医学史简论 A Brief History of Medicine 余 海 Yu Hai [email protected].
医学史简论 (3) A Brief History of Medicine
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Transcript of 医学史简论 (3) A Brief History of Medicine
医学史简论 (3) A Brief History of Medicine
Yu Hai Zhejiang University School of Medicine
What is Medicine ?什么是医学
Medicine is the art and science concerned with
the maintenance of health and the
prevention, alleviation or cure of disease
( Encyclopedia Britannica)
Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most
empiric of arts, the most scientific of the
humanities
(Edmund Pellegrino)
The Origin of Medicine
远古医学 Prehistoric Medicine : 神话和传说 mythology and legends
考古发现 archeological discovery
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Asclepius is the god
of medicine and healing in
ancient Greek , love child of
Apollo and Coronis. His mother
was killed for being unfaithful
to Apollo but the unborn child
was rescued from her womb.
Asclepius means "to cut
open.“
Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene)
and Panacea ("all-healing") Aesculapius
God of Medicine and healing
Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine
Chiron-chirurgeon-surgeon
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
The rod of Asclepius It symbolizes the healing arts by
combining the serpent, which in
shedding its skin is a symbol
of rebirth and fertility with the
staff, a symbol of authority
befitting the god of Medicine.
One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf
in his mouth; it placed the leaf on the head of the dead snake, which miraculously
revived. The serpent became Aesculapius‘ constant companion.
caduceus
Caduceus Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia , God of messenger ( Mercury )
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
God of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer) - 神农氏(炎帝Yan Emperor )
lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture,
He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value.
远古医学:神话和传说Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
黄帝 Huangdi ( Yellow Emperor ) (2497 BC-2398
BC) is considered in Chinese Mythology to
be the ancestor of all Han Chinese Descendants of Yan & Yellow
Emperors ( 炎黃子孙, Yan Huang Zi Sun , means Chinese)
Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been credited with the invention of the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Gōngsūn Xuānyuán ( 公孙轩辕 ).
Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Qibo 岐伯 -“ 歧黄之学” (medicine,
the study of Qi and Huang) Qibo is said as the minister of
Huangdi, Hangdineijin is the a book comprising the dialogues regarding medicinal problems between Huangdi and Qibo.
Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-according to sinologist Paul Unschuld
Tongjun 桐君 Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)歧
伯
桐 君
Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery
The Hemudu ( 河姆渡 ) culture (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang
Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell) and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still used for traditional medicine were discovered in the Hemudu relics
Reptile
The mummified body of iceman was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991.
In his possessions a birch fungus, Piptoporus betulinus was found, which contains oils that are toxic to certain parasites, thus acting as a form of natural drug.
in the man's colon the eggs of a parasitic whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age
The fungus may be used as natural medicine
Stone age man’s medicine
Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery
Stone and bone needles were discovered considered to be used as acupuncture ( 针 - 金 metal needle
砭 - 石, stone needle
箴 - 竹, bamboo needle)
trephination 颅骨环钻术 (Peru)
Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China 山东大汶口出土 ( Neolithic age 5000 year ago )
Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination
Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled into the human skull to treat epidural and subdural hematomas
18th Century French1497
颅骨环钻术(穿颅术) Trephination (7000-3000B.C. Neolithic period)
for both medical reasons (epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders and mystical practices by letting evil spirits escape done by wizard
Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor
Prehistoric societies believed in both the natural and supernatural being able to variably cause and treat disease. It was believed that evil spirits could inhabit the body and cause illness within someone.
Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures providing medical advice and supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells and amulets to ward off evil spirits
巫医 Witch-doctor
医字的演变Evolution of the
character 医
醫
毉
巫 witchwizar
d
酉wine alcohol
古代四大文明
Mesopotamia China
India
Egypt
Mesopotamia
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglyph 3100 B.C. First dynasty
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
伊姆荷太普 (Imhotep) was an Egyptian polymath who
served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name.
The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of Medicine
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation technique
Brain- sinuses ethmoidal
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
CT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the cause of death (gangrene after breaking
his left leg )
Tutankhamun
(1341–1323
BC)
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
2000-1500 BC 纸草 (Papyrus)文献 The Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC) is full of
incantations and foul applications meant to turn away
disease-causing demons, and also includes 877
prescriptions. Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and
details anatomical observations and the examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous
ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but
is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical
information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC.
Imhotep is credited as the original author of the
papyrus text.
古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt Other information
comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the accompanying inscriptions.
A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)
A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical polio-derived equinovarus
18th Dynasty1405-1356 BC
Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of Kom Ombo.
古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Cradle of civilization 5000-4000 B.C Sumer 2000 B.C. Babylon 7th century Islamic Sassanid
Empire (Iraq)
The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil
古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Well developed astronomy,
mathematics and medicine
The most extensive Babylonian
medical text, however, is
the Diagnostic Handbook written
by the physician Esagil-kin-apli,
If a patient could not be cured
physically, the Babylonian
physicians often relied on
exorcism to cleanse the patient
from any curses. 楔形文字 cuneiform (arrowheaded characters; wedge-shaped characters)
古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Code of Hammurabi (the sixth Babylonian king1792-1750 B.C) contained 282 laws , law 215~240 is concerned about physicians, barbers and architect etc.
Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901
古印度的医学 Ancient India
Indus Valley Civilization
back to c.3300 BC Four period of ancient
Indian medicine:
1. Veda
2. Brahman
3. Buddhist
4. Hindu 。
古印度的医学 Ancient India Indian Medicine vadic period 1500 BC-500 BC
Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD
Islamic period 1300-1600 AD
Western Medicine 1600 AD-
Sanskrit
The three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pita,
Kapha) and the 5 great elements (Ether,
Water, Fire, Earth, Air) from which they are
composed (Vata= air+ether,
Pita=fire+water, Kapha=earth+water).
Body constitutions are depends the
proportion of different doshasTaj Mahal Mausoleum
古印度的医学 Ancient India
Sushruta (Around 800 BC) was an
ancient Indian surgeon and is the
author of the book Sushruta Samhita,
in which he describes over 300
surgical procedures and 120 surgical
instruments and classifies human
surgery in 8 categories, so he is
horned as the father of surgery.
妙闻 Sushruta
印度鼻成形术
Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi ( 1546 - 1599 ) with skin flap from forearmIndian rhinoplasty first developed
by Sushruta
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
《山海经》 Shanhaijing,
an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and warring period (770-221 BC)
137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and 54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects
Nipples as eye Navel as mouth
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
《黄帝内经》 The Huangdi
Neijing (Inner Canon of Huangdi) compiled
in warring states period ( 475-221 B.C ) is
the fundamental doctrinal source
for Chinese medicine
The work is composed of two texts each of
eighty-one chapters or treatises in a
question-and-answer format between
Huangdi and his ministers.
素问 灵枢 ( suwen and lingshu )
《神农本草经》 Shennong Bencaojing
First compiled in Western Han Dynasty (202BC-26AD)
This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese
pharmacopeia.
It includes 365
medicines derived
from minerals,
plants, and animals.
”
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
哲学基础 - “ 阴阳五行” Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
Zhang Zhongjing ( 张仲景 ), “the Hippocrates of China”, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage ( 伤寒论) , which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. 张仲景 150-219
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
Hua Tuo ( 华佗) Eastern Han physician (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp ( 麻沸汤) . Hua‘s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out.
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
Huangfu Mi ( 皇甫谧), the Jin Dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing ( 针灸甲乙经 ), ca. 265 AD.
皇甫谧( 215 - 282 )
中国传统医学Traditional Chinese Medicine
Li Shizhen ( 李时珍 ) (1518-1593 AD) created “Bencao Gangmu.” ( 本草纲目) It contains 1892 herbs, classified in 6 sections, 52 scrolls,
and 60
categories.
李时珍 1518 - 1593 )
Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India China
Greek Rome
Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic)
Renaissance
Pre-modern medicine
Modern medicine TCM
Student Presentation
Time : 3/21 , 3/24 and 3/28 Topic: Any thing related to History of Medicine Grouping: 3-5/group, on volunteer basis The list of each group and the name(s) of
presenter should submitted by 3/20 to
[email protected] Each presentation should be less than 10’ with
ppt, followed by 5’ discussion.
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