© 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two...

49
© 2001 by KJS 5장 장장장 장장장장장장장장장 (1)

Transcript of © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two...

Page 1: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS5 장

고성능 액체크로마토그래피(1)

Page 2: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

LC vs. GC

• Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity

• A great variety of column packing

• Lower separation temperature in LC

Page 3: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Liquid Chromatography 분리 원리

• 분배 partition (LLC)

• 흡착 adsorption (LSC)

• 이온교환 ion exchange

• 크기 배제 size exclusion

Page 4: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

HPLC Flow Diagram

Page 5: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

펌프의 종류• 왕복식 : 피스톤의 왕복운동

구슬제어밸브용매흐름에 펄스 발생

• 치환형 : 피스톤이 붙어 있는 원통펄스의 발생이 없음용매용량 제한

• 가압식 : 용기속의 용매를 압축기체에 의해 이송단가 저렴기울기 용리 불가저압에서만 사용

Page 6: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

pump mechanism

Plunger

Plunger

Cam

Solvent in

Solvent outPlunger

seal

Plunger (sapphir

e)

Outlet check valve

Inlet check valve

[ 그림 5-3] 왕복피스톤 펌프 (a, b) 와 역류방지밸브 (c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Page 7: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Pump output patterns

(c) dual-head sinusoidal cam

(a)single-head reciprocating

(b)dual-head circular cam

Page 8: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

사용 용매의 탈기 용매가 없는 상태에서 Pump on 하지 말 것 Buffer 사용 후 물로 충분히 세척 다른 용매를 사용하는 경우 섞임성 확인 Pump priming 실시 Pulse 없는 상태로 계속적인 용매 흐름 조절 Pump 압력 확인 ( 높은지 , 낮은지 , 일정한지 확인 )

Pump 작동시 주의사항

BENE TECHNOLOGY . 2008

Page 9: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Low and high pressure gradient mixingA B

Page 10: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Six-port high-pressure injection valve

Page 11: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Injector 작동시 유의사항• 잘 세척된 Syringe 사용 • 시료 주입시 기포는 완전히 제거 • Syringe 세척은 시료가 잘 녹는 용매를 사용• 강한 세척 요구 시 , 사용용매 Acetone Dichlo

romethane 순으로 세척• Auto injector needle wash 용 용매 사용 시 주의 • 시료확산을 방지하기 위해 injector 와 column, col

umn 과 detector 사이 연결을 짧게 연결 (0.009inch)• 잘못된 Tubing 연결 시 dead volume 생김 .

Page 12: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Auto Injector

• Free injection 하여 생산성을 향상• 조건입력 가능• 무인 가동할 수 있으므로 분석 시간 단축 • 온도 조절을 통해 시료의 변성 가능성을 최소화 • 시료의 주입량의 오차가 거의 없으므로 재현성 우수 • Auto priming 및 Auto needle washing 이 가능함

Page 13: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

The most important parameters for analysis

• LOD : limit of detection (S/N = 2-3)• LOQ : limit of quantification (S/N = 10-20)• Linearity : calibration• Selectivity• Qualitative information

Page 14: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Types of detectors

• UV, diode array detector• refractive index detector• fluorometric detector• electrochemical detector• evaporative light-scattering detector• radioactivity (radioisotope) detector• ORD/CD• LC-MSD

Page 15: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Selective Detector Specific

Less influenced by changing solvent

Sensitive

UV

Fluorescence

ECD

Mass

Universal Detector Universal

Wider range of application

RI

ELSD

Mass

[ 표 5-1] HPLC 검출기의 분류

Page 16: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Z-type cell

Tapered cell

[ 그림 5-12] UV/Vis detector

Page 17: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Tapered Cell

일반 검출기 셀의 경우 셀 내에 들어온 빛은 굴절을 일으켜 들어온 빛이 모두 검출기로 들어가지 못해 셀 내에 시료가 없더라도 마치 빛을 흡수하는 물질이 있는 것처럼 보이지만 Tapered Cell 은 셀 내에 들어온 빛이 모두 검출기로 들어가므로 고감도의 분석을 가능하게 합니다 .

Tapered Cell 을 사용하는 고감도 검출기

검출기 셀의 구조

Page 18: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Characteristics of UV detector

Page 19: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 20: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Excitation Spectrum Emission Spectrum

Page 21: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Selectivity of fluorometric detector

Page 22: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

[ 그림 5-16] 2 종류 검출기의 동시 사용

Page 23: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection (ELSD)

Page 24: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Volatile Mobile Phase Modifiers  pKa pKb pH Range BP MP

Acids           Trifluoroacetic Acid 0.3 13.7 72.4°C  

Formic Acid 3.75 10.25 100.7°C  

Acetic Acid 4.75 9.25 116.0°C   Carbonic Acid 6.37 7.63   —  Bases  

Ammonia 9.25 4.75 33.35°C  

Methylamine 10.81 3.19 16.6°C  

Ethylamine 10.66 3.34 -6.3°C   Triethylamine 11.01 2.99   89.3°C  Buffers  

Ammonium Formate 3.0-5.0 120°C

Pyridinium Formate 3.0-5.0  

Ammonium Acetate 3.8-5.8 111°C

Pyridinium Acetate 4.0-6.0  

Ammonium Carbonate (for reverse phase) 8.0 (adjusted)  

Ammonium Carbonate     5.5-7.5 and 9.3-11.3    

Page 25: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Measurements of mass concentration

Page 26: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Characteristics of RI detectors

Page 27: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 28: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 29: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Column: Prevail™ Carbohydrate ES, 5µm, 53 x 7mm

Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile:Water (75:25) Flowrate: 2.0mL/min

ELSD

RI

1. Fructose2. Glucose3. Sucrose

Carbohydrates

[ 그림 5-20] ELSD 와 RI 의 비교

Page 30: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Electrochemical reactions

Page 31: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Electrochemically active functional groups

Page 32: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Design of electrochemical flow cell

Page 33: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

E(V)

223 182 185Time (ms)

-1.0

-0.4

+0.8

E1

E2

E3

E1

E2

S S

Pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrate with Pt-electrode E3 : Reducing potential

Surface PtO is reduced to Pt. Regeneration of electrode-surface E1: Measuring potential

Oxidation of carbohydrate on the surface of the electrode E2 : Oxidation potential

Surface oxidation to PtO and desorbs oxidation product of carbohydrate

[ 그림 5-24]

Page 34: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Compound types sensed by the ECD

Page 35: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 36: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 37: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 38: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Magnetic sector mass filter

Page 39: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 40: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Ion Trap mass filter

Page 41: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Time of Flight (TOF) mass filter

Page 42: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

API (atmospheric pressure ionization) LC/MS interface 1. Electrospray ionization (ESI) 2. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)

Collision Induced Decomposition

Page 43: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

API-Electrospray ion source

Page 44: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Page 45: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

APCI interface

Page 46: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

ESI vs. APCI• evaporation and explosion• suitable for polar samples• flow rate - 0.2 (1) ml/min• wide range of molecular w

eight• drug and metabolites • peptides• proteins• natural products

• ion molecular reaction• suitable for less polar sa

mples• flow rate - 1 (2) ml/min• stable operation• pesticides • steroids• drugs

Page 47: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

47

Page 48: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Radioactivity detectors

• Monitoring radio-labeled solutes• homogeneous system: column elu

ent is mixed with a liquid scintillation cocktail before passing through a flow cell.

• heterogeneous system: the eluent moves directly to the flow cell, packed with solid scintillant.

Page 49: © 2001 by KJS 5 장 고성능 액체크로마토그래피 (1). © 2001 by KJS LC vs. GC Two chromaographic phase for LC vs. one in GC - selectivity A great variety of column packing.

© 2001 by KJS

Flavone (0.1ug) 의 크로마토그램

•CD 검출기 : D-L 체가 검출

•OR 검출기 : 감도가 낮아 검출

불가

•CD 검출기가 OR 검출기에 비해

월등한 S/N 를 보이므로 UV 를

흡수하는 물질인 경우엔 CD

검출기를 사용하는 것이 좋다 .

하지만 UV 를 흡수하지 않는 물질인

경우엔 ORD 검출기를 사용해야

한다 .

Column : CHIRALCEL OD 94.6mmIDx250mmLEluent : n-Hexane/PA(90/10)Flow rate : 1.0ml/min Temperature : 20C Injection Volume : 10l

CD 검출기 vs. ORD 검출기