Transcript of Why where these years turning points in American History? 1898 – Spanish American War 1914-1918 -...
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- Why where these years turning points in American History? 1898
Spanish American War 1914-1918 - WWI 1929 The Great Depression
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- Cause and Effect of Migration Westward migration to California
in the 1800s? The Gold Rush Migration from rural (country) to urban
(city) parts in the late 1800s? Industrial Revolution and the
creation of factories. Even women were allowed to work in them and
earn money for the family. The Great Migration of African Americans
to the North (c. 1910-1930)
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- Unit 2 Westward Expansion
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- Ways RR changed Americas Economy Transcontinental RR made it
possible to travel to California and tied the country together. RR
construction created demand for steel. (Bessemer Steel process
used.) Created national market from coast to coast.
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- Homestead Act The Homestead Act became law in 1862 when it was
signed by President Abraham Lincoln. Under the new law a U.S.
Citizen could get 160 acres of unoccupied land west of the
Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. They could keep
the land if they lived on the land for five years and made
improvements to the land.
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- Great Plains Challenges When they purchased the land they were
told it well- watered and wooded land what they found was very
different. Little rainfall Few trees Tough soil Extreme temps
Plagues of Grasshoppers Isolationism (no neighbors close by).
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- Alaska Gold Rush Miners attracted to Far West because of
discoveries of precious metals in California and Alaska. A large
number of people went West in hopes of striking it rich!
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- Indian Policies Due to precious metal discoveries many Indians
were moved off of their own lands to new locations reservations.
Reservations Federal Government set aside land which the government
felt was undesirable (no one wanted). Indian Wars during this time
were put down by Federal Troops and forced onto reservations in the
Great Plains.
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- Indian Policies Many policies were supposed to help, however
most times they made issues worse. Dawes Act (1887) Wanted to
Americanize Native Americans Abolished Native American Tribes and
alloted Indians Tribal lands to individuals who then sold them.
American Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Granted US Citizenship to
all Native Americans born in US.
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- Immigration
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- Problems faced by immigrants in the Gilded Age Crowed tenements
one room apartments that lacked daylight, adequate plumbing.
Pollution, sewage contamination of water. Low pay, long hours
Cannot speak English
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- Nativists the policy of protecting the interests of native
inhabitants against those of immigrants. Love of the US and its
people Opposed immigration
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- Immigrants Came because? Push Factors OPPRESSION POVERTY WAR
RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC PERSECUTION Pull Factors FREEDOM ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY CULTURAL TIES
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- Americanized Immigrants Immigrants were working, so many times
becoming more American was left to the children. They learned to
speak, act, dress and behave like Americans. Negative effect:
immigrant parents may want an arranged marriage because that was
their custom in their country however once Americanized, many
immigrant children would not agree to this.
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- Immigration Quotas Many people felt that the reason that
unemployment was so high because Chinese workers were taking the
jobs and accepting lower wages. Chinese Exclusion Act first federal
law restricting immigration. Prohibited Chinese immigration for 10
years.
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- INDUSTRIALIZATION
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- Political Machines City Government was sometimes run by bad
(corrupt) leaders. Boss would tell the workers what to do and who
to vote for. The political machine would often provide jobs for
immigrants but stole from the city government through overpriced
contracts.
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- Industrialization Effects Because of inventions and new
technology there was great economic expansion. Steam and
electricity replaced human and animal strength. Iron replaced wood.
The Bessemer process made steel more economical. Assembly line.
Steam powered machines Coal to power the steam machines. Pollution
of air and waterways.
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- Technology Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Electric Light Bulb
Thomas Edison Elevator Elisha Otis Airplane Orville and Wilbur
Wright Sewing Machine Elias Howe
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- Robber Baron or Captain of Industry? Robber Baron was a
businessman that sometimes used ruthless tactics to destroy
competition and to keep workers wages low.
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- Big Business Owners - Carnegie Andrew Carnegie Grew up poor
Invested in iron works and built a steel mill in Pittsburgh. He
made money by selling steel to the Railroads. Bought iron and coal
mines. Paid his workers low wages and forced them to work 12 hour
shifts. Later in life he wanted to give back and donated over $350
million dollars to build libraries and give money to
Universities.
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- Big Business - Rockefeller Controlled the refining of oil
(Monopoly). Forced to dissolve his company because it was unfair to
the market place. Later in life became a philanthropist and gave
large amounts of money away.
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- Labor Unions Worker Problems: Long hours, low wages, poor
working conditions, child labor, no benefits, no job security. Rise
of Labor Unions organized to help protect workers Knights of Labor
American Federal of Labor begun by Samuel Gompers
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- Government Attitude toward Labor Unions Government had
anti-union bias Many in government saw unions as driving up the
cost of goods.
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- Gilded Age for Women Minorities Children
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- Laissez Fair Policies a policy that allows businesses to
operate with very little interference from the government.
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- Progressive Era
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- Populist A new national party that supported the common man.
Farmer gave their support to this party. Populist party felt that
the government needed to take a larger role to end: Oppression
Injustice Poverty.
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- Farmers Problems New Farm machinery and the opening of the
Great Plains led to OVERproduction. Food prices fell and expenses
of the farmer stayed the same. Farmers lost money and many lost
their homes.
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- Progressives Took name from the belief of progress. Most
progressives were middle class and reflected those ideas.
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- Muckrakers of the Time Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle and
exposed the meat packing industry for unsafe practices. Janne
Addams started Hull House to help immigrants in their neighborhoods
assimilate to American Life with classes in child care, English and
nursing (to name a few).
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- Jacob Riis photographer of Child Labor. Ida Tarbell writer,
wrote about Rockfellers Standard Oil business and his ruthlessness
in the business world. W.E.B. DuBois founded the NAACP National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Ida B. Wells
organized an anti-lynching crusade. Hanging was a tactic used to
intimidate African American. Susan B. Anthony Womens Rights and
suffrage advocate.
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- Social Gospel Movement Protestant ministers called for reform.
Organized to help people less fortunate. Christians were called
upon to perform acts of charity and goodness this movement strongly
influenced PROHIBITION.
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- Progressive Laws & Reforms 16 th Amendment gave Congress
the power to tax personal income. 17 th Amendment 2 senators will
be elected from each state. 18 th Amendment prohibited the sale of
alcohol 19 th Amendment Womens right to vote
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- Reforms National Park Service Protected public parks and
monuments. Anti-Trust Legislation (Clayton Antitrust Act) Increased
the federal governments power to prvent unfair business practices.
Interstate Commerce Commission Help regulate certain
industries.
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- Reforms Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Meat Inspection Act 1906
Both passed to protect the consumer Federal Reserve Created to
regulate the amount of money in circulation. Its duties today are
to conduct the nations monetary policy, supervise and regulate
banking institutions, maintain the stability of the financial
system and provide financial services to depository institutions,
the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions.
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- Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal Helped break up bad trusts Square
Deal: Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Protection
of Nations natural resources. Withheld federal lands from public
sale.
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- Sanford Dole In Hawaii there was unrest and the Queen tried to
get power back from American settlers that had plantation there.
Queen Liliukalani was overthrown. Attorney Sanford Dole, was the
leader of the provisional government of Hawaii while plans were
worked out in the US in order to annex Hawaii. Served as President
of Hawaii and then later as Governor of Hawaii after it was annexed
by US. Doles cousin developed the Dole Company.
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- Alfred Thayer Manhan Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon
History Argued for making US into a world power. The US needed a
strong navy, merchant marine to protect its colonial interests.
Lead advocate for imperial expansion.
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- SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
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- Causes of the Spanish American War HUMANITARIAN: Americans
sympathized with the Cuban Revolution because they felt like it was
like their own. They also had seen pictures of Cubans in military
camps, where 30% of Cubans died from starvation. EXPANSIONIST:
Americans realized they could seize land from Spain, who was weak.
New colonies = new naval bases. ECONOMIC: Spain had imposed taxes
on Cuba and Cuba had experienced an economic collapse. Sinking of
the U.S.S. Maine Yellow Journalism Jingoism = intense
patriotism
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- Effects of the Spanish-American War United States defeats Spain
in less than four months 2,446 Americans died (400 in combat, the
rest from disease) Spain recognizes Cubas independence. United
States begins to control Cuban politics and economy. Puerto Rico,
Philippines, and Guam become United States territories. United
States is recognized as a world power.
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- M.A.I.N
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- Long Term Causes Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping
a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military
technology
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- Long Term Causes Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in
Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in
secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple
Entente
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- Long Term Causes Imperialism- European competition for colonies
Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to
rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations
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- Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep Devotion to Ones Nation
Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for
territory and markets (Example France and Germany-
Alsace-Lorraine)
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- Leaders Triple Alliance Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) Franz
Joseph I (Austria-Hungary) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Triple Entente
David Lloyd George (England) Raymond Poincare (France) Czar
Nicholas II (Russia)
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- 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: England
(Great Britian) France Russia Germany Italy Austria- Hungry
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- Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
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- The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Kaiser Wilhelm
II (Germany ) Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
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- Results of WWI
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- Wilsons 14 Points Proposed by Wilson as a basis for Peace
treaty. Create new nation-states: Poland Break up Austria Hungry
Freedom of the Seas No secret treaties, open diplomacy League of
Nations
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- Treat of Versailles Ended WWI. Dealt harshly with Germany
Germany lost colonies Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Turkey were broken
into separate national-states. League of Nations created.
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- 1920s
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- *Flappers wore short skirts bobbed their hair listened to jazz
music flaunted their dislike for the old views about women. * they
were open to flaunting sexuality, smoked cigarettes, drank booze
and drove cars.
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- THE RED SCARE & LABOR UNREST
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- Twenties Tensions Vocabulary: Write these words at the top of
the page that says A: Red Scare Capitalism: Economic system of
Private Ownership. (U.S.) Communism: Classless society marked by
government ownership of property and industry. (Soviet Union) Red
Scare: Intense fear of communism and other politically radical
ideas.
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- Causes of the Red Scare 1. Communism was considered a threat to
American values (capitalism, individualism, civil liberties) 2.
Lenin argued that for communism to work it would have to spread
world wide. 3. Americans feared the spread of Communism.
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- Effects of the Red Scare 1. Renewed nativism: laws restricting
immigration rebirth of KKK 2. Attack on civil liberties: Supreme
Court rules the government can silence free speech when it creates
a clear and present danger. Many states banned anti- American
writings, red flags, etc.
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- Early Twenties Labor Unrest After WWI, competition for jobs
increased as soldiers returned from the war. Competition created: -
Class struggles (Rich V. Poor) - Racial tensions (White V. Black,
White V. Immigrants) Political unrest (Capitalists V.
Communists)
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- Strikes and Labor Riots 1919 14 million people go on strike
Seattle Central Strike 35,000 ships builders walked off the job.
Then Union asked all CITY workers to walk off. ALL ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY CAME TO A HAULT. Boston Police Strike Steel workers and
coal miners (organized by the AFL)
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- Government sides against Labor Unions. There is no right to
strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime.
(Pres. Calvin Coolidge) Do you agree?
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- The Red Scare and Nativism Labor unrest and riots get linked to
anti-communist fears New immigrants get blamed 1921- Quotas are
established
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- Palmer Raids In 1919 mail bombs sent by radicals to rich
industrialists and government leaders exploded in many cities.
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted raids to arrested
thousands of Communists, Socialists, and anarchists. Without formal
charges
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- Restrictions on Immigration & The Rise of the KKK
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- Quota Act The objective of this act was to temporarily limit
the numbers of immigrants to the United States by imposing quotas
based on country of birth.
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- Rising Intolerance/ the New KKK The Ku Klux Klan attracted more
than four million members. The KKK terrorized a long list of people
: Catholics, Blacks, Jews, Asians, immigrants, and
homosexuals.
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- Prohibition
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- Causes of the 18 th Amendment (Prohibition) Temperance
movement: arguing to eliminate drunkenness Reduce family abuse
Prevent absenteeism on the job amd promote worker production
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- Effects of the 18 th Amendment: Prohibition 1. Bootleggers
emerge: suppliers of illegal alcohol. 2. Speakeasies: illegal bars
3. Rise of organized crime: supplying illegal alcohol became big
business and very profitable, resulting in the rise of gangsters
like Al Capone.
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- Prohibition Ends Prohibition ends in 1933 with the 21 st
amendment. Prohibition is remembered as one of the worst social
experiments in U.S. history. You cannot legislate Morality Bill
Maher
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- The Science vs. Religion Debate
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- Twenties Tensions Vocabulary: Fundamentalism: Belief that the
Bible was inspired by God and does not contain mistakes. Literal
Interpretation (Scopes Monkey Trial)
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- Scopes Monkey Trial Tennessee law outlawed the teaching of
evolution. The ACLU, (American Civil Liberties Union) asked a
science teacher to break the law and test it in court. The case
became known as the monkey trial and fueled the debate between
science and religious fundamentalism.
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- Prosecutor and Defense talk during the Scopes Trial William
Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution. Clarence Darrow
represented John Scopes.Clarence Darrow represented John
Scopes.
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- 1920s Presidents Decade of Republican Presidents. All three
Presidents would support Laissez Faire economies.
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- Return to Normalcy As a candidate for president, Warren G.
Harding promised to return America to normal after WWI. His
presidency however (1921-1923) is known as one of the most corrupt
in American history.
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- Teapot Dome Scandal The worst scandal of the Harding
Administration. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall secretly
gave private oil companies the right to drill for oil on government
land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Fall received more than $300,000 in
illegal payments and gifts disguised as loans.
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- Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Coolidge became president following
the death of Harding in 1923. The chief business of the American
people is business. Silent Cal believed that the government should
leave business alone and allow it to grow (laissez fair).
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- Herbert Hoover 1929 - 1933 The last Republican President of the
1920s. The stock market crashed six months after he took office.
Hoover becomes vilified in history because of his stance on how to
fix the Depression.
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- Republican Economic Policies Trickle Down Economics Raised
Taxes for middle and lower classes Loaned European countries more $
to help pay back the $11 billion war debt High Tariffs Increased
gap between rich and poor. Autarky United States politics to refer
to the idea that tax breaks or other economic benefits provided by
government to businesses and upper income levels will benefit
poorer members of society by improving the economy as a whole. [
[
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- Overproduction of Goods Industrial Goods Production increased
but demand decreased. Farm Products Production increased- demand
decreased.
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- Unchecked Stock Speculation Investors believed that the stock
market would go up indefinitely and that companies profits would
continue to increase. The value of many companies stock became
artificially inflated and did not represent the companies true
worth. Some economists predicted that the market was headed for a
fall investors did not listen.
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- Unregulated Banking System Margin Buying allowed investors to
put 10 or 20% cash down and borrow the rest from a bank. October
29, 1929 Black Tuesday- orders to sell at any price. Fortunes were
lost within hours as the Stock Market crashed. The Great Crash
caused the collapse of the banking system- by 1932 6,000 banks had
closed.
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- Unequal Distribution of Wealth Large gap between rich and poor.
1% of America owned over 59% of the wealth. 60% of American
families lived on $2,000 per year or less.
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- Nine million savings accounts wiped out. 60% of Americans are
at the poverty level. Two million homeless people. Long bread lines
were seen in most major cities. People lived in Hoovervilles shacks
made out of plywood, cardboard metal, etc.. Effects of The Great
Depression