(Rock) : , ,

(Rockmass) : , , ,

1) ( etc) , ,

2) , RQD,

1.

3.

2) , RQD,

1)

2) RMR

3) Q-System

4)

5)

6) (AFTES)

RMR(Rock Mass Rating) / by Bieniawsky(1973)

RMR 81 ~ 100 61 ~ 80 41 ~ 60 21 ~ 40 20

I II III IV V

15 m Span20

10 m Span1

5 m Span 1

2.5 m Span 10

1 m Span 30

1)

cm (t/m2) > 40 30 40 20 30 10 20 < 10

m(o) > 45

o 35 45o 25 35o 15 25o < 15o

Dm (kg/cm2)

RMR > 50 : Dm = 20,000(RMR - 50) Bieniawski(1978)RMR 50 : Dm = 10[{(RMR-10)/40}+4] Serafim Pereira(1983)

0 -2 -5 -10 -12

0 -2 -7 -15 -25

0 -5 -25 -50 -60

R1(kg/cm2)

100 40 20 102500 1000 500 250 100 30

R1 15 12 7 4 2 1 0

R2(RQD) % 90 75 50 25

R2 20 17 13 8 3

R3 (Js) cm 200 60 20 6

R3 20 15 10 8 5

(m) < 1 1~3 3~10 10~20 > 20

6 4 2 1 0

(mm) 5

6 5 4 1 0

R4 (Jc)

6 5 4 1 0

6 5 3 1 0

(mm) < 5 > 5 < 5 > 5

6 4 2 2 0

6 5 3 1 0

R5

(l/)/

0 10 25 125 ( 10m )0 0.1 0.2 0.5

()

R5 15 10 7 4 0

ISRM(International Society of Rock Mechanics)

110cm ,

A 0.71.2B 1.01.8

A 2.02.7B 2.53.0

A 300700B 100200

, 1030cm

A 1.21.9(0.72.8)B 1.82.8

A 2.73.7

B 3.04.3

A 7001,000B 200 500

3050cm (, )

A 1.92.9(2.04.0)B 2.84.1

A 3.74.7

B 4.35.7

A 1,0001,300B 500 800

, , 1m

A 2.94.2(3.0 )

A 4.75.8 A 1,3001,600 , 1m

(3.0 )B 4.1 B 5.7

A 1,3001,600B 800

(, ) A 4.2 A 5.8 A 1,600

A B

, , , , ,, , , , , ,, , ,

, , , , ,,

, . .

. .

5001,000gr

,

RQD(Rock Quality Designation)

Q System / by Barton(1974)RQD Jr Jw

Q = * * Jn Ja SRF

(1) (2) (3) (4) + 40~100 mm (5) + 50~90mm (6) + 90~120mm(7) + 120~150 mm (8) + 150 mm + (9)

* :

3)

1. ->

2. , ,

3.

4. -> , , , , , K-, , ,

(Rock Forming Mineral)

()

() :

()

(, , )

: 1.

: 2. ,

: 3.

(, )

: *

() :

()

:

(Fault)

(Fold) :

:

(Schistosity) or (Gneissosity)

(Talus) :

(Fracture Zone) : or

(Plane of Discontinuity) : , , ,

: (, , )

(Power, /) : , , = 75 : 10 : 15

300 . 1000-1400 kg/cm2. .

(Explosive) : .

2. ()

1) ()

(N.G/Nitro Glycerin) : C3H5(ONO2)3, , , ,

, , 1.6, , 6-8 , , 1.6, , 6-8

180 , (3850)

(1865 ) -> dynamite

Dynamite : N.G. ,

, , ( ),

( , + )

No. 1, 2, 3, 4. 20-38mm,

50-150mm, ->

: .

.

AN-FO(Ammonium-Nitrate-Fuel Oil Mixture)

: ( 2 or 3 ) = 94: 6 ()

, 3

, Smooth Blasting or Burn Cut

Carlit : . .

Carson . 34%.

295( 170-180, 177)

. .

: + N.G.

, . ( )

: TNT ,

Cammite : ,

. ,

2)

, , , , , , , ,

- ( ) : , ConC,

- ( , ) : , ,

- (AN-FO) : ,

: , ,

- : AN-FO, , - : AN-FO, ,

: N, C, O, H => NO2, CO2

- NO2 5ppm CO2 15ppm ,

-

:

- .

- =>

3)

--- .

(Fuse)

- ,

-

- .

- 1/3 , or

-> .

-

- ,

- , .

- or ,

- , .

- 6 -> .

- , .

- ,

?

-

- :

:

- :

a)

3.

1)

b)

c) ,

d)

e)

f)

g) , , ,

h) ,

- - -

- or

- : , , , or

(Stemming)

- : - :

- (, ) : ,

- ,

-

a)

b)

c) or

2)

, , , -

- (piston type) : piston

breaker, pick hammer, pick thrill

- (rotary type) :

rotary drill, crawler

- (hammer type) : , +

wagon drill, crawler drill, jumbo drill, leg drillwagon drill, crawler drill, jumbo drill, leg drill

- (Drifter) :

- (Stoper) : stand or 3

- (jack hammer driller fo sinker) : Con'C breaker

1) wagon, crawler drill : or ,

2) jumbo drill : . .

3) (auger, rotary drill) : . .

3)

(Safety Fuse)

- or .

- ( )

- pickford : , , , ,

,

(Detonation Code)

-

- , , ,

(Electric Detonator) (Electric Detonator)

- , MS(Millisecond) DS(Desisecond)

- MS : 20~30MS , DS : 100~500DS

: 6mm, 15-60mm 80%, 20%,

() : ,

, millisecond

, , (),

4)

(Free Face)

- (, )

(W : line of least resistance) (W : line of least resistance)

-

(r) :

(n) :

(r) (R) r/W

(Standard Charging) : (r) (R)

r/W = n = 1

-

(over charging) : r > W ( n > 1)

(under charging) : r < W ( n < 1)

:

N = E L

N : , E : ( 4.0~5.0), L : (kg)

(extra excavation) : , 15cm

: , , ,

5)

- 200kg

- ,

4.

1)

( Cut-Hole)

- ->

- V-cut, Swing-cut, Pyramid-cut, Burn-cut, No-cut

a) Burn-cut : ,

Langforls :

a : , d : burn

b) Swing-cut : . ,

c) No Cut : -> ->

.

d) V-Cut :

e) :

(Bench Cut) :

2) (Smooth Blasting), , ,

Line drilling : ,

Cushion Blasting :

Pre-splitting : 2 , Smooth Blasting :

- - S/C , - , - ,

2 () : : 2

3)

- , , , , ,

- ,

- or , ,

(1)

: ,

: outer tube(casing)

(2)

fuse

shock wave

or

(3)

: D/M

:

:

: ,

: , fuse

4)

-

-

-

-

-

Ripper Ripper

Breaker

5)