.. 1 .. 3 . 7 15 21 .. 25 29 -

1

65 99 247 10.7% 2007

2

3

4

30 803040 35 0.516570

20%

5

6

30 60

7

8

XXX XXX

9

? 5-10

10

11

12

/ / 10

13

1. 2. 3.

14

15

656920 24.7%80 11.8%

16

17

18

1,000 1,00051 FITTFITTF (frequency)I(intensity)T(time) T(type) 5-7 = 220 -

19

20-40 2-310-15 20-39% 60 3-5 40-59% 20-60 1 9-12 3-5 60-84% 20-60 10-15 24 3-4 10-30

20

" ""

21

1569 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

22

510

5-10 15-30

23

24

24-48

25

5 1 10 1

26

27

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3.

28

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

29

1 1 2 3 4 5 5 0~15 16~30 31~45 45~60 60

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. () 35

30

A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

31

D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. E. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

101 2009 4

2007 2006 65 10% 2026 20% 65 44%(physical disability) (Leutholtz & Ripoll, 1999) Hautier and Bonnefoy (2007) 65 20031996 621 168 (05)272-1054 E-mail: grcsww@ccu.edu.tw

164

(Gillis & Stewart, 2005) (American College of Sport Medicine, ACSM) (National Institute of Aging, NIA)

() ()

165

() ()1.(basic activities of daily life, BADL) 2.(intermediate/ instrumental, IADL) 3.(advanced activities of daily life, AADL) ()1.2. 3.4.5. ACSM (ACSM, 2000)(NIA, 1998)ACSM NIA ACSM (2000) ACSM 1998 30 48 2-3 ACSM 1998 NIA ACSM NIA 3-7 (Gillis & Stewart, 2005)

166

1,000 1,000 5 1 150-400 20% 2 FITT FITT F (frequency)I (intensity) T (time) T (type)(Hoeger & Hoeger, 2006)FITT (Heath, 1993) 5-7 Dinan, Skelton, and Malbut (2005) (Borgs Rate of Perceived Exertion, RPE)(metabolic equivalent, MET) 20-40 2-3 10-15 167

Warburton, Nicol, and Bredin (2006) (MET) 20-39% 2-4 METs 60 3-5 40-59%(4-6 METs) 20-60 1 9-12 3-5 60-84%(6-8 METs) 20-60 10 40-50% 30% 10 20 30 Pruitt (2003) (foundational skills)(fitness skills)(functional skills) 168

4-6 4-6 75% 12 6 (Pruitt, 2003)Pruitt 6 50-60% 2-3 5-15 30 6 75% 5% 5 30 2005 (World Health Organization) 13 (active life expectancy) (International Curriculum Guidelines for preparing physical activity instructors of older adults)(Ecclestone & Jones, 2005) 65 50-64 (Nelson et al., 2007)

169

0 5 -10 30 5-6 3 10 7-8 20 0 -10 8-10 10-15 5-67-8 10 10-30 3-4 10-15

2 3545% 3 Nelson et al. (2007)

20072007123http://www.moi.gov.tw/

outline2007/4.htm2003 170

1996 American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). Exercise prescription for special populations. ACSMs guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Dinan, S., Skelton, D., & Malbut, K. (2005). Aerobic endurance training. In C. J. Jones & D. J. Rose (Eds.), Physical activity instruction of older adults. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Ecclestone, N. A., & Jones, C. J. (2005). International curriculum guidelines for preparing physical activity instructors of older adults. In C. J. Jones & D. J. Rose (Eds.), Physical activity instruction of older adults. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Gillis, D. E., & Stewart, A. L. (2005). A new approach to designing exercise programs for older adults. In C. J. Jones & D. J. Rose (Eds.). Physical activity instruction of older adults. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Hautier, C., & Bonnefoy, M. (2007). Training for older adults. Annales de Readaptation et de Medicine Physique, 50, 475-479. Heath, G. W. (1993). Exercise programming for older adults. In J. L. Durstine, A. C. King, P. L. Painter, J. L. Roitman, L. D. Zwiren, and W. L. Kenny (Eds.), ACSMs resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (pp. 418-426). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Hoeger, W. W. K., & Hoeger, S. A. (2006). Principles and labs for fitness and wellness (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Leutholtz, B. C., & Ripoll, I. (1999). Exercise and disease management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC. National Institute on Aging. (1998). Exercise: A guide from the National Institute on Aging (Publication No. NIH 98-4258). Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., MaCera, C. A., & CastanedaA-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1435-1445. Pruitt, B. A. (2003). Exercise progressions for seniors. Idea Health & Fitness Source, 21(3), 53-57. Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. D. (2006). Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(7), 961-974.

171

- A Discussion on the Professional Capacity Needs of the Community Exercise Instructors : San-zhong City Area Community Exercise Instructors as an Example Tsai, Tsung-han Mou, Chung-fu

AbstractThis research aims to discuss the professional Capacity needs of the community exercise instructors . In views of the researches neighbors of Fu-an community on San-zhong city, and are willing to accept the interviews of the community exercise instructors preliminary discussions. By the literature collection, had the preliminary understanding to specialty of community exercise instructors , in addition after the community exercise instructors interviewers, should have the professional ability on the community exercise instructors to induce the special sport knowledge, sports instruction ability, the work and so on three items of stratification planes. In the special sports knowledge, the sports technology, the sports decided ability, the self-promotionAnd so on each content ; But in the sports instruction ability has contained the teaching techniques, language communicational interactions And so on contents. The work contained the services to be zealous and contents and so on spontaneity, patience, confidence. Key words : community exercise, Professional Capacity, Exercise Instructors.

113 1

1998 (20032003 2004) (1985) (1999) 1980 1999 8 2

() () () 53 () () () C () () 14 () 800 () 12 () 2

()

(2004) Chishlm & ElyHall & Jones Butler (2001) (2003) (2007) (2007) () () 3

() () (2001) (2002) 2003 Kenneth (1991) Stiff(1993) personal trainer 116 () () () 604

50 () 2004 (20042004) (2003) () () ()

() () 5

() () () ()

(1985) 1-21 (1999)2001 (2002) 185-96 (2003) (2004) (2007)2007 171-185 (1998)27 3 31-37 (1991)- 20(4)46-57 (2004)- (2001)79-82 Stiff,M.C.(1993).The personal trainer. Fitness and Sport Review International. 28(3).83

6

2010

/

6 5

0932-998-476

E-mailtci.28901010@hoymail.com

243

Discussion on The Present Situation of Cultivating Fitness Instructors for The ElderlyDep a rt men t of Sp orts Pro moti on , Nati on al Tai w an Sp ort Uni vers i ty / Ch i n g-Hu i Ts en g H si ao -Ch in L an ,

AbstractP eopl e who a re abo ve s ix t y-fi ve ye ars ol d are cal l ed t he e l derl y. On t h e condi t i on t hat t he m os t el derl y have chroni c di s eas es , ph ys i c al ex erci s e i s one wa y t o i m prove t he heal t h st at e and t o s l ow down agei n g. M o st of t he el derl y do not have t he abil i t y t o ch oos e t he wa y of ex erci s e or t he ex erci s e whi ch i s s ui t abl e for t hem , s o t he fit nes s i n st ru ct ors are n eed ed. Hence, t he eff ec t of t he el derl y fi t nes s wi ll be i n creas ed. How ever, t he educat i on s ys t e m of t he fi t nes s i nst ruct ors for t h e el d erl y i s not com pl et e, and s peci al i z at i on of t he fit nes s i ns t ruct ors i s d efect i ve, s o t he eff ect of t he fi t nes s i nst ruct i on i s hard t o be im p ro v ed. Bas ed o n t he reas ons abo ve, t hi s art i cl e s ugges t s four d em an ds for t he f it nes s i ns t ruct ors for t he el de rl y: p rofes s i onal k n o wl edge, abi l i t i es of fi t nes s i ns t ruct i ons , fi t nes s s t rat egi es , and t he ab i li t y o f com m uni cat i on. The s t at us quo of educat i on s ys t em s of fi t n es s i ns t ruct ors at l ocal s chool s and i n the com m uni t y organi z at i ons are l i s t ed bel ow, 1.S chool s: Al t hough t h e t eachi ng ho urs ar e l onger and t h e s u b j ect s are m or e di vers i fi ed, i t l ack s t he pract i cal ex per i ence. The co m m u ni t y organi z ati on s are t he oppos i t e. 2. C urri cul um s : At s chool s , t h e co gni t i ve l es s on about geront ol ogy i s m ore em phas iz ed , but t he l es s o ns of di agnos es of t he el derl y fi t nes s and rec re at i ons are i n su ffi ci ent . El ect i ve cl as s es are gol f , s wim m i ng, t abl e- t enni s, and d an ci n g. S om e s cho ol s have c roquet , l a wn bowl i ng, qi gon g, hi ki ng and m o u nt ai n cl im bi ng. In t he comm uni t y o rgani z at i ons , profes s i onal k n o wl edge, abi l i t i es of t he fit nes s i nst r uct i ons , fi t nes s st ra t egi es , and fi t n es s t echni ques are al l i ncl uded i n t he l es s ons , but i t l acks t he244

2010

co m m u ni cat i on abi l it y l es s on. Thus , i n order t o m ake up for the i n co m pl et enes s , it is s ugges t ed t hat t he curri cul um s about co m m u ni cat i on abi li ti es can be i ncl uded i n t he academ i c l es s ons , whi ch can i m prove t he pro fes s i onal abi li t i es of t he el derl y fi t nes s i ns t ruct ors .

Key w ord s : th e el d erl y, th e fi tn es s in s tru ctor, ed u cati on s ys tem, ab i l i ty d e man d s

245

2009 1993 65 7.1% 2007 234 3 1 0 . 2% 10 1 2 0 0 8 106 14.0% a ged s oci et y 114 2 0 . 1 % s upe r- aged s oci et y a gei n g s oci e t y 24 8 145 3 7.5% 2007 65 2008 2008 2009 1997 2005 2007 246

2010

2 009 2009 2 006 2001 2009 2006 2009 2009 2006 65 5 3 1 9 95 1999 247

1996 2009 2 0 0 9 (20 01) (2003) (2007) (20 01) (2003) ( 2 0 0 7 ) 2 009

248

2010

2007 2007 171 -185

2001

2 001 ( 2003) (2 003)

249

2001 2 0 09 2 0 0 1

2 009 2002 250

2010

2007 2003 2008 2002 2 009 2009 20 04)

251

2004

2003 2007 2007 15.4 1% 8 . 1 7 % 5.15 % 1 2.91% 3 . 2 4 % 55.11% 13.2 1% 9.37% 9.05% 33. 21% 8.34% 28.21% 2010 252

2010

2004) 1999 88 500 2003 2009

(2001) (2003) (2 0 0 7 ) (2009)

2007 96-99 2009 4 8 253

14 16 15 20 2001 65 ( 63.54 %) (16.18%) (5.73%) ( 2000) 2000 B C

200 4 2 0 0 9 1999 2001 2003 254

2010

B C 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

255

5. 1. 3. 4. Y D S 1. 2. B C 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. C 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 1. 2. 3. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 2.

256

2010

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. C 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. C 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. B 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. C 1.

1. 2. 3.

1. 2.

1. 2. 3. 1. 2.

1.

257

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2. )

1. 2. ( ) 3. 4.

2001 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 7 2009 100 90 ( )

258

2010

( + ) ( ) 2009

259

2007 -

65 260

2010

20 07 96 2010 5 14 ht t p: // www.afha.org.t w/ i ns t ruct or. h tm l 2 010 8 4 h tt p: // www.i rpm a.org.t w/ chi nes e/ c gi / 03_l eani ng_02_01.php? fi Id = 1 0 11 96 C 2007 20 10 7 17 ht t p: // i ns ervi ce.edu.t w/ s cri p t/ C ours eVi ew.as px? C ourse Id =80383261

99 2010 7 17 ht t p: // t w yo ga.ham i t ec.com / d ownl o ad/ 2010 .doc 97 145 2 0 10 9 2 0 ht t p: // ww w.cepd.gov.t w/ m 1.as px? s No =0 000455 2004 2007 2009 2009 -2012 200 9 2009 2006 20 01) 2003 104 17-24 2 007 2 4 205 - 229 2 004 7 4 1 2 1-129 1999 4 2 165 -169 2 009 ; (2008 ) 4 2 75-8 7 1995 2 4 1 35 -40 1999 2008 - 262

2010

(2003) 200 2 4 1 47-54 (2 008) 7 3 20 -23 (1997) 1 999 1 9 1-12 (20 07) 2 0 07 17 1-185 200 9 2010 10 2 ht t p:/ / www.edu.t w/ st at i s ti cs / con t ent .as px? s it e_cont e nt _s n =%2021549 1999 2010 2001 3 0 2 1 3 - 2 0 1 7 9-180 2000 200 0 28 123 -132 97 - C 2010 7 9 h tt p: // www.t pec.edu .t w/onweb.j s p? webno=33333327:0&w eb it em _ n o =9695 98 C 2 009 2010 7 17 ht t p: // t w.m ybl og. yahoo. com / j w!R M pj NZ.BER l P 83HC _s EFw C Q-/ art i cl e? m i d=699 1996 10 263

3 8-17 2 0 09 8 2 163 -172 2001 57 7 9 -82 2005 2 008 2 0 08 205 -218 2 009 104 16 -22 Lan , C , Lai , J .S ., C hen, S .Y., W ong, M . K. (1998). 12 m onth Tai C hi C huan i n t he e l derl y: It s ef fect on heal t h fi t nes s . M edi ci ne S ci ence Ex er ci s e,30 (3),345 -351

264

104 2009 10

1993 (ageing society) 2007 65 10.21% 2006 0.21% 56,063 2017 14.0%(aged society) 2025 20.1%(super-aged society) 5 1 2008 2007 1994 65 65 (Commonwealth Australia, 2000) 1999Loland, 2004 2001Nied & Franklin, 2002 2002333 250 (03)328-0595 E-mail: lanchin@mail.ncpes.edu.tw

16

2001 2007 20022001

1999 20032002 (Schaie & Willis, 2002)

199117

2000 2001 (gerontology) 1999 2001 2007 1999 2001 2003Lan, Lai, Chen, & Wong, 1998 18

2002 2007 (pre-exercise screening) (Rogers, 2005)2008 (Ecclestone & Jones, 2005) 2008 Ecclestone and Jones (2005) 19

2004 (Topp, 1991) 2001 200520072001 2002 2000 1999 2001 2008 2005 94 2004 20

19972000

(Delphi technique)

2005http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/06/ new06.htm 1997 2007 2008 97 145 http:// www.cepd.gov.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0000455&ex=%20&ic= 200310417-24 2005 1255-64 2008 200474121-129 2007 3227-35 2008 2008 1994 21

19994682-86 2002 4147-54 200231141-46 1999 191-12 2000 34 20072007 2004181 76-84 200130213-20179-180 2003 200028123-132 1999 200115316-23 20015779-82 200115324-30 200114497-106 20021953339 1991 2124-11 Commonwealth Australia (2000). Nation strategy for an ageing Australia: Attitude, lifestyle & community support discussion paper. Canberra: Department of Health and Aged Care. Ecclestone, N. A., & Jones, C. J. (2005). International curriculum guidelines for preparing physical activity instructors of older adults. In C. J. Jones and D. J. Rose (Eds.), Physical activity instruction of older adults (pp. 365-373). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Lan, C., Lai, J. S., Chen, S. Y., & Wong, M. K. (1998). 12 month Tai Chi Chuan in the elderly: Its effect on health fitness. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 30(3), 345-351. Loland, N. W. (2004). Exercise, health, and ageing. Journal of Ageing and Physical Activity, 11, 170-184. Nied, R. J., & Franklin, B. (2002). Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly. American Family Physician, 65(3), 419-426. Rogers, M. E. (2005). Pre-exercise and health screening. In C. J. Jones and D. J. Rose (Eds.), Physical activity instruction of older adults (pp. 57-80). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Schaie, K. W., & Willis S. L. (2002). Adult developing and aging. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Topp, R. (1991). Development of an exercise program for older adults: Pre-exercise testing, exercise prescription and program maintenance. Nurse Practitioner, 16(10), 16-28.

22