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Transcript of © 2020, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All ...INNOVAT… · © 2020, Amazon Web...

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一个真实的现代化应用改造之旅

黄德滨,AWS 资深解决方案架构师

分 会 场 五 : 现 代 应 用

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日程

• 一个真实的现代化应用改造之旅• 现代化应用改造的动机• 优化应用架构设计• 架构设计时为故障做好准备• 开始改造之旅

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应用迁移模式(6R)-- 改造之旅

On-premise

Retain

Retire

Repurchase SaaS on

Rehost Amazon EC2

Replatform

Refactor

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling

Amazon RDS

Amazon ELB

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© 2020, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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问题

• 云基础架构带来新的概念• 原有架构的设计不会自动转换为云设计原则• Lift & Shift 通常会限制价值的提升

• 应用不会全面的应用扩展、可用性和成本节约• 云设计原则还在不断完善,但是它是基于原有的可扩展应用设计模式的

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传统模式的疼点

• 限制我们优化资源使用率的能力• 限制我们优化性能的能力

• 只能按照“层”来进行扩展• 应用的扩展不是按照业务来进行扩展的

• 应用是按照整体的版本进行部署• 失败就是全部不可用• 扼杀创新和生产力

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典型的传统应用:单体架构

User Experience

Business Services

Data Access Layer

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一个打车应用单体架构

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应用优化的目标

• 迁移到云架构的设计• 对应用解偶,使用微服务来优化扩展、可用性、成本和灵活性• 利用强大各种 AWS 服务来提升价值

• 采用 AWS 最佳实践作为起始点• 提升创新能力

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© 2020, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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挑战

User Experience

Business Services

Data Access Layer

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以云为核心的设计

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解偶一个应用

• 功能考量• 数据领域

• 密切性、互相之间的通讯• 内存、CPU 和网络

• 其他非功能因素也能影响解偶• 资源和性能优化• 成本优化• 服务的重用• 可用性模型

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弹性的优化

根据内存进行扩展

实例类型:r4.xlarge

根据 CPU 进行扩展

实例类型:c5.xlarge

收银模块税务模块

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构建一个服务的框架

• 对于所有服务有一些都需要遵从的核心原则• 服务注册、发现、连接和管理

• 状态管理• 服务元数据• 服务版本• 缓存

• 相同的加速优化• 迭代满足以上需求

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使用自动化工具

• 开发和部署经常需要自动化工具来支持• 持续不断的开发和演进这些自动化工具• 使用自动化工具对打包和部署创建共同的标准

• 自动化工具是实现 CI/CD 的基础

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应用需要做什么?

• 构建的模式很多,有些简单,有些更复杂• 与您的产品团队一起确定可接受的解决方案,但在短期内,至少应采用一

种简单的方法(最好是停机!)• 第一个方法可能不会成为最终的解决方案,要灵活而富有创意

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© 2020, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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单体的打车应用

• 单体架构• 业务逻辑• 数据库连接逻辑

• 展现层• 应用集成逻辑

• 一个部署包

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我们要做什么?

• 架构设计时考虑冗余• 架构设计时考虑弹性

• 架构设计时考虑可用性• 按服务进行架构设计

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微服务化的打车应用

• 根据功能将应用解偶,形成一组互相协作的服务

• 每个服务只实现了很少且关联性很强的一组功能

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“Everything fails, all the time”

-Werner Vogels, CTO, Amazon.com

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为什么构建弹性应用?

• 基本数学计算可靠性表明,单个故障可能导致大规模的停机• 假设运行依赖于 30 个微服务的应用,每个服务具有 99.99% 的可靠性

• 99.9930 = 99.7% 的可靠性• 10 亿个请求中的 0.3%= 300 万个失败• 每月停机 2 小时以上

• 但是现实情况通常更糟• 无法消除所有故障

• 减少故障的影响可提高应用程序的整体弹性• 以降级方式运行比完全失败更可取

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为什么构建弹性应用?

用户展现界面层

业务逻辑层

数据连接层

组建 可用性 宕机时间

用户展现界面层 99.9% 8h 45m/年

业务逻辑层 99.9% 8h 45m/年

数据连接层 99.99% 52m 35s/年

合计 99.8% 17h 31m/年

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为什么构建弹性应用?

1000 个组件要实现 99.99% 可用性:

每个依赖组建都要有99.9999% 可用性

隔离依赖

或者

组件的失败导致系统性失败 组件的失败导致服务降级而不是系统性失败

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优雅的降级

• 如果有只读数据库,应用将切换到只读数据库• 应用要维护一个影子应用(shadow),参考 IoT 的做法• 当服务重新上线后重试, 参考 lambda 或 greengrass 客户端做法

• 如果内容不可用,它将发送一个通用页面,其中包含一些解释问题的内容

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限流

• SOA 系统中的一个常见问题是内部服务的问题而拒绝服务• 一种主要的防御方法是根据上下文来限制(速率限制)传入的请求• 上下文可以是基于用户的或基于源地址的,或两者都可以

• 测量指标必须是所有服务都相同• 它可以使用指数级或斐波那契级时间增长的来实现限制措施

• 可以使用 Amazon API Gateway!

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简单的模式

• 快速失败• 安静失败

• 静态后备• 重试

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快速失败

• 简单的处理方式是检测到错误后尽快返回错误• 这通常有助于从内存、线程不足等问题中快速恢复

• 当导致错误原因消失后,服务将再次正常运行

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安静失败

• 简单的处理方式是自己处理错误但返回成功标识给客户端• 可以是 200 OK 代码,但 Web 服务返回的内容为空• 可以返回成功代码

• 可以简单地安静返回• 当然,仍然应该进行日志记录

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静态后备

• 发生错误时返回某种静态的内容/值• 此内容必须是在请求上下文中有意义的内容• 当然,此内容应该是可配置的,而不是硬编码的

if (error)

return static

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静态后备的例子

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静态后备的实现

VPC

AWS Cloud

Availability Zone 1

Auto Scaling group

Availability Zone 2

NAT GatewayNAT Gateway

Instance Instance

Amazon RDS Master Amazon RDS Slave

Elastic Load Balancing

Amazon Simple Storage Service

(S3)

Amazon Route 53

Secondary

Primary

User

Record Sets

CNAME wwwelastic_load_balancer

Routing Policy = Failover

Record Type = Primary

Amazon S3 Website

Routing Policy = Failover

Record Type = Secondary

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重试

• 在 SOA 中,故障通常是短暂的,因此通常一次简单的重试就可以成功• 这是对速率限制(也称为限流)做出反应的常见模式• 如果出错再次尝试,等待一段时间然后再重试

• 使用指数级或斐波那契级增加重试间隔时间• 应该确定最终的错误,不要无限期地重试

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更复杂的模式

• 缓存• 阻断器

• 减载

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缓存

• 大多数人都知道缓存数据库响应• 可以将相同的方法应用于服务调用

• 通常只需要辨识出缓存的唯一键• 检查缓存,如果不存在或已过期,调用后端,然后在插入缓存同时返回

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缓存图解

ServiceCache

Data Source3. 从数据源获取数据

1. 检查缓存

请求

2. 缓存命中或没有命中

4. 插入缓存

响应

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阻断器

• 与快速故障模式密切相关• 跟踪故障,然后在超过阈值时执行后备计划(可以是所描述的任何模式)

• 定期检查健康状况以恢复功能

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减载

• 来自通信(网络)实现• 一些请求照常通过,其他则返回前面提到的后备模式之一

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监控和数据收集

• 这样做的关键是汇总数据以便发现服务错误的趋势• 需要系统事件和事件监视系统

• 拥有这些综合信息将帮助构建更具弹性的系统,并了解应用弱点在哪里

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从小做大

• 建立跨职能的小型团队,专注于提供第二层服务• 使这些服务的交付包括将这些服务构建和部署到云所需的所有因素

• 设置基于云的开发环境• 设置持续集成和测试环境• 自动化配置和部署以测试环境

• 最初的重点是这些因素的薄弱的、不健壮的地方• 强调端到端

• 引入可验证 SLA 最低限度概念的测试

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检查和应用

• 理解服务的变化是最基本的特征• 确定所有服务都遵从的标准

• 设置较高的自动化和部署标准• 在第一天就建立服务所有权文化

• 不断挑战服务解偶模型• 这些是正确的服务吗?它们是小型且自主的吗?

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转型挑战

• 最初的开发通常需要混合环境• 服务自治可能需要一定程度的冗余

• 服务之间的协同通常会暴露太多底层实现• 并行处理服务和自动化通常会为组织带来很大的压力

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指导原则

• 不要企图一劳永逸• 集中监控和管理至关重要• 自动化不是一次性

• 不断寻找共同遵循的原则• 忠实于 SOA 核心原则

• 自主性是长期成功的基础

• 解偶不仅仅是功能• 敏捷是根本目标

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总结

• 反复迭代,但始终对照长期目标测试您的进度• 解决方案是否优化了资源的使用?• 团队是否有权拥有并发展自己的服务?

• 您的环境是否变得更有生产力?• 您是否能够以更少的约束和更大的敏捷性来构建和发布?

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