ha cbo6uleHrlr K'bM/or .qpyrnre Db3nu.

2t2

Cnegoaarenno cr,rrlecrByBar aB€ pa3Jrrqnn apxumercmlpvu Ka me z opuu :

apxumeKmypu c ducmaHquoHeH docmz'n do naMemma u apxumeKmlpu co6nen ua czo6t4enua. Cruo rara s rasl4 (arerop t Moxe ga 6rge xnacu$u-qupaHa rroHe KoHqenryanHo MuoroHr,rrrrKoBara apx{rexrypa.,{oere apnarer-T)pra ce prEnI,rrIaBaT no HaqrrHa, rro rofiro pelranar npo6.neua c nareurHocrraHa KoMyHurarlu.sra. ApxqreKTypr.ITe c pa3npeaeJreHa o6ua rraMe:r u3noJl3Bar

anapaTHI,I cpeAcrBa, MnHl.rMIl3I,Ipa {, JIaTeHTIlocTTa, AoKaro MHoroHIlrnKo-Br,rre apxr.rreKTypr{ n3nolrcBar nefinoro crprrBaHe. lI upt't gnere apxl,rreKryplHrlBoro Ha rrapiureJrrr3bM e Brcoro, T.e. rpanyrara e Quua.

Apxurexrypr,rre c o6ueu ua cr,o6qeHnr r,r apxzrerq/pltre c AIrcraHIrIro-HeH AOCTAII .4O naMerra Ce pa3nr,rqaBaT rlo pa3Mepa Ha JlareHTlrocrra Ha xo-MyHnKaqr,rrra. Jlaresrnocrra rrpu apx]rrerT).p]rre c o6ven na cto6uren[sBKJrrOqBa BpeMero 3a rpaHcoepa ua o6exra (oso6qenr,rero) B crrcreMara oraApecHoTo rrpocrparrcrBo Ea eEvHuA Bb3eJr ,4o aApecrroro npocTpallcTBo Ha

,qpynrr B63eJr. Jlar:esrnoctta voxe Aa 66Ae peAyIIlIpaHa qpes l(oMyHllrtaqrl-

orrHr{ anaparrrrr u nporpaMHl.r cpeAcrBa r{ no-HaTaTbK oT cxeMa 3a cKpItBaHe.

B'r,nperu roBa, .qopl{ u nafi-go6pux cny.rafi larenrxocrra rlpn c}IcreMI,ITe c

o6ueg na cro6rueuuq e orltoclrreJlgo Br-rcoxa. C.leaosate.nno o6eur'r na ug-qr{cJrureJrrrara pa6ora n lpoqecopa rpn6ya ga 6r,Ae 3uaqrarenen, 3a aa ce

npeo,qorecr 3ary6ure or aontrnureJlHlrre pa3xoalt :a rouynraraqur. Clego-BarenHo apxr4Te(TyplrTe c o6Merr Ha cro6l]lenn.g ouol3orBoptBar HI,IcKo lllrBoHa rlapillreJrrr3bM, T.e, rpanyJraTa e roJ.sMa.

EcrecrseHara napaAr.rrMa 3a nporpaMl{paHe 3a apxxrenryplrre c o6veuua cro6ulenr,rx e [porpaMHr4qr MoAen c o6Ivres na oso6rqenr,la. flpu ux, sa

Aa ce rr3nbnHn napa,qr.rrMara 3a nporpavnpane c o6u1a naver, e xeo6xo,qur.ro

.qa ce H:uroxu Mexanrr3:bM 3a BlrpryanHa o6ua rlaMer uag cucreuara c o6uenHa cro6rqenrr.s. IIpn apxurerrypr.rre c ar.rcraHrrr{orreH aocr:bn ecrecrBeHaranapaarrrMa e o6rqara [aMer.

Apxumercmypa Ha e63era. OcHoauoro perrreHlte npl4 BLtcoKo naparer-Irrrre apxnreKrypn e aanr,r aa ce H3noJr3Ba c)mepcKanapeH Lrnn BeKTopeH npo-rlecop BbE BT,3eJra. flpu nr,pnoro no(oneHue napaJIeJInu rcorranrorpn raro InteliPSC-2, SUPRENUM u Ametek ce rcnoJr3Baxa KoHBefiepnlr nerropnr.r npoqe-copu. flonoxeuHero ce npoMeurr c flo.sBara Ha cylepc(anapHl,ITe rlpoqecopu,Korrro oc[ryprBaT BucoKa rIpoH3BoALrTeJrHocr 3a qr,rcJra c rrjlaEalqa 3aneTa.g.

flpra ncraurr.r noJroxeuur 3a rrpeArroqrrraHe e Aa ce I{3noJBBa BeKmopeH npo-

9ecop (CM-5 ua Thinking Machine, Meiko CS-2 c BerropeH npouecop Ha

Fujitsu, gourroaxr Br3erra SPARC).Bcexu nr,ge.r B apxr,rreKTypara c o6wes Ha cto6lrtreHlr.s ]rva csoe co6-

crneso JroKaJrrio aApecHo npocrpaHcrBo. .{aunnre ce a.(pecfipar ype3 Jrorn-

213

qecKu aapec, clba'bpxalq r.rAeHTr.r(bnKaTop sa lpoqeca ]r r.rMe rra o6eKTa, Kor,r-

TO Bl,TpemHO Ce TpaHCsOpMnpaT B'bB ol.r3rqecKv AEpeC, BKrrrcqBarq HOMepa

Ila B:Ifena r.r JroKaJreH aapec. O6errrr ce o6pa6oroa nrn nt:ena, n rofiro rofte p$rrAeHTeH. E.quHctseHara flpuqrdHa 3a r.r3rlpaqaHe Ha Konr{r ua o6erraaaHHrr K6M Apynr B63jrrr e 3a KoMyHr.rKarlrr.s Mex(Ay rrpoqecr.rTe,

Cleg ycranor.rnaHero Ha JrorlqecKr,r KaHan MexAy npoqecnre or tA-poTo na onepaq[oHHaTa crlcTeMa B cGoTBeTcTBrre c I.I3ucKBaHn.rrTa Ha Ko-MyHuKarrrroHnr.rr lporoKoJr, KonI.IpaHero ce ogbrrlecrBsBa $usuuecxlr vpesMexaH[3Ma 3a ar.rpeKTeH AocTbn Ao rraMeTTa HanpaBo oT rraMeTTa Ha B:b3e-

Jra-[3ToqHr{K Ao flaMerra Ha B'b3elra-Aecrr4naqlrx. Ha ltltBoro Ha orrepaqu-onHara cr4creMa Moxe Aa ce rr3rr6JrHlr cuHxpoHHa rcouynurca4un 6ez6yfiepupaue, Karo rro ro3rr naquu ce ra:6.srsar AonbJrHnre:rHr.rre pa3xoAr,r 3aKorrupaHe u 6yQepupaue. Or 4pyra crpaHa MaKcraMrr3rnpaHero Ha rrapaJre;r-rroTo r,r3n6JrHerrlre Ha npI4JIoxHaTa rrpofpaMa v3vcKBa acuHxpoHHo usnpa-u4aHe 6u qaKaHe (no-wait send). O:rqe noBeqe acr.rHxpoHnara KoMyur,rtarrutocfirypsBa 3Haqr.rreJrHlt y.qo6crBa 3a nporpaMrrcra. Ectectseuo rr rr3rrcr(Ba

6yfiepupaue.Bpeuero 3a craprnpaHe Ha KoMyHr.rxaquoHrrara rpaH3aKrIIl.rI 3aBHcr{ or

(byr'rKrluoHanHocrra Ha .{aporo Ha onepaquoHHara cr.rcreMa. Hai-npocrlr.arMOAeJT CbOTBeTCTBa Ha Cnequatlr3r.rpaHa MarrruHa, IIpL Ko.sTo KoMyHrrKarlut-Ta ce ocl,qecrB.sna vpe: 6u6:ruoreqHa noAnporpaMa, cB'6p3aHa c nplrnox(Ha-ra nporpaMa.

Pag,qellsHero Ha qAporo ocbrrlecrBgra ntpBoro Hr.tBo Ha 3aull.rra, KarotAporo I{a o[epaqltoHuara cr.rcreMa ce rr3nr,Jllt.rlBa B pexcrM cynepuafi:op,AOKaTO BCIIqKO OCTaHaJIO, DKtIOqnTeJTHO CepBr.r3rrzTe nporpaMr.r Ha Onepaqu-oHHara crrcreMa rra Br,rcoKo Hr.rBo, ce E3n:LJrHrBar B pex(r.rM norpe6r4Ter. CreA-Rault4.sr eran e Muoro3aAaqur4sr pexr.lM, KoilTo Ao6aB.s neo6xoguuocrra otnJraHv paHe v pa34ensne Ha 3aAaqr,rre. flpu ronneuquonaJrerr eAHonpoqeco-perr B63eJI BCgKa KOMyHr4KarIVq BOnrI EO I,l3Bl.rKBaHe Ha OlepaqIIOHHaTa CV CTe-

Ma, Koero npeBrurroqBa cpeAr,rre Ha:a4aurlre. Hafi-nr.rcoKoro Hr.rBo Ha cJIoxHocTc B pexlrM c MHoro rorpe6rarelu, roito z:ucxna 4onbJtrrrrenHo Heo6xoArrMo-orra or 3a lrrra Ha 3aAaqrrre.,{pyr npo6lerra e AirJrrr KoMyrrr.rKaqzlra rpr6na,l(a 6bae 3arrrrrreHa or rlporoKon 3a rrorBT,p)KAeHIre. Crqecrnyoar unoxe-c fllo lIpr.iJlo)I(eHrrs, Kor{To AorrycKaT ToneprlpaHe Ha cnopaAr.rqHn rpeIIII(u npIr(oMylrHKaqr4rTa B cjr) ranTe, KoraTo Bepo.{THocTTa 3a TaKr,rBa rpelnKr,r e MHo.t'o Mart(4.

. Hexelarerur.rre e+eKTrl Ha rareHTHocr-ra Ha Ko\dynnKarlrura 3HaqIireJI-IIo MofaT .qa ce HaMan.sT, KaTo ce LBnon3Ba Cne4UAlU3UpAH KO"MyHUKA4UOHqH

npoqecop (I(II) wu Bb3ena xaro AonRrHeHlIe K:r,M rrp]rnoxnux lpoqecop (fIIf.

2t4

llpu ra:lr cru6uosa eguncrBeuara 3aAaqa Ha fIfI e qa ocuryp.rBa BlrcoKocKo-pocruo rr3rn JrHeHr,re Ha npr.rJroxnara rrpotpaMa 6es nperrr,cnaae, ,qoraro 1{JIu3nbJlH.naa sadaqume 3a KoJwyHuKa4un Ha .ndpomo Ha onepaquoHHama cuc-mena. lrara npoqecopa pa6orrr napa.JreJruo. B c:regcroue 3aKtcxeurreronplr craprr.rpaue Ha KoMyHr.rxar{[.sra B'r,3Hr.rKBa B KfI, so ro e ,,cKpr.rro" ([po-3paquo) 3a fIfI. Tagra cxeMa rra ,,cKpr.rBarre" Ha JrareHTHocrra e craHAapreHtlo.u.oA 868 BToporo rroKoJreHrre KoMepcna"rrur{ c}rcrevu c o6veg na oro6qe-rrur (Intel Paragon, NEC Cenju-2, Meiko CS-2). 3a nn cr,rrrecrByBa c.IMo 3aK:b-

cHeHr.re rrpu r.r3rrpaqaHero Ha 3a.snKa 3a KoMyHr.rKarl]rr K'r,M KfLBrrpeuuara apxr.rreKrypa Ha Bb3eJr, ocuryprBatq cKprlBaHe Ha JrareHT-

Hocrra nplr (oMyHnKaqrzqra, e noKa3arr na rfur. 5.5.fIfI u KfI vorar Aa 66Aar uAeHrr.tunu (uanp. cylepcKirnapHrr rrpoqeco-

pn), noraro nonsnar o6rqara naver Ea Db3era, Ko.f,To B o6rqu-r clyvafi e DRAM.3agraxurenno e Aa ce ocurypH Br.rcoKa nponycKarenHa cnoco6Hocr Ha na-Merra K:bM B:$eJra, xaro ce n3non3Ba KoHBefiepeH ,4ocfi,n u MoAyJrHa opra-Hrraqur Ha rraMerra c peAyBarre Ha aapecr4Te. IIII u KII KoMyrrr.rKr.rpar rrpe306 Iara uaMer Ha Br,3ena.

5.2.5. Apxurexrypu c pa3rpeaenena o6ua naruer

flpu MIMD clrcreMu c pa3rrpeAeJrerra flaMer no B:b3Jrr4Te o6tqara crac-TeMIra lpolycKarelua cnoco6socr rra rraMerra pacre npolopq[oHaIlHo Ha6poa na nrsrure. Tona npalra apxrireKTypara rro npunqran lro4ylua. Mo,4y:r-rroTo HapacTBaHe rla clrcTeMaTa o6aqe e B'b3MoxHo B o pe,4eJleHu rpaHr{rln.3a ga ce lo.qAbpxa Aucranrrr.roHnrur Eocrr,fi, naMemume Ha ab3Jlume cao6eduueau B ?Jto6alHo adpecHo npocmpaHcmso. fro6an:au.sr JroruqecKu a.q-pec ce npeo6paayBa or xerxupaqra.fl xap.(yep B sborBereH Sr.r:u.recru a4pec(novep na nraer, aApec B naMerra na nrseta). Bosetbm, I Koitmo o6exmome defuHupaH u ce HaJnupa nocmoflHHo, ce uapuua pesudenmeH ezgett.3asr'Kr4Te 3a Ar.rcrauqrroHen Aocrlrr ce Maprnpyrtr 3r.rpar B Mpexara. Cle4onaren-HO JTaTeHTHOCTTa npl.r Ar.rCTaHqr.rOHI{IIg AOCT6n e 3HaqrrTeJrrro flO-roI.f,Ma oTJrareHTHocrra rrprr JroKzLleH Aocrtn. Tr e $yurqua na Ar.rcraHrlr.rqra 3a KoMy-rrI.IKaIIuq B Mpexara MexAy Bb3eJra-H3ToqHltK u B:r,3eJra-Aecrl,IHaqr.rr. Cle4o-BaTeJIHO B 3aBI{CTTMOCT OT TI.IIIa Ha MpeXaTa MOfaT Aa CbrIeCTByBaT3naqLITeJlHr.r Bapva\vu Ha IaTeIrTHocTr.rTe rrpr,r Ar,IcTaHqllogeu aocmn. TasuopfaHn3aqr,rq LI3I4CKBa [oa.4bpxaHeTo Ha MoaeJra c nocTosHcTBo Ha Irocne-AOBaTeJITTOCTT{Te Ha AOCTbIIHTe AO naMeTTa.

IIpn apxurerrypr.rre c pa3npeAeneHa o6rqa rraMer npo6lenr,r c Jrareu-TrrocTTa ce o6neKqaBa c r.r3rroJr3BaHeTo Ha BTopuqHa KerrI-rIaMeT 3a BceKH

215

npoqecop. B 3aBr,rcr,rMocT oT noKzt-rrHoTo noBeaeHHe Ha rrpr4JloxHaTaMa HaIr,IqLeTO Ha Ta3r.r Kerrr-IIaMeT IIIe peAyqnpa, B IIo-roI.{Ma I,ILIcTerreH qecToTaTa Ha arcTaHrIr{oHHI{Te flocT'bnrl .4o naMeTTa. B mnuo6qume o6eKmu ca KoHKpemHu ruHuu a Keaa. Pas6upa ce npu rosunrsnurna npo6neM'br 3a KoxepeHTxocr Ha cb.(Lpxanlrero ga relra. BTe rra BceKII Bb3eJI MO)Ke Aa Ce UpUnO)I(n CTaH,qapTHIItT MeTOn 3aue na o6rqara url{Ha Ha rraMerra. Ersusa,reurx[st noaxoA B

cpeAa r,r3rac(Ba BcflKa Kelr-rraMer Aa uu{oprraupa ocrauarrire B.r,3rr4 3acBofi 3a[r,lc. Tosa ogHaqasa, qe BceKr.r or,:el rpr6na Aa ocl,qecrBrBa ,,np'rcrnane" (r.no6a:rna roruryxlrraqar) rr,u ncr.rrlxr,r ocraua-nr.r B:b3rl.r D

MaTa Ha aApecrnTe, Ha KoI{To e ogbrrlecTBeH 3an}Ic, KaTo B pe3yJITaT

t{3KJrrorrurerHo uureusunex rpa$lrr or sr,o6qeur{Jr B Mpen€Ta.3nauxreruo nogo6prnane Ha cr.rcreMHara rrpor.r3Boar,rrerHocr ce floJry{

qaBa npu cJreAHoro aurrepHarr.rBHo pernexne sa npo6reva sa xoxepeHTHocr.lTa: BCerH B:r,3eJr pa3loJrara c KaTajror, B KofiTo e oTpa3eHa uut[opwaqulrno6arHure o6eKTIt B naMeTTa Ha Br3era. KoxepeHTHocrra Ha KerrlaDeHO Ce nO.UIbp)Ka trpe3 T.Hap. ,,r.rHBulnHArrpaHe" Ha Ke ta. flpu ro:u3anr{cT,T B Kerrr-rlaMeTTa Boar,r aBToMaTH.rHo Ao HHBaUrI,rAI.IpaHeTO Ha BCUqrl,Ironu.s Ha rogr.r o6eKT B ocraui]Jlgre n:r,snr.r. Br,:elt'r, occqecrBlrn 3anr{ca (T.e.uo4utluqupauero sa rno6arun.f, o6err), rpl6na Aa fipeA]npeAr.r Bcr{qKH oc-t aua"lrr BT,3Jrn, KoHTo HMar l(oflre Ha ro3u o6eKT,3a r{HBaJII,IAI4paHero Mylllrr$opuaqurra 3a roBa, Ha Kor,r B'r,3Jru aa. v3flparu npe,qynpexAeHnero 34HHnzl.rr.rAr4paHe, ce cbAlpx(a B KaraJrora. BceKIt cneABarq gocrrn aa uerene n{'ro3u HeBzLlr{AeH o6eKT B ocraHarr,rre Bb3JtH rIpeAH3Br{KBa rpellKa B Kettrarflpn rora ce raoBlprrrBa qererre Ha HoBoro ronue ua nogn$rrqlrpaHara rro3r,t-qtrq B Kelra Ha pe3r.rAeHTltut Bb3eJr. Tgcnoro wqcro Ha rlelrrparnr43r{paH Kara-Jrof ce npeoaorrBa qpe3 pa:]npeAeneHa cxeMa Ha KaTa-[o3xTe, rrpn KorTo BceI(I,l

BT,3ejr paBrlonara crc co6crseH JIoKaJreH Karajror, KofiTo 3a Bceru rto6aJrello6eKT B IlaMerra Ha Bb3eJra cbA]pxa c6orBerHr.r yKa^,arerr,r KaM ocraH:ulltrcB63J1r.r, pa3nonaraqlr c Konur na resl.I o6errE. Ha $ur. 5.6 e noKa3aHa apxH.TCKTypaTa Ha B',r,3eJra npl,r c]rcTeM[ c pa3rrpeaeneHa o6qa nauer. Bceru nrse.1c'r,.46pxa KJr:bcTep rrpouecoprd, BceKv oT Kor.rTo pa3fioJrara c BTopr.rqHa Ker[.naver. Ilpoqecopr.rre r.r3rloJl3Bar o6ulara uawer na nrieJra I,I JloKanrrlrr Kara-lor, Bcerlr npoqecop Moxe Aa noAcJryrrrBa Kerr-rraMerr.rre Ha ocrauaJrr{To

poqecopn B Rrrbcrepa- Axo npoqecopr,T He orKpr,re AaAeH o6eKT B [6pBuqna.Ta cH Ketrr-rlaMer, rofi uoxe ga ro orKpr.re Ha eAHo or cneAHure Mecra: B co6.cTDCHaTa CH BTOpI,IqHa l(eur-rraMeT, BI,D BTOpr{qHaTa Kern-rraMeT Ha Apyrnpoqecop B Kt'bcTepa, B JIoKiIJIrraTa naMeT Ha KJr.bCTepa I,IJII,I B IraMeTTa Ha ApyrrJn cTep. TaKa ce rlnpvupa fiepapxrsra Ha AocTbna, [peAcraBeHa Ha $ur. 5.7.

216 217

<0ue.5.6. ApxumeKmypa Ha lfieJ'Ia npu cucme^4u c pa3npede'xeHa o6t4a

' nafuem (rcnz,cmepu om paqomHu cmaHquu)

O6exmr D p$LTAeHTI{Irt Bb3eJI Moxe aa 6r,ae B eAHo or cneAHI'ITe rpI'I

c'bcTorHl si. HeIrcUUptrHi se cbrqecrByBa I(oII]Ie Ha o6e(Ta B clrcreMara;

. o6uli crr\ecrRyrar uevogu$raqlrpaHll Konl{s ua o6exra s Kelrr-rlaMe-

Tr{Te Ha HtKoI{ [poqecopl4;. NPbCCHi CT,IqECTBYBA CAMO EAHO MOAI-IOUqI,IPAEO KOIII{E D KEIIIA HA

earrH npoqecop (ncr.rurr-r ocraHanu Korlrlq Ha o6e(Ta ca HeBaJItaHI4)'

C;ctoqnraeto Ira BceKIl o6e(T e orpa3eHo B Kariulora qpe3 cborBereu

npr,r3HaK. flpu uerenero ua o6exr n'r'pno ce Ia3BbprrJBa o6ptuleuue KbM co6-

crBeHara BTopl{qna relr-nauer. AKo roBa o6p:brrreul4e npeAI'l3BI'IKa rperrrrta B

Kerna ([opaal,I JIIrnca na o6erra s nero), npoqecop, r ce o6p'brrla K:rM ocraHa-

nr,rre rrpoqecopn B KJI.bCTepa' flpn lnnca Ha o6eKTa 3atBKara 3a qereHe ce

npellpaula KbM pe3uAeHTHnq B'b3er na o6erra. PeugeHTHI4tr B63eJI qere 06eK-

fupepxz.f, HA TTAMETTA

Huoo upoqecop

Hlroo reu na rpoqecop

Hrco ;rora.ten xnrcrep

,{pyru reuone r loKarrnrrr KJrbcrep

Hnao rnrcrep rrn n:r:ena

Katalor n tnagga nauer

H{ao axcraxquoueH sr:er

Ke[oBe B ,qucranuroHuu rurbcrepu

tDuz. 5.7. frepapxua na docmzna do nattemma npu apxumeKmypac pasnpedetena o6t4a nauem

Ta oT rraMeTTa Ha rjrbcrepa n eAHoBpeMeHHo [poBepqBa qbcrosHraero My B

KaraJrora. B cnyuafi, qe o6exr-r,r He e KernlpaH u.nn e o6rq, rofi ro u:nparqaKLM Bb3eJra-3aflBrTer gl,croq^nvero Ira o6e(Ta B Kara-lrora ctorBerHo cgarryarusnpa. Aro crarycbr Ea o6exTa e ,,Mpbceu", pe3r,r,EeHTHrsr Bb3er rrpe-llpaula 3asBKaTa 3aeAno c a.qpeca Ha 3arBr.rTeJrr KI,M Bb3eJra, c6A6pxa I eArIH.

crner{oro Ba-[HArio Konr.re Ha o6erra. floryuarerrr Ha 3aJrB(ara r,r3npaqarlaJrHAr.ro KonHe Ha o6eKTa .qupeKTHo KbM 3turBuTer.s.

218

flpu sanrlc, B cnyqafi qe cbcroslu.rero na o6erra e ,,r''rplcuo", r.e. ue

cl,qecTByBaT Apyrfi Kolrr,rlt, [poqecop'LT 3anl{cBa AaHHI,ITe D Kelr-nauetta. B

clyuafi ue clcroauraero na o6erra e o6rqo, npoqecop:6T, I'I3B6prrrBaq 3arluca,

n:rpno rpa6na 4a crale u3KJrnqumeteu co6cmeeuurc na o6erma.Toit uzr:pa-

ula clorBerriaTa 3aJIBKa KT,M KelrroBere Ha ocralran'ITe rlpoqecopu B (JI6CTe-

pa. Aro nrrofi or re3I.I KeInoBe cbaapxa o6eKTa, Toi ce Korlupa AI'Ipe(THonpe3 rnr{ara B (Jlbcrepa B Ke ra Ha 3iuIBIrreJIt. B ro:u cnyrafi rpaH3aKlrl'Igra

ce oc1,ulecrBrBa BbTperllro B paMKIrTe Ha KJr6CTepa I{ H,IMa BbHIrreH eoeKT B

cr,rcreMara. Aro nurofi Kern B Knbcrepa He cr,glpxa o6er<ra, 3atB(ara co I'I3-

lpaua K6M pe3r.rAeHTHr,rr s6ser. AKo o6errtr e HeKeIrrHpaH, pe3uaeHTHI'I.f,T

B'$eJr yaoBJrerBoprBa 3arBKara Henocpe.qcrBeHo. Aro o6errur e o6rq, sa.ao-

Kara ce o6cJr)DXBa 3anr'JrxcrreJluo cJIeA rr3rrpauaHe Ha gborBerHoro npe,qy[-pex,qeHrle 3a I,rHBarr,rAr,rpaHe Ha obeKTa KbM KJr6cr€pI,Te, rIpI,ITexaBaIrII,I HeroBo

xonr.re. flonyuarerl,ITe Ha rlpeAynpex.qeutero orrooap.sr qpe3 rIo3HTI'rBHo

norBtpxAeHrie. Axo o6er:rr,r e MprceH, 3a.rB(ara ce [peAaBa K'LM (n'I'crepa,

s Koiro cb[IecrsyBa Banxalro Korlue. flo-HaralbK npolreAypara e aHa^IIofl4q-

Ha Ha Ta3I,I IIpU qeTeHeTo.

MoAen:r,r ga,,nocrosHcrBoro Ha [ocJreAoBareJrHocrIate" IIa Aocrsnureao IIaMeTTa r.I3ttcKBa flpeAu ae ctsHtellslln 3a[I{c npoqecopbT Aa Iloryql4norB:bp)KIeHr.Ie 3a I,rHBaJrrraHpaHe oT BcI,IqKIr ocraHa-fiu fipoqecopll, KoI.ITo ToBa

rn gac.sra. Tosa voxe aa npe,qLr3BI,IKa 3Haqureruo BpeMe 3a [3qaKBaIre, Koerolroxe ,4a ce u:6erHe Karo ce rrpuJroxrl no-Ma-]rKo crpIrKTHo l,I3LrcKBaHe 3a ,,rro-crosHcrBoro Ha rrocJle.qoBarersocrute" Ha aocrbnl,ITe go nauerra. To:uMO.4en Ce OCHOBaBa Ha pa3rpaHl4qaDalieTo Ha cxsxpoHHlrt oT acl[HxpoHHlltgoctrn. IIpu cuHxpoHHunt docman pea-rl ce ocr,rryplrBa or cl'orBerHu.{ peA

3a ,,3aKrroqBage" n ,,orKrlo.rBaHe" Ha clolselHltre cerMeHTI,I Ha naMerra,Pearr ua ra3nuneHr-re npu acuHXpoHHIrt Aocrr'rl Moxe Aa 65Ae [poIr3BoJIeH.

C:reAosarerHo z ocaedoeame,tnocmma ua docmanume ce ocueyptrla om cne'

4u$u4upan ped Ha mouKu Ha cuHxpoHusa4utr upu oneparyuu lock u unlock.

Kopexruoro u:ur,JrHeur,re Ha nporpaMara ce oc[rypsBa or lporpaMI,Icra, Koii-TO e OTTOBOpoH 3a rrpaBLInHI,Is It36Op Ha rO.rKIrTe Ha CIrHXpOHIr3aqul, Pesyn-

Tarvre or clrMyJrarlHrrTe Ha ro3u MoaeJI noKiBBar or l|Yo go 40o/o yRerIr.IaBaHe

Ha [por.r3BoafiTeJrnocrra. flpu ro:I.r MeToA He e Heo6xoa]rIrao satBKuTe 3a qe-

TeHe aa Ll3qaKBaT 3aB:bprrBaHeTo lra npeAxoxaalq[Te 3agBKIz 3a 3anlrc.

Apxurexrypure c pa3npeAeneHa o6ula fiaMer c LI3noJI3BaHe Ha Kara-Jro3r-r ca [o-eq)eKTr.rBHr,r or apx]neKTypl.ITe c BlrpryaJrua o6qa naMer. Te o6aqe

He ca no&xoAsrqu 3a MacI,IBHo rrapirJIeJIHI,I cHcT€MIr, T.K. KanaqvrelbT IranaMerra, neo6xoaulra 3a Kara-[o3aTe, ce yBerurlaBa KBaAparlrqHo c yBenu-rraBaHero na 6po.n na npoqecopr.rre B clrcreMara O(N'?). 3a N-npoqecopua

219

r{creMa c N/P KJl'r,crepa (a[aqllrer']'T Ha lraMerra C ce onpegelr no c.neg-

lvt ljaqv'l:

C > N2 * M/(PtL) (6ura) (5.1)

6AeTO:

P - 6pofi Ha rlpoqecopl{Te B eAI{H Knbcrep;M - rauaqurer Ha rlaMerra Ha ruItcrepa B 6afitone;L - 6pofi Ha 6afirosere e eana [o3l.rq]It Ha Ker[a.

TaKa HarpnMep, sa 256 rntcrepa, 16 Mbytes lc,r:rcrepxa nauer ll 32 bltesa nnHr,r.gra B Keua, 1/8 or naverra ce Id3rIoJBBa 3a Kar alora' Toea oepaHuqaaa

tb3MoJtcHocmume sa uodyttno paswupnsaHe Ha apxumeKmypama c pa3npe'

leteaa o6t4a na"Mem B ua -do6pua cnyaa do cpeduo zoteuu uHcmara4uu,,[acueuo napa,teaHa cucmema c ]000 u noeeLre 863era He Mo]tce da 6z'de

rca,tru3upaHa Kamo apxumeKmypa c pasnpedetena o6t4a nanem.

npyz npo6.neu e 32-6umoeuttm adpec ua npo4ecopume. flopa,qu uo-iaruoro aApecno npocrpaHcrBo o6rqllqr ranaqfirer Ha DcIrqKI'r KJI:I crepu]IraMeru ce orpaHrrvana 4o 4 Mbytes. Tara sa napa,re.nHa clrcreMa c 256 byes,v{arcuMaJrnrrrr Karlaqlrrer Ha KIIT,crepHara naMer e 16 Mbytes, roero e ne4o-

)TaTlqHo npH cGBpeMeHHnTe cTaHAapTI-I.

5.2.6. MnorouurrKoBn apx[TexTyplr

Anarorr.r.rHo Ha apxr,ITerrypnre c pa3rlpeAeJleHa o6ura naver uuoro-rH[JKOBrrre apxrrrexTypr4 Iavar rlo6a^lno a,qpecHo npocrpaHcrBo' Hurrrnara

:e ge$unupa raro ,,rer" I,IJIIT ,,JIeK Karo nepqe" fipot\ec. JIeKunm npoqec e

MwK4 a Koemo He ce ocu?ypnea 3at4uma na uudueudyatuomo adpecuo

lpocmpaHcmlo. IIpo4ecam-nep4e npedcmaernea reK npoqec c MuHuMa'xHo

coHmeKcmHo npelKrlnqaaHe. Huwxama .uotrce da 6t'de nameumna u'tu eo-

noaa. Mexagu3vrlT 3a ynpaBJIeHIre e or noroKa aalurr-r (aualoruvno na apxr'r'

rcKTypure c ylpaBnel{uo or noroKa aaHHI,I - dataflow). CnegonarennoIHUJKaTa e B JIaTenrUo (nacuouo) c'Lcro.,IHlte, AoKaTo DCHqKI.I uefiun onepau-

tH Ca roroBlr, Ilplr KoeTo T.f, ce aKTLrEI,I3Ilpa 3a I'I3rIbJIIreHI'Ie B MoMeHTa Ha

roryqaBaHe Ha onepaHAI.ITe,

3agnrure ga ancraHqlroHen Aocrl'rl aBToMarHqHo cycleu.ql'Ipar HIlrIrKa-

ra (npevenuo npenpar.anar nefinoto usn:rnnenrae) go 3aBaplnBaHero Ha rpaHc-

lrcpa. MeNgynpellenno ce o6pa6orna gpyra xlrnra. CJreAoBareJIlIo BpeMero

JA AHCTAHqI4OHCH AOCT}II CE C(PIIBA, T.C. CE NPUIIOKPI,IBA C I,I3qIICJII'ITEJIHA

ra6ora. Taglr cxeMa o6aqe Boau go romu 6pofi KoHTercrH[ [peBIC IoqBaHI'Is

MCXAy r IluKI{Te DCe(Il n6T, Koraro ce ocT,qecTBffBa AI',ICTaHIII{OHelr AOCTATI.

Or ryr cre4aa, qe cxeMama e efiercmuena, aro dontauumen umd paSxodll

3d KoHmerccmHomo npeeKlp4saHe ca MHoeo JuaJxKu. Tosa Moxc Aa 6lrAo no'

cTrrrHaTo rlo ,qBa HaqI{Ha:

1) Huwrcama ce npocmupa om edun ducmax4uouex docmon do dpye'

CreaosarerHo He ce Hillara ctxpaHtBaHero Ha caabpxaulrero Ha pert'tcrpll'

Te 3a AaHHI.l, a caMo Ha perucTpuTe Ha cT'cro.sultero' Hs}/.a Ea ce HaJIarS

crxpaHtBalreTo lla cbA6pxaHl'Iero na perucTpl'ITe 3a ctcro.rnr'rero' aro cto6-

rrlexr4ero, Hoceuro onepalrAa 3a HI'IrIrKara' cr,abpxa roHTercra' flo ro:uHaqlrlr BpeMero 3a npeBKJIIOqBaHe Ha cpeAl'rre Moxe.qa 6r,ae cseaeHo ao 10

MAIIII'HHI,I UIIK'bJIA.

2) Kounror:spr,r IrMa MHoxecrBo perucrpoBl{ Qafiloae, Ta(a qe KoH-

TeKcrr,T Ha H.sKorKo HI.rurKI'I Mo)I(e ga 6l,qe clxpau.rBala B cnequartu3upaHu

pe?ucmposu fia 'toee. flpeor:rrovnar:ero Ha HITTITKI'ITe ce orpa3.sBa c:rMo qpe3

cMrrra Ha yra3arer.s K:bM aKTytlJIHIrt pentcrpoB $afi.rI. IIo ro3r'I HarIuH Hulrl-

Knre Morar ga 6l,qar no-roneMl{, a cJleAoBarerHo rexnuar 6pofi B nporpa-

Mara xre 6lge no-uartr.fltpanxr no,4ro4 Epeanorara rorsv 6pofi uamu ullnrru' Broplrar no4-

xoA aolycKa rIo-roJIeMIt HI{rrrKI'I, HO e no-cKl'rl nopa4u neo6xogl',IMocTTa orMHOx<eCTBO perltcTpoBLr Qafilone.

Ynpannenuero or AaHlru npu I{Irn(I'ITe lr:ucrna n.rraroa Sopv'a na 6a-

puepHA CuHXpOHu3A4Ufl' 3a Aa Ce OCI4TpII CTapTLpaHeTO Ha u3I['JIH0HI'IeTO

Ha Hutlrara e.qBa, cneA Karo sa HaruqHu BcuqKu orlepanAu' Cr.ruxpouuoaqu-

gra Ha r {rrrKlrre ce noaa:bpn€ or npu6an*rero Ha AonbJIHIlreJIeu 6lrr-npn-

3HaK ,,nrJIeH-rlpa:]eR", xoiro r'rugraqupa AanI'I KnerKara voxe ga 61,4e verena

(aro e runa) I,IJIIT B Krer(ara Moxe Aa ce llsn,rplrl]r :anuc (aro e npaena)'

Ta-:u cxel,ra e Lr3rlon3BaHa B n'r'pBara MIroroHI'IIrrKoBa apxlTerTypa (c o6ua

nauer) - Maxr[Hara HEP flpn MHoroulrrnKoBara apxrareKTypa na T uamu-

Hara ce Lt3rIoJI3Bar ABe llucrpyrqulr load: load 3a 3apex,4aHe or JIo(aJIHara

nauer u rload 3a 3apexAaHe sa perllcrplrre or AlcraHqlloHlta narrae:r' Hera

,qa pa3fJleAaMe rlplrMep 3a It3rIOnsEaHe Ha ABaTa HaqHHa 3a 3apexaal{ero Ha

perrrcrpr.ITe rlpfi lr3rrbJlnelrllero Ha HI-lIrrKa BGB nlser Nl:vA : rload pAvB : rload pBC:vA+vBKrgero v,4 u vB ca onepangu, pA tt pB ca y(a3arenl'r KtM KJIeTKII or

rraMerra, a C cr,gtpxa pe3yJlTara' Hsnorgsasero na unclpyrgtttla rload

lo(a3aBa, qe olepaHAl{Te ca AI'IcTaIrq[oHHH, (aTo Te ce qbAbpxar c]orBeTHo

srs rrgrure N2 n N3 (<!ur. 5.8). KaKro ce BI'IX.qa, HII[rKara Moxe .4a L3B'bplIlI

HrKoJlKo aHcraHIILIoHntt orrepaqurl rload.Tg o6aqe HtMa Aa ce 6lorupa, go-

,,,11

rlTo qsx0 uoJryqauouero Ha cr,o6uenfiero. flo;ry.renoro clo6rqenzeyrolol'cJl tta ltnnrxara, rofiTo BKJIroqBa KoHTeKcra 3a l.I3rrbJrHeurze. B nprarrlepana {ur. 5,8 r<oureKcrbr Ha I.r3[6JIHeHr.rero Ha Hr.IIlKara s:bs s:r,ger Nl ce rrpeA-cTaBr oT rrpoMeHJrr.rBara CTXT B 3aBr.rcuMocT oT ecTecrBoTo Ha e3uKa 3anporpaMHpaHe CTXT voxe Aa 6:bAe ),'r€3areJr rra creK, yra3areJr Ha paMKar.urr,r TeK),rrI yKasarel na o6err. flpouexllralrre vA, vB r,r C ca aa:ruAnu B KoH_rercra, ge$uulrpas or CTXT Bcma onepaqux rload craprzpa HoBa HHlnKaqpe3 r.r3nbJlHerrlre Ha orrepaqlls fork, r.e. pa3rlpocrr.rpar ce rorroBa Hr.rrrrrlr,KoJrroro onepaqr.ru rload rpr6na 4a 6t4ar peaJrrr3r.rpaHrr. Harpar r*rurr<urece cbernHrBar vpea onepaqun join.

CneqzQuuuure nporpaMnr MoAeJrr.r Ha MrroroHrrrlKoBr.rre apxrrreKTypr{3aBrICjIT OT lpaHynaTa Ha Hr,IIIIKnTe.

5.2.7, ApxNrexrypn c BrrpryaJrHa raMer

flpu resu apxurerrypv npoqecopume uozam da oczuqecmeneam docmz,ncauo do namemume Ha ceoume sb3./tu, a He "Moeam da oczt4ecmeneam du_percmeu docman do nauemume Ha ocmaHarume ezrsttu. CteaoaareJruo aKonpoqecoptT r.rcKa Aa ocGulecrBrr .4ocr6rr Ao o6u1 o6err, rofiro ne e B rraMer-Ta Ha Br3eJra, o6errrr r{Jrq HeroBoro r<onr.re rpa6na ga 6r4e npexntpnen rJloraJrllara naver. Tosa Moxe Aa 6:rge pea:rusvpauo or MexaHr{36M, rloAo_6en na rpeuxara 3a Aocr-brr Ao Jrr{rrcBarrla crparr qa fipa BnpryaJrHara rla-uer. Clegonarenuo o6ullrre o6eKTr.r cr,[IecrByuar n mo6aauo aApec]rpaHaBHpryirnHa o6ula laMer.

Cuqecrnyaauero Ha MrroxecrBo Konuc Ha o6erru g naMerra Ha cvcre-Mara c63AaBa npo6neM 3a ttocroqHc,rBoro Ha rloc:re,qoBareJrHocrra BvHarHlr(oraTo KonneTo ce rraO4utfuqupa nprl 3arruc. Jlecno uOx<e Aa ce pa3no3HaeaHaroru.sra c MyrrrilpoqecopHrrre cr.rcreMr.r c o6rqa nalrer, npu Kor.rro npo-qecopl4Te ptBnoJrarar c Kerrr-rlaMern. flpt ra-:ra aua-lonr.E rraMerr4Te rra Ba3rraTeH3nbJIHsBar ponsra Ha KerloBere, a BrapryaJrHara o6rqa [aMer I.I3rr.r,JIH.gBapor.sra Ha maBHa naMer. C.negna, ue wexauH3MI.ITe 3a rIoAAT,pxaHero Ha flo_cToTHCTBOTO Ha AOCTbnr.rTe ,qo naMeTTa rrpu apxrrTeKrypn c napryalna o6rqa.IIaMeT Ca aHaJroruallJlj HA -Ie3s, Ir3rrOJr3BaHr.r nprr peIIIaBaHeTo Ha npo6neMa 3aKoxepeHTHocr Ha xenra. Pa:6rzpa ce, ronrperxara $opMa Ha ro3r_r MexaHrr3fr,MTpa6na ga ce 6a:upa Ha clorBerHara cEcreMa sa o6r\.{eH Ha c6o6ureHr.r.s Bapxr,rreKTypara. .{onlnuure:ruuxr Kanaqurer Ha naMerra HapacrBa -nranefigoc uapacrBaHero ua 6poa ua npoqecopnre. Cregonareluo apxurexTypr.rre clupryalua o6u1a naMer ce xapaxTeprz3r.rpar c B63MoxHocrrr 3a MoAynHo pa3-rJJHperrt.re, xapaKTeprrr4 3a apxnreKTypr4Te c o6MeH ua cro6rqenun.

11.'

CTXTc

vB

pA

pB

@ue. 5.8. Bz'sea Nl o6pa6omsa ducman4uonuu onepaHduom s?,3nu N2 u N3

Cne,4nure npa*ura rapanTr.rpar rrpaBrnrHoro MaHrlrrynlrpaHe Ha o6uuo6e(Tn or AaHHr.r:

1)O6rq o6err Moxe aa 6'r,ge upoverex or npou3BoneH 6poi lturuxu.Br,s sceru MoMeIrr or BpeMero caMo eaua HurrIKa Moxe Aa Lr3B'LplrBa 3anl,Ic

D O6eKTa.

2) flpe.qr.r sanlrca B o6rq o6eKT BcuqKrl ocraHarl{ Konur ua o6erra rpr6-Ba aa ce MapKrrpaT KaTo HeBzLIIIIaIILL

Togr.r uero.4 ce Haplrqa ,,MHozo qumametlu - eduH nucamet".Baxes acnenr e roneMr.ruara Ha rpaHyrara Ha o6ql,llr o6eKT. Br,3MoxHo

perrreHr{e e o6rq}rTe o6eKTr-r aa 6b.[aT crpaHr.rq]r, a naMeTIrTe Ha B63JII.ITe Aa Ce

opraHr{3npar Karo Br.rpryaJrna rraMer qr,c crpaHuqHa opraHla3alrnq. fIp}I c'bBpe'

MeHHoro o6errHo- opneHTupaHo nporpaMlrpaHe no-qenecr'o6paslro e Aa ce

rr3noJr3Bar o6rqu flo&\oarrqo AeSr.rHupaHLr o6eKTI,I oTKorKoro crpaHllqu c

$lrcupan pa3Mep. IIpu ro3n noAxoA ce rloao6ptBa H3noJrBaHero Ha crpa-rrHqr.rTe, Tafi KaTO CTpanlrrlaTa Moxe aa cbabpxa IrtKoJrKo o6eKTa.

3a pasrura or apxxreKTypr4Te c ar,IcrauqltoHelr Aocr:I'n ao naMerra DI4p-

TyiurHI,I.sT aApec npu apxuTeKTypr,rre c Br,rpryanHa pa3npe.qeJleHa rIaMeT lleyKa3Ba K:r,Ae ce HaMnpa a,qpecqpaHr,r.s o6eKT, TaKa qe ue crru{ecrByBa pe3H-

.qeHTeH Bb3eJr. Bceru o6err r4Ma co6crBerrrrK - ToDa e npoqesbr, xofiTo lIMa

lpaBoTo .4a H3B'bprxBa sanr,rc B o6eKTa, T.e. Aa ro uognr[Nr1npa. Auarorlrqno

111

[a MarxrrHara c Br.rpTyaJrrra naMeT lrporpaMaTa I.I3BbpIrrBa o6ptuleHl,Ie KbM

BnpryzrnHl{ allpecnl, c oqaKBaHeTo, qe rfirlbJlHeHlrero Ha TIpITHIII{Ia Ha pa6oT-

rroro MHoxecrBo Ie octfyplr HaJII,IqlIeTo Ha TbpceHI{Te o6eKTI.I IrJrL lra rexHl{Konnr B JroKiulHara naMer, B nporraren cnyvafi nrsuranra fpelrrKa nopaAl{fl]rrrcBarla cTpaHr,rqa, KaTo T.s ce 3apexAa oT ,qpyfl,ITe B'b3JrH.

3a no.qarpxanero Ha ceMaHTI.IKara Ha MeroAa ,,MHoro qI,ITareJIIr - eAIIH

nucatel" ce r,r3rron3Ba cJteaul,Itr Mexaurl:bM:l)fpewrca npu qemeHei B'srersr, s rofiro er:Huxsa rpeulKara Irpu qe-

reHe, 3atBgBa H fioryqaBa or Bb3eJla-co6croeHLrK Konl{e na o6exra,2)lpeurca npu 3anuc: Btse.nr,r, rofiro llgu:lrH.ssa 3anl{ca, [paBI.I 3aJIB-

ra 3a o6enra rrv rer)mlrl.s co6creenur. Teryruurr n:r,sel un$opvupa tcravxra

D',t 3JII{, rorrro pa3noJrafar c Korr}re Ha o6erra, sa npov.rHara g co6ctseHocrratra o6erra ra u:nparqa o6erra :aeAuo c pa3peueHl.Iero 3a 3alrltc KbM 3:UIBI'ITe-

rr. flpe.4u .qa lr3B:r,prnr.r 3anl{ca 3aJIBIrreJrtr l.I3npaula cr,o6nreuue 3a ITHBaJIII-

AHpaHe Ha rorrHrTa KbM BCI'qKI{ B',b3JIH, rIpI{TeXaBalqL KOnLrS Ha

rvrognr|ruqupanraa o6err. IId eumufunamopb m ua co6cmeeuurca u a o6e xma

ce HaMupa s ma6tu4ama Ha cmpaHu\ume na ueuudaczpa Ha supmyanHa'ma naMem 8?,8 663eJ'ra. B,I,seJl1'r-co6crsenur ua o6enra rp.n6sa ,4a gHae xou

Itpyrn B'b3ILI pa3rloJlarar c ronu.s Ha o6eKra.He4ocrartr ua ro3u nolp(oa e, qe B cJlyqaltre, Koraro ABa I.TJII,I rloBerle

Db3eJra 3anrrcBaT a"[TepHaTHBHo B eaHa u cBllla cTpaHIrqa, ce noJlyqaBa Hexe-

JrareJrHurr eOeKT Ha HerlpeKr'cHaro npexB:r,prqHe Ha crpaHnllara MexAy re3l4

ntglu. Tona He)KenareJIHo tBJIeHIre Moxe .qa ce ra:6erne, Karo ce I43rIor3Ba

MeTO.46T ,,MHOIO rII{TaTerr{ - MHO|O nnCarelu".Apxumercmypume c supmyaJlHa pasnpedeaeua nauem uozam da ce

patetetcdam ramo,, ttocm" ueucdy pasnpedetteuama o6pa6omrca (x'ttcme'pume npu pa6omnume cman4uu) u napallerHama o6pa6omrca (MIMD rou'nrcm?)p c o6uen na coo64enun). Aro asere cHcreMr4 LIMar eaHa I{ c1'ula

oflepaquoHHa c[creMa, eaHaKBIr KoMrII,IJIaropL ]r eaHaKBI,I MexaHI43Mrr, noA-

AnpxaqH Br.rpryanHara naMeri nporpaMlare, paspa6orexi 3a n1,pBufl, TvnKoMnrortprru crrcreMr,r, vorar .qa 6rAar r-r3nr'JIHeHI.t 6e: npo6.nev Ira BTopItg

Tr,In KOMTIIOT6pHH Cr.rCTeMIt n O6parlro.

5.3. BbTPEIIIHOCIICTEMHI4 KOMYHI4KAIII,IOHHIIMPEXI{ 3A IAPAJIEHII KOMI]IOTPI4

Tonotozun. Tono.norurnra na Mpexara e eALIH or Krloqorure $arropn,orrpcAengxll,t npoI,I3Bo,4r,ITeJrHocTTa, HaaexaHocrTa Ir BI'3MoxHocrl{Te 3a ca-

MORl,3CTarrOB.sBalIe Ha rlapa,teJrHara r(oMnrcTapHa cI,IcreMa.

224

tlpu cmamuunume monortoeuu KoMyHI{KaqI{oIrHI,rre Bp:b3Kx Mexay aBanpoqecopa ca uaCHBHH II IIeKOI'{yrtpyeMI'ITe IIIHHH He nognexar na peronQu-

rypaqu.s c rleJr ycTalroBtBaHe Ira Bp'IfKa c Apyrll npoqecopH B cl,IcreMara.KonryHr,rraquouHr.rre Bp'b3KL r'pu duxanuuuama Kamezopufl Mpezrcu

Morar aa ce npoMeH.{T upes perou<furypaqnq Ha aKTnBHure KoMyraropHlrereMeHTI,I. .{uuaur.r. rara Karerop[t BtTperlrHo- crrcreMHH r.,rpexu o6xnarqa

TpI.I TorrorornqHlt ruIaca: e.qHocrtrIaJIHI,I, MHoroclbrlaJrnl n Kpoc6ap ((oMy-rnpaqa varprqa).

Muogl,Ittct:so.ro Il{HorocrbnaulHl Mpex}I oc}rrypgDar nltlua cI,IcreMa Ha

Bps3Kare B paMKr.rTe Ha napaJrenHaTa crpyxrypa. Mnorocrr,nurnHHTe aBycTpaH-nr.r Mpexrr ca pa:|[peAenenrl B qerl.Ip[ Iuaca: ue6lonupaqu, 6JIoKIrpaq[, pe-

ron$r.rryprapyeva rI peqIrpKyJraqltoHItLr.

He6toxupat4ume MpeJrcu peanv3llpar BcI4qKI.I rleplryraqnlr 6es otsnur-naue na ronQ.nr,rrrr.r 3a rron3BaHe Ha 06rrr KoMyHIrKaIrIaoHeH pecypc, Karo ocH-

fyp.f,Bar eAHaKBo 3aK:bcHerrlre 3a Bcxr{Kr.r cr'o6rqenu.s. flpu 6torcupaqumeMpejrcu pearv3aql4.sra Ha HgKoL IlepMyraquu np]I eAHoBpeMeHHu 3aqBKu 3a

ronssaHe Ha o6rq (oMyHr,rKaqr.roHeH pecypc Doalr Ao Bpevenno lor<aluo 6no-K4paHe B Mpexara, B p$yJITar Ha Koero 3arbcueHu.sra na pa-sllruutl:re cro6-rqeun.s Bapupar r.r ce uanara 6yt[epupa]Ie Ao ocBo6oxaaBaHe Ha qborBerHl,It

KOMyrilr(aqlroHeH pecypc.Percoufiueypupyeuume Mpe cu ocurypcBar norrlrop$na crpyrrypa ua

Bpr,3rr,rre qpe3 aItHaMr{qHa rrpoMJIHa Ha ronoJlor}Itra na upexure. .{ranaur'rv-Hr.rre npoMeHr,r B ToriojlornjlTa Ira Te3Ir Mpexlr MofaT ga 6r4ar nlrpeuruotpa-3oBa r,rJlu uexgy$a:onn n ce peaJILI3LIpar c IIen:

. ApxumeKmypHa perconfiueypa4rr, r.e. flpeMuHaBalre or eano apxu-TeKrypHO CGCTOTITIe B Apyfo 3a MaKCI4M{IJIHO OplIeHTItpaHe lra CTpyKTypaTa

lI OpraHI.I3aI{}ItTa Ha IIapaJIeJIHaTa KOMIIIOTI,pHa CI{CreMa rr,v cnequSr,ruuu-

re oco6enocru Ha rr3rra'JIHtBaHI,Ig aulropl{T6M;. Percoufiueypa4ull sa ycmori4ueocm Ha omKasu, T.e. eJIITMITHLIpaHe

Ha BJrr.rrHr.lero Ha orKa:|zurure cr.rcreMlru pecypcll B'bpxy r[yurquonupaHero Ha

KOMrIrcTSpHara CnCTeMa KarO Ilqro.Pe4uprcytaquounume Mpeltcu peaJtI,I3I.Ipar Bbrperunocucrerranlla un$op-

Marllorreu o6MeH rIocpe.4crBoM peqr{pKynaqnt Ha c'bo6lqeHlltra rlo quKJII{q-

HH Maprlrp).ru n ce xaparTepr,Brapar or ealra crpaHa c nucor noeSr.rquenr nar.r3rroJr3BaHe Ha arraparHr.rre pecypcl,l, a oT Apym - c [oBI.I[eHa cTerIeH Ha

6noxupane Ha Mpexara, T.e. Ir3IrcKBar 6y$epupaue na cro6rqenusra Ha nq-Ko:r(o tltua I4 cJroxHa rrpuoptlTerua AI,IcqlInJII{Ea na o6clyxoaxe.

Mpelrcu c nbllva cucmeua Ha apb3Kume. Mpexure c ['LJIIra cqcreMana np'sernre (nceru-c-ncern) no cbrllecrBo npeAcraBn.f,Bar eaI-IItcrlleH KoMy-

'r) <

TaTop, KOftTO cB:r,p3Ba Bcr{rrK[ BxOAoBe KbM EceKr,r rr3xoA. .{rzauen ptr naMpexaTa, KofiTo npe.qcTaDt taa naft-gt xtrnn Mapurpyr, e eAHa Bp.r,3ra. JIO_r(a-rruara crerreH na nrsela e N, rugero N e 6porr Ha cB.bp3BaHrrre rrpoqeco-,pr.r. OrKatlT Ha KoMyraropa BoAH Ao orxa3 Ha rlsnara Mpexa. Orrasr,r HaeAHa Bpb3r(a r{3oJrupa or rraparneJruara crrcreMa caMo egr.rH npoqecop. IIpu-Mep 3a TaKaDa Mpexa e o6rqara urraua, IIpu Ko.rro rIeHaTa e O(N). Ocronenrre.(ocToTtrr uA O6X-(aTa lruHa e, qe B AaaeH MoMeHT OT BpeMe Moxe ,4a cooc'6ltlccrnt{ cnMo eAHH l.rnrfopwaquonex rpancrfep, rara rre rrpolycKarerHa-To cnoco6rrocr na Mpexara e O(l). Ha lparrr.rKa npofiyc(are;Hara cnoco6_IIOCT C AOpr{ no-Hr.lcra or O(l) nopagz rfarra, ve rarroBara qecrora Ha o6rqarallHn& naMaJrrBa c yBeJrr.rqaBaHero na 6por ua noproBere. lpyra vpexa crrbrrra clrcreMa Ha Bpb3rrrre e xpoc6aprr. Ocurypxra [polycKareJrHa cno-co6uocr O(N), Ho rleHara My e uporoplr,ronanna na l\p, ,.". O6Nry. IIp,

""""*,cnyqar,r He e BR3MOXHO Aa Ce OCUrypI{ MOAyJTHO pa3rrupeHr.re rra Mpexr{Te onr,JrHa cr,rcreMa Ha Bpb3Knre. Brnperz roBa re vMar Baxrio [paKTl.rqecKonpHJroxeHue, rlfi xaro r.ruAr,rBr{,qyamrrrre Kor\q.raropr{ B o6rqu, clyuafi ocll-ryptDar BbrperrrHo rrBJIHa cl,IcreMa Ha Bp:r,3Kr.ITe u ce r.r3noJr3Bar Karo 6agonr_tt'paAr.rBltl,r 6nonose 3a I,I3rpaxganero Ha no-roreMu vpexlr. florcasaren sarexHoJrorlrqHoTo Hr.rBO rra Mpexr.rTe e cTeneriTa Ha KoMyraTopa npu [prieM_nnua qena. C yoerr,rrlaBauero Ha nlrbruocrra Ha KoMnoHeHTI,ITe B qtrla 6posrUA Bb3'I,ITE, MEXAY KOI,ITO CE OCbIIIECTB'BA N:6JHA CIACTEMA HA BP:T,3KI,ITE OTKOMyTaTOpa, ce yBerHqaBa.

Jlune uu Mpotcu u puHzose. Hafi-npocrara upexa ocr,rrypraa lr.rnefi-Io cBbp3Balre c aB)flIocoqflu Bpb3Ku Ha B'b3Jrllre, o3lraqeHl.r c fiocJleaoBareJr-II{ HoMepa 0, 1, 2,..., r'r'-1 (r[ur. 5.8). .{uaruenptr npn nunefiuara Mpe)Ka e),1-1, cpeguara 4ucrauqvr e npu6arasurenuo 2/3*N, a orKa3T,T Ha earrur.rqHaIprfxa pa3.(enr Mpexara Ha AEe Hecu:r,p:anra vacru (6ucexqr.r.r). Mapurpyrr,r-taqratra B TaKI,IBa Mpexrr e rpnBlranua, r'ri raro sa nc.f,Ka Asofira slsrz crure_)TByBa caMo eArru Maprrrpyr. flopa4lr -nuucara Ha aJrrepEarr4BHr.r Maprrrpyrntpe;lna. a c rr,rneina crpyKTypa He ocurypsBa BbjMoxHocrrr 3a caMoB:b3cra_toBrBaHe r.e. flprr HalJrr,rqlze Ha orKa3rr Aa Moxe ,qa npogrnxn 4a tfyIrKrIIroHr,I_)a MaKap n c HaMa.rreno 6rpaogeficrnue. Mpexara cbA:r,px(a N_l oprsru u'cxunrecxara fi peanr,r3aqru e npocra npu la:rroJrBagero caMo Ha K:r,cr.r BpBgIc{,

Puur (ropyc) or N nrsena (Sur. 5.9) ce Qoprraupa npocro qpe3 cBT,p3Ba_rc rra ABara Kpas Ha Mpexara c rllHeiHa crpyKTypa. flpu peanzsaqr.rx c eg_ronocorlHr.r Bpb3Kr.r, AnaMertpbr Ha puura e N-I, cpeAnara Ar.rcrauqru e N/2r cr,ulecrnyna (yr[Kaneg) eAaHCTBeH Mapr[pyT MexAy BCSKa ABO Ka Bb3rI{.

Perarr.ronnsr aApec Mex.qy B:b3 el B u n:.rlel A e (B_A)modN.IIpu 4ay-ocoqqu Dpb3Ku, Ar.raMeTr,p6T e Nf2, cpe[Hara.4[craHrlr{, e N/3, creneura

26

Ha BrfeJra e 2, a pa3lienfru\PlTe Bpb3KLr, [pI,I KoIaTo ce [or).qaBa 6ncenqus na

MpelKaTa ca ABe. c'r, lecrnynar gna Map[pyra (aBa penaTIrBIrI'I aApeca) Mex-

Ay BCrKa ABOfi(a Bb3JrLI, TaKa qe Mpexara npoa'bJlxaBa aa $yurrylouupa, uarapu c navaneno 6rpooaeficroue, upu orrcas (npertcnane) na e4na nprsra. Mpe-xara c plrEroBa crpyKTypa recHo ce peanl,I3l{pa c Ir3[or3BaHe Ha KbcI'I Bp63KIt.

Mpexara voxe ga 6rge patgerena Ha rloAN{pexn c lraseisa crpyrrypa.Egxovepnnre vpe)KI.I ce I,I3rIoJI3Bar Karo rpa,qIlBHI'I Moaynlr 3a Mpex c

no-cJroxrnlr ront[urypaquu. Ilpocrara uapurpyrl,I3aqlrq v Hucnara a aparuacJro)KHocT rL lpaBr{ I.r3KJIIoq[TeJrHO rIO[yntpHI.I [pI{ JIOKTJIHITTe KOMIIOT'Lp-

Hn Mpexu. flpocrara rexHl,IqecKa pea:rl,r:aql4x lra Mpexara c KT,cL Bp63KIr

aaBa B:b3Mo)KHocr aa ce ocurypu ron.f,Ma utfipnua Ha np, srure (na npaKTI'IKa

or 16 ,qo 128 6ura u noneue).

6.

<Duz. 5.9. Punzoea monorrozutt

a. Puuz (Topyc),6. Puuz, anzattcupaH 3a peatusaqun c Kbcu 6p63Ku

Muozouepnu peaemKu u mopycu. Puarorete Lr fl,ruefiHllre crpyrTypuMomr Aa ce peaJrr.r3r.rpar c no-Bt{cora pa:nepnocr. Ha <[ur. 5.10 ca noraeanurrpr{Mepr{ Ha ,qByMepnu I,I TpI,tMepHI{ Mpexlr. Crenenra Ha KoMyraroplrre Ba-

pupa MexAy d s 2d, rt relo d e rasuepeuuero Ha Mpexara. Cpe4uure orsnufiMAT MAKCI]MAJIHA JIOKAJIHA CTENEH, AOKATO B'b3JINTE B 'I,rJIUTC UMAT MIIHII-

MzLrrHa crerreH, Bcer<u nrgen ce cEbp3Ba c BT,3JIII, Kolrro ce pa3rlrrlaBar orHero caMo no eAHa KoopanHara,

rDuz. 5.8. Jluneiuo ca6p3aaHe

227

6.

IIpa d-vepen ropolaA Bceru{ B'b3gJr IlMa JIoraJIHa creueu 2d npr-r gnyno-

coqnn Bpb3Kr.r r4 e cBbp3alr KbM Bb3nnre, piulJlltqaBaull{ ce c 1 r roopaunara-Ta 3a Bctro r,BMepeHI,Ie. Cpeanara (ol{ylru(aquouHa Alacralrqllt e paBHa Ira

cpe,4rraTa allcTaHrlr4.fl B'bB Bc.fl(o I.r3rnlepenue, MnoroMepHI'ITe Mpexu ce BIpa)K-

Aar B rrJrarrapur{ crpyKTyplt trpe3 Kouupaue na 6a:on gnyrlepex cnafic r.r 4o6a-BsHe rra AontJIHrrr€JIHI4 Bpb3KI,r Mex,ry claficonere (rfur. 5.l l).

flz'peoeuduu cmpyKmypu, flpr rn< rolrynrKaulonnara AucraHIII'rt Ha-

pacrra Jrorapr,rrMutlno c yBentrqaBaHero Ha 6po.a ua nl:nure (Qur. 5.12).

BrsIrdoxeu Maprxpyr ot srger A ao sr,ger B e .qa c€ Aocrl{rue ,uo KopeHa Ha

arpBoro rr orraM .{a ce AocrI,IrHe Ao B:b3el B. Ctrqecroyaa yunra:relr (eguu-

crnen) lrapupyr MexAy BctKa ABofira nr:ln n grpaoro, Karo ce AocrlarHe or

5a3oDfi r?aAtfiEr oryJtrI

@uz. 5.11. Kounosut4ua Ha Mp@rcama ua uodyten npuHqun c aKtaqeaHeua dontauumeanu apb3Ku netcdy caaficume

a.

Quz 5.10. Pewemrca,

fleyuepua peuemKa,mopoud u rcy6

6.Topoud, e. Ry6

,XTX T:q V I K v 9'\

&-.-.& p A

&rA

$a\ \ c

b. d h d p a\e q g \ q

& *\ N a h Aq qv w \

t28 lao

eatlHur Db3er ao o6lll poArTer u cneA ToBa Ao Apynrr Bb3en. cJreaoBaTeJrHotlpu .qbpBoBr4AHrrTe TorroJrorrrlt He cbxIecTByBaT aJrTeHaTr.rBHr.r Mapr p]Tr.r.

OgHa.ranaHero lra ropol.IAa ce ocr,lqecrBtBa, KaKro cJreABa: BceKL npo-qecop P- ce osuaqaBa c ABa riHAeKca, flbpBr.rsr o3uaqaBarq HoMepa Hape1a vDTOpHTT - HOMepa Ha KoJroHaTa Ha rrpoqecopHaTa MaTplrqa.

Marpuqara Ha Mrrnr.rMaurHr{Te (oMyxr,rKalr}roHHu pit3crorHr.t.f, 3a rrapa-leJren roMnrolbp c ronoJrorur ropol,l4 (4x4) e flpeAcraBerra s ra6r.5.l. Ko-MyHUKaIIITOHHT,ITe pa3CTO.sr tr ce InMepBaT B cTbrrKr,r Ha MaprfipyTr.r3arllt, lIcc orHacer 3a rrapaJreJrHr{ cricreMrr, BKrroqBa[Ir.r ao 16 npoqecopa. Oueru4noMaTpr,rqaTa e cr,rMeTpr.rqHa I{ eneMeHTr4T6, BKIITOqeHI_I B rJraBHI4' Ar{arOHaJr, cauylenn, Bceru peA BruIIoqBa MI.IHnMaIIHI,ITe roMyHrrxaldl,IonHtr pa3crorHll AoocraHa"rrr.rre npoqecoplr B MyJrrr,rKoMnrorr,pa. Bcenu npoqecop uwa 4 safi-Slusxu cr,cega, raxa ve 6porr Ha eJreMeHTr.rre Ha Marpr, {ara, s:bAbpxaquorr,ura I n pega, e 4. Hafi-gr,lroro pa3cro.sHr.re 3a (oMyHnrarprrr B KoMyHrrKa-LltlonllaTa Iraarpuqa e 4.

M a mp utqa H a Mu HuMarHu me pa 3cm o.aH ut npu KoMy HuKaqui""ri' irli"; irj(4x 4 npoqecopa)

plr pll pl3 pl4 p2r p22 p23 p24 prl pr2 p$ prt p{ pl' pi, p4ttttctoxltrle

I',,012t12322343123211r10122r2332342t2311r2r0132t2432332r2P( I 2 I 0 2 3 2 1, 3 4 3 2 2 3 2 Illr r 2 3 2 0 I 2 | r 2 3 2 2 3 4 3fi,212310122t233234I'u32t2210132124323lir232II210232I3432Prr 2 3 4 3 I 2 3 2 0 I 2 I I 2 3 2Pr,3234212310t22t23f,rr432332122t0132t2t,r34322321t2102321Prr I 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 I 2 3 2 0 I 2 |I'o2t233234212310121,.,r 3 2 | 2 4 3 2 3 3 2 I 2 2 I 0 Il,{23323432232II210

flpeguvcrno Ha re3lt rorroJlomr,r e npocrorara rlplr ocr,rqecrBrBaHeroit I)lo6aJrHaTa KoMyHuKaqr,I.s, KoMyHI.rKarIItoHHaTa Mpexa oT To3H TI,ITI Moxea 6r,,qe pa3AereHa Ha ADe r.r3oJrr.rpaHr.r qacrr rrpfi npeKbcBauero Ha eArra eAr.rH-Tllc a Dp b3t(a.

30

.{rpaonugnrare crpyKTypr{ eOeKTr.rBHo ce Brpax,qar B rlJraHapHH crpyK-rypu (Qzr. 5.13). IIpu nperr,cBaHe Ha Eprrra rrpr.r KopeHa ce t43onr{pa noJro-BUHaTa OT MpeXaTa. creAoBarerHo KopeH:bT Ha abpBoTo e Ttcllo Mtcro 3a

HaAexAHOCTTa Ha B'bTperl]HOCr{CTeMHaTa KOMyHr4Kaqr.rorrHa Mpexa. Ilponyc-KaTeJrHaTa crroco6nocr ua vpexara Bapupa 3a pa3nlrt{HlrTe HIlBa Ha ,qbpBo-TO, KarO 3a BC.'KO HITBO lra pO,qI{TeJr TS e ABa rrbrr.r [O-B],rCOKa OT Ta3U Ha

Hr,rBoro Ha aeqara. npoflycKareJrHara c[oco6Hocr B paMKr.rre Ha aaaeHoHITBO Ha AbpBOTO e nOCTOqHHa.

rDuz. 5.12. Tonottozus 6uuapno dopeo c.pmupu nuea

<Due. 5.13. Btazane Ha monotoeun 6uuapuo dopeo a naauapuacmpyKmypa

KopeH

Irrcrr

231

Bompeutuocucme-L4Hu KoMyHurca4uoHHu MpeJrcu czc cnpezxamu deo -rfl. Trcuoro M-scro Ha KopeHa Ha AbpBoBr.rArrr,rre crpy(rypr4 Mo)Ke Aa ce npe-)AoJree, aro ce ocuryprr MHoxecrBo Kopenu. Tosa ce nocrnra npl,tvHorocrbnaJrrrnTe Mpexn c-rc cnpenrarn guofiru.

B rouonorraqen acueKT Te BK;rroqBar MuoxecrBo rlpunoKpl,IBaxlu ceqT,pBeTa. B pavrnre na rcrKo cTbnaJro Ha Mpex(aTa KoMyTaTopr.rTe ca pa3Ae-

[eHu Ha,qBofiKra, raro BcrKa rBoiKa KoMyraropu or Aa.[eHo crarraJro ce!Rr,p3Ba c roqHo orrpeAeJrena anofina Korrqrraropr{ or cJreABauoro crbrraJrorpes cnequ$uvna ronrfurypaqraa ua npraxure (rpuuqun na cnpernarlrre 4nofi-ru). flpurraepulr Mpexu or ro3r, TorroJroruqeri K;rac ca v.pelnure Bulterfly v)mega, cns4anenr.r cnequaJrno 3a lapaJreJrrrara peaJru3a\ufl, Ha FIIO, xufiep-icy6oaere, Mpe)Kara sa Benes r.r 4p. Tonororraara Ha Mpexa Butterfly, peanz-lnpaHa c Korvryraropr{ 2x2, e npegcraneua ua $ur. 5.14,

Iloresqlrarno ro3n TorroJrorurtreH KJrac Mpexu He ocuryprBar B:r,3Mox-rocrr{ 3a roJrep}rpaHe Ha orKa3u, r.sfi raro Maprnpyrrrre B T.fi ca yHr,IKaJIrIu.

L:Ia nparrura, o6a.re, ano e nper:bcHara Bp:rr(a or o'r:en ,4 4o n'r,:er B, e

i) r,3MoxHo .qa ce r{3noJBBa Mapup)rrbT oT Bb3en A ao s'L,zen C u cJreq ToBa -Maprrpyrr,T or Bb3eJr C Ao n'r,gen .8. flpu 6pofi Ha cB'bp3BaHure vogyarl lfKol{yHr4KarluorrHoro pa:croxulre e /og"V Epb3Kr.r, Karo Mpexara c'sgrpxa o6rqoYIogJ{ spt zrcu, Tono.rorusra ua upexa Benes e npe,qcraleua Ha Olrr. 5.15.

t32

rfruz. 5.14. Mpettcoea mono-nozuu Butter|ly

233

@u2.5. i,5. Mnozocmtnanna upetca Bennes

Konyuurcaquouau npomoKonu. B lrpexure or BbrpelrrnocI'IcreMHI'I

Bp53Kn Ha rlapajrenHllTe roMrIroTapHI,I clIcreMI,I Morar Aa ce I8rloJl3Bar cJIeA-

HHTe MeTOAII Ha Korvq/ral$s:e Rouyma4ua Ha KaHaru, rofiro e eSerrnneH rlpu o6MeH Ha roJIeMI4

MacHBu or aarrur.r Ir oco6eno npn $ynrquouupaHero Ha MyJITI'InpoqecopHa

apxl.rre(rypa B pexulr,r SIMD;o Ko,uymaqua Ha naKemu, rofiro e eQerrr,rreu nplr o6MeH Ha (parKll

cnHxpoHlr3npaqu cro6rqenu.s, nar<eru clyxe6nn npouecu ranrl clyxe6nr'tnareru c nn$opvaqfis 3a pa3npeAeJIeHl4ero lra roBapa B napaJlenHara crpyK-

rypa;. I:Inmezpupau uemod na Kouymaqufl, lpu rofiro npl.r Harnqrlero Ha

p$epBrrrr Maprxpyr[ e B63MoxHa KoMyTawATa sa rIaKeTrI napalleJrlro c Ko-

Myraqr4rra Ha rtaHiurra c orpaul,Iqeua rontpurypaprx. ,{.l.nxnuara u xou$ury-paq .sra Ha r€HaJrr.rre rpl6na ga ce nol6upar c orJlea ia He ca Hapylnll

ntJIHOTaTa Ha CITCTeMaTa oT Bp63KI,ITe Me)KAy I(OMyTaqI{OHHI',ITe Bb3nlt, pea-

Jr43'dpAr\U KOMyrarI[qTa Ha naKeTI,I.

Mero,a'sr na nor'ryraq[f, n y[paB.[tBauII{Te (byHKqI'Iu ca Brpa,qeHI'I B Ko-

Mytrl,IKaur.roHHr,rTe Bb3JIIr B C'bOTDeTCTBITe C I,I3I,ICKBaHUSTa 3a Ir3rIOJI3BaHItTe

KOMynHKaqrroHHI,I npoTo(onu, KoLrTo MoraT .qa ce pa3rnexaaT lla ABe HHBa.

I(ouyuura4uouuume npomoKotu om n6pso Hueo peanfirsrrpar nporleAypara3a Mapnpyrr.r3arlur, T.e. )mpaBnennero Ha ArrHaMlqHara perox$urypaqur uaKOMyTaTOpHnTe ereMeHTr4 3a TpacrpaHe Ha ghoTBeTeH MaprrpyT Mexay r.r3-roqHnxa r rrpueMur.rra ua cr,o6llexuero. Kouynurcaquoutume npomoKoruom smopo Huao Il3IlI'JtHflBAT npOIIeAypaTa no ycTaHoBtBaHe Ha Bpb3KaTa.

5.4. KOMYHI4KAUIII4 B I\{YJITI,IKOMIIIOTPKI

Mytmurcounnmpz. Kruoqosure pecypcn Ha rrapirneJrHara KoMrrlorbp-rra apxHTeKT)?a ca npoqecopnTe rr BsTpeuJHocrrcTeMHaTa KoMyHr.rKarlr4orrHa\{pexa. Or ureAna roqKa Ha rlpol.I3ooanreJluocrra BbrpelnHocr,rcreMHaraKoMynu(auuorrHa crpyrrypa u lpolycKareJruara cnoco6nocr ca KrrorroBrz

larropu npra [poeKTr{paHero Ha rrapzrJreJrHr.r MarrruHr{. flapanerrur apxr4TeK-rypu 6es r.ro6a:rNa rraMer, rrplr rouTo Kor\,ryurrraqusra ce peaJrr.r3rrpa qpe3

)6MoH Ha cro6nqenrar, ce Hapr.rqar apxumeKmypu c pasnpedetena nanem'tru Myrmuvo nnmpu ($ur. 5.16).

<Due. 5.16. Etorcoea cxeua Ha MyrmuKonntumbp

Ha nparrurca re ce cqr,rrar 3a lapanenHr{ apxl{TerT1fpr cbc cpeAuo Hr,rBo

w vapatetus't u. MytmuKounpmpume uozam da ce wncufiu4upam rcamoMwuuu c y+ufiuqupaH u ueyuuSu4upan docmtn, npu Koero Aocrlrr.lr cerTltacfl ga pa3crorHrnero MexAy npon:aolna gnofixa npoqecopn. flapanelulr

34

MPEXA OT BbTPEIIIHOCI4CTEMHI4BPb3K14

KOMnIOTpr,r c MHorocTarrulHl,r KOMyHI',IKaqnOHHI',T Mpe)I(U ca [pI'IMep Ha Mallu-nn c ytu$ugupan Aocrbn. Apxurerrypure c o6ven na cro6rqesm, ocHora-

Hr.r Ha rorrorronrrl roporag (Our. 5.17), xranepry6 ($m. 5.18) u pequpKyrlaqr-r

($ar. 5.19), ca npxMepl{ Ha apxl,IreKTypl'r c ueyruifuqnpau 4ocrsn. Tesu pas-

rnqllu apxr,rTeKTypHl{ CTI,IJIOBe I{MaT pa3nHqHO BnI,ISfllIe Bbpxy cltcreMHaTa

npor,r3BoAI,ITeJIHocr. 3a Aa ce yBeJLIuu eQerrunnocrra xa napa:Ie.nnara o6pa-

6orra, rpa6na aa ce )rBetLIqlI rpauyrsplrrerr'T, T.e. aa ce [3rIoJI3Ba cpe.qno

Hr,rBo Ha napaJIeJIIr3:LM.

Pen 4

Pe.q 3

Pen 2

Pe,q I

Auz. 5.17. fpafr - meopemuwu uodet ua mopoud (16 npoqecopa)

Karo ce eoeve npegnug $arttr, ue BcLIqKIn acrIeKTI{ Ha KoopAHHaIIusra

na npoqecure (uu<lopwaquonen o6ven, cramrpouu3aql{s I'r B3aItMHo lr3r;rroq-

EaHe) rrplr MyJrrrrKoMrlrorpllTe ce pezrJIH3LIpar qp* KoMyHItKarvt, oqeBI{AHo

e, qe KoMyHr{KaIII4tTa MeXAy rlpoqecopnTe e oclroBaTa Ha BcI'lqKI{ flpllnoxe-Hu.l, u3n:r,rurlBaxt Ha napaJIenHI,I roM[rorpl'r. Onrlrr.aalnoro pa:np'bcrBaHe e

rDuz. 5.18. lpafi - meopemuqen uoder ua xuneprcy6 (16 npo4ecopa)

\

235

)ar{H oT rJraDHr,rTe npo6neMn Ha Kor\{yHrrKaurrrTa Ha MyJlTr.rKoMUrOTpA C par-IpeAeJrena naMer. IIpz pasnp.scxaaHero e, .rH npoqecop KoMyHnKnpa eAHo n:trqo cro6lleure K:r,M Bcr,rrrKr.r ocraHiutlr. Totr.r upoqecop ce Hapr{qa n3Toq-rr.rx Ha pa3rrp:bcKnanero. 3apexgaHero Ha eAr{n rr cbuln [porpaMeH Ko.q or[pour-eu4 flpoqecopa BbB BcraqKr.r fipoqecop[ e rr{n}rqeH rrpr.rMep Ha pa3-rp'r,crBaHe. Pexuw, npn rofiro e,qr.rn npoqecop Moxe Aa KoMynxKr.rpa eAHoD-)eMeHHo npe3 BcurrKlrre cr{ noproBe ce Hapurra pex M rro ,,n-nopra,, unzrexuv ,,rperqene".

Auz. 5.19. lpafi - meopemuqen uode.n Ha Mpextca c pe4upKyra4utt(16 npoqecopa)

Ocnonen upo6lertr e Aa ce H3cJIeABa BJILr.rHr,rero Ha crlcreMHara rtoMy-n&aq[oHna rorroJrorrrr Br,pxy rno6annara cr{creMHa rrporr3BoA[TeJruocr Haafi-pasnpocrpanear,rre MyJrrr,rKoMnrorprn B cJryqar{Te rra rrHTeH3xBHa KoMy-uKarlrrs KaTo pa3np'bcKBaHe B pexr.rM ,,n-[opTa".

Cxeuu ua KowyHuKa4uume. flpoerrupanero Ha (oMyHn(aqlroHur,rreIO,qenH Ce OcHoBaBa Ha nprKOTo sr,oTBeTcTBfie rr.rexgy rpa$zre G(YE) orc4 lf u uy.nrraxounrorpure c N upoqecopa. Bcenu nroer Ha rraHoxecrsoro ,/r,o'rBercrBa Ha flpoqecop, rofiro e nb3en Ha MytrlrKorvnroropa lr ncmo pe6-o rra MrroxecrBoro E crorsercrsa Ha (oMyHnRaq[oHHa BpB3Ka. Axo crqe-rnysape6po (x,y) e d crornernrur npoqecop x Mox(e Aa ugnparr.r cro6lrenr.rer.rpcKrHo Ao npoqecop y. B npornneu clyuai (r.e. 4x,y)> I, ru,aero d(x,y)peAcraDJrrBa KoMyHr{Karrr{oHHoro pa3crorHre Mex,qy lpoqecopule x t y),t o6qequero orx rpr6oa ga npeuune upe3 Apyrn MexAuHnr.r npoqecopu, 3an .qocrurue MecroHaBuaqenr.rero y. flpueva ce, qe KoMyHr,rKarlurra ce pea-q3Hpa qpe3 npoqeAypr{ sa o6ven na cro6rqenua.

l6

Tranuvxo, rorvrynv KaIInoHHItre Bp63Kt ca ABy[ocoqHI{ It ce I'I3rIoJBBar B

pe)ru.rM Ha rrpeaaBaHe rrt.rleH aynJlerc. CneaosarerHo HLIe MoAeJIIzpaMe Myn-

rrrKoMrrrorbpa c1'c cuMerpuqeH HacoqeH fpa;6 G*(I4E), rugero acxro pe6po

ua E(G) c'uoraercrBa Ha aBe cI,IMerpLIqHI,I pe6pa or E(G*). flpra nonevero orcb[IecrByBarrlrare MyJITI{KOMIIOTpII npoqecopnTe MofaT eAHoBpeMeHHo,[a

KoMyHrrrc.rpar rlpe3 BcnqKllre clr floproBe c Hafi-6nnsKl,Ire cu ctceAra. TorltHarrurr Ha KoMyHIIKaqujr ce Hapr.rqa ,,pexnM lra xperqene" (ulra pexuv no z-nopra) B nporr.IBoBec Ha pexI,IMa ,,ulenor", flpu (ofiTo BceKlr fipoqecop Moxe

Aa r.r3nolnBa caMo eAurl nopr B AaAeH MoMeHT or nperre (uapuua ce c'brqo

pexuM c egun nopr).Touororuqnr.rte KtacoBe, KoHTo pa3rrexAaMe, ca ropoll4, xunepry6 u

peu[pxyJraq[onHa Mpexa c6c cIIperHaTLr aBofiKlr. f paoIITe, peI3raPjr\\rTe3I{ TO[OJrOrUt Ca IIHKJII,ITIHII It Ocl.rfyptBar nbJIHa cI,IcTeMa Ha Bp63KI'ITe,

T.e. Te ca cnJrHo cBbp3aHr.r. Bcuuru vapurpyrl B paMKIlTe Ha B:LTpeIIrHocLrc-

T€MHUTe (OMyHI{Kaqr4OHHr.I Mpe)KU LIMar aJITepH TLiBIi rIOpaAn III'IKHJII,IqHa-

Ta crpyKTypa Ha rono.rorr,rure. C:srqecrByBauero Ha MHoxecrBo HecB'Lp3alrl,r

rlarrrrqa MexAy ncgra Anofina B'b3nlr ocurypqBa 3HaqnreJll{a orra:oycrofi-qr,rBocr Ha B6TpernHocncreMHara KoMyHItKauI.IoHHa Mpexa. Texsr'rqecroror,r3rrbJrHeHrre c KoMyraropn 2x2 ocuryptsa JIoKanHa cteneu 4 3a BceKIr orrpaO[Te. C:reaosarenso 3a BceKlr uerupu nafi-6lu:KIi c:bceAHla rlpoqecopl.r

c'bulecTByBa MI,HI{MaJrHO pa3CTOrIHIte 3a KOMyHI,IKaIIUS OT eAHa CT.BIIKa Ha

Maprxpyrr,r3aurrr,

Prr Pn Prr Prr P2r P22 Pr: Pzr Prr Prz Pl Prl Pa Po Po PlrPl3cro{rrne

Prr01211232PDl0r22l23Pr:210r3212Pur2l0232lP:rl2320l2rPn2l23l0l2P2j32t22lolPr232tr2loP!| 23431232P'32342123PJ}43233212P 34322321Pfrt2322343P,,,21233234P4t32t24323Ps23323432

a. Mampu4a Ha JvtuHuMalrHume pa3cmonHua npu Koh4)tHuKa4un 3a

mopoud (4x4 npo4ecopa)

23431232323421234323321234322321r23223432t233234321243232321343201211232101221232t013212t2102321t23201212t2310t2321221012321t210

237

P$crorHre Pu Pr Pt2 |JP!PlsPrP,'Pt1232

221231321202321201213101222101ll2t0223433323424323134323123242t23332t222321

P,, PI P,{ P2322r2332r243213343123423233432212ll0122l0l321022320t23lt22.232tl

3

2342I232

I2

3223

4

Pr Pa433423323223t22t3223I22l2lt20l10

Prr

PI'PrlPr

I'r'

0I22I2321

2

33

PrrPrrP!!Pr

43

23

6. Mampu4a Ha MuHuna,xHume pascmo.nHu.fl npu KoMyHuKaqun 3axunepKy6 ( 16 npoqecopa )

:tNcrof,ruc Pll PD PlJ Pt{ Pzl P2t Pr. Prr Prt P!2 Pr! Prl P.ll P.rz P,tJ Ps&rttnPrrluPrrPnPrrP1.l

PlrPrt&rP;llirI'nPoP{,t

s. Mampu4a Ha ILuHuMaJlHume pa3cmotHun npu KoMyHuKaqut 3apequpKyJ'ra4uoqqa MpeJEa cbc cnpezHamu deo rcu (16 npoTecopa)

rDue. 5.20. Mampu4u Ha MuHuMarHume paicmosHun 3a KovyHuKa4uttHA nonyJ't-fl pHume MyrmuKoMnfimpu

OgHa.rasaHero Ha roporrAa ce ocb[IecrB.sBa, Ka(To cJIeABa: BceKr,r npo-lccop Pil ce o3rraqaBa c aBa HHAeKca, [6pBr.rsT o3HarraBaul HoMepa Ha peAa u'ropr{rT - HoMepa Ha KoJroHaTa Ha [porlecopHaTa Marpr{qa. flpoqecopr.rrelo 4-MepHrrr xHrrepKy6 cr,rqo ce_ o3HaqaBar c ABa r.rHAeKca P- : IlbpBr,tqr r,rE.(cxc ce oTnacr 3a HoMepa Ha Ky6a, a BTopr.rrT e nocJreAoBaTeJrHr.rrT rioMep Ha

38

012t41212323432310t23212t2323434210123232t4t2343t21032t2123234344323032341212t2112323032141432122t2t23032t4t2343t2323230t41432t22t214t21032343233212t4t4303212322343214t2303212t32121414323012324323232341210t213434123232t210122343214t23232t013434t23232t2t210

IIpoqecopa B paM(HTe na To3r,r I(y6. KoMyr{r.rKaqr.roHrrrrre Bp:b3Kn ce ycTaHoBs-

Bar, Karo ce noarllrlrtBaT Ha cJIe.4HoTo lrpaBrrJro: npoqecop P,, ce cnr'pena cnporlecop PrI Osua'ranauero Ha peqr4pKynaquoHHaTa Mpexa ce noAqI.IHtBaHA npaBtrltara, npunoxeHl,I K'r,M ToporrAa.

Marpuqure lra Mr.rurrMaJrHure KoMyHt(auuoHuu pa3crotnu.s 3a rplrrerlrrKrrrrqHr4 TonoJrornlr ca npe,qcraBeHr.r Ha (buf. 5.20. KouynuraquoHHlrTe pa3-

cTotHI,It ce I,I3MepBaT B CT'LrrKH Ha Maprnp)rTr.Ballllt lI Ce oTHactT 3a flapaJler-Hrr crrcreMrr, BrurrorrBarqH ao 16 npoqecopa. OqeBuAHo, Marprrq}lTe ca

Ptr

Prz

IPt:

IPzr

Pzq

I

Prr

Pr PreJIPrz Pze

IPzt

\Pzz

tPzz

Pzr\--.--.-.

PtsI/Pzs Pzq

,lv

Prq

IPre

JPze

.-1-_.ra;==-;,

P:q

IPl

Pqr Pzz

IP:z

(a) e mopoud

IP:r Pqz

Ipa:r

Pp

(6) e xuneprcy6

239

Prr

Ps: Pn:ttPn Pu

+Par

Pr+

IPzt

IP:r

Pu

IPr:

IP:z

tPzt

*----t/ \\*Pzt

IP:r

(e) e pe4uprcynatluo*Ha Mpetrca czc cnpeeuamu deo xu

<Duz. 5.21. Paswupxear4u ce iiapwpymu sa pasnpzcrceane om P,,

cHMerpHqHI-I lI eteMeHTHTe, BKrroqeHr,r B fJIaBH[t .u,HaroHaJr, ca uynenu. Bce-KIt pe.q BKJTIOqBa MI,IUI,IMaJIHT{Te KOMyHrrKaqrrOHHr,r pa3CTOrHIIg AO OCTaHULI]r-

Te npoqecopu B Myrrurori,nrrotrpa. BceKr,r npoqecop uMa 4 nafi-6llr:ru crce4a,rara ue 6porr ua eJreMeHTr,rre Ha Marpnrlara, cbAbpxau1r cmnna I B peAa, e

4. Hafi-aurroro pa3crosHr,re 3a KoMyHHKarIr{e BbB BcHqKr{ (oMyHn(aqr,roHnu

naarprqu e 4.Pasnpr,cxeauero n pexr.rM Ha ,,Kperqene" ce ocsrqegruBa rro pa3rxr.rprBa-

rqH ce Maplllpyrlr, KoHcTp)'l,tpilHl,r KaTo ce r.I3noJI3Ba KpuTepr.rrT 3a Mr4Hr4M[3trpa-

c Ha pauxoAr,rre 3a rouyuranaqru. Ha $ur. 5.21 ca [pegcraBeHu pa3lrupsBarl[Tese Mapup)'rr4 3a pa3npbcKBaHe sr,orBeTHo 3a Tpr{Te TorroJroftrfi.

5.5. CTP}'KTYPA 14 OPIAHI{3AIII4{ HA MPEXI,I 3A fIAPAJIEJIHPIKOMTIIOTPI4 C KOHBEIZEP?I3HPAH TPAHCOEP

Rouyuurayuouen uodea c rcouee epusupan mpancfiep. Brrpeunocu-i'l eMnaTa KoMyHHKaqHoHHa Mpe)r(a Ha rrapajleJrrlfi.tr KoMIrIoTGp cl,A',bpxa Ko-\,ryraropra, cn'bp3arru c KoMyrrr{Kaqr.roHrrr.r KaHaJrr{. Koruyraropure cB:bp3Bar

[nrcupau 6pofi oxo4nu raualu rsv Qurcupan 6pofi urxo4nu ranalr,r. Epoxrra KoMyrr,rpaHnTe nxo,qulr (u:xognr.r) raua;ru ce saprrrra crereH Ha KoMyraro-:a. flpn gnperruure Mpexr,r KbM Dcerd{ KoMyrarop e cnrpsau npoqecop flpo.

t40

qecopnre relrepr4par I,I TepMLrHHpar rpa$IrKa, Aoraro KoMyraroplrre caMo

nplr.qBnxBar rpa(bl,IKa.

Brrpeunro clrcreMHara KoMyHnKaqI{oHHa Mpexa ce xapaKTeplr3lapa c

TOnOJrOrlrrTa Cr.r, aJrropr.rTbMa 3a Maplllpyfl.I3allus, cTpaTetugTa 3a KoMyra-qurl r,r MexaHn3Ma 3a )mpaBJIeHI,Ie Ha noToKa.

Merogrr ua rolryrallu.s oupeAent [o KaKbB HarruH Aann]rre s c:bo6lqe-

Huero ce Maprrrpyrnsupar. CrrqecrByBar.qBe ocHoBHIr crparer{}r 3a KoMyra-qrr. flpu Kortymaqunma Ha KaHaJru Mapurpyrrr or lt3TotIHIrKa .4oMecroHa3Haqeurrero ce routfurypvpa u ce p$epollpa, aoKaro ual(elr'T Aoc-TI{rHe rrpe3 MpexaTa .qo MecroHa3lraqeHl,IeTo. Ta3I{ crparerl,I.t ce I,I3not3Ba

npr.r releSonnure cucreMll, (olrro ocurypsBar Bpl3Ka rlpe3 Mnoro KoMyra-Topr.r 3a DceKr.r Tene$onen pasrorop. A;lrepHarI,IBaTa e aa ce v3rror3Ba KoMy-

ma4ul Ha naKemu, npr,r Kosro cto6[Ienuero ce .qeKoMrlo3l{pa Ha

rrocJreAoBareJrrrocr or narerlr. flaKerr'T c6Ar,pxa ooen 4aunu, untfopMaql{.,I3a Mapl]Ipyrr,r3aqvsv ope!..r.ur ct uovep n c'r'o6rqenr,rero. flarerure ce vap-rnpyrl43lrpar r,rHAI{Br,I.qya-[Ho or I,I3ToqHI,rKa Ao Mecroua:uavenuero, B o6rquxcnyvafi r<ouyraqr,rrra Ha rraKerl.I oclrrypraa no-go6po LI3rIoJBBaHe Ha Mpexo-Br{Te pecypc[, rrfi rcaro Bpr3KrlTe u 6y$eprare ca 3aeru caMo rlo BpeMero Ha

flpe.{aBaHero Ha naKeT.

Mexanugvrr 3a ylpaBJrerille Ha noroKa oflpeAeJll r<ora clo6rqenaerot4tr4 qac'fu oT Hero ce [prABrrxBa no Mapmp]Ta. Ynpaueurae Ha floToKa ce

Hzlrrara, l{oraro ABe nJrr{ rroueqe cro6qenu.r ce onHTBar Aa I,I3IroJr3Bar e.ulrlt usbrrr Mpex(oB pecypc (uanpuvep ranar) e4uoopeueuuo. BArlH or rroroqlrre B

rparfma uoxe 4a 6r4e rag:rpNan Ha Mrlcro, 6yQepupau, peuapupyrl43llpauno aJrrepHarr-rBeH Mapupyr utu [pocro orcrpaHeH or Mpexara. flpu 4uper-Txrrre Mpexn Maprnpyrr,r ce ocuryprBar Mexay Bctra 4aofira rolra5rraropn.

B uose.rero or c'bBpeMelrHltre rIapaJIeJIHI,I KoMrIrcTpI,I ce I,I3noJBBa Ko-

Myraqu.s Ha rrareru. flarerrr npeacraBrsBa rrocJeaoBareJlHocr or allrnraJr-HH cI{MBoJrI.r rr JronrqecKl,I ce c6crol,I or rpr,I qacrH. 3amasneto e B HaqaJloro

Ha rra(€Ta u o6rrKrroBeHo cbAbpxa uu$oplrauur sa uapmpyrr.Ballnt lI ynpaB-

JreHr{e 3a Kor{yraropr.rre r,r Mpe)Konr.rr unrepSefic oruocuo rpauc$epa Ha rla-KeTa, npnHocrrTen ua rasu r.rutfopvaqn.n. Torapuara qacT Ha naKera cbA'bp)Ka

aaHHr{Te, ronro ce [peAaBar npes Mpexara. Oualrrara (rpefinr,p) e B Kpa.t

Ha naKeTa !r B o6[IHr cryuafi ctgrpxa KoHTporHuq xog. 3ar.nanr.rero cr,rqoMO}CE AA I,IMA OTAEJIEH KOIITPOJIEH KOA.

,{nara ocxornu uexanrd3Ma 3a r(oscrpyr{pase na a6crpar<qr.ru B I(oHTe(-

cra Ha Mpexrrre ca xancyruparrero u $paruenraquxra ($ur. 5.22). Kancylu-paHero rrpe.qnoJrara crAbpxaHne Ha uu$opuaqur sa npororoJra or no-BHcoKo

HHBo B Her{rrrepnperr.rpaHa $opva arn <lopuara Ha rraKera 3a AaAeHo HLIBo.

241

OPATME}{T}TPAIIE

--1 nA-"',-"' II<fw}' KANCYJ]HP AHE

\--..--\1

uufiopua4uama npuKOMnnmpu

*--;l NAKET #2 IIAKET #n

I ooPMAT ]rA rrAr(ETA Jt_____------V.-

6d

F

cbue. 5.22. {Fpaeueumupane u KancyrrupaHe Ha

KOMIHUKA4U.n I .L4pntCU 3A nApAretHU

,

RRRR--Rno EAHH @LtT

3A MAIIIHHEH ITHK:bJI

OparMeHTarlu.tra rlpearronara ,qeKoMlro3l,Ipauero Ha unSoprraarlrarra aa npo-ToKoJIa or rlo-Buco(o HIrBo B rlocneaoBarerHocr or cro6ureuus Ha AaaeHo

nraso. 3auasr4eto u o[arrrKara Ha rlaKera $oplrupar ulnx, xofiro ce ,IHTep-

rrperrrpa or Kol{yraropl,Ire I{ Karlcynupa gauuure. fiut[opvaqNxra, cBbp3aHa

c rrporoKona Ha HI4Boro lra reKyrrlut B63eJI, ce ct',[apxa B 4aunrare' Hanplr-Mep 3atBKa 3a qeTeHe TurruqHo ce [peAaBa Ha KoHTpoJrepa I]a narMeTTa B eAI{H

rra(eT I,I oTroBopbT Ha cSoTBeTHLlS pea B Kema gbrllo ce cba'LpxaT B eAuH

narer. Konrpolept,r Ha rlaMerra He ce lruTepecyBa or Mapupym Ha rlaKera

ram.r or $opwara rra 3arJraBl,rero IrJrI.I Ha orlalrrara. B culoro npeve Mpex(ara

He ce rrHTepeclta or tfopvara na saxBKara 3a aucraHulroulro qerexe B noJrero

3a AaHHr.r. I-oncM MacraB or aaHHI,I He Moxe aa ce [pe,4aAe c eAun narer. Toft ce

$parvenrupa ua HsKorKo flaKera. Bcexn naxer rpx6na ,ua or,q:rpxa uuQopua-r{rrr, Kosro Aa }'(a3Ba I\tlcroro, IoAero aaHlrllre rpx6na ga 6raar npe.4a,qesu

lrln xofi (tparveur or rrocJreAoBareJluocrra or aaHHlt ce cbatpxa B rlaKera.

Koruyraquara Ha KaHaJrH Tpa,4I-IquoIrHo ce H3noJBBa B TeJIeKoI{yHI,IKa-

rlr,ronHr.rre Mpexu nopa4u $arra, ve BpeMero 3a ycrauoB.tBaue Ha Bp:BKara e

KparKo B cpaBHerrte c BpeMerpaeHero ua reneSonurur paaronop. TosI,I MeroAHa KoMyraqug ce u3noJr3Ba nprr M,rJrKa qacr or flapane:Iunre rounrorpu. BaxnaprrJrrrKa npu fiapzrlleJlut{Te MarurHI{ e, qe (aHa-trbr ce xon$urypupa vpes Map-

rrrpyrr.r3r.rpaHeTo Ha c6o6qeHraeTo npe3 Mpexara, Karo Maprup)"TbT ce pe3ep-

Br.rpa orBopeH sa BpeMerpaeHero Ha o6uena. TpaquqllonHlltr rlo,e(o.q e.{a ce

orrpeaenrr MaprIrpyrr.T nprr I{3ToqHLrKa! cJeA Koero ce ron$uryprapar xouy-Taropr4Te !r locJre ce [pe,4aBa untfopuaqu.n no KaHuIJIa.

flplr rovyraqrarTa Ha rraKerr4 rropqlitTa uutloprrlaqzl, [peAaBaHa no

Aa.qeHa KoMyHuKarIuoHHa Bp'63Ka B paMru{Te Ha ealru qrarr,n, ce xapnua Su:u-qecKa eAr.rnnqa lrnr,r $ur (phit). Pa:Mepbr My ce oflpe4en.r or 6pox ua luunr,r-Te 3a ,{auHr.r B KoMyHrr(au[ouul{t KaHaJr H ce InMepBa Karo 6pofi 6nroBe,obMeHsHr.r B paMKI,ITe Ha eAI,IH MaIrrIrHeH IrIrKbJI.

Munuvarsara uN$opnaaquouna egI,IHLIqa, Kosro MoNe ga 6rge npe,4a-

AeHa no Dp'b3Ka r.r Moxe Aa 6:sge npnera IIJrI,I orKa3aHa B paMrI,ITe Ha eAHa

MpexoBa Tparra(qrre, ce Haprrqa noToKoBa e.4I,IHI4qa uru tpnur. Tofi voxe ga

6'rge va:m KoJrroro $m utn aa LrMa pa3Mepa Ha rlaKera ra.nr.r oso6rqenue.IIpu rwroro cbBpeMeHr{r.r [apa.JreJIHIa KoMnlorplr $rarr'r r.I Snr,rrur cunagar.

Mapurpyrusaquxra rrpr.r Mpe)ru:r c Ko\dyraql,Is Ha rlaKerlr LIMa cJreAHr{Te

AJITCPH ATI,IBI{:

. Mapurpyrfisaqxs c aKyrlqnupaHe Ha lraKera I{ locneaBal! rpancQep(store-and-forward);

r Mapupym:aqua c ronneiepn:rapan tpauu[ep na naxera (cut-throughrouring).

243

Ha rlur. 5.23 e rroKa3aH Moaerbr Ha KoMyHr.rKaqr{r [pr{ Mpexu c rpaHc-)ep ,,aKyMyJrr.rpaHe u rpancQep". flpu uero naKerar ce arlMyJrrrpa B roMy-aTopa .qo nplreMaHeTo Ha BcI,IqI(I,rTe rvry <[.nurose, KaTo e,4Ba cneA ToBa Toie llpeaaBa KbM cneABaIIIu.fl KOMyraTOp rro MaprrjpyTa K.r,M .4ecTr,rHarl[rTa.

OJErmDe

IhftcI i

KoM)"rarop 2x2 KoriJ,r{o(atlroHeH (lrtan

<Due.5.23.

,4

Mapwpymusa4ua c aKyrryJrupaHe Ha naKema um p au cS e p ( st ore - an d-fo rw a rd)

flpu rouyraryrrra Ha narerrr Morar Aa Ba3HrrKHar KoH$nrrru npu ncexN

KorvryraTop. IIpu waprupyfl,rsHpane c aKyMyJrnpaHe rra flal(era E rrocJre,qBarrl

rpanc$ep, aKo MHoxecrBo naKeru ca 6y{epupauu B KoMyraropa, rr3r.rcKBarqu

ealrH r{ ctrrlu r.r3xoAeH KaHaJr, caMo eauH rqe 66Ae us6pan sa [peAaBaHe, aocraHaJrr{re rraKerr.r ca 6nonlrpanlr n 6y$epa, goraro 6'lgar m6panu. flo raxrnnavun ronQnurrr.rre sa 3aeMaHe Ha o6uu MpgxoBu pecypcn .4o6aB.sr .qon'br-HnTeJTHO 3aK:bCHeHrie [OpaArr rlpecTot B onamKr{Te r]a r(oMyTaTopa.

flpu norevero napa-neJrHn KoMnrorpn ce lprmara Kovr]"Tarr[r Ha rraKernc roHBeiepr€upana MapIlIp)'TrI3 arlur, npu Koero Korvr)"Tarop6T BeMa peue-nr.re 3a Maprnpyrr,Barr[r cJrea anzurn3a Ha nl,pBnre HrroJrro $nura ua saraa-BI.reTO I,I OclrryptBa B63MOXHOCT OCTaIiiLIIaTa qaCT Ha [aKeTa 4a Ce ,,npeXe"oT BXOAHr,rr KaHan AO I,,3XOEHVS KaHaJr, TaKa rre AOpu npeAaBaHeTO Ha eArrH

eAr4HcrBeH rrar(er e KoHBeiieprr3rrpaHo. Ha $ur, 5.24 e rrora3aH MoAeJrbr Ha

KoMynr.rKarlln npn Mpexlr c r<onlefieprasrapan rpancrlep Ha rraKerrr.

Heo6xoar,rvo e aa ce or6elexu, qe npu xonnefiepu:upanara Mapnpy-Tv3a\ s, eAHo e,qr{HcrBeuo cto6uenue Moxe ,qa aHfaxupa qeJrr4.s MaplrpyroT r.r3ToqrrrrKa ao AecTr,rxaqr.r.sTa aHarorurtrHo Ha KoMyraquxra ua rana:rra. 3ar-JraBrrero Ha cr,o6qeHr.rero xonQraryprapa Maprflpyra, npragauxsafiru ce rr,vAecrr{Haqnrra, AoKaro o[arnrara na cro6rrleur,rero ocno6oxgana vapmpyra,npeunuanafir<n npe3 qero. Or r.re4ua roqKa Ha Maprnpyrr{3r.rpaHero Ha eAr.r-

HItqeH [aKeT MpexaTa Moxe aa ce pa3rnex.qa I(aTo Konae ep c'bc cboBeTHoTo

BpeMe 3a 3anbnBane (lrnlrqnairn:aqux), gur6ouuua n rarr. Pagruwr,rre crpa-Terr.rr 3a Korr4/Taqr.s r{ Mapupyrr.r3aqrrq upe,qonpeAerrT pa3JruqHr.r e(be(TnB-nH crpyKTypr.r aa rounefiepa, AoKaro ronoJrorlrrra, rrpolycKareJruaracnoco6nocr Ha Bpr,3Kure u $panraenraqurra orrpeAeJrrr 6po.r na t[arure uTaKlra Ha ronnefiepa. flparruvecru Mpexara BKrrroqBa B3ar,rMrro npennereHr{qacrrr or MHoxecrno xounefiepu. OcrroBHrrrr Morr.rB,qa ce n3noJr3Ba Mpexa, axe o6rqa nrrHa, e Aa ce oclrrypu B'r,3Moxxocr 3a napaneneH rpanqfep naMuoxecrDo cto6rqenux. Tota osnauata, qe norolllrre naKerI,I, npltHaanexa-uu Ha pa3nrrrrur,r cro6llenr-rr, uorar aa BJr;rsar B KonQnnrr:a egnonpeMerruorroJr3Bane Ha eAHrr rr c;rqrr MpexoBn pec)pcu. Ocnoauuxr npo6JreM e B ToDa,rle E AaAeH MOMeHT KOMyHlKaqr.rOHHr,r.rT KaIIalI MOIKe Aa e aHraXI4paH C IIpe-AaBanero caMo Ha egno cro6rqenr.re. Crparerr.ura sa ap6urpax na routfuur-Tr.rTe 3aBr{cu oT MpexoBaTa apxr.rTeKTypa pecu. oT TorroJror[rTa, cTpaTe ,r.rTa

3a KOI4/TarIU.r r{ aJrrOpAT'6Ma 3a MaprUpyTU3arI(S.IIpn ronlefiepnsLrpanara Korvryraqus Ha rraKerH ctrlecrByBar ABe orr-

qrara la 6norupaue. flpr.r nupryanuara ronnefiepn:aqrs ce npaBrr clynrrHr(spooling) na 6noxlrpanlra rrABarq tra(er r 6y<[ep, rara qe rroJroxeHr,rero ce

BJroInaBa B cpaBHeHr{e c aKyMynarr.rBHara Maprnpyrrr3arlur. flplr ronaefiepu-nocaedeat4

245

#3RmmffimR

KoM,"arop 2x2 Konryuxaullorrerr rauan

ClcrorHHe H! rl,a+sxa 'il

r\[le rara B rroMcHm r

rltuz. 5.24. Mapwpymusa4ua c KoHse epu3upaH mpaHcfiep Ha naKema(cut-through routin om euda ,.dynxa ua ,tepeen' (wormhole)

+6

3r.paHara Maprxpyrr{3aqrlr or rr,rr ,,A)rrKa Ha qepBer" (wormhole) ce 6y$epu-par caMo H.sKoJKo $nura Ha na(era, AoKaro orlaruKara rra [a(era ocraBa rro[poAbJrxeu[e Ha Maprupyra. E.norupauara qacr Ha rraKera HanoAo6.sBa Ka-Hat, (ofiTo ce rroA.4r,pxa orBopeH B Mpexara.

flpu orrpeunocucreMHrrre Mpexr,r Ha rrapaJreJrHr{Te KoMrrrorprr narer,KofiTo e Maprlpyrr.r3r.rpaH K:bM rrlJrex 6y$ep, ce 6.norupa, a He ce lr3xB'bprs orTpaOHKa. ToBa Harara ,,p'bKocrr.rcKane" (handshake) uexAy u3xoAHr.r.s n ExoA-Hfi.f, [OpT KT)M Bp'b3raTa, T.e. yflpaBneHrze Ha rroToKa Ha HraBo Bp'b3Ka. Ip]rrrpoAbnxr.rTeJrrro 3aAp:bcrBaHe Tpa<[uxr,r ,,ce oprqa" oT Torr(aTa B Mpexara,B Ko.qro e Bb3Hr.rKH:ur KoH$rr.rKTr,T 3a eAHoBpeMerrHo rro.rsnaue na o611 peclpc,Kr,M r.r3TorrHuqure, Koltro Hacoqoar rpa$I,rra I$,M Kontlnunruara rovxa,

Torasa reglr r{3Torlxlrqu ca rIoAJroxeHI,Ie Ha ,,o6parHo na:r.{raue" orMpexara (Koraro r.s orKa3Ba Aa flpuervre narerr.rre) npeAr,r3Br.rKBafiKr,r HaMirJrr-BaHe Ha noToKoBaTa cKopocT B MpexaTa, Ko.rITo ce olpeAeJrr oT [oToKoBaTacKopocr npe3 3aAp:bcrenlrs Mapupyr. yBerr.r.raBaHero Ha (anaqltrera rra 6y-

$epure o Mpexara ,EaEa B'b3Moxnocr 3aAp'bcrBaHero Aa 66Ae roneptpauoIro-A:r,Jrro npelre, 6er Aa oKa3Ba o6paTHo HiulqraHe Ha r,r3ToqHr.rKa. Or 4pyracrpaxa o6ave ce yneJlnq€roa JlareHTnocrra nopaAr.r noreHrlrriulHoro HapacrBaHeHa BpeMero 3a 6.rorupaue Ha naKeTa B orrau[fl4Te.

Baxeu lpo6reu, KoiTo npeAH3uBlrKBa 6noru.rpaHero Ha clo6uleuus B

MpexaTa, e qe o6paTHoTo sajrrraHe Moxe Aa rroBJrr4re ua rpaSr.rxa, roiro uee Maprlp)"Tr-r3r.rpaH 3a [peroBapexr.a usxo4en nopr. HeKa Aa pa3rreAaMe cry-vax, n rofiro rpa$urcr rtlt gaAeHa AecTI,IHaqItt e MHoro r{HTeH3r,rBeH rlopa-AII Oa(Ta, rre ro sr'A],pxa qecro r.r3rroJr3BaHa rnoo:rnHa rrpoMeHnr.rBa. To3r.r

rrpeToBapeH Br3en ce Hapr.rqa ,,fopeqa roqKa". B cryrrauTe, KoraTo TpaOrKbT,HacoqeH K6M Ta3I,I ,qecrI,IHaIIrt, npeBr.rrrlaBa rrpolycKareJrnara cnoco6nocrHa roperqns r.r3xoAex rropr, Bb3Hr.rKBa o6paruo HarrraHe B Mpexara. Arto ra3r4craTyaq[s ce 3aA'bpxn I]o-Ar,nfo BpeMe, 3aApbcTBaHeTo ce pa3rrpocTpaHrBao6parHo npe3 AlpBoro KaHurnr, cB:r,p3aHr4 c npo6JreMHara Eec'rvKa\Lrs. Ab-Jrerruero ce Haprr.*a ,,dbpeosudHo Hacut4aHe",BceKv rpa$ur, npecu'rauq rooaA:bpBo, rqe 6r4e sa6aoen. Ja peuraranero na ro:u npo6neu Ilprn Mpexu cMapmpyrrcarrus rro ,,,qyrrKara Ha qepBer" EMecro Aa ce 6noKr.rpa, [po6JreM-Horo c'bo6rqeHr.re ce yHrrrqoxaBar Karo 3aAlJrxr.rreJlHo ce uH(bopMl-Ipa I€TorI-HI{KA HA KOJIII3I,I'TA.

Brguoxno e rr3ToqrrrrKT,T Aa 3aAtpxu ona[r(ara Ha c'bo6lreHr]ero, ao-Karo garJlaBlrero .qocrlrrlre Aecrl,IHatgasra, T,e,, aoKaro KaHaJrlT ce ron$rary-pupa. AKo [o Mapupyra B63Hr.rKHe roru3r.rs, ,,qepBerr ce couna" o6parno gousro.tHl4ra. Togu noAxoA peAyq[pa ,qo roJrrMa cTeflerr DJrrrrrHrreTo Ha A'bpBo-BT,IAHOTO HACI4IIIAHE.

247

C.neAonarenHo sclrqrr{ acneKTz Ha Mpexonr,ra gusafin - flpoflycKarenna-a cnoco6nocr Ha KaffaJrure, TonoJroll,rrra, crparerrrrra 3a Kor,{rraq[r, arro-rHTbMbT 3a MaplIlpyna3arlH.fl r.r )mpaBneHr,re Ha noToKa B3ar{MHo onpeAerrTareHTHocrra na sro6ulenr-rero. B crryvaure, Koraro nponycrareJrHara crro-o6uocr, ra:r.rcraaHa or rlporpaMara, e srrcra B cpaBHeulte c MaKcr,rMaJrHaraponycKareJrHa cnoco6socr Ha Mpexara, Konr.r3r.rr,rre ule 6rAar MarrKo r{ u1e

Ma reHAeHqHr 6y$epure 4a 6r4ar npa-:nn Karo nareHTHocrra rrle ce 3aAbp-ca ycrofirrrrBo sscra oco6eso npn xonaefiepu:npauoro Mapupyruzupane. CoDnuraBaHe Ha u3r.IcKBaHutTa Ha rrporpaMr.rTe KbM Mpex(oBaTa flpolycraTen-a cnoco6nocr larenTHocrra pacre [opaAlt 3aqecrrBaue ua ronSnlrrrure.

Mapw pymuu4un Ocronnrare [pear.rMcrBa na et[exrrannrax anropr.trr,Ma Maprxp''Tr.Baqr{s e reuepr.rpaHero Ha Mr{oxecrBo Mapupyru 6es pucrcone samprao 6rorupane, noglpxaHero Ha HucKa rareHTrrocr npu o6clyxraue Ha

atBrr.rTe, ocfirypqBaHeTo Ha paBHoMepEo pa:,npeaenrHe Ha (oMyHr,rKarvroH-

,lrl ToBap Il B63MOXIiOCTI,I 3a CaMOB:b3CTaHODgBaHe np]I OTKIr{ B MpeXaTa.Ocuonnara ouepaqut, Ko.sro u3rrbrHqBa KoM)naropl,T, e 3a BceKI,I [pl,I-

THrarq naKer rra Bxo,qHrlTe noproBe Aa lrs6upa usxo4en nopr, nper xofiro 4ao H3npaTll, T.e. B 3aBr,rcr,rMocT oT aecTuHarlHsTa Ha [aKeTa,ua onpeAenr,r cJreA-

aqr,rr KoMyHr,rKaqr.ronerr raHan rro Maprfipyra. BucoKocKopocrurrre KoM)'Ta-opH r{3noJr3BaT Tpr.r MexaHI,BMa 3a ceJIeKqI.Ir IIa r.r3xo.qHlls KaHan Ha ocHoBaTaa uuSopvaqlr.rra, cGA'rpxarqa ce B 3at:raBraero Ha rraKera: apurMerrrqHr,rrrepaqfiu, celerqrar u ra6llrqa. flpu napa,reJrHr,rre roMrrK)Tpr{ KoMyrarop'brpt6va ga B3eMa perueHr.r.s 3a Maprnpyrrnarlqr 3a Bcurtrrrre cr,r BXoAoBe Ha

ItTepBanH oT rlo HsKoIKo IIt{KbIa, Ta(a qe MeXaHIT3MIITe 3a MaprnpyTr,r3allfitpn6sa ta 6r,gar npocru u 6rp:u.

flpu noaeuero peryJrrpHr.r rorroJrorlrn npocrr.r apr.rrMerr,rrrHr,r onepaqlrlra AocrarbqHr,r 3a ceJreKurrs Ha ctorBernr,r.fl H3xo,qerr [opr. flpn 4nyvepnr.rrecueTKH BCeKr' [aKeT HOCr{ MCTaHIII,I'Ta 3a KOMyHT,IKaII}I' 3a BC.SKa nOCOKa

)x, Dy] mc c;orBerur-rr 3HaK B 3arJraDr,rero Ha [aKera. Onepaqr.ura no uap-rpyrrr3arluq B KoMyrarop I ce gerluuupa rlo cJreArrr.rr HaqrH:

Ilocora Vc,ronrre

WEST (x)

EAST (+x)

SOUTH (-y)

NORTH (+y)

HOST

Ax<0

Ax>0

Ax=0,4y<0

Ax=0,4y>0

Ax=0,Ay=0

t8

3a ocrulecrornauero Ha ro3lr rl,rn Mapup]"rl'Baqrrt KoMyraropl'T Tpt6-Ba Aa TecTBa aApeca B 3aDIaBI4ero H aa ItHKpeMeHTvpa vwr Ae(pMel{Tl',rpa

cr,oTBeTrro eAHo rloJro 3a MapurpyTI43aIIE . B rlrnr'rqnr'rs cnyqafi Mapupyrl{TeB AByMepHa peu€TKa ce oopMl.rpaT qpe3 [pLIABIrxBaHe rI'bpBO B UocoKa Dx ]I

cJrea ToBa B noco(a Dy.flo-o6ur noAxoa rlpeAcraBntBa 3aaaBauero na Maprupyra or [oAarers

Ha clo6uleHl{ero, flpu KofiTo Tofi BKJITOqBa B 3a IaBI{eTO Ha rIaKerI'ITe HOMepa

Ha r{3xoaHnr [opT Ha Bcerul KoMyrarop rlo MaplllpyTa p0,pr,.'.,ph-r. Bcercn ro-MyraTop rrpoqr,rTa HoMepa Ha I43xoAHI{.s nopr B HaqrLIIoTo rra fi,o6uIeHI'IeTo I'r

ro rrpeMirxBa or SaDraBI.Iero, Karo KoMlrLIpa cbo6lqeHlrero npe3 3aaaAeHl'Ifl

KaHaJr rro-HaTaTaK B MpexaTa. To3LI IoAIOA OC rypsBa lpocTa cTpyKTypa Ha

KOM).TaTOpa C MZTIKO yrlpaBntBaulu tfylnquu, raro gopl',I He ce I'3I'ICKDaT apI'IT-

MeTr.rqHu ycrpoficTBa 3a noa.qbpxaHe Ha cJIoxHIr $yurqnra IIo MapllpyTlr3a-

IIU' 3a rIpOr{3BOJTHL TOTIOJIOTU}I. B Cnyqat utJlara IIHTeJII{TeHTHOCT Ce

cbcpeaoToqaBa B xocr-B'b3JIHTe. HelOCrarln ua pa3ruIex,{aHlat noaxoa e ro-JItMaTa A'r,nxfiua Ha 3arJIaBI,IeTO, KOTTO Bapapa B npoqeca Ha nplraBuxnane-

To Ha naKera B Mpexara. Aro loralnara creneH Ha rovyraropa e d uMarcrrMzullrara AIJIXI,IHa Ha Maprnpyra e h, sar.nanraero xa naxera rp.n6na ga

cl,Abpxa hlogd 6r.rrone 3a Maplflpyrmaqr.r.s. Togu noA,\o.q ce H3rIoJI3Ba B IIa-

panenHr,r.s KoMnrorbp Meiko cS-2.Tperuxr [o.{xoA c Mapupyrl.I3aufls Ha ocnoBara na ra6tugw e yuu-

BepcaJreH tr npe.qnoJrara MarKo 3arJIiIBIre c $urcupau pasuep. Bcerr'r nouy-Tarop cb,q'bpxa Map pyrr.r3upaua ra6luqa I{ BceKrr narer c:sabpxa B

3arJraBr{ero cI,I rIoJIe 3a Maplnpyrl,I3aqlnfl. Onpegenxnero na c:LorBerHllf, I'I3-

xo.qea fiopr craBa qpe3 TbpceHe Ha rlo3ltq]Is R(i) n ra6nlrqara 3a Maplnpy-

Tr.r3aqr{r, 3a.qaAeHa B uoJlero 3a Mapnpyrn:aqur. To3I'I noaxoA ce It3[or3BaB KoMyraropuTe ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). B o6rql,ls cry'raft s

no3r.rqlrrra sa ra6nr,rqara ce HaMlrpa u noJlero 3a Mapllpyrt3aql{.s 3a creA-Ba Iara crsrrKa Ha Mapupyra. HeAocrarrr ua ro3l',I noaxoA e, qe e Heo6xo-

aHMo aa ce o6Men.sr cryxe6gra cr'o6xreHlrt MexAy KoMyraropl'rre I{JII'I ApyrMexaHrr3r,M, rofiro Aa rloaA'bp)Ka aKTyaJIHoro cbabpxaHl're Ha Ta6JrI{rIaTa'

3naqrarenuo roaerr.la ra6lr,rqu ca seo6xoAaM[ 3a rloAAbpxaHero AopI'I Ha

rrpocrr4 zulfoprrrMl 3a Maprrrpyrl,Iaaqr,rr, Tosr'r rloaxoa ce Ir3rlon3Ba DraBHo

rrpr4 KoMIIrcT:r,pHure Inrpexu (rno6annu u nora:rnu), [pI'I KoHTo B .4aAeH IrH-

TepBan oT BpeMe ce H3IIoI3BaT CaMO H.flKOIl OT MapnpyTtlTe Mexay B:b3nI'ITe

3a pa3nr.rKa or [apiL[eJrHItTe KoMnIoTpLI, flplr KoI{TO B O6UIUq ClyUafi clule-crnyna rpa$ur Mexay BcIlIKn B63JII{.

Arropuruvrr sa Map[pyr.r3allltq e d emep"uunupau (uead anmuseH ), aKo

MapIIIpyrI r Ha cr,o6uleHHero ce olpeaeJlt eAI{HcrBeHo or B3aI{MHOTO p nno-

249

rxeHue lra IIoAaTerr rI aecTuHaq[rTa He3aBr.rcrnMo oT TpasuKa B MpexaTa.lKeTbT rrle Ilpoa:r,Jrxr4 Aa cJre,qBa Mapupyra rre3aBHcxMo oT ToBa AaJrr4 rrofo r,rMa 6roKnpaHa Bpt3Ka. flprz dd anmu1Hume aJrcoplrrMr-r 3a Maprlpyrr.r3a-H Tpa(DrrKbT Ha MpexaTa or(BBa Bjrr,rrHr{e B6pxy Map[pyra Ha rraKeTa. Ha-rllMep B pemeTKa MapInpyTLT Moxe aa cJreABa 3r.Ir-3ar rro n6Tg cr.r K6McrnHarlrrlTa, 3ao6laKarnirnr 6lorrapauu r.rJrr.t or(&!a:rr.r rptor<r.r. Axo a:rro-TIM6T 3a Mapupyrusaqust us6upa nait-KparKnTe Maprnp)"Tr,r Ao Aecrrrrraun-a, Tofi ce Hapn'ra MuHuuaneu. B nporunen c.rry.rafi rofi e HeMrrHr4MaJrerr.

u qlreTo lla atTepHaTItBHI{ MapmpyTu OT ISTOqHr.rKa IIO MeCTOHa3HaqeHHe-

e neo6xo4urrao ycJroBr.re 3a aAarrruBHara Maprup)"Tlr:aqu-s a roJlepaHTrrocrM OTKZ!3H, KaTO CbrrIO TaKa OCIdTpSRA B1,3MOXHOCTI{ 3a pa3[peAelsHeTo HaMyHuKarllronHr,rff ToBap Mexgy rroBeqe npr:ru. Z:6op:rr Ha KoHKpereq Map-tyr ce npaBr{ Ar.ruaMr.rqHo, cJrea Karo naKerbr ce np}rsbeAunu nr,v rpatfura nrcxara, flpu a.qarrrr.rBHara Mapupyrr,Bar{rr crp$T}?ara Ha Kor\4rraroplrrer no-BlrcoKa cJIoxHocT, Ho Tr ocurypgBa noTeHrlurutHaTa Bb3MoxltocT 3a Iro-6po usnor:nane Ha (orrf5[trrKarrnoHHl,ITe KaHanr,r.

Mopmeo 6ttorcupaHe B:";g:arrnua R cJryqal{Te, Koraro rlarettt qana c:l6u-e, Koero rre Moxe aa Bb3Hr,rKHe, Hanpr{Mep aro nunofi or na(err.rre He

))Ke Aa Ha[peAHe KbM Aecrr,rHaqutra cI,I, TT,i Karo ouarlJ(r,rre Ha Mpexaran'bJrHI{ I,I naKerr{Te B3aI.rMHo ce u3qaKBar Aa ocno6o,4.sr KoMynrrKarl}roH-Te pecypcu.

M'rprno 6noxrlpane rtroxe Aa B63HuKHe B pzl3Jrr.rqHr.r curyaquu. Haupu-p B cIyqauTe, koraTo ,qBa B63eJra clr u3rlpaulaT B3alrMrio IIaKeTI,I r,r BceKrr oT( 3anoqBa Aa rrpeAaBa upegn nurofi or r.sx Aa 3arroqHe Aa npneua. flpurexIITe Ta:r[ cl,ITyarlr4r Moxe aa B'L3HrrKHe rrpu fionya)flrJre(cHl,I Ka(aJrtt rlltpt) ynpaBrsBauoro ycrpoficrno na rortryraropa He e ycnrJro eAHoBpeMeHHooctruecrBr.r upueMarre lr rrpeAalane rro ,qyrr;reKceH xaua;r. Hagex4nara

rcxa voxe Aa 6:sAe 3a IHTeHa or Mbproo 6noxrpaue, aro scuqrure i ssgrllD C6CTOTHIIe Aa OTCTpaHTBaT naKeTr4 OT MpeXaTa, AOpI,I KOTaTO He MOraTI{3npaular naKerra. Mrprao 6lor<lrpaHe Moxe .qa Br3Hr4KHe, Koraro HqKor-narera 3aqBqBar 3aeMaHe Ha MpexoBH pecypcu (t[ur. 5.25).

Ha $ur. 5.25 rouyraropnre raMar rro 4 nxognu r.r 4 r.raxoguu nopra. Bce-oT qeTupr.rTe raKeTa AT,pxn Bxo,4eH nopT, n3xoAeH rropT n Bxo.4eH nopT ncrpeM[ Aa 3aeMe clregBarq]rr r.r3xoAen nopr. Hr.rxoft or rn H.sMa Aa ocBo-4u r.rsxogna.a 6y$ep, AoKaro se ce flp]rrBrrxn HarnpeA, rara ue uuxofi or rrx\4& Aa HanpeaHe B MpexaTa.

Toou run vr'prno 6lorcupane voxe Aa B:r,3nr.rKqe KaKTo nplr Maprupyr -tHrra c a(yMyJrr{paHe rr [prrABHxBaHe, TaKa n npu xonaefieprnr.rpaHarapr.upyrn3aqHr c Bp.fl3BaHe. IpH xonnefieprasvpanara Map[rpyrr,r3aqrrr c

)

BpmBaHe gr,IIIecTByBa rlo-foJrfiMa BeposrHocT 3a MlprBo 6noKl',IpaHe, T6fi Karo

naKerbT ce pa:lnpocrr.rpa Brpxy MHoxecrBo (bnl,IT-6ydepn. cauo 3arraBHI'IsT

tlnur ua naKera c'bA:r,px(a uu$opuaqux 3a Mapmpyrll:llpaue, TaKa qe cJIeA

KaTO Be.4HT'x InaBaTa Ha [aKeTa Ce npeAaAe IIO KaHiL[a' BCI{qKI'I OCTaIIaJIII

rflurone rp.r6na 4a .s locreaDar no c6nrl,lr Kanan. no ro3I,I HaqI4H e,{IrH eauH-

crBeH flaKer Moxe .qa 3aeMe KaITaJIIII{Te pecypcu IIpe3 HtKoJIKo KoM]'raropa.

Baxnoro B cnyqas e, qe pecypcl,ITe ro {qecKI,I ca cBbp3aHH c Kaua-rl'rre }I

cbo6rqeHr.rrTa, nprr,4Br,rxGafiru{ ce [pe3 MpexaTa, BbBexAaT 3aDHCI.IMOCTI{

MexAy re3r.r pecypcr.

<Duz. 5.25. Mz'pmeo 6torcupane npu Mapapymu3aqufl 6 MpeJrcama

OcnoseH rro&xoA 3a npeaorBparqBaHe Ha MbprBo 6rorupane n upe-x(ara e Aa ce aIraJILI3r,rpaT 3aBrrcl,IMocTlrre MexAy KaHaJILTTe B pe3yJITaT Ha

npraABr.rxBaHero ua cro6rqenr,rero B Mpex(ara r,I Aa ce ocllryplr orcl'crBLIeroHa rlr.rKJrr{ n rparfa Ha 3aEr,rcr.rMocrHTe Ha (aHiuII.ITe. Tona e rapanqr.ra, ue

251

lKaKBr.r KoHour).parlHn Ha MpeXOBr.rr TpaSuK HrMa Aa rrpelu3DnKaT M:bpTEoroKr{paHe.

Hafi-npocruar Haquu 3a rrpeAorBparrBaHe Ha MbprBo 6norr.rpane e 4agoMepr.rpaT KaHiurHHTe pec)pcH no TaKbB HaqrH, se Bcel(n IoKareH MaprtrF

rr Aa cJreIEa MoHoroHHa HapacrBarqa (raar,r naualxaarqa) nocnegonaren-)cT oT HOMepa Ha KaHaJIIt, KaTO rro TO3L HaqHH Ce rapaHTrnpa, qe He MoraTI BBSHI,IKHaT Hrr(aKBII IInKJII{ Ha 3aBT,TCIIMOCT B paMKI{Te Ha MaplnpyTnTe,

Palrnexgaue nr,3MoxHocrrrre 3a rrar,pruo 6norr.rpane npu Ax, Ay rraapru-

'tll3arl rra B AByN{epHa pe erKa. Bceru gnlmoco.ren xaHaJr B Mpexara cer3nlexAa raro goofira eallol]ocoqHlt KaHaJII{ C He3aBr{CI,IMa HoMepaqr,It.)3I.tTrrDeH X kaHar < r,Jr'> -><i+ l, ce o3HaqaBa c r{oMep i, AoKaTo HoMeprr-,Hero Ha HerarI4BHIrre x KaHaJrIr 3anoqBa or 0 npu uosurrnnuN.r x KaHaJr c,ft-romv noruep. flosnrunnr.rJrr y KaHaJr <x,1>-+<xj* I> ce HoMepr.rpa c17 u crrqenperraenno HoMeprdpaHero Ha HerarrrBHr.rre / Kananu 3alorrBa orfi-uosnvnurar rpafi. Toar.r npr,rHqran Ha o3HarlaBaue Ha (aIlaJII,ITe e rroKil:)ag. rlur. 5.26. Bcexu ruaplrpyr, cneABarq ceplrc Kauarrl,r B rrocoxa x, cJre,qBaH'ganoft na 900 u cepus raHarlr B y rrocora, e crpnxTno uapacrnauq. B rpa$a3aoficr.rMocrr,rre Ha KaHaJrr,rre (Sur. 5.27) BceKra B'b3en rrpeAcraBr eAuono-qlla Bpa3Ka B Mapujpyra.

Brger A e cB6p3aH c n'sael B nocpe4crBoM A.bra, aKo e B63MoxHo na-T6T ,qa [peMrrHe nocJreaoBareJrHo nrpBo npe3 KaHan A u nocle npes rana:tBcr.rurr.r 4:rrr,r r rpa$a ca nacouenN or Bb3eJr c rro-MulJrr,K EoMep K:bM B63eJIro-roJrrM uovep. C.le4onareJrHo He cbrrlecrB)rBar rlr.rr;rr.r B rpa$a Ha 3aRv-MOCTr.rTe Ha KaHZIJTUTe, BT,[peKU qe MOraT Aa Cb IeCTD)BaT MIOXeCTBO ru.rKnudpexaTa.

3a ronrperna vpexoBa ronoJrorlx n $urcupau na6op rauauruz pecyp-clqecTByBaT fna ocHoBHH no,qxoaa 3a npoer(TrrpaHe IIa MapupyTr4sr.rpa-

r aJrropr.rrMr.r, HeAorrycKarqlr M:r,prBo 6nokr,rpaue:. OrpanzqasaHe Ha MHoxecrBoro Jrerannr.r Mapupyrn 3a naxerr{Te;. Orpanr,rqasaxe Ha HaquHr,rre 3a 3aeMarre Ha pecypcr.rre.Bupmyaauu KaHaru. OcnosHara rexHr,r(a ga rrpeAorDparrBarre Ha

,prno 6rorupaue B Mpexu c ronnefiepr.rsrapan rpauqlep r,r Mapupyrrra-,r or rt,rna ,,,qynra Ha .repaea" e Aa ce oclrryprl MrroxecrBo 6ytfepu nla!KI,l Qu3r,rqec(u KaHar r{ Bcerr,r 6yrlep aa ce pa3AeJrr{ Ha rpyla Bxpryiurrr}rlar[. Tasu rexnr,rKa He Wernqaaa 6po.a ua npr:rnre u (oMyraropr{Te Ercxara. Crulo raKa He ce JrBeJrr.rqaBa paBMep.br rra Brrpelrulrx rpoc6ap nrn)KLr KOMyTaTOp, rafi raro n 4agen rvroMeHT caMo eAr{E (}lur ce npugnuxaaroMyTaTopa KIM croTEeTH[r r{3XOAeH nOpT.

2

Kort'nmp 2x2 Koll},}[[(autoHeH xaHat

@uz. 5.26. Honepupaue Ha KaHanume s Mpelcoeu.n zpaf Ha deyuepuapeaemKa

Ha $r.rr. 5.28 e nora:asa apxl{TeKTypara Ha (ol{yrarop c BI{pryanHI'I

Kauzurn 3a rlpeAorrpartBaHe ua rutprno 6noxlrpaue. Bceru $usuqecrl'I raHar

clgbpxa MuoxecrBo BItpryaJrHI.r r<analra. Bxoanure noproBe Ira Kol\'q[aropapa3rrpeAeJrrr rrorol(a rlaKerlr B:LB BlrpryanHl'rre KaEa-rI'r B oraetHl'ITe 6y$eplr.

Buprya:rnnte xaEaJrH ce MynrnrlJreKcupar Aonr,.rrHETeJIRo' 3a Aa ce lr:6eruepa3rnnpsBaHero ua rpoc6apa Ha KoMyraropa.

Ilpegna:naveuraero Ha BI,IpTyaJIHLITe KaHaJII'r e Aa rlpeAorBparsr Mr'prBo

6.rorurpaue ilpes clcreMarl,Iqxo npeKbcBane Ha rIt(nI'ITe n rpaSa ua sarncu-

MOCTI.ITE HA KAHAJIINTE.

2s3

<Ituz. 5.27. fpafi na 3alucuMocmume Ha KaHa./tume ua deyuepuapeuemtca

Hera ga pasuegaNre 4-crrurosu.f, qr4rnrrqen Mapupyr, rrpeArr3BrrrBautrlroo 6roxupaue na $ur. 5.25. C qen npegorrpar-sBaHe Ha MbprBo 6.nor<z-c nera Aa opraHr,r3rrpaMe aBa Br4pryanHr4 (aua"rra B paMKrrre Ha ncern r[n-!cxu (aI{aJI, o3rraqenu xaro nr.rcrr (c no-MaJrlK HoMep) ra atcorc (c no-ronrvtcp). OcBeH roua cro6rqeuu.ara B'r,B B63JIH c HoMepa no-roJreMl,I or HoMe-

rta AecruHar1talrre cu ce Mapurpyrrr3rapar rro Br,rcoKr.rre raua-nu (c no-cvn uovepa). Karro ce Br.rxAa or $ur. 5,29 rIHK.r,Jr.r,T, npeArr3Br{KBarrlltno 6lorlrpaue, e pa3pyureH. Koraro naxerur ce [peAaBa or Hr,rc6r (Brr-

coK) KaHaJr Ha lr3xoAHlrs [opr Ha I(oMyraropa, Tofi ce IIpqeMa c'borBerHo orHncKus (Blco(Hr) rana.r ua npueuauu.t KoMyrarop. Tona npanlrno ce Hapy-

rrraBa caMo rrpr.r Maprlpyrll3aqlrt cenep-sanag (NORTH - WEST), npu roeroIIaKeTT,T Ce IrpeDUrIoqBa oT HIIcKu.s KaIraJI Iia npe.qaBalq]It KoMyTaTop K6M

Br.rcoK,It KaHaJr Ha npneMaquq KoMyTaTop.

BXOIFIHNOPTOBE

BIdPTYAIIHI,IKA}IAJrr.I

I.I3XOAI]ITIlOPTOBE

rDue. 5.28. Opzauusaqua Ha KoMymamop c EupmyaJxHu KaHatu

Mapwpymusaqun IIP-DOWN. 3a npe4oroparaoaHe Ha Mr,prBo 6roKH-paHe He 3a BcITTIKI,I TorroJrorI,IH ge e ueo6xoanwo B:bBexAaHero Ha BlrpryirnHrr

ranaru. IIpu rroJroxeHl.Ie, qe KalraJlure ca .4BynocoqHl,I, cbqecrByBa npocraJrropnrtM 3a KoHcrpyupaue Ha Maprrrp]"Tl, HerlpeAlasnnrnarqra v:sprro 6no-Kr,rpane B rlporr3BonHa rottolorN.n, rofito orpaHn{aBa MHoxecrBoro JIefaJIHI'I

Maprrrpyrr.r. OuroseH no&\o.q e Aa ce I(oucrpynpa AcpBoBI,IA€Ir Maplnp)'r aoJrr.rcTa-aecTl{Haqr,r[ c B'b3xoAslrlo HoMepI,IpaHe ]Ia Bb3JrI,ITe K'bM KOpeHa' 3a

BcsKa aecrr.rHarlr4x ce <[opr'rupa UP-DOWN uapmp)rr, BKJrrorIBaur nocJreAo-

BATEJIHOCT OT (AHAII'I KAM B'b3JIII C TO-IOJIEMI,I HOMEPA, T.E. KbM KOPEHA HA

A'bpBoro, noclteAnarq:aaofi r.r nocJIeAoBareJIHocr or KaHaulI{ KT'M BT,3II{ c no-

MaJrK[ HOMepa B Iloco(a Ha rturcrara Ha aT'pBoro. Mnoxecrnoro MaprfipyTl',I,

cJreABaxrlr riBr,r op[eltraql,Ls, ca cso6oaHll or Ir4'bprno 6.norupaue. Mperronz-xr rpaS uoxe Aa ctAbpxa qLIKnu, no rpa$:rr na saDucI,IMocrI4Te Ha KaI{aJIIr-

255

npH UP-DOWN Mapup)'rrBar.Imra rre cbAbpxaioKr{ KaHaJr[ r[oprraupa HacoqeH a4ruuueu rpa<!,cxr.r KaHaJrr{ tfopuupa uacoven aqur.nuueu rpat!.

qnrnn. MHoxecrsoroKAKTO I,I MHOXECTBOTO

ffiffitrffiw#ffiW

---tt-

tbuz. 5.29. IlpedomepamaeaHe Ha quKru Ha Mbpmeo 6torcupane ceupmyaJlHu rcaHaJxu

Kor'rysunaqrlonnlrrr npoqecop Ha Bb3eJra, r{3rrpa Iaru cro6rueuuero,uu3rrpa MpexoBara ronoJroru.fi r.r Korrcrpyr.rpa AbpBoBu4en uapurpyr. Cleg|a rofi H3qr,rcrrBa ctorBernr.rre UP-DOWN Maprnpyrlr xaro npo6leu saJeAerqHe Ha orpaunqeHo MHoxecrBo nai-nparnu Maprlpyrrr. Cneg roraKoltorpyr.rpar c6orBerrru ra6rr.rqu 3a Maprrrp)"rra:arlIar B KoMyraropr.rre.

Mapwpymusa4u.n c ozpaHuqa6aHe Ha 3aaoume. flpu 4nyvepnara pe-rKa cb[trecrByBar 8 :anor, rouro $opMr.rpar ABa rrpocru qurrcra ($sr. 5.30).

flpn Ax, Ay Mapupyrr.r3arl[sra D AByrvrepna pernerKa ce 3a6paurBar 48 taron: npu npnABr{xBaHe B nocoKa - x (+x) ce gonycra sanofi B rrocora -

;

y (+y), uo cJle,q Karo rraKerbr ce npnaBlrxBa B ugMepenue y' He ce aorlycKar

noBeqe 3aBorr. 3a6pauermre saooll ca MapKHpaI r c nyHKrI{p Ha OIrr' 5,30.

^*;- 3A6PAHEH3ABOi

3AEPAHEH3ABOfi

<Duz. 5.30. Ozpanuuaeane Ha sasoume npu Ax' Ay Mapupymu3a4uflmae deyuepua pewemKa

Ouenugno, nrsr.aoxuo e Aa ce npeAorBpar.sr ql'Ixnuqun Map p)"TI'I qpe3

eJrlrMHHr.rpaHe na egr.rx:aeofi B paMKI'ITe Ha BceKI'I qurrl. or 15 slgvoxHuHarrHHa Aa ce 3a6pantr ABa 3aDos rlplt .4ByN{epHara pe[erKa' 12 0r rxx npe-

aorBparrBar McprBo 6JIoK.IpaHe. Te ce o6xsarlar or rpldre yHITKaJIHI'I zulro-

pr4r'r,Ma, rroKailaHrr na t[ur. 5.31.

flpu alroprarr'va West-first He ce pzupeuraBa gagofi s nocora - x. A;rro-prTfr,M:bT Nofth{ast za6pantna 3aBoI'ITe oT rlocoKa *y' A.lropururllrNegative-first ea6palrsba 3aBoI{ or [o3I'ITITBHa B HerarlrBHa rlocoKa'

3a nponono.nna rorlo:lomt Moxe aa ce [pI'IJIoxu xoru6uuupan alro-pr,rrr,u, o6egraurDalq roEIIemI[I{Te Ha BLrpryaJrHI'ITe Kaqarn u orpaHl{qaBaHe-

TO HA 3ABOIITE.

Adanmuena Mapapymu3a4ua. HarlrqI,rero Ha i]nrepHarI'IBHI'I Maplr-pyrrr Ear,a Eb3Moxolocr ga sao6uxarque Ha 6roro'Ipaul'I I'rJrIr npeKbcHarl'I

Bp'b3Kn, KarTO Il Aa Ce pa3[peaeJll,I KOMyHI'IKaqI'IOHHI',I'T TOBap Mex.qy floBerle

KaHaJrrr u uo ro3I,I HaqHE .4a ce rloao6pr,r rsnol:rauero ua vpexara. flpocru-Te aerepMnnupaHlr a;IropltrMlt Morar Aa rlpealr3Bl'rKar MlroxecrBo Koutfnur-

Tr,r 3a Mpe)I(oBIr pecypcu, Iopu (oraTo KoMyIrI4KaIInOHHl'ItT TOBap e

pa3rrpeAeneu paBuoMepuo MexAy He3aBlIoEMH AecrIrHaI+{}I. Ha $rar. 5.32 e

nonasan cayvafi, upr.r nofiro 4 uanera ca H3npareulr KbM paiulntrHn AecrlrHa-quIl B aByMepna perlefia. flptt Ax, Ay rrrapup]'rl'I3aql'Itra BcI'rtIKq naKer[ ca

npr.rHyaeriu aa IErIoJI3Bar o6u1u uapurpyru. Kowynr'rraqrarra e HanrJIHo ce-

puanr{3r,rpaHa rrpe3 Tscno M.scTo flpu lloroxeHue, qe MHoxecTBo apyru aL'ITe-

rrarr.IBHI{ Dpbgrl{ ca cgo6ogsu.

3.4'6PAHEH3ABOft

257

3AEPAHEH3ABO[

WEST. FIRST

NORTH.LAST

NEGATIVE-FIRST

<I>ue. 5.31. Atzopum-uu 3a MuHuMa"qHa Mapupymu3a4usc oapaHuualaHe Ha 3aaoume npu deyuepua pewemna

-------- - -I

3ABPAHEH .3ABOI4

a

A:rropurtu c aAaIrrI,IBHa Map rpyrl'I3alln.f, 6r'r uorsl ,4a I{3nor3Ba a;r-

TepHarI.IBHH MapItrp)"rla, (aKTo e nora3auo ua Sur. 5.33. IIpu AB)'MepHa pe-

rrrerra c Ax, Ay Maprrrpyrl{3alru;I Bclrqrrl nareru rpr6na ,4a ce npu'qBllxar

npes o6rq pe.q Ao 3anbnBaHero rra KoJloHara.

5.32. Roufi"nurcmu sa ^4pe)rco6u

pecypcu s deyLuepua pewemKa npu

demepuunupan arzopumaM 3a Mapwpymusa4uA

Que. 5.33. Lls6nzeaue na rcon$turmu 3a pezrcoeu pecypcu s deyuepuapeaemKa npu adanmueeu atzopumbM 3a Mapapymu3aqutr

@uz.

259

flpu aganrlrruara Maprlpyrrnaqr{r ce r.r3rroJnBar zlJrrepHarnBur.r Map-pyrn, raro us6oprr na vaprupyrnre ce [paBr4 AvHaMHqHo or Kor\,D/raropaeA arrulJrr.r3 Ha EuuaMrrnara na rpa$zra rro aJrrepHarraBHure urrlrnla. flpauloxeHr{e, qe u3lrcKDaHH.f,T rr3xo[eu nopr e 6lornpau r,rJru orKa3an, KoMy-Top6T Moxe Aa r{s6epe alrepnaruBeu raHllrr 3a H3rrpaqarrero Ha narera.

Aganrlronara Maprlpyrrr3aunr c Mr,rnaMr{3rrpaHe Ha Maprnp)rrr.rre n3-pa uafi-xparrure MapxJpyru. Aganrr.roen arropraraM, rofiro nognorqnanoJl3Danero Ha Bcr{qrrr nafi-xparrr,r Maprlpynr, ce Hapr{qa Harr:bnHo aAarr-DeH, B [porrrBeH cJryvafi rofi ce uapuqa qacrrrrrHo aAarrTraoen. A.nropr,rrr,ulrMaprfpyrr.r3arlur Ha rrpr.rurlr{fla ,,roperq rapro$.. e ercrpeva;ren crqruaft naMIrHr.rMaLrrHa aAarrruBHa Mapxrpyrr.€aq[r. flpu raru cxeMa KoMyraroptTrora ne 6yrlepupa naKerr,rre. Ano nsrolro naKera noAJrexar Ha KoMyra-rr npe3 eAlrH lr cbrrln r43xoaeH nopT, caMo ear{H oT naKeTnTe ce rI3npaqaM AeCTUHaqn.sra, a ocTaHajruTe rraKeTrr ce [pe,qaBaT rro [po[3BoJrrru apyrnLptup)'rn npe: cno6ognlrre lr3xoArr[ floproBe.

OoroseH HeAocrarrr rra aAarrrr.rBHara Maprrlpyrr.r3arur e noBrrrrreHarao)I(HOCT Ha KOMyTaTOpa, KO'TO BOAH AO yBeJrr.rqaBarreTo Ha JraTeHTHocTTa.3yMHOTO pemeHr.re e Aa ce rr3rron3Ba .qeTepMrrHr{paH anropuTbM 3a Mapur-Tri3aqnr B tuneirsus Synrqraouaaex pexnM Ha Mpexara, Karo rrpr4 Hacrl-tue ce npnrara aAanrnBHa Mapupyrl.lsaqnr. Ilpr.t Mpexu c ueyrutfuqlrpaxcT6n, Harrpr4Mep AByN{epHr.r perneTKr.r r.r Topor{Ar.r, aaarrTuBHaTa MapurpyTu-lur nartranxna 6:r,p:Ogeficrnraero IIpI{ CryqaeH Tpa$r.rr c pannovepuo pas-eAeJIeHLre. Croxacrr,r.rnure Bapua\vtt B KoMyrrEKaIIuoHHrr.s roBapeAu3or.rKBar BpeMeuno 6norr.rpaue n vpexara. B gayuepna pelrerra gbule-lyDa TeH/qeHrlur KoMyTaTopuTe Aa rr3rrpaulaT rraKeTr,rTe KbM rlenrBpa Haexara, B p$ynrar ce o$opwxr 3aAp.bcrBaur.rs B cpeAara Ha perrrerKara,)To rre ce na6:rrogana [pr4 AerepMr.rnr4para Mapnpyru3ar4{q.

Hevusuva.nnara aAarrrr.rBrrara Maprlpyrr.Baqr{r :r.aMalrflBa 6tpoo4eft -u.Iero D cryqar4Te, Koraro .qrrnaMrrKara Ha MpexoBr.rr rparfnr npu6luxaratxara Ha HacrmlaHe, rrfi raro narerure npeMr,rnaBar npeg Aon:r,JrHI,ITeJIHI,It 3r(H, Korrc)&{Hpafiru uo-srcora upolycrarenna cnoco6nocr. Jlarenruoc-I lra Mpe)Kara o roar.r cnyvafi r.rMa reugeHqr4rra .4a HapacrBa .qpacrxqHo crJIHqaDaHeTO lra KOMyIiUKaUIIOHHT{' TOBap BMeCTO Aa KJTOHI{ KrM IIOCTOTH_crofiHocr Ha Hacrr IaHe (tlrur. 5.34).

Bz'mpeuna apxumeKm!pa Ha Kotymamopa. IIpu oqerunanero Ha rra-{eTpr.rTe Ha MpexaTa KoMyTaTopbT ce nHTeprrpeTr.rpa oT rJre.4Ha ToqKa Ha'olara creneH. Lleuara ua HrKor{ KoMrrorreHTH rra (oMyraropa HapacrBarlefirro c yoeluuanaHero Ha HetoBara creneH pecn. Ea [peAaBareJrr,rre, rrpt{-tuqure.u 6yrfepnre. I{enara xa nrrperrrHoro cBbp3raue (xpoc6apa) rapa-

I

X

F

F

F

Ir'IIOIT3BAIIE ITA KOM}'H!'I(AITIJOHHIITE KAHA'I

@uz. 5-34. 3aeucuuocm Ha 3aKbcHetuemo om KoMyHuKa4uoHHut moeap

crBa (Baaparl,Iquo c yBenuqaBaxero rra crerleuTa Ha roMyraropa' Kauaqu-

Terbr Ha BtTperunure 6y$epu, rarro x cJlororocrra Ha Maprnpyrl'r3lapaqara

JIoruKa c'brrro Morar Aa HapacrBar noseqe or JI'rHeiHo B 3aBI'IclIMocr or cre-

rreuTa r{a (oMyraropa. IIpu ctnpevenul.rre Ko}'Drlaroplt' peanl'I3lrpaHrr c

MI. C (rr.rnoro roreMlr llHTerpaJlnra cxevu), .qoMltnl'Iparlroro orpaHuqeuue e

6porr na usno,4r.rre, r(ofiTo e rlponopqllonaneu na 6por na uoproBere' )nr'Ino-

xeH rro urlrpr,rnara Ha Bcerr.r [opr. Kortyrarop:rr ourcqBa MnoxecrBo Bxoa-

Hr,r floproBe, MuoxecrBo H3xoaHI{ rloproBe, Br,rperrren rpoc6ap, cBLp3Ba rBceKr,r Bxo.qeH nopr c BceKI.I r{3xoaeH rlopr, B'r,Tpe[nu 6y$epu u ynpaBJltBa Ia

norlrra. B o6tt1ius ctrysafi 6porr ua Bxoalllrre noproBe e paBeH Ha 6po.a na

I,r3XOAHAre rropToBe It ce HapI,Iqa cmenet Ha KoMymamopa.

Mpexoolrxr LrHrep$efi c $opr'larupa rraxerl-Ire I'r KoHcrpylrpa Mapnpy-

Tr.r3r.rparqaTa Ir )mpaBJItBarI{aTa uuQoprrlaqr'r.a' Toi ocurypxna MHoro [o-ro-r.sMo no o6erra rrrperuuo 6y$epupaue B cpaBHeHI{e c KoMyraropnre' Totpeungapa KoETpon 3a rpelrrxlr or rpai-4o-rpafi u I'I3rrT,rE.f,Ba Qynrquu no

y[paBJIeHLIe na rpaQuxa, Heroeara qena ce onpe,ueJlt or Ka[aql'ITera Ha na-

Merra, cJroxnocrra ua o6pa6orrtta u 6pot Ha rloproBere'flpoerrupanero Ea Br'TpellHocllcreMlrara KoMyHI'rKaqItoHHa Mpexa 3a

napaureJrHn KoMrIIorpI4 ce cBexAa ao rlpoe(Tl'IpaHeTo lra KoMyraropl'rTe u Ha-

qulra Ha TtxHoTo cB6p3BaHe, cTelelrra Ha Kol\4rTaTopa, HeroEI'Itr MexaHH3:LM

3a DlrperxHa Maplxpyrl.I3aqlr.fl u BbTperlrHo 6y$epHpaHe onpe.qen.sr ronoJlo-

26t

rHTe, I<or.rro Morar Aa 6t4ar [o.{A6pxaHr{ rr Kor{ Maprrlpyrr.r3r.rpaq}r anro-lrvu uorar ga 6t4ar lrgno.nggagll. AHa:rorrrquo Ira afiaparnl4Te KoMnoHeH-r lra KoMnrorlpHr4re cflcrevlr 6a3osara crpyKTypa na MpexoBr.rr KoMyrarop:novna unQopuaqrroHua rrrr.rua, ynpaBnrrBaulo ycrpoficrBo r.r narrer. flona-'orqeM Mpex{r.rTe Ha [oBeqeTo napaJenHr.r KoMnroTpH ce r.r3rpaxaaT Ha oc-)Bara Ha eAnoqrrroBu KoMyraropr.r c ereMeHTHara 6asa Ha MIIdCIaJrornrruo Ha rexHororusra Ha Mr.rKporrpoqecopure. O6qurr 6poft na u:-)Arrre ce olpeAent ruraBHo ot 6pox na nxogru,ITe tl H3xo,qHlrre noproBe, yM-)xeH rro nlrpr.ruara Ha KaHaJra. B o6u1u.r cnyvafi xouyraroprrre ca'paHrrqeHr.r no ornorreHr.re ua 6poa na r.r3BoAvre. Opranlr:aqraara na 6y$e-ITe D KOMyTaTOpa r{Ma BaXnO BJrr.UHrre B6pXy HerOBaTa npol,r3Boar.rTeJlHocT.prr KoMyraropr.rre, pe lnt3 pauu c M|?IC, 6y$epnre ca Br,rpe B .rura. Ey-)pl,rpaHero Ha Aopi.r narolr<o Slura o6leruana Qyurqr.ronr.rpaHero Ha KoMy-TOprrTe oT aBeTe cTpaHr.r Ha Bpb3KaTa 14 B o6tqur cnrrafi Boar,r ao 3HaqraTeJrHopacTBaHe IIpoIt3BoAr,rTeJrHocTTa,

Arparruueu noAxoA e Aa ce ocnryp;rr He3aBr.tcr,rMu 6yQepu FIFO nrne rr{ BxoAeH nopr . Bcerr.r 6y$ep rpr6na 4a rrprreMa no egvN Sur Ha BceKr.r

rKrn fi Aa rrpeAaBa rro e,qr.rn Sr.rr rr,u rasxoga, TaKa qe BtTpeurHara flponyc-TCJIHa CnOCO6HOCT Ha KOl.{/TaTOpa Ce aaarrTr,rpa JIecHo x6M Bxo,qHI{r noTo(nareru. OyunquoHr.rpauero Ha KoMyraropa e orHocrrrelruo npocro. Tofi

pa)KHrBa MoHr.rropr,rHr Ha rJraBara Ha Bc.sKa BXo.qHa crpyrrypa FIFO, onpe-Ifl )'(e'AHIl'. r,r3XOAeH nOpT H nnaljvpa ctoTBeTHo naKeTr.rTe Aa Ce nplraBr,r-rT npe3 rpoc6apa. C sceru BxoAeH nopT e acoqlrlrpaHa Maprnpyrn3npauarnr(a 3a onpeAenrHe Ha x(eJraHr-rr u3xoAeH nopr. 3a rasu qen e ueo6xo4zwa6:ruqa sa wapu:pyrn3r.rpaHe.

flpu crparerzxra c BxoAHo 6y0ep[paHe c.b lecrB)rBa npo6leu:r,r c 6no-pane oT ,,ruraBaTa" na onautrata. B c;ryuaure, roraTo ABa tJr,r lloBetle nop-I{MaT naKeTI,I C IeCTVHAL\trr4, Ii3I,tCKBarqr4 KOMyTrrpaHe [pe3 eAr.rH II c6III]r

(oAeH nopr, caMo eAr,rH or fiaKerr,rre qe 6:rge us6pau, AoKaro ocraHaJrr.rre) 6'bAar 6noKtrpanr,r. flar<err.rr:e B onarrrKara c:reA DIaBara Moxe Aa r,r3r,reK-

r KoMyrr,rpaue npe: nxrofi or cBo6oAHr.ire rroproBe, Ho HrMa Aa rzMar3Mo)r(Hocr 3a rrpr.rABrlxBarre, T.e. Te c6rqo qe 6r4ar 6lorupanu. flpo6leu.sr6norupanero or uaBara Ha orralrxara ce BnorrraBa npu HaJrr,rqr.rE Ha BepI,I-or peAynarqu ce nanuaoo6pa:nu rrororln K:bM pa3rr.rrrnu r.r3xoAHr.r loproBe.rpu nplr paBHoMepHo pa3rrpegenrne na rpaQnr<a ocenra nanrauoo6paoeu]'OK UIe AOBeAe AO 6roKr.rpaHe Ha BCzvnu nxogone. loprr KoraTo HsMa 3aA-cTDaIIe 3a AaAeH I.I3XOA B KOMyTaTOpa, naI(eTrT B rlaqa^noTo Ha BxoAHr,It

ltcp vox<e ga rr3ncKBa KoM)irr.rpaHe npe3 r43xo.qeH [opr, rofiro e 6norupaupaJtfi 3aApbCTDaHe B Apyra ToqKa Ha MpexaTa. B ro:u c.nyvafi rraKeTr.rTe

'!.

cJreA rJraBara Ha orlarrlKara He Morar ga 6rgar npu4urxeHl,I [pe3 Kol4naro-pa rro-HaTafi,K B Mpex(ara. IIpo6neMbT 3a IUIaHHpaHeTo (baKryIqecKI{ ce cBex.4a

AO rre3aBr.rcuM ap6urpax ua n saxBKLI 3a aa,ueH IBxoaeH rlopT.Peatmsa\vgta Ha ylpaBneultero Ha rloro(a Ha HltBo Bp63Ka 3aBlIcH or

TeXHI,IqeCKaTa peUfiI3ar\nfl, Ha Bp'I'3KaTa, HO OCHOBHaTa }IAe.fl e eAIIa }l gbula.

Brgenrr-Aecrr.rnaqlrr ocuryp.sBa o6parHa Bp:r,3(a KbM B63eJIa- I.r3TotIHLtK, Karor,rHAraqupa aaJrH e B c'r,cTotuue ,{a IlplreMe oqe .4aHHLI rlo Bp63I(aTa. Ao noJly-qaBaHeTo Ha pa3perrreHr{e oT Db3eJIa-AecTI,IHaIIUS, Bb3era-Ir3TOtlHI,IK 3aA:r,pxa

AaHHr.rTe, rroaJrexanln Ha TpaHcoep.B [5] e rpe,qnoxeHa apxxreKrypa Ha Kol4rrarop 3a B:brpenHocucreMHa

KOMyHr.rKarIlroHHa Mpe)Ka sa MyJrTLrKoMrIroTrp c KoHBefiepI,I3LIpaH TpaHcsep.

Jlorarnara creneH Ha KoMyraropa, B'brperrrHll.tr My MexaHI'I3'bM 3a Maprnpy-

T:j1r3AjqiHs u B:bTpeuHoTo 6y$epupaue oflpeAeJltT KOI,I Tollonor}lfi Molar Aa

6raar no.qA'rpxaHu. 3a rorloJloruqHu.s K[ac ropyc ce I.I3I,IcKBar 4 BxoaHrr Ir 4

I.I3xo,qHu nopra, KaKTo rI Bp'I'3(a c JIoKaJIHITI xocr. B'b3Jllrre Ha rlapaJreJllrara

Marrrrrna ca ,qByrrpoqecopHlr crrcreMlt (Sur. 5.35).

Te nrnrouoar npl.rroxeH npoqecop LI KoMyHI.IKarIuouen npoqecop, nofi-To lrHrrqrlrlpa MpexoBr{Te rpau3aKqllu, sa ga o6cnyxna lpIrnoxnlrt flpoqe-cop. KouyuuraqnoHHr.rtr npoqecop Br,B B:b3eJIa-I,BToqHIr( ltHltquupa MpexoBrl

TpaH3aKur4r'r ,Karo rr3npaula untfopuaqn.a np€ MpexoBlrs uxreptle c' Tesn

TpaH3aKIII{I,I Ce nOeMaT OT I(OMyHI'IKaIIIrOHHIr9 npoqecop BT,B E:b3eJIa-AeCTL-

uaqrar. Apxurerrypara Ha KoMyraropa e npe.4craBeHa na tfur. 5.36' Bxoasu-Te uoproBe Ha KoMyraropa nplreMar TIaKeTLI oT I,I3XOAHI,Te nOprOBe Ha

cr'ceaHr,rre KoMyraropr.r (oucor npuopurer) u:ru nonorenep[paHI4 rla(erlr orKoMyHr.rKarlrronHr.rt npoqecop Ha noKzlrtHrls xocr (lruc:rx npuoplrrer)' B cly-qafi, qe uAsarqzre narerla or Mpexara ca a4pecvpallv 3a noKarHfiq xocr, e

ocurypeH KpaTbK Mapmpyf 3a aLrpeKTHoTo I,IM rlpeAaBaHe KbM .IIoKaJTHI'I' KO-

MyurrKarrloHen npoqecop. Tona peurexr.re aaBa B'I'3MoxHocr aa ce lr36erHe

,qo6aBrHero Ha Ao[:brHltreneH DXoAeH u AorIttHItreJIeH I'I3xoAeH nopr 3a rpa-tfura, renepupau or n aApecllpaH 3a JIoKtuIHI.rt xocr.

Bxoguralr nopr uua 4 6yQepa, BceK[ or KoHTo cete(Tupa rIaKerI'ITe 3a

.qa.qeH r.r3xoAeu nopr. Taxa flpli npl.Icr[raHero cH nal(erltre ce coprl{par no

,qecrrrHaqr,ru LI no ro3ra HaqI,IH ce erI,IMI.IHI.Ipa 6lorupanero or Haq&loro Ha

olarrrKara. Bceru nxoqen nopr IrMa 6y$epn FIFO, Ko[To clruxpoH[3qparnpr,reMaHnTe aaHHI{ c TaKTOBaTa qeCTOTa Ha KOI\ArraTOpa. Bceru 6ySep npn-eMa no eAr{H $lrr Na rcerr.r MarlLIHeH qlaK:bt I,I upeAaBa no ealru t}ur rrvu3xoAnrar [opr, TaKa qe Bbrpe[rlrara rlponycrareJlua cnoco6socr Ha rtoMy-

Taropa ocrrypsBa flpneMaHero Ira [peAaBaIrI{Te gauxu. Korvryraroptrcrabpxa 4 ne6noxupar{u rpoc6apa, BceKu oT KoIlTo e cBbp3aH c onpe.4eJreH

263

BXOIHI,I DYOEPI,I

EE!nTE

Ouz. 5.35. Apxumercmypa Ha xocm-Bb3,lume s ^4yJlmurcontumbpa

,io/(crr nopr. B :roruqecrlr acnext, ue6lot<zpaurare r<poc6apH npeacraBr.s-rr'4-uxogonu MyJrrunlre r(cop[, peaJru3r{paHu s M|I4C raro o6ura lrnsa cplriincpr.r c lpn cr,cro.sHus. Vnpaareriuero Ha rroror(a ce ocr,urecrBtBa co rrr,Jr r t,tTeJrHr.r Jrr{Hrru, ocurypsBalrln crlrHaJrltre 3atBra/pa3pelxeHHe" nplt'l r,rc<lc tltcrage".

l{ovyrarop:sr $yHKrlr.ionnpa no creAHr.r.s naqrzs: rofi rrpocJea.flBa AaJr4ir.r(crr u3xorle! nop.r e cno6ogen u cr,orBerr{o rrJraHrrpa rraKerrire 3a rrpeaaBa-

l rrpc-t xpoc6apa, Bceru nxogen nopr riMa Mapurpyrr.r3r.rparua rofr,rKa, Ko.sro

ul)ol(clrrr cborBerrru.fi r.r3xoAeH nopr. flpu Mapupyrrr3arturra c Bpfl3Barre

i'rl rr,rcuMo pe reHHe ce B3eMa 3a BceKn flaKer. JlorfiKara 3a Map[rpyrH3ar]ufllrlcJrraa rrco6xoguvun u:xoAeH nopr u aKTnBHpa cfirHara 3a 3arBr(a 3a H3-

)iulrrrr H3xo/lcrr rropr. flranupaqara JrorrrKa Ha n3xoaHu.tr nopr npaBu ap-n rpl)f( rr:l 3arrBl(HTe, uz6upa egna H aKTr,rRrr3r.rpa cr,orBerHu.{ cnrrlaJr 3a

\4

Quz- 5.36. Apxurnercmypa IIa KoMymuttt(,1)tt 'l\'l

pa3pelrreHte. Koraro 4a4eu nxogeu 6y$cp ro.qa/c Jitnttxil rit .,(rt.rrlrr rr r\rrrr{ rr

6ySep, saxanara ce 3agT,pxa fi ce Hape)I(Ait l] ollilllll(il l;1. ()[rr'rty,t,tr't ' ttrrtt

cTapaTa 3a.{B(a. CleAogareruo no cBotTil cl'[UIOc r Jl()l tl(il lil tll IlrlIl!tlrv I ll

3aIIlIt npcAcTaBn.{Ba KpaeH aB'toMaT, Koi,ilo H.illplllllil 111 11'1111 rltrttt t{ltrI ttrt

rraKcTa lro cllnrl Ir cbnl I.I3xoAeII KzlIIitJL

t;l

5.6. TIPOI,I3BOAIITEJIHOCT II EOEKTI{BHOCTHA fIAPAJIEJIHI4 KOMIITOTbPHI{ CIICTEMII

5.6.1. flpocrpaHcrBeHu fi3Mepexuq Ha [pou3BoAureJrHocrra rra)aJI0JIIrITe KOMIIIOTpI{

flpoerrr.rpauero r.r aHaJrr.r36T rra flapa-lenHtrre KoMnrorprr n3r-rcKBa crfAa-r01o Ha apxrrTeKTypHa (oHrleruIl.I.{, Ko9To orrTrrMaJrHo Aa onoI3oTBoprBarnqrrr4Te a[aparHu r.r [porpaMnI{ TexHoJrorurr. flrpnu'luoro B npoqeca Ha)cr<rupnHe e g$AaBarrero Ha rrapzure;reH Mo.qeJr Ha r.r3vlrc:renlra, xofiro lplr)xrlaTeH e3r{K 3a rrapaJreJlHo nporpaMr.rpaHe ce oTpa3.sBa B apxr{TeKTypHolcrrue Ha [aparerHu.{ KoMllror:bp. Ha cneAsaquq eran npu u36opa HarKpoTrra TexHonoflrs ce r.r3fpaxAa cloTBeTHaTa TexHr.rqecKa peanHsarlrrtKOMnrOT6pa.

Oco6euo rplrnrueH e npo6reMbr c npeaBaprrrenHara orreHra Ha npocrpar{-crn{'rc r.{3MepeHnr Ha npolr3Boa}rreJrnocrra Ha napaJreJlItr.rte 3D-r<ounrorplr:

. flpou:soAr.rreruocr u e4errunHocr Ha r{3qrrcJlr-rreJruure pecypcri,rr()'rHTeJrHo orrpuBaHe r erHMr4H paHe Ha M'bprBo 6,roxuparrel

. flponycKarerHa cloco6Hocr Ha KoMyHr.rKauuoHHara Mpexa, Beporr-: r' :a 6rorupaue lr 3aaprlcrBaHe;

. Jlatentnoct l,l npeuH3Hocr Ha cucreMara 3a pearupaHe Ha BtHtrrHrrirrnq n n:rrroqeuux.

l-[pcnaaplrre:ruara orIeHKa r{a KaqecrBeHHTe r4 l(orHqecrBeHr.rre xapaK-[rc r-xKll Ha rrapaJleJrHHs KoMnrcTbp e oT u3KJrroqrrTeJrr'ra BaxHocT KaKTo 3a

)oK r:lrrrHTe u :a norpe6ure:rure. Tr ce pearr.r3rrpa qpe3 cr,rMyJraqulr c KoH-[]il |Hr]rru aonycKaHu.{ B aAeKBaTHa eKcnepfiMeHTaJrHa napaJreJrHa r.r3qHc-'c-rrrra cpe,4a, flpu fiepapxr.ruuul lo,qroA ce rr3rror3Bar eraJroHnu nporpaMr.i,Ir'o MofaT Aa rrpeAcTaBJrrBaT cr{HTe3rrpaHH KOJIeKIIUU oT npofpaMH,I rrApa,)oxCHMHpaulu cpeaHr{Te xapaKTepucTHK}.r Ha pearHr{Te nporpaMrr }r npeA-rlr'r'l cJrrrH rrpofpaMHr.r qr.rKJI{r fi3BIeqeHfl oT pealleH u3qr.rcr,iTeJreH ToBap I.r

rcyMnpilurr.r MaKcrrMaJrHo BpeMe 3a H3rlhJrHeHrze. Oco6eno aKTyanHr.r ca4yJraqnHTe rra nepcneKTrrBHr,r I]pr{JroxeHr{.s, Ha ocrroBaTa Ha pe3yjrTaTrrTe

r(or.l f'o KoMrrrortpH qr apxlrreKT rpt6na p,a us6epe e4na or Dr,3MoxHr.rrecPIrilTItBH:

. Elo:rroquonso yc'r,B:bprrreHcrBaHe Ha c6ulecrByBarqo apxureroypnorcrrHc c qer c6xpaHqBaHe Ha cbBMecTr.rMocT c6c c'btqecTDyBa[Ir,r MoAeJ]r,t;. Cr,ggaRaue Ha paArrraJrHr.r HoBu apxrrrexT)pHt4 Konrlenqr4u u peana-

rru, KoIl r'o cl,BMecTHo c H3rroJr3BarreTo IIa aDaHrapAHr.r TexHoJrofrIu .qa ao-1r'r',rlo xaqec'rBeH cKoK B cucTeMIIaTa npo[3BoarrTeJrHocT,

Ka.{ecrseHure xapaKTepI'IcrI'rKIt Ha napa,'IenHlr.{ KoMnIorBp ca }r:KJIIo-

quTeJrrro Ba)KHII U 3a norpe6nTeJII'Ite, r:r'fi rato cJlyxar 3a ocHoBa 3a onTI{Ma-

JreH r436op OT aJrrepHarlIBIIn apxureKTypHI',I pellreHl',It I{ crea roBa 3a

aaanrr.rpaHe Ha cTlIJIa Ha nporpaMlrpaHe K6M apxl{TeKTypHara crlequ$lrxa na

v36paHus KoMn10r'6P.

ErcneplruenraJlHara aeiiHocr no KoMrlror:r,pHa apxlrreKTypa o6xBarrla

I.r3rrbJrlIeHIreTO Ha peaJlHtl rlpofpaMl{ oT c'brqecTByBalq}I IIJIIT CI'IMyJrHpaHH

MarrJr.rHrr. Hafi-nony:rxpen noaxoa e e(beKTI'IBuoro c'l'qeraBaHe Ha llMlrralru-

oHHOTO MOAeJIIIpaHe c ApyfH eI(cIIepI'IMeHTaJrIr]I noAxoAI'I, Karo cosTyepelr H

xapayepeH MoHHTOpUHf, KOITTO OT CBO.g CTpaHa npoBepgBaT It noTBT')pxaaBaT

AAEKBATTIOCT'TA HA CUMYNAIIHOHHH.g MOAEI.

f:ssKasocrta Ha cI4MyJIalrl'IlTa Karo ocHoDeH eI(clreplMeHTaneH no.[xoa

ce onpeaerq oT B63MO)KHOCTTa 3a JIeCHa npoMqHa Ha MoAeJILpaHIrre clrc-

TeMrru napaMerpu vI Lt3trcKBaHttrra Ka,M HarpyrlBalizre crarncrnru' He'ryo-

craTbrlrrre ca roJlnMOTO BpeMe 3a crMy.lauul{, KaKTO I{ Her'rs6exHata

r{AeaJru3aqlrfl ua H.gKoL apxHTeKTypHI4 aerafiru, Br'npeKu KoHcepBarIrBHIITe

IOIlyCKaHI.Iq.Co(rryepun.rr r.r xapAyepHHllr MoHnropuHr ocurypqBar BI4coKa cKopocr

Ha cTaTIICTUqecKI.ITe HaTpynBaHUq, Ho Ir3ItcKBaT eKcrlep MeHTaJIHII npOTOTU-

nt{, oTJrnqaBarql{ ce c BI.IcoKa qeHa, KaTo He ocufyp.sBaT B:b3MO)KHOCT 3a [pO-

li.gua sa cncreMHure napaMerplr.f:rauuure $arropure, Bruqerql't Blpxy npoH3Boanrelnocrra u eQenrlm-

lrocTTa I{a napa-IIeJIH}'ITe KOMIOT6pHU CI'ICTeMIT' Ca:

. Bug ua v3rrtJlt:nsRarlas rIapaJIeJIeH anfopltrr'M pecrl 3anoxeHus no-

TeHrlr,ra-lleH napaJIeJI'b3T)M;

. Kpaeu 6poii upoqecoptl B napaJleJlHara (oMnlolbpHa cncreMa;

. flonr,:rnnrelnu nporpaMHlt u anaparHu pa3xo.ql 3a KooprIlHaqr'rtra

Ha napa-neJrHIiTe npoqecu B HeiiHHTe rpu acnexra (cunxpoHl'I3aqlttr, KoMyHIr-

Karllrs I.I B3auMHO USt<lrOUnaue).

B Haii-o6ut sI,IA saBlrclrMocrra Ha rIpoI'I3DoAlrreJrIIocrra Ha napa"IIeJrHI{-

Te KOMnrOTpn oT BI{Aa HA I'I3nAJIH.gBaHIt.g anlopuT.I,M ce npeAcraB'I or 3aKoHa

Ha AMAaJ (Qur. 5.3?). 3a oqenxa Ha ed)eKT[BHocrra lla rapaJreJlHlrre KoM-

rrrorpl.I orHoclro Aaaelr aJIropIITbM Ce BT,BeX.4a rlapaMer:I,plr ctttenatt 'tu

napate,lu3r't z, Orpa:lnarq noreHuuaJlllll'I napaJlenH36M Ha a-[fopH]]'Mil:

L = Tseq / (Tseq' + Tpar, id) (5.2\

KbACTO:

Tseq - rperue 3a rIocJIe.[oBareJIIlo H3rIT,JlIIcIInc Ila Ilolpyl(l(lllll(l llll,{3rlt,JIrrrrrarral a nporpaMa;

',t.(t I

Tpar,id - BpeMe 3a r.r3utJrHenrre sa [apaJrerunre rrpoqeca r]a rrporpa-ra or r.raea"tua napaJreJrHa KoMrrrcTbpua crcreMa (npu ua:lravue na 6ea_teu 6poft flpoqecopn u 6es orqurane sa AoflbrrrlrTenHrrre pa3xoAr,3a)pAuHaunsra ua npoqecure);

Tseqr- npelre 3a rnrrbJrgeurre Ha rrocreaoBareJrHure npoqecla B rrpo-,MaTa.

3a apeuero sa noinegorarenHo n3ntJrHeHrne Ha nporpaMara e B crra)TIIO[ICHI,IETO:

(5.3)

teTo:Ti - npeuerpaeue Ha r.r3flr,nHerruero na i-rara Hncrp]rKrlr{r;C - o6rq 6pofi na uncrpyrqr{r.rre B nporp.rMara.flpr,r crarrauNo-naprurerHr.rre aJrropltrMrr 6porr ua [apiueJrHr{Te rrpo-

l{ e n3BecTeH npean rr3nbJrHeHneTo Ha nporpaMaTa, TaKa qe BpeMeTo 3aHOTO l{3nbJlHerr}re Moxe Aa ce onpeAenl{ IIo cJleaHrar HaqI.IH:

SrSSkrpar,id = MAX{ (>7j)l +> Zrkj

'elr,al- - - fi ,=,

(5.4)

ero:Q - 6pofi na napaJreJru[Te rrpoqecfi, reHepr,rpaHu rrpu AeroMno3r4qr,r.sra

rporpaMaTa Ha He3aBrrcHMr,r 3aAaqr{;Sr - 6pofi Ha r.rHcrpyrrtrr.rrrr e B r-Tvs, lapirJreneH lpoqec npu rrnnbJrue-

TO Ha nporpaMaTa;Tj - npewerpaerre Ea r.€nlJrHeHr,rero na j-rara r,rucrpynlrrr B paMKure

IapateJrHr.rs npoqec.Ha [porpaMaTa;S - 6pon Ha rrocreAoBareJrHaTe rrpoqecu npu r,r3rrbJrHeHr{ero Ha rrpo-

\4aTai

Sk - 6pofi Ha rrHcrpyrrlur,rre s k-rus flocJreAoBareJreu npoqec npu u:-HeHr{eTo Ha nporpaMaTa;

Tkj - nperrlerpaeHe Ha r,r3rrbJrHeHr.re ua j-rara uncrpyrrlnr D paMKHTe Hal{ [ocneAoBaTeneH rrpoqec flpu l,I3rrGJIHeHr,reTo rra uporpaMaTa.

Ovenu4no BpeMero Tpar,id ce olpeAenr or BpeMerpaeHero na nai-Il'br)KHTerHn.{ napaJreJrer{ lpoqec Ha aJrroprrrMa, rlfi raro nopa4u 6es_iuu* 6pofi npoqecopr.r BcrrqKr{ rrapz}neJrHu [poqecr{ B uAearHr,r-{ laparerennroT6p ce H3n6JrHrEar e.4HoBpeMenHo.

Creaonarenno 3a crerreuTa ua napa:re.nusru L npr.r

cTaTuqHo-napaureJrHH anropr.rTMr.r ce notyqaBa:

c

Zri

N3N6JI IICHI,ICTO HA

(5.5)srSSt

Y4X{(Iryll*Z Zrri!=t t=t ., =l

3a Aa ce oqexr,r BJrnrnnero na rpafiun.a 6poft npoqecopra B'bpxy npolr3-EOAITT€JIHOCTTa IIa [apaIIeJIHaTa I(OMIIIOTT'pHa CItCTeMa, pa3IJIeXAaMe I,IAea-

neH napaJreJreH r(orvmorrp c Qurclrpau 6pofi npoqecopr.r, raro npene6peroalute

AOn',bJIH TeJrHlre Cr{CTeMrrr,r pa3xoAr,r 3a (oopal,IHaqlr.s Ha [poqecr.tTe B cr,rcre-

wara. E$exmuenutm napartenuzbrt En ce ge$unrpa Karo orHorlreHlre Ha

BpeMeTo 3a rrapaJreJrHo r.r3rrbJrHeHl,Ie Ha aaaeHa nporpaMa or LrAeareE [apa-neJren xoMrrrorlp (c 6earpaeu 6pofi upoqecopra) Tpar,id rcu npevero, ueo6-xoanMo 3a r,r3rrbJrrreunero ir or napa.nereu l(oMrlrorbp c xpaeu 6pofi nnpoqecopr Tpar,n;

En: Tpar,id / Tpar,n (5.6)

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

OTHOCI-ITEIIEH T'III HANOC]IE.4OBATEJIHI-iTE TIPOUECI,I B NPO|PAMATA

<Duz. 5-37- 3arox xa Audan

100

!4 80

9uoo

4

269

EQerrurnoro r{3noJr3BaHe Ha noreHI{uaJrHLITe B63MoxHocrI.I Ha napa-JrrrHTe r(oMnroTl,pHu apxHTeKTyprI I43ucKBa orTIiMa-[Ha .qel(oMno3l{qrl.s Ha

l opUTbMa Ha napaJrenHu npoqecu, nplr KoeTo I.I3nI'JIHeI{IreTo Ha anfopHT'b-

rrle ce pearr-I3r-rpa noerarrHo c Me)KA HHo rou6unrpaue Ha qacrllqHlrre

JyJITarr.r, Koero B 3HaqlrreJrua creneH narrarxna eQerruDIIltt napaJlerlr3tMH lr:lpaneJrHara o6pa6orxa.

3a oqenxara na e(lerrlrnuur napaJIeJIIt3bM npr4 pear 3a:g:zsra Ha [apa-Jrrrh acuHxporrHr.r lr3qltcreHu.s c KoMyHIIKI{paulfi npoqeclr B MyJITIII(oMnIoT-

cc BbRe)r(aa napaMeTT,p'bT cpeaHo BpeMe 3a peanl,I3allu.flTa Ha rlapaJIeJIeH

oqcc, rri Karo Hr,rBoro Ha rrapaJreJlu3Ma e rIpoMeHJIHBo It Baplrpa or eAIr-,Ilra nrrcrpyKrluq ao rrporleaypa, o6xsaqaqa xl'rrggr't uHcrpyrqnlr. Clego-lcJruo 3a cpeAHara npo.q'LJlxurenHocr Ira napaJleJlIInr npoqec Tav n

r{rrxpoHrra lapaJrenHa I(oMnIoTGpHa cLIcTeMa, oTpa3.sBau]a HerlocpeacTBe-IIIIROTO IIa napaJIeJII,I3'bM B Il3qI{CJILITeJIHaTa CI'ICTeMa' Ce nOIyqaBa:

. flpra onpe4el.nHero Ha cpeAHara npoAbnxlrrenHocr Ha lpoqecr{Te

Tav ce npeue6perBar 3aKGcnellu.sra B craprl{paHero Ira npoqecxre nopa.ql4

acrrHxpoHlrns xapaxrep IIa Ir3qLIcJIeHI{qra H orpaHllqeHu.s 6po rra npoqeco-pzre, Kor.rro Ha npaKTtKa o6ycraBqr IIplIIIoKpIrBaHe Ha Il3naJIHeIrI4ero llanpoqecr.rTe B paMKIrTe Ha Bc.sKa rpyna.

Teopernuuo, orITI{MaJItlara rIpoIr3BoaIrreJIHocr Ha napaJreJll{ara KoM-

rrroTbpua crrcreMa e paBFIa Ha cyMara or olrrI4 MaJIIrLire Irpol'I3BoaltreJlHocrr{

lra BceKr.r lpouecop B rrapaJleIIIls KoIralrorup. Jluueiiuoro ynenuuaoaue na 6po;t

Ha npoqecopr4re 6n rpn6na,ro ga DoAIt c;orBerHo Ao npolopqtrollzullro Hapa-

crBafle Ha npon3BoAl{TeJlHocrra Ha napaJrerullt KoMnrorrp' Ha npaxrura o6aqe

c6 IecTByBa uaMaJqBaHe Ha cHcTeMHaTa npoI.r3BoaIlTeJIHOCT nopaAll HaJII{q}I-

ero ua rou$.ruxrr.r 3a noJBBaHe ua o6qu clIcreMHI.I pecypclr, (aKTo I{ nopaAlt

HaJruqrreTo Ha npI4rrLIHHo-cJIe,(cTBeHIl BpL3K MeXAy rIapaJIeJIHI'ITe npoqecl Ha

H3r:LrrrqBaHu.s aJrropl,tlbM. Ha rfur. 5.38 e rloKa3alra I'IAeaJInara (reopernuua-ra) u pea:rnara 3aBLIcIrMocr Ha npol.r3BoAlrreJlHocrra Ha napaJrenllara KoM-

rrrorl'pHa cEcreMa or 6por Ha npoqecopl'rre n uel. flpu valr'r 6poii na

upoqecopr{Te }DeJrnrraBaHero Ha 6pot lIM BoAu ao npoflopq}IoHa:rHo HapacrBaHe

Ha cncreMHara npol{3BoAlrreJlHocr. flpu 4ocruraIte Ila raKa HapeqeHu.{ npa-

roe 6pofi Ha rrpoqecoprlTe rlo-HararlrrlHoro ylerrlqaBaHe ua 6pol na npoqe-

copuTe He Boalr ,qo noBlrrllaBaHe Iia cucreMHara rlpolt3BoaltreJrnocr (yuacr-sr

ua uacuqaue). Cre4 rper,ruuanaHe Ha ropHara rpaHl{qa Ha 6pox ua npo{eco-prrre npr.{ HacHuIaHe Ha cucreMara, Ilo-HararblxHoro yne:rlrvanaue na 6por tla

npoqecopr.rre BoAI{ ao 3HaqlITeJrIlo IIoHIlxaBaHe Ha cllcreMHara npol'I3Boal'I-

TeIHOCT, nOpaAI,I 3Haql.lTellroTo lrapacTllaHe Ha aon6J]HuTeJIHltTe cI'IcTeMI{l'I

pa3xoAu 3a Koopaunaquara na pa6orara Ha roreM .s 6pofi npoqecopu. Tovtct't-

Te rra Hacr{[IaHe u crlaa Ila cl{cTeMHaTa npou3BoaliTelllocT, KaKTO l'I HI-IBOTO IJa

HacrlulaHe, 3aBrrcsT or crpyl ypara Lr opraHll3allll'Ira Ha KoHKperHara napa-

JreJrua crrcreMa (oco6eno clrJlHo 3aBIrc.sr or xapaKTepI{crItI{ttre Ha B'brpetullo-

cllcTeMHara KoMyI{ KaqIIoHHa Mpe)Ka), aonr,nHL{TeJIHI'ITe CHCTCMITI'I pa3XO.qU

3a KoopAr.rHaquq Ha rlapiuleJlHlrre npoqecll, o6ycloneHu or cneqlr$uxa'ra tta

r.r3[l,rHtBaHr4.r anropnrtM u orpaH I.IqeHHs 6po[ cn crevH n pecypcl4.

Esexnruanoannta a nspale uttns ,tuunnnn'p,n apxunexntypa Eptt

ce 4e$uulrpa (aro orHorleHl{e Ha BpeMero 3a I{3n:bJIHeHI{e lra AaAe}I aJlro-

prrlbM or rr.qeareH napaJIeJIeH KoMnrcTbp c n npoqecopa Tpar,id,n rr,v lpc-MeTO 3a n3rr:bJrHeHLIeTO My OT peaJIeH rlapaJreJreH xoMlroT6p c ofpallnqcll6pofi npoqecoplr c orqlrraHe Ha aorItJIHLIrerHIrre pa:,xoAlr 3a Koop,lIHIIaqHt

Ha napaJreJrHr4Te npoqecu Tpar,real,n:

(5.n)

111

8sirat,=(ZzriitQ

i-l J=l(s.7)

./(0 r'o:

Q * 6poxr Ha npoqecuTe, $oprrlrpanr.r rpI.I AeKoMno3LIqHsra Ha rlpo-l MllTa rra He3aBHCI,rMfi npoqecx:

i - uorrrep Ha rrapanenuufl npoqec;j * nopegeu uovep Ha rrncrpyKrrr{rra D paMrlrre Ha napaJIeJIHI{t lpoqec;Tij - opeve ra ir-bJlHeHtre uaj-rara HHcrpyKur.rt o pavxnre ua i-rar

P;lJrcJrerl npoqec.flpn usnuueuuero rra aaaeH aJrfopnlhM or napalrenHa KoMnlortpHa

c rcMa c KpaeH 6pofi npoqecoplr u3qucrl4TerHu.sr npoqec ce oc'IJrqecrB.tBa

Q/n rpynu, Kot4To ce u3r6rH.sBar rrocneAoBareJlllo, Karo B paMKlrre Ha

'rKa lpy[a ce rr3r6ru.sBar eaHoBpeMerluo n npoqeca (norroro e 6po;Ir na

orlccopu re), BceKu npoqec c'bc cpeAlla npo,q's:rxure:nrocr Tav.C;rcgolarerno afla-,rrr3br na e$exrunuux napaterli3tM B MyJITITKoM-

)'tl)u Mo)Ke aa ce rr3Baprnfi [pr{ cJrearrriTe aonycKa}Ifit:. llaparrcrnlr.fir KoMnroTbp c:ba6pxa n xoMorelrrri{ npoqecopll;. Ihuluueto lra Hr.rBoro Ha napajreJru3bM npl.t fi3nbJlrrelrHero Ha.qaAeH

r'ol)n'rr,M cc orpa3.sBa nrpxy e(terrunuocrra Ha napaJlenHure aclrHXpoHHIrLtr'tcJrcrU4rr qpe3 cpe.qHara npoAbJrxrrreJrHocr rra lapaJreJrHure npoqecl'l;

. llapa:rc:rrrara o6pa6orr<a ce peaJrx3npa upe: Q/n nocJIeAoBareJIIIId

yl|{, xal o r} paMKr,rTe Ha Bcsr(a rpyna ce peanH3l{paT napaJreJlHo n rlpoqecall:rjr'l!rllrrl c n rrpoqccopa;

0

Epa: Tpar,id,n / Tpar,real,n

r

EPoli HA nPorlEcoptzTE n

l>uz. 5.38. 3aeucuuocm ua npouseodumetHocmma Ha napaJxe,nHumeKoMnrcmpu om 6pon Ha nporyecopume

B ron.rercta Ha MyJrrr,rKoMnlorplrre etpenrunuocrra Ha rrapzuIetuararroTbpHa apxnTeKTypa ce oIIpeAen.s npearrMno oT yA:6JrxaBaHeTo H4 cpea-L lrpoa'bJrx{r{TeJrHocT Ha napaJreJrHr,rc npoqec nopaAr,r AonbnHHTeJrHoTo4C 3a KOOpAT{HarIUs Ha flapil}leJlHrrTe npoqecu D cHcTeMaTa,Ycxopenuemo Sup rrpra napanenHara o6pa6orra ce ge$uuupa raro or-

crru0 Ha BpeMeTo 3a rrocJreAoBaTeJlHo l.r3rrbJrHeHr,re IIa aaaeH aJrfopI.rT,LMKr,M BpeMeTO 3a napaJrerHoTo rl3nbjrHerrHe Ha cbuluq aJrfopr4TaM oT

rra rrapaJrenHa KoMrrrortpHa cncreMa Tpar,real,n:

Sup: Tseq / Tpar,real,n (5.e)

Iilfcrntuottocrttttta a u3noro6a enro ,ru npoqecopume Epe ce onpeAe-.l'10 oTrroureHr.te Ha ycKopeHrreTo rr,r.a 6pox Ha npoqecoprrTe B rrapaJleJl-K0MrrroT'hp:

Epe:Sup/n (5. r 0)

I luntoaapaanento a pecypcume (u3quc,xunrc,1Hu u KottynuKsquon-t.lrcsource ce ofipeAen.a Karo orHorrreur.Iero Ha BpeMero Ha rsxHara 3ae-'l'active xr,u BpeMero 3a u3nr,JrHeHne Ha aJlfopxr.bMa or napanernrrq

rrolr,p Tpar,real,n:

5.6.2. flpon:nogrnreJrHocr Ha BbrpernHocr{creMHr.r r(oMyH}rnarrnoHHrtMpexH 3a rrapaJreJrrru KoMrrrcTpr{

JIATEHTHOCT. Bpervrero :a rpancQepa Ha n 'aitra

r.rn$opvaqur orIt3Tot{}Ir{Ka Ao Aecrrruallr{.sra uMa 4 KoMnoHeHTn, KaKTo cJIeABa:

Time(n)".o: OV + RD + CO + CD (5. r 2)

K6AETO:

OV (OVERHEAD) - Aonanuurelfiu pa3xo.qu 3a rrpr4c6eA]rH.{Baue Ha

cbo6rqeHrrero B TpaOHKa Ha Mpexara r{ r.r3Jrr.r3anero lry or rpaQura ua vpe-xara rrpn AeficrBrrrenHoro My rrpegaaaue or rpafi 4o npafi, cn:sp:au c lrnTep-

$efica er:er-upexa;RD (ROUTING DELAY) - 3al<bcHeHr.re 3a Maprxpyrr,r3aqrrq;CO (CHANNEL OCCUPANCY) - 3aerocr Ha KoMynrrKaqr.roHHr.rre

KAHA-IIU;

CD (CONTENTION DELAY) - 3aK'hclreur.re nopagn 6ronnpaue, roe-To orpa3qBa npecror Ha cbo6rqeHrxra npu luen 6y$ep na npuervruux rouy-TaTOp IIO MaprlpyTa;

S-D (SOURCE-DESTINATION) - r.BroqHr.rK-AecruHarrv.s.3aerocrra na rouyHr.rKarluoHur,rre KaHaiu ocuryp.sBa y1o6ua gorua rpa-

Hr,rrla 3a JrareHTHocrra npu KoMyrrrrKarrr{s. 3aerocrra Ha KoMyHrrKarrnorrHaraJtltHrls. 3ABACpt OT rrrvpvHaTa Ha KaHrUla, CKOpOCTTa Ha rrpeAaBaHe Ha Cr,rtHa-

rI.ITe v KonnrrecrBoro Ha ynpaBJrrnarqara lrnQopuaquq, Ko.sro or cBo.r crpa-Ha 3aRI,lCUt OT TOrrOJrOfl4rTa Ha MpeXaTa H aJrfopr.rTr,Ma 3a MaplxpyTr.r3arlr4s.PasrreNgaua,,rd3Ba,H Mpexara", saetoct:ra rra KoMyHrKaqI{oHHlrre KarrarulpeAcraBr.{Ba BpeMero :a rpauc$ep na cro6rqennero npes uaii-Harorape-IIIr.s KaHan B paMKr,rre Ha Mapup]'Ta. PagrnexAana ,,BT,Tpe B Mpexara", Ta3l,r

3aeTocT, ce onpeaen.fi oT 3aeTocTTa Ha KaHiullrTe Ha BcrKa cTbnKa Ha Maprx-pyru3a\ss. 3a onpe4enen [eprroA or BpeMe KoMyHr.tKarInoHH[.sr acr.rcreuT eanraNupan:a o6€ryxoaHe Ha 3a.gBxara or KoHTpoJrepa Ha naMerra r,rJrra npo-qecopa Aa cnylrr,rpa rrarera B Mpex(ara. Bceru xolrysuraqrloHen KaHuuI e 3aerorrpeAeJreno BpeMe c ttpe.qaoaHe Ha cr,o6rqeuuero no Mapupyra or r.r3ToqHr.r-

ra ao MecToHa3HaqeHueTo, Kar(To r.I KoMyHuKaqr,roHHu.{ acucTeHT Ha B:rfeJra-

.qecrlrHallu.s, B rogu acnenr e neo6xoglll,ro aa ce u3T6KHe Ba)rHocrra uaeSeKTI.IBHocrra Ha KoArzpaHero Ha narera. fLrtHKr,T Ha naKera c:bIllo yBerHr.ra-Ba 3aerocrra Ha KaHa-trHTe, 3aqoro B rr3TogHnKa ce ao6asqr crlvsoru ga gar-raBr,reTo r,r o[aIIIKaTa, KoHTo ce oTcTpaH.sDaT B AecTr.rHaquqTa. TaKa HanptMep3a roBap c pa3Mep n 3aerocrra Ha Kaua:ra e (n + nD)/b, xr,Aero nE e pa3MepaHa rrJrHKa u b e $nruvecrara nponycKarerlra cnoco6Hocr Ha xana:ra. Bt,nex-Ea ce cd)e NnusHa nponycKametHu cnot'o6ttot'm sa roNryr ltKaqr4orrna'r'a Bprr3r(a,Uresource: Tactive / Tpar,real,n (5.1 l )

213

,tF

'o ce sopMyrupa or rure.qHara roqKa ,,r.r3Br'r{ Mpex(ara" s ce 6a3npa Ha

rrrecKaTa nponycKareJrHa cnoco6Hocr Ha (olvryIlInKaqI40HHara Bp63Ka rloHe

rr(err.r c Qr.rKcrrpaH pa3Mep: (n/n+n").3arr,cuenuero 3a Maprxpyrl.I3aul.Iq or uIeAHara rorlKa ,,u3BLH Mpexa-

Ir(JrroqBa BpeMero 3a rpaHcoep rra aa,qeH clIMBoJl - HaIIpxMep ll'bpBl4.fl

lra c6o6xreHuero or r.r3ToqHrrKa ao .[ecrltHaqu{Ta. Pa:ueNgaua n palr-rra Mpexa'ra, Bc.sKa cr"L,rrKa rro Map[Ipyra Ao6as.s :aKlcueHI,Ie 3a Mapln-

r3arln.s, KoeTo ce aKyMytllpa B ToTaJIHo 3aK6cHeHHe, BIrx{AaHo ,,Il3B:bH

'rara". 3aGcgeultero 3a Maprnpyrr{3arlHrl 3aBIIcH or 6pol ua KaHaJIIlre

rapupyra, $oprrauparqn r.Hap. AIrcraHlrlrs 3a Mapurpyrusaqul h I{ 3ax'bc-

rc ro D, arsnurnauo 8'68 BceKr.r KoMyrarop, ueo6xogzlro :a cereKrllrq Ha

'rlcrrrrlfl rr3xoAeH rropr. flpu aHaJIIr3a Ha npolI3DoAI{TeJIHocrra IIpI{ KoMy-

rqur e y4o6no 3aKbcHeHI,Iero rlpIr Maprrrpyrlr3allul, B63HuxBaIqo B uH-

tcfica nr:el-upexa, Aa ce pa3rnex,qa aHaJIorHqHo Ha 3arbcfieHlrero B

/ r'aropvre. .{ucrauqurra 3a Maplxpyrlr3aIIus saRrcv or MpexoBara ro-)l Hrr, aJrropr.rrbMa 3a Mapupyru3aqnq I.r KoHKperHara asofiKa tl3Toql{I'lK-

rorra3HaqeHue. O6uoro 3aKbcHeHLIe cr{JIHo ce Brt ge or crparerlllrre 3a

y'raque rr MaprlpyTIr3aqlrt.llpu Maplrrp)'rrr3allfi.sra c aKyMyn]IpaHe Ir npI'IABIlxBal{e Ha rlaKera Ire-

' rraKeT ce noJryqaBa B aa,(eH KoMyrarop npeAlr Aa ce IlpllaBllxll no cJIeA-

ara Bp'b3Ka. Ta:lr crparerua ce u3rIoJI3Ba npll noBeqero uo6a:rnuLrror'r'prrr{ Mpexn ra 6eure nouyn.apua npu rro-crapnre MoaeJIII napanenHlt

rrrorpu. B ro:u c.lryvaii, MpexoBara JIareHTHocr 3a naKer or n 6afira,oqBa Io naKeTa e:

r",(n, t): h(nP + A) (5.13)

:r'o A e aon'r:rnureJrHo BpeMe 3a Maplxpyrtr3allllt Ha clbnIta, h - Auc-(Hrr 3a (oMyHrrKaqur n n - pa3Mep Ha aaHlII,ITe.

O'r'ypalueuue (5.13) ce slrxaa, qe Mpex(oBara roflororrl.s e or rl6pBoc-

rrro 3rraqellre 3a MpexoBaTa JrareHTsocr, rr, Karo rorloJlorllnTa ocHoB-

rpc,rtcr.s aHcrauqr.rera 3a Maprxp)"Tu:aqlu h. Ha npaKTura orlpeaer.sutrHre'opr4 ca noDer{e.

I [cxa aa pa3rne,qaMe BJIntHIrero Ila crparerllsra sa rouyraqr'u. IIpny laul,rrrTa Ha KaHa-rru ce oqaKBa 3aKbcHeIIlIe, lpolopllnoHan]Io ua h :a

Ixrlypupane na raua:ra, perouQrarypaqr.r Ha BcLIqKI.r KoMyraropt{ rlo Map-

la u uu(lopuupauero rra H3ToqHI.IKa 3a 3aeMalre Ha Mapnrpyra. Cle4 roaarr'r1c cc ltpLrABHxBar B KaHa-IIa 3a BpeMe n/b nlrcc 4ou's:rnI,ITeJIHo MaJrKo

crrcrrue, trponopq]roHaJlIIo Ha h, CreaoBarerHo 3a MpexoBara rarellT-

Hocrr r.r3Mepena B Mpex(oBrr qrrxrr4, t, sa n-6afiroso sr,o6ueuuc, n1)c7(aBilrro

no ar.IcraHqut h npu urpexa c Kor{yraqng ria KaHaJrr{, e:

T",(n,h):n/b+hA (5. l4)

B ypanuenue (5.14) :axrcueuuero 3a r.rHrunaJlr3aquc r, 3aK'hcrrerruclo3a Maprxpyrr{3arlu.rr ca aoII'bnHITeJIH]r qJreHoBe, He3aBr.rcr.rMr4 or pa3Mepa Hit

cr,o6rqeguero. Ta(a c yBernqaBarrero Ira ALJr)rcrHara Ha c'r,o6ureHlrero srnl-rrr.reTo Ha ancTaHrlrrrTa 3a MapIIIpyTLI3arJII[, a cJreaoBaTerHo H IIa TonoJIoflr-rra, orHoclrreJrHo HaMar.tBar, Kovyraqurra Ha KaHarI{ ce r.rgrroJr3Ba

TpaarrqrroHHo D TeJreKoMyHr,rKauIroHHl.rre Mpexr, T'Lii Karo BpeMero 3a IrHIr-

r\valfi.tr,ar\us e KparKo B cpaBHerrue c npoAT,nxr.rreJrHocrra na uu$opr.aaquon-nus o6uen. Kovyraqlrxra Ha KaHaJrH ce r.r3rron3Ba B MaJIKo rla 6pofiKoMyHrrxaqrroHHrr Mpex(H Ha apaJreJrHr.r KoMnrorpr.r raro Meiko CS-2 u BBNButterfly. BaNna pa3Jrr{Ka e, qe npt,t rrapaJreJ]r{rrre KoMnrorprr KaHailbr ce KoH-

$urypupa or cro6lreuuero, xoero ce nplr.[Br.rxBa npe3 Mpe)Kara r.r noAAT,pxaorBopeH Mapupyra Karo rauar. flo-rpa4uur{or{eH noaxoA e Aa ce onpeAenr{MaprxpyrtT B rr3ToqHuKa, Aa ce KoH$uryprapar r<ovparopHTe rr cJrea roBa Aace npeAa.qe unSopuaquxra ro xaHa-rra.

B'r,:voxso e ctrrlo raKa aa ce rr3noJr3Ba KoMyrarlu.s Ha rraKerr.r, Karo ce

HaMaJrrr JraTeHTHocTTa npr.r MaprnpyTn3arlr{rTa c aKyMyJr}rpaHe r{ [pu,[BrrxBa-ue ua cto6nlenuero. Ocuoauusr lt3Bog or ypaBHeHue (5.13) e, qe 3aK6cHeHr.r-

eTo e npor.r3BeAeHrreTo oT AHcTaHrIu.sTa 3a MapupyTr{3arluq r.r 3aeTocTTa 3aqgroro c'ro6urenue. ,{lnroro cro6ulenue Moxe Aa ce $parlrenrupa ua ur-KoJrKo MaJrKrr rraKerrr, Kor4To Aa ce [peAaBar rorrneilepr:Hparro npe3 Mpexa-ra. B ro:lr c:ryvafi :arucnenuero e:

T,,(n,h,no) : 1n-no)/b + h(n,ib + A) (5.15)

KsAero nn e pa3Mep ua $parnaeurure.E$errunnoro larrcHenlre npx Maplrpyru3auuq e polopqlroHaJrHo no-

cropo Ha pa3Mepa Ha naKera, orKoJrKoro Ha pit:)Mepa na cro6ulenlrero. BocrroBrlt4 nuHut4 ToBa e ocHoBHu.sT rro.trxoA, B63npr{eT B TpaaHqnoHHtrTe Ko-MyHuKaqxonHu Mpex(It KaTo Internet.

flpu rr,rpeulrocr{creMHfiTe l<oMyHuKaqr4onHu Mpex(n Ha napareJrltr.rreKoMnrorpu uAe.sra :a ronnefiepu:aqrrs Ha Maprrlpyrn3ar$rsra v r(oMyHr.rKarru-

tra e pa3Brira B rro-Bucoxa creneH. Iloseqeto fiapanenHr.r KoMrrrorpr4 rr3noJl-38ar KoMyrauur Ha rlaKern c Mapupyrr.r3arlqr c npr:nane (cut-through), npuKOSTO KOMyTaTOp'r,T B3eMa pellleHlre 3a MaprnpyTr{3aqr.r.s cnea npoBepKa Ha

n'LpBure $uroae ua 3arJraBHero u ocurypsBa B'b3MoxHocr ocraHaJra'ra qacrHa naxcTa 21a cc ,,lpexe" or BxoAHu.s KisM u3xoAnr4q Karrar, TaKa qe npeAaRa-

2't 5

rra Aoprr eAr{H eAr.rHcTBa}r naKer e KoHBefiepr.r3HpaHo. B ro3u cnyqafi ypaB-

c fo 3a JraTerrTHocTTa e aHaJrofrrqHo Ha ToBa 3a KoMyTaIIu.{Ta Ha KaIIairIrpa3JrrrKa, qe Koed)nqueHT'r,T Ha Maprnpyrr.r3arlri.sra D rqe 6cAe pa3JII{-

r'r,ii Karo MexaHu3MLtTe Ha npoqecr.rre ca aocTa pa3r qHI.I:

T",(n,h):n/b+hA (5.16)

'fpn6ra ga ce or6ereNlr, qe rrpr.r MapllpyrvaarvflTa c Bps3BaHe eaHo

crReno cro6qeHr4e Moxe aa 3aeMe uenltlr Maprlpyr or I.I3TorrHu(a ,Eo

tar\vflTl aHaJrorrrqHo Ha KoMyrallusra Ha KaHaJII4. lrasara na c'so6-

rcro r<ouQurypl.rpa Maprxpyra, npu4auNna rlr ce K:bM ,qecrllHalru.fiTa,MapuJpyr:br ce ocno6oNqaoa c npLrABHxBalIero Ha onaturara sa cro6-tcTo.

[o ryr nanapaneHr.rsr aHu]Jrr.I3 Ha npolt3Bo.{ureJlHocrra pa:rlex<ga clo6-rc, plr.4Br.rxtnaxlo ce or u3ToqHr,rKa Ao .(ecrlrHaqlrtra 6eg saanquero sallK B Mpexara. B clyuan 6e: rpa$ur Mpex(ara Moxe Aa ce pa3rJIe)KAa'lo xaro Konseiiep c BpeMe 3a uHrIIIuaJII.r3IrpaHero My, .qRJIxI{Ha I4 TaKT.

HL THTe crparerur, 3a KoMyraqv.s u Map[pyru3alru.s npoveuxr e$errun-c lpyKTypa Ha KoHBefiepa, AoKaro rono:rorurra, rlpolycrarenHara crro-

oc'r lra Bp:b3K[Te r{ {rpanueuraqra.rra onpeaeJl.sr.q6Jl)Kllnara na xonneiiepa'or)t,tr raKT. flpart:rrvecrr.r Mpexlrre npe,{craBrqBar nnereHuqa or rlpe-rr(H cc Lracrlr or MHoxecrBo xoueefiepn.llcrra Ha r.r3fioJr3Barrero Ha Mpexa nlrecro o6[Ia uraHa e Aa ce ocurypuo)Krrocr 3a peaJrrr3aqr{sra Ha M}Ioxecrnen rpanc$ep Ha AaHHH eaHoBpe-

ro, C:regonare:ruo Mpe)I(ara rpr6na ga noan'Lpx(a MexaHIr3'bM 3a ypex-rra rorrrlrurrute. IIose,qetrlrero ua Mpexara npL{ Hantrvue ua xoutflurrlt

-:rr or r{.sr(oJrKo acneKTa Ha Mpexonlrs .qu:aiiH - TolroJron4sra, crparefu-a r(oMyrarrur, aJIfoplrrBMa 3a Maprxpyru3aIIH.s. OcHosHltqr npo6lerr e,

.r(aj(crr MoMeHT KaHa^IltT Mo)Ke aa o6clyxna caMo eaHo c'ro6urenue. B

:rii, qe ase c'so6qenzs e,qsoBpeMeHuo ce onlrrBar aa Ir3nor3Bar ealrH I-I

KlrraJr, eArroro cr,o6qenlre rpr6na 4a 6r'ge 6nonupano. B o6qzr cryuafir r{oMyrarop ocuryp.sBa ap6lrrpaN 3a noJr3BaHe Ha Ir3xoaHure Kalranu.

o Jr{ fiaqr4rl KoMyraropl,T ue uz6epe eanu or BxoatlIILITe [aKerl{, gbcre-

ru{ cc 3a eArlH rr c:brrlu r.r3xo.qeH nopr, a ocraHaJlltre u1e 6rgar 6rorrapa-)'rclu4tro, nouQ.nrarrure yBerrrqaBar JI4TeHTHocrra npl,t KoMyHLIKaIln.s B

(orll{Te Bb3JrH. Pa:ueprr Ha roBa yBeJrIrqeHLIe 3anficlr or KoHKperHI.Is

rrr.r:r'r,na sa ap6urpax B Mpexara, KoiTo or cBos crpaHa 3aBLIcll or oclroB-c lparerHlr Ha Mper(oru.s Ausain. flplr KoMyrallulra Ha nar<eru. Hanpn-rou(l:lr.rt<'Lu Morar Aa B'b3Hr.rKBar nplr BceKI{ Itovyrarop. llpu

r py.r'tl3aur,rrrra c aKyMynHpaI{c u npHABIrxBaIre, aKo unoNecrlo 6yr!epu

paHH naKerlr B (oM)"Taropa I'l3I{cKBar 9EUH}l c'[,rq I'I3xoAeH KaHUUl, CaMO e.4I4H

qe 6r,qe us6pan u KoMyr[paH, AoKaro ocraHaJlure l1e 6l4ar 6'lorupanlr a

6ytfepnre, 4or<aro 6r,gar u:6panu' flo rogr'r naullu ron$luxrl'ITe yBerl'rqaBar

3axtcrreHltero uopagu npecrofi B onarrlKl{Te n 6yrfepure Ha KoMyraropl'lre'

IIpz rouyraqurra Hd Ka*arv e$errT'r or ronQ:rlmutre rl3HrrKBa, Koraro ce

nf^u" on"l .qu "a

ronsNrypupa ranaltr. B o6rqua c:ryuafi ce npanu npo6a:a

ronsurypupane Ha KaHaJIa .qo Aecrl'IHaqnqra u aro 6r'ae cpeurHar pe3epBu-

par{ KaHan, npo6ara sa ronQurypupaHe ce npeycralros.flsa' CJea Ir3Becrerr

vHTepBaJI or BpeMe MpexoBnlrT llllreptlefic npaBll HoB onur :a ron(lurypu-

pane Ha KaHaJIa. Tara npeuero sa ron$llrypnpaue Ha KaHa-ra ce yBeJIIrqaBa

,rpt r-""t" ,tu *on$:rurru, uo cJIeA Karo BeaHbx rauallr e xont[urypupaH,

npeaaBaHero ce oc'bxrecrD{Ba pu rbJIHa cKopocr 3a qqnoro c}o6ureHlte'

flplr rr.raprupyrn:auuqra c Bpt3BaHe ca B'b3Mox(Ht4 Ala napuanra:a 6lo-KrrpaHe Ha naKerlrre. flplI lo4loga c ,,BIrpryaJIHo npl:lane" 6lotcupaullre

Bxoanrqli rlaKerlr ce c[ynnpar n 6yt[ep' TaKa qe Mpe)KoBoro floBe,qeHl]e npu

rourlnlmru aerpaal.Ipa B cpaBHellue c Maprxpyrll3aql.r'sra c aKyMyJlllpaHe LI

HarpynBaHe. flpIl lrapUrpyrusaqu.s oT Tu[a ,,AynKa Ha'repner" n (oMyraTo-

pa ce 6yQeplrpar caMo H.sKoJIl(o t!:mra na cr,o6uresneto, aoKaro onalnKara

ce ocraB.{ no Mapupyra. Blorlrpauara qacr Ha c'r,o6ureHlrero e aIlaJIofHqHa

Ha KarraJr, noA,q:bpxaH orBopeH rlpe3 qacT or MpexaTa.

Korr.ryraropure caA'bpxar 6y$epu c orpaHl'Ir{eH pa3Mep 3a rlaKerrlre'

TaKa qe [pI4 MHoxecrBo npo.qEJIxI'ITeJIIT]l tcou$nurru 6yQepllre Ha KoMyra-

Topr,rre Morar Aa ce 3ant'.[ttsr. Oqenfi.(nu.sr npo6lev e rarBo ce cJIyqBa Ha

Bxo.(tulrre naKerlt npu ntnuu 6y$epll B KoMyraropa' B rpagnqllonuure ro-

MyHUKaqnoHHLI Mpexll Bp63KI-lre ca abJIrIr Ir rI{[IrqHI'Iqr no,qxoa e Aa ce 3afy-

6ra nare:rrr. Cleaonare:ruo npu Ha-nuquero ua xon$lllr<ul Mpexltre craBar

crrJrHo HeHa,qexaHlr I{ nporoKoJllrre Karo TCPAP ce Il3noJI3Bar Aa a'qanrupar

3agBeHr,r.rr KOMyHI.IKaIII{OH€H TODap B'bB B'L3JIItre K',bM Te(ylql4Te R'I'3MOXIIOCTI',I

Ha Mpe)xara ra rpanc$ep 6es :ary6lt Ha BllcoKara cKopocr' Analotsquo e

noseaeHnero Ha ATM roruyraroplrre Aopl't Koraro re I{3nor3Bar rqcHo cB'bp3a-

Hr.r Krhcreplr, trllgloqsuxtr He ce yBeAoM.lBa' qe HeroBlltr narer e:ary6en,

rara ve rp.n6na ga ce I,I3noJI3Ba MexaHI-I3'bM c time-out 3a ycraHoBqBaHero Ha

B63rir.rKBaHe na npo6.reu.B o6rqzs oryval n;n B:brpelxuocllcreMuI{Te KoMyIlIlKauuonIIIr Mpcxu

Ha napareJlHlrre KoMn'Iorpu nar<er, roiro ce npe,qaBa K6M rITincH 6ydrcp, cc

6lonupa Ha Mtcro, a ne ce:ary6oa. Tosa I4gscKsa "p'bKocrucKallc" Mct(,rly

Ii3XOAHr4.'I nOpT I,l BXOAHHS rlopr B KpalrrlaTa Ha KoMyIlHKaqI{olIIIa l a IlpliJl(ilt

T.e, ylpaDneHHe Ha rlorora Ha III-IBo Bp63Ka. flpu npogr':lxnrc ltttn rtttltltlltttt

rn rpar[urr,r ce or6,q'bcrsa or rorlKara B Mpe)Kara' a KotTo l]'l'3IIxl(tra t rtltttlt

?.7 7

r l'e KbM u3ToqHI.IqIrre, reHepupaul Tpa$xr E Ta3r{ ToqKa. Te:u usroq_fi ca noA:roxeHrl na o6paruo HaJI.sraHe B Mpexara (rtfi naro r.s orKa3BarpueMe rraKerr.rre), roero npequ:onrna rpauc(tepa Ha rroroxa AarrHrr Bxara Aa ce za6asu.qo cKopocr, Kosro rro3BoJrsBa rscHoro M{crollcncck). Vne.luqanasero Ha pa3Mepa ua 6y$epr,rre B KoMyraropure Bxarzl oc[ryprrBa BT,3Mo)r(Hocr 3a rro-ar,Jrro apeue r<ondnlrrrure Aa HetH:lnurar o6parno Har.sraHe KT,M u3ToqHnKa, Ho roDa cbrrro raKa Boar, ,qolutraBaHe Ha BpeMero sa npecrof fla flarerr4Te B orauJKnre ua 6y$epure.

E4uu or ocuonuure npo6.levu uplr 6roxupauero na cto6rqeuua l upe_c c, ue o6parnoro Ha:r.sraHe Moxe Aa oKaxe BJrlrrHr.re arpxy rpa$rzra,'o rrc e Maprupyru3upaH 3a r<ou$:rlrrrnux r.r3xoaeH nopr, HapneaH rope-xr.rra. Aro rpa0nrrcr, Maprnpyru3rrpaH :a ron$nnxrnl.ra u3xoAeH nopr,urrrrnBa rlponycKare;]Hara My cnoco6nocr, ro ro:u rpa$ur ue npeAr.r3_o6parrro HaJrrraHe B Mpexara, flpu npoauNrarelnu rou0,runrz o6_

o'ro rraJrsraHe rle ce pa3npocTpaHH rrpfl,4bpBo oT KaHaJrn rro MaprxpyTnTe,/lcc l'Hrrarrnrra, Tosa snreHue ce Hap.sqa ltpsoBudtto tacuulane.Bcexu)utt, npecuqaxl ToBa A6pBo, gbrrlo rqe 6tge:a6anen. flpu vpeNu c vap-r'u-]iluurr or rr.rna,,rynKa ua vepael,, aJrreprrarlrBara e aa ce H3ocraBr.tillcuuero, raro ce lt ntlopvupa u3ToqHrnr:br Ha KoltLt3vrsra, Hanprzueprlpa;rerHr.rr KoMrrrortp BBN Butterfly rr3ToqHr{KBT 3aAT,pxa orarrrKarar,o6rqenr.reto, Aoraro fJraBara My aocrxfHe Aecrrrrrarrurra (r.e. ce rou-prrpa raual) H axo B63Hr.rKHe roHQ:rllrr no Mapmpyra, qepBerr ce npu-o6paruo KbM r{3To.rrr.iI<a. To:u no,4xog peAyqupa ao ron.sMa creneH

r I rra IT,pBoBr.taHoTo HacrrulaHe.I{a'r'o ce o6o6rqu roper.r3Jro)KeHoro, Moxe Aa ce crfirlre no 3aKJrrogeHue_

0 DcHrrr(H acrreKTn rra Mpexozux guzaitn _ npoflycKarenHa cnoco6uocrfr, Jr(LrTe, TonoJlorfiqTa! cTpaTeffirlTa 3a I(oMyTarIHr, anfopltT.bMa 3a Map_'rr3iluHr H ynpaBJreHnero rJa rrorora - rcov6unrapauo onpeAe.[.sr JrareH_lra rra cr,o6uqerrnero. Crrqo raKa c:brqecrByBa rqcHa Bp63Ita Me)Kryl lrroclra lr nponycKareJrHara crroco6Hocr rla Mpexara. B c:ryualrre, ro-r rl)orycr(arcrrrara cnoco6uocr nplr KoMyHr.rKarI q, Ir3uc(BaHa or npo_il la, c rrr{cxa B cpaBlleHr,re c HaJHqHara npo[ycr(arenHa cnoco6]Iocr Ira:illlr, norrt!.ur.rxrure u1e 6r,gar MaJrKo, TeHAe qr4ara :a 6ycf epure e gar rpa:lru{ lr JrareHTHocrra rqe ce noaAbp)r(a nr.rcra oco6eno npr,r Maprx-riu(nl c Bllr3BaHe. C nosurrlasa e ua H3ucKBaHriqra 3a nponycKareJllarar6rroc l rrpN novyHlrKaquq, u3r.rcKBaHa or nporpaMara, JrareHTHoorra ue.rJr rraDa ropaAu 3aLrecrrBaHe rra rorrtfllrrru.re.llurclro c 71a ce o16c:reNu, rle BTTpeurItocucreN{rrnre KoMyrruKatlrrorrrutr lil I rit paJrcJr lrrrrc r(oMrrrorpn ca 3arRopcrru cHcreMr.t c o6pa.lua rpr,sra

or Mpexara KIM II3TOqI{[qIlre, reHeplrpaqu rpaslrKa. Harolaplanero ua

Mpexara 3aBrrclr or cKopocTTa Ha no,{aBaHero ua 3asBI(H or npoqecopHHTe

B:b3Jrrr 3a KoMyIIIrKaqut, KoqTo oT cBojl cTpaHa 3aBHcI{ oT cKopocTTa, c KoqTo

MpexaTa peajrr.r3l.lpa ra3lr KoMyHI4KaIIUq. Ebp3oaeficTDltero Ha rlpofpaMara

3aBr,tcr{ Hafi-cr.rJlHo oT JTaTeHTIIOCTTa B CJryqalrre, Koraro B:t3lIIIKBar OnpeAe-

JIeHr4 3aBHczMocru: nporpaMara rpx6na 4a lrsuaxa :aBT'pIIrBaHero Ha qereHe

I,rJrrr rroJryqaBaHeTo na clo6tqeulre, 3a Aa rIpo.[6JIxII Ir3nbJIHeHI'IeTO CIt; AOI(a-

TO Ce U3qaKBa, HaroBapBallero Ha MpexaTa HaMaiItBa Il JIaTeHTHOCTTa CT'lqO

HaMa:r.rrBa. B napa.ne.nnlrx KoMrllolbp nporpaN{ara ce KoHKypHpa caMa cbc

ce6e cII 3a KoMyHI4KaIIuolIHHTe pecypc[. Aro napane:rular rovnrorr'p pa6o-

Tr.i B MyJITI,InpOrpaMeH pexnM, napaJIeJIHI{Te npofpaMl{ MoraT c'bluo Ia ce

KorrKypHpar noMexay cu. B rogu cJyqaii cKopocrra Ha noAaBaHe IIa 3atBKIl

nre HaMaree c HaMarsBaIrero Ha cxopocrra I{a Mpexara nopagu xon$:rurru'B gaKrloqenue MoxeM aa o6o6urlrM, qe KoMyHIrKaIrEtra c HIlcKa JIa-

TeHTrrocr e or KplITLtqHo 3HaqeHlte 3a 6T'p3oAeiicrBl'IeTo Ha rlapaneJIHIiTe

npofpaMr.r.nPOnyCKA:ttuTHA C UOCOBH OCT. flponycrare.rHara cnoco6nocr

Ha BbTpeuHoct{cTeMHaTa KoMyHIlKaqI{oH a Mpexa Ha napaIenHI'I.s roMnloT'bp

e KprrriqeH @arrop :a npollsBoal'ITenHocrra Ila rrapaJIeJIHure rlporpaMlr no-

paau cJIeaHI-ITe rlpuqltHI{:. Bltcorara npolycKareJlHa c[oco6Hocr Ha Mpexara HaMarflBa 3aero-

crra Ha KoMyI{IIKaIIUO}IHltre KaHaJIIT;

. Blrcorata rrponycKareJltla cnoco6gocr Ha Mpexara HaMarqBa Bepo-

.srHocrra sa xon$llrxru;. Orae:rsure Qa:u ua napaJlenuara nporpaMa Morar aa reHepl'ipar

(oMyHrrKarll{oHeH ToBap c rorsM o6eM AaHgn,6es aa e Heo6xoAl'lMo aa ce

rr3qaKa 3aBbprxBaHero Ha rexHlit rpalrcd)ep;. fIPg MPEXHTE C KOIVIYTAIII'I' HA NAKETII I.I MAPINPYTI'I3AIII{q C BP'3BA-

He e Br,3MoxHo .qa ce ocurypl4 BI'IcoKa nponycKarelna cnoco6nocr AopI'I

I]pIl foJleMrr cToiiHocTu Ha JIaTeHTHOCTTa rlopa.qlr oaKTa, qe noBeAeHIteTo

Ha Mpex{ara ce orrpeAeJI.s or (lynxqlrolupaltero Ha MHoxecrBo xollBeiiep14

:a rpaxcQep.flponycrarernara cnoco6socr Ha BbrpettJHoc14creMHara KoMyHlrKauu-

oHHa Mpe)Ka IIa llaparerHu.s ItoMrIIOTbp MOXe Aa ce pa3rnexAa oT aBe fJle'q-

HI] TOqKI,I:

. fro6a m (o6up) nponycqame,ltnnta cnoco6nocn ' HaJIIlt{Ha 3a BcHtI-

KII B'b3JIII B MPEXATA;

. Jloxanta (unduaulynn) nponycqame rcnxa cnocofttoct,t, Harvqra3a AaAeH B'HeJI B MpeX€Ta.

279

f

llpn o6ev na uo6aaunx xovyuuraquoHerr roBap Ha napa;rerHara rrpo-ua M 6airra lr rJro6aJrua (o6u1a) nponycrare:rnara cnoco6uocr Ha Mpe-a B 6aitra 3a ceKynAa, oqeBr.r,qHo BpeMero 3a KoMyHHKaq[q e none MIBirr;1r.r. Or Apyra crpaHa, aKo qrJrara KoMyHuKaqr4.s e or gnv K.bM ealrH H( BrfeJr, To ra3r.r orleHra e rB:bpAe onrllMl,rcrr.rqHa. B ro:ll ercrpeuaaenlafi npeuero 3a KoMyHr.rrarlr4r Ie ce olpegerq or roKa-rrHara nponycKa-ra cnoco6nocr Ha Kpr,rrr{qHar 863eJr.

I-IcKa .qa pa3rJreaaMe Brr.rrHuero ua cnerludrurara Ha MpexoBn.{ Au-l l|'Lpxy JloKaJrriara nponycKare:rHa cnoco6uocr Ha B63eJra. Konrynnxa-r rl.r.sr KaHar upeAcrarlxna Qu:uvecKarara Bp63Ka Mex.qy KoMyraropr.rre.r{Ma rnprrH4 w H cropocr na npeAaBaHe Ha cr4rHaJrure f=1/t, KbAero x e

v{c l paoHeTo Ha Mpexoaur qr.rral. KoJrr,rqecTBoTo AaHHr4, npeaaaeHr4 rrpe30rrzr BpB3r(a B paMKnre Ha MpexoBrr.{ qnKGJr, e egzu $ur ($nsuvecrarnua).[rferrunnara JroKa-IrHa nponycKare;rHa cuoco6nocr ce ge$lluupa r<aro

' or' $lr:ruvecrara [po[ycKareJrHa croco6nocl Ha KoMynr{Kaqr-roHrraraJr(a R 3aBfiCr,IMOCT Or et[errnanocrra Ha KoAr4paHeTo ]Ia nanera: b*n/(n+nu),:'r'<l b e $n:uuecrara rrpo[ycKareJrta cnoco6nocr na KoMyHriKaqr.roHrlara|Ka, n e abJDrfl,rxara ua c'ro6uqenuero, a nE ca aon'r,JrHr,rreJIHI.ITe cr4MBoJrIr

rrnr<a rra c'lo6u1ennero. flpu fioJroxeHue, qe KoMyraroprr 6lorupa naxe-pH 3arc,cHeHue 3a B3eMaHe Ha pe reHne nplr Mapmpyrr.I3arlur :a A quxr,-crlrcrrnauara JroKaJrHa npolycKare:rHa cnoco6nocr Ha BL3eJra orle ceilJrrrBa Ao b+n/(n*nu*w*A). B clyval w+A e eper.rero 3a npecro Hairrlcunero nopaAu 6lorupaHero Ha Dp'r,3Kara. CneAosarergo acrreItTr.r-a MpexoBr4s Arr3aiH Karo tlopualsr Ha narera H a;ropHTBM 3a Maprrl-r3aqns oKa3Bar RJrLrsHve B6pxy JroKaJrHara flponycr<areJ]Ha cnoco6nocr't,:rcJIa.

llpn n's:nurnaue ua rou$lraxru, Koraro MHox(ecrBo BG3Jrr,t KoMylItaItn-Jror(aJrHara flponycxareJrHa cnoco6nocr rqe HaMaJree orqe rroBeqe, a Jra-'rocl Ta re ce yBetr4 rtn. B c:ryvarare, roraro Mno)r(ecrBo B63Jrr.r u3npauarirrlcrrrar rr,rrl e.quH r{ cT,rq Bb3eJr, B1,B Bcr,lt{Kfi MpexH B63Hr.I(nar XOUs,rUr-rcN71y rpafirnrre rorrKr{ Ha rpanctfepa. Kour}:rltrrn stgul4Ksar o6aqel r,'l pcnrrrocrra Ha Mpexara. Tlrnr,t ga MpexoBara rorroJrorfiq r.r aJrfo-,M',r;f 3a MapupyTH3arlfiJr oKa3BaT Brfi.sHne B.bpxy BeporTHocTTa 3a B63trr.rK-rra xortlr,rrlrxru B Mpexara.Ii ctryvalrre Ha eArroBpeMeHrra KoMyHr,I(aqln Mex{Ay MHoxecrBo D,L3nH

Jrcino;ta ce [3cJreABa rlo6arsara nponycKareJ]rra cnoco6nocr na turpe-r,l rc JroKaJrrrara nponyc(areJrHa cnoco6socr na

'rrlAr.tBl.rayaJrr{rlr Bb3eJr.

rroryJrJrprmrrr rroAXoA rrpu otrperIeJr{Hero Ha rJro6aJruara npolycKarcJr-

Ha crloco6Hocr Ha Mpex(ara e Aa ce u3creI\Ba, pe coa( tt,/'t p6nysnalfle""Ia

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