ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ 132

, 19, 2014ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎧᎦᎵ

Framework for Stem Practice

We can use the verb –advn- ‘do’ to structure stem practice for verb words that take Tsi-/G- Set Pronouns.

Present: Do iyusdi advneha?Imperfective: Do iyusdi advnehoi?Immediate: Do iyusdi advga?

Hadida! Rise Up!

Do advnha nogwu?Do advnehoi?

Do advga?

Nihi nigada nogwu.

Describe action in First Person Singular.Gadidia. I am getting up.

Nigohilv nvhgi ayeli iyuwanhilv gadidisgoi.Always at 4:30 o'clock I get up.

Gadida nole gadanv'isdiha.I just got up and I'm ready.

Nihi nogwu.

Pretend to get up while your partner peppers you with questions.

Do hadvneha?

Do hadvnehoi?

Do hadvga?

Verb Stems Overview

Each complete Cherokee verb

has five stem forms:

1. Present

2. Imperfective

3. Immediate

4. Perfective

5. Infinitive

Verb Overview

We have looked most closely at

Agi-/Agw- Verbs.

Agi-/Agw- Verbs exceptionally take Agi-/Agw- Set Pronouns in all forms.

Agwaduliha. I want it.

Uduliha.

1. Uduliha. She wants it. Present2. Agwaduliha. I want it. Present3. Udulihv’i. He wanted it. Perfective Past4. Udulisgo’i. She wants it. Imperfective Hab

5. Tsadula! Want it! Immediate6. uduhldi for him want it Infinitive

Udawesolvsdohdi uduliha. He wants to rest.Note Pronoun Set does not change.

Verb Overview

Most Verbs are not Agi-/Agw- Verbs.

Tsi-/G- Verbs take Tsi-/G- Set Pronouns in the Imperfective, the Present, and the Immediate.

Tsi-/G- Verbs take Agi-/Agw- Set Pronouns in the Perfective and the Infinitive.

Verb Overview

Tsi-/G- Verbs take Tsi-/G- Set Pronouns in the Imperfective, the Present, and the Immediate.

Gadvneha. I am doing it. g- ‘I’ pronoun

Tsi-/G- Verbs take Agi-/Agw- Set Pronouns in the Perfective and the Infinitive.

Agwadvnelv’i. I did it. agw- ‘I’ pronoun

Most Important Stems

The Imperfective and the Perfective verb stems are the most important.

Imperfective indicates an ongoing situation in the present, past, or future.

Perfective indicates a complete situation in the present, past, or future.

Tsi-/G- Verb Words

Present Verb Words, Immediate Command Verb Words, and Imperfective Habitual Verb Words generally take Tsi-/G- Set Pronouns to form Verb Word Sentences.-alsgia 'dancing Present' > Galsgia!-alsgi 'dance Immediate Command' > Halsgi!-alsgisg- 'dancing Imperfective' > Galsgisgoi.

Present

The Present Stem describes situations that are happening now, at the time of speech.

Do iyusdi hadvneha nogwu?

What are you doing now?

Galsgi’a. Gatsinula galsgi’a. Uwoduhi galsgi’a.

I am dancing. I am dancing fast. I am dancing beautifully.

Immediate Command

The Immediate Stem has two core meanings.

1. Immediate Command: A command for certain immediate future situation.

2. Immediate Past: A statement of just past and currently relevant past situation.

Halsgi! Dance!

Uwoduhi halsgi! Dance beautifully!

Imperfective Stem

The Imperfective Stem combines with a set of Stem Final forms that indicate the Speaker's Perspective on and the Temporal Location of the situation described by the verb.

-alsgisg- 'dancing Imperfective'H-alsgisg-ei-tsu? Were you dancing? Unknown.G-alsgisg-oi. I dance. Situation at several times.

Nihi nigada nogwu.

Your partner, Ulsgisdi ulvgwdi. She likes to dance. Ask her what she is doing, what she does, and what she has just done.

Galsgia. I am dancing.Galsgisgoi. I dance. [Uwoduhi.]Galsgi. I just danced.

Alsgi’a.

Alsgi’a.

1. Alsgi’a. She is dancing. Present2. Galsgi’a. I am dancing. Present3. Ulsgisv’i. He danced. Perfective Past4. Alsgisgo’i. She dances. Imperfective Hab

5. Halsgi! Dance! Immediate6. ulsgisdi for him to dance Infinitive

NB: Pronoun Set changes according to verb structure.

That was an overview.

Focus on Singular Person Present:

Galsgi’a. I am dancing.

Halsgi’a. You are dancing.

Alsgi’a. He is dancing.

A-stem structure

g- ‘I’ h- ‘you’ a- ‘she/he/it’

Advneha. Durbin Feeling 1975 Cherokee-English Dictionary

Advneha

1. Advneha. She is doing it. Present2. Gadvneha. I am doing it. Present3. Udvnelv’i. He did it. Perfective Past4. Advneho’i. She does it. Imperfective Hab

5. Hadvga! Do it! Immediate6. udvnhdi for him to do it Infinitive

Osda hnadvga! ‘You have done well!’Note Pronoun Set change according to verb form.

Framework for Stem Practice

We can use the verb –advn- ‘do’ to structure stem practice.

Present: Do iyusdi advneha?Imperfective: Do iyusdi advneho’i?Immediate: Do iyusdi advga?

Perfective: Do iyusdi udvnele’i?Infinitive: Do iyusdi udvnhdi

uduliha?