!

) -(sensory transduction , - . ) -(labeled lines " . . , . ' : 1. - LGN ' , ,M 4 ' , .P ' , . 2. - 1V , , . ) -(sensory receptors . . .

2-

1

!

- , . , . ) (. , , , . , , . - corpus callosum . \ ) -(Frontal Lobe , , . , , , , . \ ) -(Parietal Lobe . , , . . \ ) -(Temporal Lobe , . , , , , , . \ ) -(Occipital Lobe , . . . 2

! : - . : , - . . - , . . . . , . - , . , ) (. .

:

3

!

4

!

5

!

5 Genetics and the development of the human brain ) -(Ectoderm , ) (, . ) -(Mesoderm , , , , ) (. ) -(Endoderm , , , . ) -(Neural Tube - 81 .neural plate - 3 - 4 neural plate neural plate ) .(U ,neural plate " ". "" )(, , . - . , ) ( . 1- ) (, . 2- . ) (, -2 ) (. . - ) ( , )( . . . - "", , , . "" ) (. : 6

! o - ) (: . o - ) (: , , . - . . ) (, . . - - . \ . . . " " ... ) -(Apoptosis ) (, , , ) (. ) -(pruning , . - , 02. - ,forebrain . ) .(ADHD- - " . - . . -Anencephaly . . - 12 - 12, , , . . , . 7

! . . , , . -%29 ) (. : , , , . - X- . , . , . -Fetal alcohol syndrome . . , , - , , . , .

-Anterograde degeneration , , , . -Retrograde degeneration , . . , ! ) !( , , " . . ) ( . , . , ) (dementia , , , , , , . , . . 58 , 07. 8

! , . , , -07 . , . , , , . , . o - . . , - < . o- "" ) (. , . -Neurofibrillary tangles o , , .

6 Vision- , . . - . - , . - . , . 9

! - , . 3 - . . . . . , . 3 ) ( , 6 . , . ) ( , 021

- , - = " ! ) Rods( . , . . ) Cones( , . , . . , . , . - :Cones 1.- " "cyanolabe - 914 .nm 2.- " "chlorolabe - 135 .nm 3.- " "erythrolabe - 855 .nm : o ) P-( - . o ) K-( - . , , , . . . . 01

! - . P . , - . : o ) M-(- , . . . )(P ) ( )(M ) ( o ) -(opponent process " . 3 : - , - , - . )( )(, ) ( .- . o - " -. - , , . . . " " .- . o ? ! " , " , P . P , - . " K . K-. , , . , . , K- .P P , , . K , , K .

11

! ).(cones o- . . 01 , - X 2 X . . o- . ) (cones. . - . - "."blind spot - . . - - , "" . . . , . - . : ) ( ) ( . ' ': ) (. . -The dark current , . +Na. - cGMP " , +Na +Na . . . - , G .cGMP +Na +Na - -, . - . . )( " . - LGN. LGN , 6 , 3 . 2-1 ) 21

! (M . 6-3 ) (P . - LGN .

) - (1V . . . . - , . - . . - . LGN 4) C ( . , , . . . , . o ) -(Orientation columns , -01 . -Ocular dominance columnso )\ ( . )( - ) (1V . CO . , , . : , , , .

. 31

! . . - , .

o ) -(Dorsal stream , . "" - " " , , , . , . .

o ) -(Ventral stream . "" - , " ?", . . . - , . 3 : - , . 41

! - , . , . - , . ) , ( - . . ' , , . . . - on-center/off-surround - - . - , - - ) (. -off-center/on-surround - - . - , - , ) (. ) -(simple cells , : - ), (. . . ) - (complex cells . , . - . .

7 Non-visual sensation and perception - , , . o- . . 51

! o - . - . o )3 -) Ossicles : ) ,(Malleus\ Hammer ) (Incus\ Anvil ) (Stapes\Stirrup . . , , . o - , . . - . o ) - (cochlea , - . ) (. , . : , 9.99 ) - (. o - , . , , . , . . o - . , . , , . : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . ) ( ) (. o ) -(Tip link . . , . . . . , , . , . 61

! ) Stereocilia o(- . . .

- ,

, . . . , . , . ) (MGN, .

- - MGN, - . . . ' ; . . ) (. - ' , , 71

! . )" "( . -Frequency theory o , . . -Place theory o ) ( , . labeled lines . - . : \ , )( , ) (. - - ' . . , " . : . )(- . , . - C 33, - 03 C . ' 54 C . - 53 C 01 ,C' -01C , . . ) ( ) (, . ' , . - . . . : , . . . , - : , ,

81

! - . . . : ) ( - Tonic o . , . - Phasic o , )/ (. -Dorsal root ganglion . - . - . . - , ) ( - ACC - , , ) ( -(Periaqueductal gray (PAG , . . . " - .PAG . ) ( , . - PAG . -Anterior cingulate cortex , , . . )1 -(S - , -6 . . , . . - 1S . ) (- ) (1S . - 1S . 91

! , ) (. . - . , . - olfactory bulb ,Glomeruli . ": ) ...( - . ". ' ) ...( . - . . . . o - ' . )(. o - ' ' , ) ( ) (. . - , . ) (Papilla )(Taste bud 051-05 . ) (microvilli . . , . ) (

02

! )( )( )(

- , . , , . . , ) (. . ; )( - ' " ...

12

!

8 Movement o - ' , ' . ' , . " ' . o - " . o )( - , , . - . . ) (collagen, . , , . - , -. " ACH - motor endplate . - ACH ,+Na " . " +Ca . +Ca , . - . ) -(Actin . . ) (, , , . 22

! - . ) -(Myosin . . ) ( . "" "", "" , "" . , - . - . , . . , , . - , -. - , . -, . - . . , ) (. : , - ),(intrafusal muscle fibers ) ,(Ia , )(, . ' ) -(GTO ' , . ' Ib. . , ) (. ' , . - , . )(. , , , . , . - . . )(flexion reflex - " . . 32

! ) -(flexion reflex ) (. . . , . . ) -(antagonistic pair . . , . ; , . . - - . . . ! . , . . . , - . ) (- ) (1M . , . , -1 M . -1M , ) (. . ) -(lateral pathway , . . , . ) -(ventromedial pathway . , , ) (, - , , , . - - SMA , , , .

42

! - - pre-SMA . . . - , . . , . . ) -(basal ganglia , , . , , . - basal ganglia " . - , , , , . : ,l-dopa , , . " , - basal ganglia . , . - 4, , . - .basal ganglia , , , , , .. . " , . . , - " ) .(ACh " . o : , . , , . - . o : , . - . . 52

! . - -, - .Ach , , . . - , AChE - ACh . - . ) ,(Dystrophin , . , X X . . ) -(Duchenne . . . , . . 01 . gene therapy . - . . . . , . - , , , . . , . -0002 . - , , , ) (. . ' " . - ALS , . , 1- .SOD . . . . . 62

! . . )( . *** , , .

11 Sleep and waking - - . "" ) ,circa day (. ) -(Zeitgebers " " . -Free running circadian rhythms 62 , -42 . , Free running circadian rhythms , 42 62 . - -SCN . ) , - (. - SCN - .LGN SCN , , , . " : " " ) (. : , . NIF- Melanopsin , . . - - - SCN . -, )( 72

! ,NIF , - .SCN - -) SCN (. " , , 4 . ), ( . ' . - . . , . , . ) - (SAD , , , . : .

: o- : - , ) .( -03-31 ) Hrz(, 31 03 . .REM - )21-8 ( . , . o -NREM 1- , , )(. - 01 , )8-4 (, . , , . 2- , 51-01 , : -sleep spindle )41-21 ( 5-2 ) 4-1 (. , . 82

! -K complex 2, " . . 4+3- ) SWS) slow-wave-sleep . ) 4 (, 4 . - , , , -. 54 ' , . o -REM 4 2 3 ,REM " ". , , - , , . )(Rapid Eye Movement . - , , . , , , - SWS . 09 03-02 ' REM 4.

o- , " , . - " ) - ( - . . - . 92

! o- NREM , , . , , . SWS - GH , . . o - . , , ' , ) (. , . : ) Activation synthesis hypothesiso (- "" - REM . . ) (. o -) unlearning '(- ) .(UNLEARNING . , , , . o )(- -4591 , , . REM .SWS . OFFLINE . , . " ". , , .

03

!

: o- , REM , . , ,hypocretin . - - )( ), , '...( . - )( , . - , . o- , . " , , . . , . .REM , . o- . . , . , . o -(REM (REM behavior disorder , .REM )( - ,REM , , . , . . o -sleepwalking , . 4. . o -(Restless leg syndrome (RLS . 13

! , 2 Non-REM , , . ADD\ ADHD

31 Learning and memory - ) ( . . , - ) ( . - . - - . ) (. - . . - , , )( - ): (. ) " "(. -2: 1. - )(. . 2. - , . . ) , (- ): (. )" "(. )(- . 23

! - ) (- . , " ". - , . . ) 2 ( . o- . . : " ) - Reuptake , " . " ( o- . : " " . " , \ ", . , . : o - . , . , , . . o - -(mantle shelf (CS "(

)

"

) (UR " )(US - " ) 33

! : " ( - (mantle shelf (CS ).(CR o - " . . " , )(. " ) (. , . , . ' - 1. . 2. ) NMDA ( , . 3. . o / - . . . . o '- ) ( , ) ( - . o - . . : 1. . 2. ) ( ) (.

o : - ) (. - ) (. - ) ?(. 43

! o : - - , . - , - , . - -ABA , , . -- , , . - , . . : , . - . LTP - . , , . , , . : , . NMDA -LTP , . , .LTP NMDA . -LTD - .LTP . .NMDA . - )( , . . - . , - . -- ) (, , . 53

! - - . - ) ( .

- . , . NA (!?(Noa Albelda ) HM( , . . . ) ( - ) , , ( . , - . . - ) ( . . , - ) ( .

63