สัปดาห์ที่ 11 conflict theory marx

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1 สสสสสสสสสส 11 สสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสสส 427- 303 Sociological Theories สสสส 1/2553 สสสสสส Conflict Theory : Marx

Transcript of สัปดาห์ที่ 11 conflict theory marx

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สั�ปดาห์�ที่ 11

เอกสัารประกอบการสัอนวิ�ชา 427-303 Sociological Theories

เที่อม 1/2553

เร�อง Conflict Theory : Marx

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Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

By: Erin Lepird, Sicily Canny, By: Erin Lepird, Sicily Canny, Mago SaldanaMago Saldana

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Conflict theory vs MarxismConflict theory vs Marxism

Conflict theory: power is the core of ALL Conflict theory: power is the core of ALL social relationshipssocial relationships

Marxism: much like conflict theory but Marxism: much like conflict theory but power is gained through economicspower is gained through economics

Characterized by an economic struggle between Characterized by an economic struggle between the haves and have-nots.the haves and have-nots.

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Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

Alternative to functionalismAlternative to functionalismMacrosociological theoretical perspectiveMacrosociological theoretical perspectiveResentment and hostility are constant Resentment and hostility are constant

elements of societyelements of societyPower differences among social classes Power differences among social classes Special Special interest groupsinterest groups fight over scarce fight over scarce

resources of societyresources of societyInterest groups fight to gain advantages over Interest groups fight to gain advantages over

othersothers

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Conflict Theory (Cont’d)Conflict Theory (Cont’d)

Competition puts society off-balance until Competition puts society off-balance until dominant group gains control and stability dominant group gains control and stability through powerthrough power

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InfluencesInfluences

Karl Marx (1818-1883)Karl Marx (1818-1883)Humanist: wanted all individuals to reach their Humanist: wanted all individuals to reach their

full human potential full human potential Believed humans make their own history Believed humans make their own history

((historical method)historical method)Controlling material productionControlling material production division of division of

laborlabor formation of economic social classes formation of economic social classes Class struggleClass struggle

Trying to combine material and ideal factors/ Trying to combine material and ideal factors/ structural and cultural factorsstructural and cultural factors

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Marx (cont’d)Marx (cont’d)

Society was a two-class system:Society was a two-class system:

1.1. Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production)production)

2.2. Proletariat (workers)Proletariat (workers)

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Marx (cont’d)Marx (cont’d)

Class differences have a lot to do with Class differences have a lot to do with possession of personal propertypossession of personal property

Believed the exploited would become Believed the exploited would become conscious and uniteconscious and unite communism communism elimination of class struggleelimination of class struggle

Main ideas behind communism are stated Main ideas behind communism are stated in in the communist manifestothe communist manifesto

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Max Weber (1864-1920)Max Weber (1864-1920)

Agreed with Marx (economics played a Agreed with Marx (economics played a central role in power distinction).central role in power distinction).

Believed in Two other factors:Believed in Two other factors:1.1. Social prestige (status)Social prestige (status)

Example: someone could be poor and still hold a Example: someone could be poor and still hold a lot of power because of social prestige lot of power because of social prestige Mother Mother TheresaTheresa

2.2. Political influencePolitical influence Example: Politician who has great power, but Example: Politician who has great power, but

does not earn a big salarydoes not earn a big salary

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Max Weber (cont’d)Max Weber (cont’d)

Weber defined Weber defined powerpower as “the ability to impose as “the ability to impose one’s will on another, even when the other one’s will on another, even when the other objects” (p. 72 CST)objects” (p. 72 CST)

Authority: Authority: legitimate power; used with consent of legitimate power; used with consent of the ruledthe ruled

Distribution of power and authority = basis of Distribution of power and authority = basis of social conflictsocial conflict

HOWEVER: if subordinates believe in the HOWEVER: if subordinates believe in the authority= avoided conflictauthority= avoided conflict If authority is not recognized as a legitimate= conflictIf authority is not recognized as a legitimate= conflict

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Max Weber (cont’d)Max Weber (cont’d)

People with power want to keep itPeople with power want to keep it People w/out power want to seek itPeople w/out power want to seek it 3 types of authority:3 types of authority:

1.1. Rational-legal Rational-legal

2.2. Traditional Traditional

3.3. charismaticcharismatic

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Georg Simmel (1858-1918)Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

Wanted to develop a Wanted to develop a mathematics of mathematics of societysocietyCollection of statements about human Collection of statements about human

relationships and social behavior relationships and social behavior Disagreed with Marx that social classes Disagreed with Marx that social classes

are formed horizontallyare formed horizontallyThere are differences in power and There are differences in power and

opinions within each group. opinions within each group.

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Georg Simmel (1858-1918)Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

Concepts and contributions: Concepts and contributions: Rejects organic theoryRejects organic theorySaw society as the sum of individual Saw society as the sum of individual

interactioninteractionThe most important relationship is between The most important relationship is between

leaders and followers, superior and leaders and followers, superior and subordinatessubordinatesSuperiordinate and subordinate have a reciprocal Superiordinate and subordinate have a reciprocal

relationshiprelationship

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Georg Simmel (1858-1918)Georg Simmel (1858-1918)

Believed social action always involves Believed social action always involves harmony and conflict, love and hatred harmony and conflict, love and hatred (p.74)(p.74)

SecrecySecrecy: people who hold secrets are in a : people who hold secrets are in a position of power.position of power.

Some groups are formed around secrets Some groups are formed around secrets and are known as and are known as secret societiessecret societies are usually in conflict with the greater societyare usually in conflict with the greater society Initiation creates hierarchyInitiation creates hierarchy

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Modern Conflict TheoryModern Conflict Theory

Ideas of Marx, Weber, and Simmel Ideas of Marx, Weber, and Simmel resurfaced in America in the 1950’s resurfaced in America in the 1950’s through two German Sociologists:through two German Sociologists:

1.1. Lewis CoserLewis Coser

2.2. Ralph DahrendorfRalph Dahrendorf

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Lewis Coser (1913-2003)Lewis Coser (1913-2003)

Defined conflict as “a struggle over values Defined conflict as “a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure, or opponents are to neutralize, injure, or eliminate their rivals.”eliminate their rivals.”

Conflicts between intergroups and Conflicts between intergroups and intragroups are part of social lifeintragroups are part of social life

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Lewis Coser (1913-2003)Lewis Coser (1913-2003)

Conflict is part of relationships and is not Conflict is part of relationships and is not necessarily a sign of instabilitynecessarily a sign of instability

Conflict serves several functions:Conflict serves several functions:

1.1. Leads to social changeLeads to social change

2.2. Can stimulate innovationCan stimulate innovation

3.3. During times of war threat, can increase During times of war threat, can increase central powercentral power

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Lewis Coser (1913-2003)Lewis Coser (1913-2003)

Explored sixteen propositions of conflict Explored sixteen propositions of conflict through functionsthrough functions

Thought that conflict= boundaries Thought that conflict= boundaries between different groupsbetween different groups unity unity between individual members of that between individual members of that group and determines boundaries of group and determines boundaries of powerpower

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Ralf Dahrendorf (1929- )Ralf Dahrendorf (1929- )

Social order is maintained by force from Social order is maintained by force from the topthe top

Tension is constantTension is constantExtreme social change can happen at any Extreme social change can happen at any

timetime ““there cannot be conflict unless some there cannot be conflict unless some

degreee of consensus has already been degreee of consensus has already been established” (p. 89)established” (p. 89)

Once reached, conflict temporarily Once reached, conflict temporarily disappearsdisappears

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C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)

Work centered around powerWork centered around powerSeveral dimensions of inequality (like Several dimensions of inequality (like

Weber)Weber)Power can be independent from economic Power can be independent from economic

classclassVersion of conflict theory-closer to Version of conflict theory-closer to

Weber’s than MarxWeber’s than Marx

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C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)

Concept of power elite, rather than ruling Concept of power elite, rather than ruling class=difference between Marx and Millsclass=difference between Marx and Mills

There is a triangle of power:There is a triangle of power:

1.1. MilitaryMilitary

2.2. IndustryIndustry

3.3. PoliticsPolitics White-collar world kept power elite on topWhite-collar world kept power elite on top

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C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)

There are three types of power:There are three types of power:

1.1. Authority:Authority: power justified by the beliefs of power justified by the beliefs of the voluntarily obedientthe voluntarily obedient

2.2. Manipulation:Manipulation: power wielded unknown to power wielded unknown to the powerlessthe powerless

3.3. Coercion:Coercion: the “final” form of power, where the “final” form of power, where the powerless are forced to obey the the powerless are forced to obey the powerfulpowerful

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Randall Collins (1941- )Randall Collins (1941- )

““power and status are fundamental power and status are fundamental relational dimensions at the micro level of relational dimensions at the micro level of social interaction and perhaps at the social interaction and perhaps at the macro level as well” (p. 96)macro level as well” (p. 96)

Collins believes there are certain goods Collins believes there are certain goods that every group wants to pursuethat every group wants to pursueWealth, power, and prestigeWealth, power, and prestige

““Concluded that coercion and the ability to Concluded that coercion and the ability to “force” others to behave a certain way are “force” others to behave a certain way are the primary basis of conflict” (p.96)the primary basis of conflict” (p.96)

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Randall Collins (1941- )Randall Collins (1941- )

Had a Had a stratified stratified approach approach to conflict to conflict that had 3 basic that had 3 basic principles and 5 principles and 5 principles of conflict principles of conflict analysisanalysis

Social Structure

Individualactions

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RelevancyRelevancy

Maintains that what social order does, is Maintains that what social order does, is the result of power elites’ coercion of the result of power elites’ coercion of massesmasses

Those without power seek social changeThose without power seek social changeTwo class system by MarxTwo class system by MarxContemporary conflict theorists don’t limit Contemporary conflict theorists don’t limit

power to just economics, but also look at power to just economics, but also look at other issuesother issues

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Relevancy (cont’d)Relevancy (cont’d)

Three criticisms of conflict theory:Three criticisms of conflict theory:

1.1. Ignores other ways (i.e. non-forceful Ignores other ways (i.e. non-forceful ways in which people reach agreementsways in which people reach agreements

2.2. Sides with people who lack powerSides with people who lack power

3.3. Focuses on economic factors as the sole Focuses on economic factors as the sole issue for all conflict in societyissue for all conflict in society

This primarily is for Marx’s approach This primarily is for Marx’s approach

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Relevancy (cont’d)Relevancy (cont’d)

Differences in power are in all types of Differences in power are in all types of interactioninteraction

Power used to be physical, but now, it’s Power used to be physical, but now, it’s legal and economiclegal and economic