Post on 23-Jan-2021
tpQ;Qhdk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 6(2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.)
tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
= yq;fh
www.nie.lk
tpQ;Qhdk;
juk; 6
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
Kjyhk; gjpg;G 2015
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.
tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
= yq;fh
,izaj;jsk;;: www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry;: info@nie.lk
mr;Rg;gjpg;G: Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J juk; 1> 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ijmilAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.
,e;j epahag;gLj;jw; nrad;Kiwapw; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd;NghJ epiyf;Fj;jhdxUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;ngw;W> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy;midj;J ghlq;fSf;Fkhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Kiwikahf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;tifapy; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk;$wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opTepiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iwcUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtisfy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhdtifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj;jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fistpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;JntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tpKiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk;Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
i
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mz;kpa
Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg; Nghd;W
njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fle;j
,U jrhg;jq;fspy; $basT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTgLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L ghlrhiy
Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau;
topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhridia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;
Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wj; juKbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;.
,t;thwhd Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd;
NghJ cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.
mNjNghd;W ,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp kpfTk; tpUj;jp nfhz;l tplag; gug;gpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;J
tjw;F cq;fSf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>
kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndw;wpr; nry;tjw;Fg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtPu;fs;
vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>
tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;g;gzpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
fy;tpj; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;ij kpf cau;e;jjhff; fUjp mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ii
tsg; gq;fspg;G
topfhl;ly; : fy;tprhu; mYtyu;fs; rig
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,af;fk; : jpU. vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghlj;jpl;l jiyik : Mu;. v];. N[. gp. cLNghWt
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;
tpQ;Qhdj; Jiw.
vOj;jhsu; FO:(cs;thup) jpU. Mu;.v];. N[. gp. cLg;NghUt> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;
jpU. V. b. V. b rpy;th> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;
jpU. gp. kstpgj;jpuz> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;
jpU. vy;. Nf. tLNf> rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu;
jpUkjp. vk;. uhftr;rhup> tpupTiuahsu;
jpUkjp. vr;. vk;. khghFzuj;d> tpupTiuahsu;
nry;tp. vk;. jpUeluh[h> tpupTiuahsu;
jpU. v];. gpajp];]> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
jpU. g. mr;Rjd;> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
jpUkjp. b.v.vr;.A.v];. tU\n`dbNf> cjtp tpupTiuahsu;
(ntspthu p) jpU. vk;. gp. tpGyNrd> gzpg;ghsu;> fy;tp mikr;R.
jpU. lgps;A. V. b. uj;d#upa>
Xa;Tngw;w gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. lgps;A. b. tpN[rpq;f>
Xa;Tngw;w gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. vr;. v];. Nf. tp[ajpyf>
Xa;Tngw;w mjpgu;.
jpU. v. vk;. up. gpnfuh>
Xa;Tngw;w cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;.
jpU. v];. vk;. rYtjd>
cjtpf; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;.
jpU. lgps;A. b. tp[pjghy>
Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;.
jpU. Nf. b. ge;JyFkhu>
cjtp Mizahsu;.
jpU. ,. N[hrg;>
Mrpupau; Nrit I.
fzpdp mikg;G: nry;tp. fkyNtzp fe;ijah> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
VidNahu; : jpU. kq;fy ntypg;gpl;ba> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpUkjp. gj;kh tPutu;jd> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
jpU. uQ;rpj; jahtd;r> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
iii
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs;
,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; eilKiwapypUe;j fiyj;jpl;lj;ij epahag;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lk; 2015 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Jtiu fhyKk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia
xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jp te;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bf;Fg;
gjpyhf> ,dp tUk; fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;gzpia ,yFgLj;JKfkhf ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; ghlj;jpl;lKk; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;nthU gpujhd Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk;> Fwpj;j juj;Jf;nfd rpwg;ghd xU Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;Jf;fhf my;yJ rpy Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;fhf ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahff; nfhs;sj;jf;f xU njhFjp mwpTWj;jy;fis ,e;j
Mrpupau; topfhl;b cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk;> me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;Jf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s cj;Njr ghlNtisfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ,q;F
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; Kbtpy; khztu; mila Ntz;ba fw;ww; NgWfs; vit vd;gJ
njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; Mfpa %d;W
Ml;rpfspd; fPo; khztuplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; elj;ij khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf> Mrpupau;
Neufhyj;Jld; KbntLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fSk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;>
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba> tpla cs;slf;f Moj;ijAk; vy;iyfisAk;
Jzptjw;fhfTk; fw;ww;NgWfisj; Jizahff; nfhs;syhk;.
Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; jug;gl;Ls;s ~ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;|
vDk; gFjpapy;> Mrpupau; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tpjk;> mjid Kfhik nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpjk; Mfpad gw;wpa
MNyhridfSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; #oYld; nghUe;jpaikaj;jf;fthwhf> ,jpy; Njitahd khw;wq;
fisr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fk; g+uz Rje;jpuk; cz;L. khztUf;F
Fwpj;j fw;ww; NgWfis miltij cWjp ngWk; tifapy; mk;khw;wq;fisr;
nra;J nfhs;tJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij milAk; khztu;fsplj;Nj cWjpngw Ntz;ba Kf;fpa vz;zf;
fUf;fSk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
milit khztu;fs; vl;bAs;sduh vd;gij fzpg;gPL - kjpg;gPL %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
tpQ;Qhd ghlf; fw;gpj;jiy Njbaha;Tld; mZfp nra;Kiw topNa elj;j
Ntz;Lkhifahy; mjw;fhf Vida ghlq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf> $Ljyhd msT
nghUs;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j NeupLk;. cj;Njr ghl tpUj;jp
cj;jpfSf;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;r tsq;fs;> jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfshf ,q;F
jug;gl;Ls;sd. jpl;lj;ij tpl NtWgl;l xU jpl;lj;ij Mrpupau; mwpKfQ; nra;a
vjpu;ghu;g;gjhapd;> mjw;Nfw;g> jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfspYk; Njitahd khw;wq;fisr;
nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
iv
ahNjDk; fw;ww; #oypy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw ntw;wpaspj;jjh vd;gij
mse;jwpjy; %yk;> gpd;D}l;ly;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk;> mjw;Nfw;g gupfhu toptif
fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhfTk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. ,jw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd cj;Njr
fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; xt;Nthu; myfpd; ,WjpapYk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. tpje;Jiuf;
fg;gl;Ls;s tsu;r;rp kl;lq;fis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij Nrhjpj;jwptNj
,jd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghlk; eilngWk; NtisapNyh> ghlj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw
iaf; ifahsyhk;. mjw;fhf khztuJ cjtpiag; ngWtjw;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fr;
Rje;jpuk; cz;L. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Kw;gFjpapy;
jug;gl;Ls;s Njrpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;> tpQ;Qhdf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mfpa njhlu;ghd tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;.
v
vi
cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp i
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp ii
tsg; gq;fspg;G iii
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; iv - v
mwpKfk; vii
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; viii
mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; ix-x
6-11 Me; ju tpQ;Qhd fw;ifnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; xi
ghlj;jpl;lk; xii-xxiv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 1-32
vii
1.0 mwpKfk;
tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; MdJ khztdJ jdpg;gl;l tpUj;jpia> tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd tho;f;if Kiwapd; Clhf
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Njrpa tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jp> jdpj;Jtkhd> tskhd> mjprakhd ,yq;ifia fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.
,e;j Nehf;if miltjw;fhd xU mj;jpthukhf tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpw;F kl;LNk cupj;jhdnthU njhlu;r;rpahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ,yf;if miltjw;F> Muk;g epiyf; fy;tpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;J juk; 6 w;F tUk; khztd;> tpQ;Qhd
ghlj;ij Kaw;rpAlDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; fw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf ehk; Gjpa tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; ngUikAld; Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.
,yq;ifahdJ cyfpy; cs;s fy;tpapy; mjp cau; juj;jpy; cs;s ehLfSld; ,ize;J nry;yf;$ba msthd vOj;jwpT tPjj;ij
vl;b cs;sJ. ,e;j epiyia ehk; miltjw;F ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ ,ilapilNa kPsha;T nra;ag;gLtJk; xt;nthU vl;L tUl
fhyj;jpw;F xU jlit ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J> juk; cau;j;JtJNk fhuzkhFk;.
vdNt 2015y; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ> jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Nju;r;rp kl;;l fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
tbtkhFk;. ,q;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fshdJ fy;tp tl;l r%fj;jpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l juTfisAk; gpNuuizfisAk;
mbg;gilahfTk; kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdJk; Vida rpy fy;tp epWtfq;fspdhYk; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapYk;
2007y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;.
jw;NghJ Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia $Ljy; tpidj;jpwDld; elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf $Ljy; Neuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l cUthf;fj;jpd;NghJ> gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nkyjpf RikahdJ ghltplaj;ij Fiwg;gjd; %yk; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;Jld; mj;jpahtrpakhd jfty;fs; rpy Nru;f;fg;gl;Lk; cs;sJ. vdNt Mrpupau;fSf;F jdJ Ra Mf;fj;jpwid gad;gLj;jp
tFg;giwf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwia $ba tpisjpwDld; elhj;jpr; nry;y Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ.
viii
2.0 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd
mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Ngh\pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd
Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpa+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk; vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)
ix
3.0 mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;:
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu
mwpT> jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;
nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
vz;zwpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT : NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik : fzdp mwpT fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;Jjy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:
- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzpnra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT.
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;.
r%fr; #oy; : Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk;
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk;
rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
mf;fiw.
x
capupay; #oy; : thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupdj;
jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.
ngsjPfr; #oy; : ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil>
ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg;
nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;w
Yf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;
fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu;
jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
gadspf;ff;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;> cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> tpisahl;Lg; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;:
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Ydu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neu nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;;tpd;
Mf;fg+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kd vOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;:
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typik
aspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;Jf;F Vw;g ,aq;fTk;> mjid Kfhik nra;aTk;> Ntz;ba
czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
xi
4.0 6 - 11 Me; ju tpQ;Qhd fw;ifnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
,f;fw;if newpia gapYtjhy; khztu;:
kfpo;T+l;lj;jf;f fw;ifr; #oypy; tpQ;Qhd vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; rPuhf cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
tpQ;Qhd nrad;KiwfisAk;> tpQ;Qhd KiwiaAk; nghUj;jkhdthW gpuNahfpj;J gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
#oy; tsq;fspd; Mw;wy;fis tpsq;fp> mt;tsq;fis mwpTG+u;tkhf Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tu;.
cly; uPjpapYk;> cs uPjpapYk; MNuhf;fpakhd tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpw;fhf tpQ;Qhd mwpitg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aj;jf;f ntw;wpfukhd gpui[ahf tho;tjw;Fk;> NkYk; fy;tp ngWtjw;Fk;> vjpu;fhyj;
njhopy;fSf;Fk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfisAk; mfpyk; gw;wpa tpQ;Qhd mbg;giliaAk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tu;.
tpir> rf;jp Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jifapy;> tpisjpwidAk;> tpidjpwidAk; rpwg;G epiyf;F tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd
njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kidtu;.
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; ,af;fj; jd;ikiaAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; ,dq;fz;L md;whl tho;f;ifapy; mDgtpf;Fk; epfo;TfisAk; ntt;NtW
Clfq;fspD}lhff; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fis tpQ;QhdG+u;t gpukhzq;fspd;gb kjpg;gpLk; jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
xii
tpQ;Qhdk;
juk; 6
ghlj;jpl;lk;
xiii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;
1.1 vkJ #oypYs;s
mq;fpfis
Njbawpthu;.
1.2 mq;fpfis tifg;
gLj;;jYf;fhd
epajpfis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
1 . capu;r; #oypd;
tpe;ijfs;
vkJ #oypy; cs;s
mq;fpfs;
mq;fpfspd;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
tsu;r;rp ,dg;ngUf;fk; mirT
Rthrk; Nghriz
mq;fpfs;
jhtuq;fs; tpyq;Ffs; Ez;zq;fpfs;
jhtuq;fSf;Fk;
tpyq;FfSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd
NtWghLfs;
,lg;ngau;r;rp Nghriz Kiw
tsu;r;rp
tiuaiwfs;
(Growth limitation)
15,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
capUs;sitfis> capuw;witfsp
ypUe;J NtWgpupj;J mwpthu;.
capUs;sitfSf;Fk;> capuw;wit
fSf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.
mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;>
Ez;zq;fpfs; vd %d;W tiffshfg;
gpupg;ghu;.
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;
gLk; mbg;gil NtWghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
mq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;gpay;Gfis
ntspf; fhl;l vspa nraw;ghLfis
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;j ,izf;ftu; Rl;b
iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
tpahf;fpahdk; nra;J fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
vy;yh mq;fpfSk; #oypd; gq;fhspfs;
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
mq;fpfisf; fhg;gJk; mtw;Wf;F kjpg;
gspg;gJk; jkJ fliknad;w nghWg;ig
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
capupdg;; gy;tifikia nkr;Rthu;.
mq;fpfspd; elj;ijfis mtjhdpg;gjd;
%yk; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.
#oiyj; Njb MuhAk; gof;fj;ij fl;b
naOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r ;rp
1.0 capu;r;#oy;
njhFjpapd;
cw;gj;jpia
Nkk;gLj;J
tjw;F mq;fp
fisAk;
mtw;wpd;
capu;r;
nrad;Kiw
fisAk;
Njbawpthu;.
tpQ;Qhdk; - juk; - 6
xiv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L
rlg;nghUs;> rf;jpia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
rlg;nghUs;fs; jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA
vd %d;W epiyfspy; fhzg;gLgit
vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tbtk;> fdtsT vd;gtw;iw mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUspd; %d;W
epiyfisAk; NtWgLj;Jthu;.
rlg;nghUspd; jug;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
#oypy; cs;stw;iw jpz;kk;> jputk;>
thA vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; td;ikj;jd;ik>
thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik> ePl;lj;jF
,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa
mikg;ig mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;Gfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
rlg;nghUspd; gad;ghl;bid kjpg;ghu;.
2.0 tho;f;if
epiyia
cau;j;jpf;
nfhs;Sk;
Nehf;fpy;
rlg;nghUis
Ak; rlg;nghU
spd; ,ay;G
fisAk;
mtw;wpd;
,ilj;
njhlu;G
fisAk;
EZfp
Muha;thu;.
122.1 vkJ #oypy;
cs;sitfspd;
gy;tifikfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2.2 ,ay;Gfis
mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L rlg;
nghUs;fis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
2.3 vspa nraw;ghL
fisg; gad;gLj;jp
rlg;nghUs;fspd;
,ay;Gfisg;
guprPypg;ghu;.
2 . vkJ #oypy;
cs;sitfs;
rlg;nghUs;> rf;jp nghUj;jkhd cjhu
zq;fSld; rlg;nghUs;
fspd; epiyfs;
jpz;kk;
jputk;
thA
rlg;nghUspd; %d;W
epiyfspdJk; rpwg;
gpay;Gfs; (gz;gwp
uPjpahd xg;gPL kl;Lk;)
tbtk;
fdtsT
td;ikj;jd;ik
thl;lj;jF ,ay;G
kPs;jd;ik
ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G
nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G
,ioa mikg;G
,ay;Gfis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L rlg;
nghUspd; gpuNahfq;fs;
xv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
ePupd; %tpj ngsjPf epiyfisAk;
$Wthu;.
ePupd; %yq;fshf epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp>
Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;GePu; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;.
ed;dPu;> ctu;ePu;> rtu;ePu; vd;gtw;wpy;
fiue;Js;s cg;Gf;fspd; msit xg;gpL
tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
capuq;fpfspd; epyTiff;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
kdpjr; nraw;ghLfSf;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.
ctu;j;jd;ik fhzg;gLk; epiyf;Nfw;g
ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
ePiu kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Xh; ,aw;if
tskhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
ePu; ngWkjpkpf;f tsk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
ePu; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd;gij
czu;tjw;F jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
152.4 ntt;NtW epajp
fisg; gad;gLj;jp
ePPiu tifg;
gLj;Jthu;.
2.5 vspa nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; ePupd;
,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;.
2.6 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;
Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;
gl;l tsk; vd
Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
3. ePu; Xu; ,aw;if
tskhf
ePu; fhzg;gLk;
epiyfs;
gdpf;fl;b> ePu;;> ePuhtp
ctu; jd;ikapd;
mbg;gilapy; ePupd;
tiffs;
ed;dPu;
ctu; ePu;
rtu; ePu;
fhzg;gLk; %yq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy;
epyf;fPo; ePu;
gbT tPo;r;rp
Nkw;gug;G ePu;
,aw;if tskhf ePupd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
xvi
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
3.0 tpidj;
jpwidAk;
tpisjpwid
Ak; cr;r
kl;lj;jpy;
Ngzg;gLk;
tifapy;
ntt;NtW
rf;jpfs;>
rlg;nghU
Sld;
fhl;Lk;
,ilj;
jhf;fq;
fisAk;
rf;jp epiy
khw;wq;fis
Ak; gad;
gLj;Jthu;.
3.1 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; gad;ghL
gw;wpa tpopg;
Gzu;itAk;
tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
3.2 rpy rf;jp Kjy;
fspd; gad;ghl;il
tpsq;Ftjw;F
vspa nraw;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
3.3 rf;jp Kjy;fspd;
ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wyhf rf;jpiaf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gpujhd rf;jp Kjy; #upad; vd
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Vida rf;jp Kjy;fis RUf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; rf;jp
Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
rf;jp %yk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLtij vspa
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rf;jp Kjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
njupT nra;ag;gl;l rf;jp Kjy;fs; rpytw;
wpd; ntt;NtW gaid vspa nraw;
ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rf;jp %yq;fs; tpuakhtij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;thu;.
rf;jpapd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.
104. md;whl tho;tpy; rf;jp
rf;jpapdhy; Ntiy
nra;;ag;gLfpwJ.
rf;jp Kjy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk;
#upad;
capu;j;jpzpT
Rtl;L vupnghUs;
fhw;W
ePupd; rf;jp
flyiy
tw;Wg;ngUf;F
Gtp ntg;gk;
fUr;rf;jp
xvii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
3.4 vspa nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; xspapd;
gad;ghl;il ntspf;
fhl;Lthu;.
3.5 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;
fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd;
JizAld; xspapd;
jd;ikiaAk;>
njhopw;ghl;ilAk;
tpgupg;ghu;.
3.6 ntt;NtW xsp
Kjy;fisAk;
xspapd; gad;
ghl;ilAk; Njb
awpthu;.
3.7 nghUj;jkhd Kiw
apy; xspapd; gaid
tptupg;ghu;.
155. xspAk; ghu;itAk;
ehk; vt;thWghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
xspapd; Njit
xsp %yq;fs;
xspUk; nghUl;fs;
xspuhg; nghUl;fs;
xsp CLfhl;Lk;>
xsp frpAk;>
xsp CLfhl;lhj
Clfq;fs;
xspapd; ,ay;Gfs; xspf;fw;iw
xspf;fjpu;
xspapd; Neu;f;Nfhl;
Lr; nrYj;Jif
xspapd; gad;fs; ghu;it
gpufhrk;
rkpf;iQ
njhlu;ghly;
kUj;Jt Njitfs;
nghOJNghf;F
jhtuq;fspd; czT
cw;gj;jp
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F Njitahd
fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
cjhuzq;fSld; xspUk; nghUs;fs;>
xspuhg; nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
xsp CLflj;Jk; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;
xspCLfhl;Lk;> xspfrpAk;> xspCL
fhl;lhj Clfq;fs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
kpfTk; xLq;fpa fw;iwahf xspf;fjpiu
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
xspapd; gad; njhlu;ghf mwpf;if
nahd;iw jahupg;ghu;.
tupg;glq;fspd; JizAld; xspf;fw;iw>
xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;iw NtWgLj;Jthu;.
nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk;> xspapd;
Njitiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; vspa
nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.
xspf;fw;iw xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
vspa nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthh;.
xsp; Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; nry;tijf;
fhl;Lk; vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
xspapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nkr;Rthu;.
Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj
Kiwapy;xspiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
xviii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
08,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy; (fhJ) cs;nsLf;
fg;gl;l czu;thf xypia ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
#oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW
xypfSf;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ntt;NtW xypfis cUthf;Ftjw;F
vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
Gwr; #oypd; xypia ,aw;if xyp>
nraw;if xyp vd NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ntt;NtW xypfis rj;jk;> ,ir vd
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
xypiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ntt;NtW
cgfuzq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
,iriaAk;> ,aw;ifapy; Njhd;Wk;
xypiaAk; ,urpg;ghu;.
Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj
tifapy; xypiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
3.8 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;
gLk; ntt;NtW
xypapd; JizAld;
“xyp” vd;Dk;
vz;zf;fUit
tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
3.9 ntt;NtW xyp
fSf;F ,il
apyhd gpujhd
NtWghl;il
tpgupg;ghu;.
6. xypAk; Nfl;lYk;
Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy;
(fhJ) cs;vLf;fg;gl;l
czu;thf xyp
#oypYs;s xypfs;
,aw;if xypfs;
nraw;if xypfs;
rj;jKk; ,irAk;
xix
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
087 . fhe;jk;
fhe;j tpisTfs;
fhe;j Kidfs;
ftu;r;rp
js;Sif
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
fhe;jj;jpd; %yk; rpy gjhu;j;jq;fs; kPJ
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j KbAk; vd;gij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
fhe;jj;ijAk; mjd; KidfisAk; ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; xj;jKidfs; js;SifiaAk;
xt;thj Kidfs; ftu;r;rpiaAk;
fhl;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;F
vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
fhe;j tpisit fhl;Ltjw;F
cgfuzq;fis mikg;ghu;.
#oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
ntt;NtW fhe;jq;fspd; typikiar;
Nrhjpg;ghu.;
fhe;jj;jpd; ftu;r;rp> js;Sifiaf;
fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
Vida nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J fhe;jj;ij
NtWgLj;jp fhz;gjw;F js;Sif tpir
iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
jpirfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nghOJNghf;Fr; nraw;ghLfSf;F
fhe;jj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk;
vz;zf; fUit
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
3.11 fhe;jj;jpd;
elj;ijia fhl;L
tjw;Fg; nghUj;j
khd Kiwfisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
xx
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
203.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy;
,Ue;J kpd;%yq;
fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg;
gad;gLj;jp vspa
Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J
fhl;Lthu;.
3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp
gjhu;j;jq;fis
NtWgLj;jp ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
8 . RfNghf tho;f;iff;F
k pd ;i d g; ga d ;gL j ;j y ;
md;whl tho;f;iff;F
kpd;idg;gad;gLj;jy;
kpd; gpwg;ghf;fy; kpd;Rw;W> mjd;
$Wfs;> FwpaPLfs;
tlk;
Msp
kpd;Fkpo;
kpd;fyk; / gw;wup mk;gpau;khdp
flj;jpfs;> fhtypfs; vspa ,yj;jpudpay;kw;Wk; kpd;dpay;
$Wfs;
,Uthap
xspfhYk; ,Uthap
jil
xsp czu;j; jilap
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpd;dpd; gad;fisf;
$Wthu;.
kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd vspanraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs;
rpytw;wpd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.
kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s $Wfis rupahf
nraw;gLj;jp mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
kpd;Rw;wpYs;s $Wfspd; epakf; FwpaPL
fis gad;gLj;Jthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpd; tupg;glj;ijg; gad;
gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.
flj;jpfs;> fhtypfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis
rhpahfg; ngahpLthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; nraw;
ghl;il fhl;Ltjw;F vspa Rw;iw
mikg;ghu;.
kpd; cgfuzq;fisAk;> ,yj;jpudpay;
$WfisAk; kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
xxi
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
08,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ntg;gj;jpdhy;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gad;fisg;
gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
Rw;whlypy; cs;s ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;if
fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cjhuzq;
fisj; jUthu;.
ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F
vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntg;gk; gpwg;
gpf;fg;gLk; Kiwiar; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
ntg;gj;ij gaDs;s> ghJfhg;ghd
Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
gjhu;j;jq;fspYk;> mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfspd;
kPJk; ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff; fhzg;
gLtij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp
Kiwfis
Njbaha;thu;.
3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s
ntg;gj;jpd; tpisT
fis Njbaha;thu;.
3.17 ntg;gj;jpd;
tpisTfs; njhlu;
ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis
Muha;thu;.
9 . ntg;gKk; mjd;
tpisTfSk;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy;
ntg;gk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs;
ntg;gepiy cau;jy;
tpupT
epiykhw;wk;
epwkhw;wk;
ntg;gg; gpwg;ghf;fy;
xxii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
4.0 ,aw;ifj;
Njhw;wg;ghL
fs; njhlu;
ghd rpwe;j
tpsf;fj;Jld;
,aw;if
tsq;fis
mwpTg+u;t
khfTk;
ePbj;Jg; gad;
gLj;Jtjw;F
GtpapdJk;
ntspapdJk;
jd;ik>
,ay;ig>
nraw;ghL
fis Njb
awpthu;.
154.1 czTg; gof;fj;
jpw;F Vw;g mq;fp
fSf;fpilapyhd
,ilj;njhlu;G
fis epahag;
gLj;Jthu;.
4.2 Nghriz Kiwf;
Nfw;g mq;fpfis
$l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.
10. Nghriz mbg;gil
apyhd ,ilj;
njhlu ;G
Nghriz Kiw
jhtuTz;zp
CDz;zp
midj;JKz;zp
jhtu> tpyq;FfSf;
fpilapyhd ,ilj;
njhlh;Gfs;
czTr; rq;fpyp
czT tiy
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
jhtug; gFjpfis khj;jpuk; czthff;
nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis jhtuTz;zpfs;
vd,dq;fhz;ghu;.
tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; czthff; nfhs;Sk;
tpyq;Ffis CZz;zpfs; vd ,dq;
fhz;ghu;.
jhtu> tpyq;Ffis czthff; nfhs;Sk;
tpyq;Ffis midj;Jk; cz;zpfs; vd
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; NeubahfNth my;yJ
kiwKfkhfNth czTf;fhf jhtuq;fs;
kPJ jq;fptho;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
jhtuk;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
,ilj;njhlu;ghf czTr; rq;fpyp> czT
tiy vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;like;j ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;pd;
Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffis jhtu
Tz;zpfs;> CZz;zpfs;> midj;J
Kz;zpfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
xxiii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
mtjhdpg;G> mDgtq;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L czTr; rq;fpypia
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
czTr; rq;fpypfSf;fpilapy; cs;s
,ilj; njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;L czT
tiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l czT tiyapy; cs;s
czTr; rq;fpypfis milahsg;
gLj;Jthu;.
rkepiyahd #oypy; vy;yh mq;fpfSk;
rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;ig #oYf;F toq;F
fpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
czT tiyapd; ,aw;if rkepiyf;F
,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; ele;J
nfhs;thu;.
.
xxiv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp
,g;ghl myif fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;
fhyepiy> thdpiyfSf;fpilapyhd
khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
kio tPo;r;rp> fhw;wpd; jpir> fhw;wpd;
Ntfk;> <ug;gjdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f vspa khjpupfis
mikg;ghu;.
thdpiy khw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vspa khjpup
fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cgfuzq;
fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;
thdpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
thdpiyj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;J
,Ug;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J
nfhs;thh;.
4.3 fhyepiy khw;wk;
mtw;Wld; njhlu;
ghd ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;
gw;wpa tpopg;
Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.
4.4 thdpiyiaj;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;
fhuzpfis
mtjhdpg;ghu;.
11. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;
thdpiyAk;>
fhyepiyAk;
thdpiyiaj;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;
fhuzpfs;
kio tPo;r;rp
fhw;W ntg;gepiy
<ug;gjd; fhyepiy khw;wj;
Jld; njhlu;ghd
,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;
nts;sk;#whtsp
twl;rp kz;rupT
15
1
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;
2
Nju;r;rp 1
1.0 capu;r;#oy; njhFjpapd; cw;gj;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mq;fpfisAk;
mtw;wpd; capu;r; nrad;KiwfisAk; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
1.1 vkJ #oypYs;s mq;fpfisj; Njbawpthu;.
1.2 mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;;jYf;fhd epajpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 15
mj;jpahak; - 1. capu; #oypd; tpe;ijfs;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
capUs;sitfis>capuw;witfspypUe;J NtWgpupj;J mwpthu;.
capUs;sitfSf;Fk;>capuw;witfSf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.
mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;>tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs; vd %d;W tiffshfg;
gpupg;ghu;.
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil NtWghLfis tpgupg;ghu;.
mq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;gpay;Gfis ntspf;fhl;l vspa nraw;ghLfisj;
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;j ,izf;ftu; Rl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpahf;fpahdk; nra;J fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jthh;.
vy;yh mq;fpfSk; #oypd; gq;fhspfs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.
mq;fpfisf; fhg;gJk; mtw;Wf;F kjpg;gspg;gJk; jkJ fliknad;Wk; nghWg;
ngd;Wk; czu;thu;.
capupdg;; gy;tifikia nkr;Rthu;.
mq;fpfspd; elj;ijfis mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.
#oiyj; Njb MuhAk; gof;fj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
fsg; gpuahzk; xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jTk;. khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
,dg;ngUf;fk;> tsu;r;rp> Nghriz Kiw> Rthr mirTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw
mtjhdpj;J> gjpT nra;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; nraw;gbtk; xd;iw toq;fTk;.
mtjhdpj;j ,ay;GfSk;> mtjhdpf;f Kbahj ,ay;GfSk; ntspg;gLk;
tifapy; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
3
fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOJtjw;F topfhl;b> khztu;fsp
dhy; fz;lwpag;gl;l mq;fpfspd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L fye;Jiu
ahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
capu; mq;fpfspd; rpy ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpf;f Kbahikf;fhd fhuzj;ij
tpsf;fTk;.
#oypypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghUl;fis capUs;sit> capuw;wit
vd ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.
Nghriz Kiw> vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsu;r;rp> ,lg;ngau;r;rp / mirT vd;g
tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffs; jhtuq;fspypUe;J vt;thW
NtWgLfpd;wd vd;gij khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
nghUj;jkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp (rpWNgr;R> Rtnuhl;b Nghd;w)
Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,ay;Gfis Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.
jhtu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa gupNrhjidnahd;iwj; jpl;lkplTk;.
<uypg;ghd kz;> itf;Nfhy; ePu;> Fsj;J ePu; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
khjpupnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b> $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;b
apD}lhf khztu;fis Ez;zq;fpfis mtjhdpf;fr; nra;aTk;. Ez;zq;fp
vd;w vz;zf;fUit khztu;fsJ mDgtj;ij nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
toq;fg;gl;l gl;baypy; cs;s mq;fpfis jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs;
vd NtWgLj;j khztu;fis mwpTWj;jTk;.
kutiuigg; (tree diagram) gad;gLj;jp Rw;whlypy; fz;lwpag;gl;l nghUs;fis
fhl;rpg;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.
ntt;NtW epwq;fs;> msT nfhz;l nghj;jhd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,izf;
ftu;r;Rl;b njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
,izf;ftu;r;Rl;bia gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fpia ,dq;fhz khztu;
fSf;F topfhl;lTk;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
mq;fpfs; Ez;zq;fpfs; capuw;wit
gy;tifik ,izf;ftu;r;Rl;b
ju cs;sPLfs;:
iftpy;iy> ngj;jpupf;fpz;zk;> epow;glq;fs;> Fwpj;j mq;fpfspd; glq;fs;>
epow;glq;fs;> ,Lf;fpfs;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> EZf;Ff;fhl;b> Witd; E}y; Nghd;wit.
4
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
fsg; gazj;jpd;NghJ gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gplTk;.
capu;g;ghfg; gq;Fgw;Wjy;
#oypd; kPJs;s ftdk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
Maj;jk;
ghJfhg;G
mtjhdpj;jitfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;
Rw;whliy ,urpg;gjw;fhd topfs;
khztu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUtd
tw;iw (rpWNgr;R> Rtnuhl;b) kjpg;gpLf.
gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fs;
jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
ju;f;fuPjpahd Kd;itg;G
nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfspd; %yk; gpd;tUtd gw;wpa khztu;fspd;
mwpit kjpg;gpLf.
capuq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;
Ez;zq;fpfs;
,izf;ftu;r;Rl;biag; gad;gLj;jp toq;fg;gl;l xU njhFjp mq;fpfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd jpwid kjpg;gpLf.
5
Nju;r;rp 2
2.0 tho;f;if epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rlg;nghUisAk;
rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; EZfp
Muha;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
2.1 vkJ #oypYs;sitfspd; gy;tifikfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
2.2 ,ay;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
2.3 vspa nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfisg; guprPypg;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 12
mj;jpahak; - 2. vkJ #oypy; cs;sitfs;.
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;> rf;jpia ,dq; fhz;ghu;.
rlg;nghUs;fs; jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd %d;W epiyfspy; fhzg;gLgit
vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tbtk;> fdtsT vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUspd; %d;W
epiyfisAk; NtWgLj;Jthu;.
rlg;nghUspd; jug;gl;l ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
#oypYs;stw;iw jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; td;ikj; jd;ik> thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik>
ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa mikg;G vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F
vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
rlg;nghUspd; gad;ghl;bid kjpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
#oypy; cs;s nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;fisg;
ngw;W fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jTk;. (20 nghUs;fs; NghJkhdJ.) rlg;
nghUs;fSk; rf;jpfSk; mikaf;$ba Kiwapy; gl;bay; mika Ntz;Lk;.
rlg;nghUs;fspDila mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghL
fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (,lj;ijg; gpbg;gJk;> jpzpitf; nfhz;lJkhd
nghUs;fs; rlg;nghUs; vd ,dq;fhz cjTq;fs;.) rlg;nghUs; njhlu;ghd
6
vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. rlg;nghUSf;Fk; rf;jpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
NtWghl;il tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;. rlg;nghUl;fis
tifg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NtWgl;l epajpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
rlg;nghUl;fspd; %d;W epiyfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.
vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fdtsT> mtw;wpd; tbtk; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fspd; %d;W epiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;ilf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F khztu; FOf;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. (fbdkhd jd;ik>
thl;lj;jFtpay;G> ePl;lj;jFtpay;G> kPSe;jd;ik> nehUq;Fk; jd;ik)
NkNy gl;bay; ,lg;gl;l nghUs;fis jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vd NtW
gLj;Jq;fs;.
toq;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpz;kq;fspDila ,ay;Gfisf;
fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F khztu; FOf;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
rpy gjhu;j;jq;fis tFg;giwf;F nfhz;L tur; nra;J khztu;fis gy
FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
mtu;fs; nfhz;L te;j nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfis mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;
gLj;jp fye;Jiuahlypd; ClhfTk; tpsf;fq;fspd; ClhfTk; mtu;fs;
Kd;itj;j jfty;fis tsg;gLj;Jq;fs;. md;whl tho;tpy; jpz;k ,ay;G
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fisf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
rlg;nghUl;fs;
jpz;kk; > jputk;> thA
td;ikj;jd;ik> thl;lj;jF ,ay;G> kPs;jd;ik
ePl;lj;jF ,ay;G> nehUq;Fk; ,ay;G> ,ioa mikg;G
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
juk; 6 tpQ;Qhdg; ghlg;Gj;jfk;> jpz;kg;nghUs;fs;> Rj;jpay;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gpd;tUk; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fs; FOf;fshfr;
nraw;gLk;NghJ kjpg;gpLf.
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; KOik
Kd;itf;Fk; jpwd;
jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;
gpd;gw;Wk; gz;Gfs;
7
md;whl tho;tpy; jpz;kg; nghUs;fspd; gy;NtW tifahd ,ay;Gfisg;
gad;gLj;jp ifNaL xd;iw mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;b gpd;tUk;
epajpfSf;fikthf kjpg;gplTk;.
jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
Neu;j;jp
jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL
tpidj;jpwDk; ju;f;fuPjpahdJkhff; fhzg;gly;
KbTg;nghUspd; jd;ikAk; Neu;j;jpAk;
ghlE}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpwe;j E}y; guPl;iria Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
8
Nju;r;rp 2
2.0 tho;f;if epiyia cau;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rlg;nghUisAk;
rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; ,ilj;njhlu;GfisAk; EZfp
Muha;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
2.4 ntt;NtW epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
2.5 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ePupd; ,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;.
2.6 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtis: 15
mj;jpahak; - 3. ePu; Xu; ,aw;if tskhf
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
ePupd; %tpj ngsjPf epiyfisAk; $Wthu;.
ePupd; %yq;fshf epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;iw
tpgupg;ghu;.
epyf;fPo; ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp> Nkw;gug;G ePu; vd;gtw;Wf;F cjhuzk; jUthu;.
ed;dPu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; vd;gtw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;Gf;fspd; msit xg;gpL
tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
capuq;fpfspd; epyTiff;F> ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
kdpj nraw;ghLfSf;F ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jthu;.
ctu;jd;ik fhzg;gLk; epiyf;Nfw;g ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
ePiu kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Xu; ,aw;if tskhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ePu; ngWkjpkpf;f tsk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ePu; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd;gij czu;tjw;F jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; ePupd; %tpj epiyfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;bf; fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (gdpf;fl;b> ePu;> ePuhtp)
ePu; Kjy;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzq;fis khztu;
fsplk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;. (epyf;fPo; ePu;> Nkw;gug;G ePu;> gbT tPo;r;rp)
epyj;jb ePu; vz;zf;fU gw;wp fye;JiuahLq;fs;. fpzw;wpYs;s ePu;kl;lk;
vt;thW khWgLfpd;wd vd mtjhdpf;f mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. (kio> twl;rp
fhyq;fspd;NghJ mtjhdpj;jy;)
9
NkNy khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ePu; Kjy;fis tiutjw;F my;yJ glq;fs;
%yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s gzpAq;fs;.
tPbNah my;yJ glq;fs; %yk; gbT tPo;r;rp Kiwfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.
(kio> gdp> Myq;fl;b kio (hail), gdpf;fl;bAk; ciwgdpAk; fye;j kio (sleet)
ctu;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; ePiu tifg;gLj;j KbAk; vd cjhuzq;
fSld; tpsf;Fq;fs;.
(J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu;)
J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; Mfpatw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;gpd; msit xg;gpL
tjw;F topfhl;ly; Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; xd;iw jahu;nra;Aq;fs;. (Nkw;$wg;gl;l
ePu; khjpupfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahjtplj;J> Mrpupau; Ma;T$lj;jpy;
mk;khjpupfis jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.)
kdpj tho;f;iff;F ePupd; mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
tptrhak;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghOJNghf;F Nghd;w kdpj eltbf;iffSf;F
ePupd; Njitiag; gl;bay;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F cjhuzq;fSld;
topfhl;Lq;fs;.
fpuhkj;jpy;> ghlrhiyapy;> tPl;by; ePu; tPzhtij ,optsthf;FtJ vt;thW
vd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
ed;dPupd; ,Ug;igg; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. ,f;fye;Jiu
ahliy ed;dPupd; ,Ug;G njhlu;ghd gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fis cs;slf;FkhW
nfhz;L nry;yTk;.
ePupDila Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd fl;Liu vOj khztu;fSf;Fg; gzpf;fTk;.
xU ehisf;F tPl;by; gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePupd; nkhj;j
msitf; fzpg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;. ePu; tPz;tpuakhtijf;
Fiwg;gjw;fhd Kiwfis Kd;itg;gjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
gbT tPo;r;rp Nkw;gug;G ePu; epyj;jb ePu;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
rtu;ePu;> fly;ePu;> ed;dPu; khjpupfs; ngWjy;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ntt;NtW ePu; tiffspy; fiue;Js;s
cg;gpd; msit xg;gpLtjw;fhd nra;Kiwapd;NghJ fzpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
capu;g;ghd gq;Fgw;Wjy;
mtjhdpg;Gfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;
ghlE}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpwe;j E}y; guPl;iria elj;jy;.
10
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.1 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;itAk; tpUj;jp
nra;thu;.
3.2 rpy rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghl;il Nkw;
nfhs;thu;.
3.3 rf;jp Kjy;fspd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtis: 10
mj;jpahak; - 4. md;whl tho;tpy; rf;jp
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wyhfr; rf;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gpujhd rf;jp Kjy; #upad; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
Vida rf;jp Kjy;fisr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
rf;jp %yk; Ntiy nra;ag;gLtij vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rf;jp Kjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
njupT nra;ag;gl;;l rf;jp Kjy;fs; rpytw;wpd; ntt;NtW gaid vspa
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lthu;.
rf;jp %yq;fs; tpuakhtij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
rf;jpapd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gy;NtW tifahd rf;jpKjy;fis Muha;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;L
tJld; gpujhd rf;jpKjiyAk;> Vida rf;jpKjy;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
tFg;giwf; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
,izaj;jsk;> Vida Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rf;jpapd; Vida Kjy;fs;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F xt;nthU khztu;fSf;Fk;
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;. Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis> gupkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;.
11
rf;jpKjy; njhlu;ghf tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f Ntz;ba mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;fTk;.
khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;. Njitahd cgfuzq;fisAk;
gjhu;j;jq;fisAk; xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;fTk;. #upad;> fhw;W> ePu;>
kpd;tY Nghd;w rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F nghUj;j
khd khjpupnahd;iw mikf;fTk;. rf;jpKjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fisg; gw;wp
tFg;giwf; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
rf;jpKjy;fs; mw;Wg;Nghtij fhl;Ltjw;F ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk;> mr;R
Clfq;fis gad;gLj;j khztu;fSf;F topfhl;lTk;. mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;j
tw;iw khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J rf;jp neUf;fbf;fhd khw;Wj;jPu;Tfis
Kd;itf;Fk;gb Nfl;fTk;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
Rj;jpay;> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> ifths;> jfug; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;Nthd; jhd;ntl;L
(tinman snip), cNyhfq;fis mWf;Fk; uk;gk; (hacksaw), gir> rpwpa ildNkh>
rpwpa kpd;Nkhl;lhu;> nu[pNghk; Jz;Lfs; Nghd;wit.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
rf;jpKjy;fis Muha;tjpy; fhl;Lk; <LghL> vt;thW fye;Jiuahlypy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wdu; vd;gij kjpg;gpLf.
toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F rf;jpKjy;fs; njhlu;ghd xg;gilia KOik
ahf;fg; gzpf;fyhk;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.
gy;NtW Kjy;fspd; jfty;fis gad;gLj;jy;
cupa jfty;fis ,dq;fhzy;
jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kd;itg;G
rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F mikf;fg;gl;l khjpupia
gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.
Gj;jhf;f cgfuzj;jpd; gad;ghL
jug;gl;l rf;jp%yj;Jldhd khjpupfspd; njhlu;ig tpsf;fy;
ftu;r;rpahd nra;Jfhl;ly;
rf;jpKjy;fs; mw;Wg;NghtJ njhlu;ghd fhl;rpg;gLj;jypd;Nghjhd kjpg;gPL.
jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
Kjy;fis ,dq;fhZjy;
rf;jpKjy;fis cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd rpwe;j jPu;T
vd;wthW mikAk;.
12
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.4 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; xspapd; gad;ghl;il ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
3.5 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd; JizAld; xspapd; jd;ikiaAk;>
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
3.6 ntt;NtW xsp Kjy;fisAk; xspapd; gad;ghl;ilAk; Njbawpthu;.
3.7 nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; xspapd; gaid tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 15
mj;jpahak; - 5. xspAk; ghu;itAk;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;F Njitahd fhuzpfis tpgupg;ghu;.
cjhuzq;fSld; xspUk; nghUs;fs;> xspuhg; nghUs;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
xsp CLflj;Jk; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; xspCLfhl;Lk;> xspfrpAk;>
xspCLfhl;lhj Clfq;fs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
kpfTk; xLq;fpa fw;iwahf xspf;fjpiu ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
xspapd; gad; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
tupg;glq;fspd; JizAld; xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;iw NtW
gLj;Jthu;.
nghUnshd;iwg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk;> xspapd; Njitiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; vspa
nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.
xspf;fw;iw xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghL xd;wpy; <LgLthu;.
xsp Neu;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; nry;tijf; fhl;Lk; vspa nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
xspapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nkr;Rthu;.
Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj Kiwapy; xspiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
13
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
nghUnshd;W njuptjw;F mtrpakhd fhuzpfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw nra;tjw;F fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
nghUs;fs; njuptjw;F (objects to be illuminated)
nghUspy; ,Ue;J xsp fz;iz mila Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fhl;l
xspapd; Neu;Nfhl;Lr; nrYj;Jifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw
jpl;lkpLf.
khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf;fp md;whl tho;tpy; khztu;fs; re;jpf;fpd;w
xspu; nghUs;fs;> xspuhg; nghUs;fis NtWgLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lf. Kbit
RUf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;f.
xspGftpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspiaf; frpatpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspGftplhg; nghUs;fs;
vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpgupf;Ff. nghUj;jkhd rpy nghUs;fis toq;fp
mtw;iw xspGftpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspiaf; frpatpLk; nghUs;fs;> xspGftplhg;
nghUs;fs; vd NtWgLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lf.
xspf;fw;iwf;Fk; xspf;fjpUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il glq;fs;> epow;
glq;fs;> vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; fhl;Lf.
jug;gl;l xspf;fw;iwapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjpu;j; njhFjpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd
vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F khztu; FOTf;F topfhl;Lf.
(cj;jp:- rPg;ig gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ rkhe;jukhf ntl;Lfs; ,lg;gl;l
kl;il.)
xspapd; gy;NtW gad;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuznkhd;iw / khjpupnahd;iw
mikg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
cjhuzk;:- ghu;it
xspa+l;ly;
rkpf;iQ
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
kUj;Jtj; Njit
kfpo;t+l;Lk; nraw;ghLfs;
gr;irj; jhtuq;fspy; czTj; njhFg;G
ghlg; Gj;jfk;> ,izaj;jsk;> mr;rplg;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xspapd;
gad;ghL njhlu;ghd Kd;itj;jYf;F khztu;fis mDkjpf;Ff.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
xspUk; jd;ik> xspuhj; jd;ik> xspGFtpLk; jd;ik> xspfrpa tpLk;
jd;ik> xsp Gftplhj jd;ik> xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ghlg;Gj;jfk;> gpup];ly; kl;il> fj;jupf;Nfhy;> gy;NtW xspKjy;fs;> xspfrpAk;>
xspGftpLk;> xspGftplhg; nghUs;fs;.
14
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
nghUj;jkhd epajpfSf;F mika FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk;NghJ
khztu;fis kjpg;gpLf.
khztu;fspd; Kd;itj;jypd;NghJ kjpg;gplTk;.
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jftypd; juk;
jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhz;l %yq;fspd; gue;Jgl;l jd;ik
Kd;itg;Gf;fspd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ik
Kd;itj;jiy Nkw;nfhz;l Kiw
Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kf;fpa vz;zf;fUit cs;slf;fp FWtpil tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLf.
15
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.8 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypapd; JizAld; “xyp” vd;Dk; vz;zf;
fUit tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
3.9 ntt;NtW xypfSf;F ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 08
mj;jpahak; - 6. xypAk; Nfl;lYk;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
Nfl;ly; mq;fq;fshy; (fhJ) cs;nsLf;fg;gl;l czh;thf xypia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
#oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypfSf;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
ntt;NtW xypfis cUthf;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
Gwr; #oypd; xypia ,aw;if xyp> nraw;if xyp vd NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ntt;NtW xypfis rj;jk;> ,ir vd NtWgLj;Jthh;.
xypiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ntt;NtW cgfuzq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
,iriaAk;> ,aw;ifapy; Njhd;Wk; xypiaAk; ,urpg;ghu;.
Vidatu;fSf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; xypiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
5 epkplq;fSf;F #oypy; cz;lhFk; NtWgl;l xypia khztu;fis
Nfl;fr; nra;aTk;. gpd; mtw;iw ,dq;fhz mwpTWj;jTk;. gpd; mtu;fs;
Nfl;l xypiaf; Fwpg;gplr; nrhy;yTk;. ,r; nraw;ghl;il Fiwe;jJ %d;W
jlitfs; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;lTk;. tFg;gpw;F khztu;fis mioj;J
tuTk;.
fUk;gyifapy; mtu;fs; Nfl;l xypiaAk;> mjd; %yj;ijAk; gl;bay;gLj;j
nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iw fz;Lgpbf;fTk;. gl;baiy gpujpnra;AkhW
khztiu mwpTWj;jTk;.
mtu;fs; Nfl;l xypia xt;nthU khztUk; nra;J fhl;Ltjw;F re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fTk;.
16
Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l xypapDila gl;banyhd;iw
tFg;Gf;F toq;fTk;. gl;baypy; cs;s xypia ,aw;if xyp> nraw;if xyp>
,ir xyp> rj;jk; vd tifg;gLj;jTk;.
nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fSld; NtWgl;l xyptiffis ghFgLj;Jk;gb
$wTk;.
FOf;fis khw;wpaikj;J gpd;tUk; xt;nthU xypf;Fk; 10 cjhuzq;fis
toq;Fk;gb $wTk;.
,aw;if xyp
nraw;if xyp
,ir xyp
rj;jk;
mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xypia ,irf;fr; nra;aTk;. ntt;NtW xypfspd; gl;baiy
tFg;gpw;F fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (NkNy $wpa ehd;F xyp tiffSk; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.) toq;fg;gl;l xypfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jq;fs;. tu;z ml;ltiz
nahd;iw cUthf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;
gLj;Jq;fs;.
epow;glq;fs;> glq;fs; fhJfSld; $ba tpyq;Ffspd; glq;fs; vd;gtw;iwr;
Nrfupf;f mwpTWj;Jq;fs;. gpd;G mtw;iw tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa xypapay; cgfuznkhd;iw mjpu;fpd;w
,io / nkd;rt;T / fhw;W Nghd;w ntt;NtW xyp Kjy;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L mikf;f topfhl;lTk;.
tFg;ig ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J mtu;fs; cUthf;fpa ,irf;fUtpfisf;
nfhz;L thj;jpaf; FOit mikf;fTk;. ,irg; Nghl;bnahd;iw xOq;F
gLj;jTk;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
rj;jk;> ,ir
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
fljhrpg;glF> Ngid> cNyhff;fk;gp> gY}d;> Ngzp> Rj;jpay;> ePu;> ,wg;gu;
gl;b> fz;zhb Nghj;jy;> ,irf;fUtpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd NtW cgfuzq;fs;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
nrtpkLj;j xypfis thahy; xypf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fis kjpg;gpLf.
cgfuzj;ijAk;> ,irg;Nghl;biaAk; gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;F mikthf
kjpg;gplTk;.
xypia cUthf;Fjy;
ghu;itahsu;fis ftu;e;jpOj;jy;
cgfuzj;jpd; KOik
17
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
3.11 fhe;jj;jpd; elj;ijiaf; fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisf; fl;b
naOg;Gthu;.
ghlNtis: 08
mj;jpahak; - 7. fhe;jk;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
fhe;jj;jpd; %yk; rpy gjhu;j;jq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j KbAk; vd;gij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
fhe;jj;ijAk; mjd; KidfisAk; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; xj;jKidfs; js;SifiaAk; xt;thj Kidfs; ftu;r;rpiaAk;
fhl;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
fhe;j tpisit fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuzq;fis mikg;ghu;.
#oypy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ntt;NtW fhe;jq;fspd; typikia
Nrhjpg;ghu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; ftu;r;rp> js;Sifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
Vida nghUs;fspy; ,Ue;J fhe;jj;ij NtWgLj;jp fhz;gjw;F js;Sif
tpiriag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F jpirfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
nghOJNghf;Fr; nraw;ghLfSf;F fhe;jj;ij gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs; %yk; %isf;fpsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
fhe;jk; njhlu;ghd Kd;ida mwpit kPl;Ltjw;F nra;Jfhl;ly;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. Kd;ida mwpit kPl;fTk;. fhe;jj;Jld; njhlu;ghd
cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;L tur; nrhy;yTk;.
18
nfhz;L tug;gl;l fhe;jq;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; cs;s fhe;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;. nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mtjhdpg;Gf;fisAk; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jTk;.
rl;lf; fhe;jj;ij E}ypdhy; fl;b RahjPdkhf RoytpLk;NghJ mJ Xa;tilAk;
jpiria mtjhdpf;fr; nra;aTk;.
,uz;L Kidfisf; nfhz;l fhe;jj;jpd; Kidfis tlf;Fj; njw;fhf
,dq;fhz mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;. fhe;jj;jpDila Kidfis ,dq;
fhz jpirfhl;bia mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
vt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; fhe;jj;jpd; RahjPd Row;rp ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
Muha;tjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
xj;j KidfSf;fpilapy;> xt;thKidfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; js;Sif>
ftu;r;rpia Muha;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw mikf;fTk;.
md;whl tho;tpy; fhe;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fis Njb Muha
topg;gLj;jTk;. mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fhe;jj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpisahl;L
cgfuznkhd;iw mikf;fr; nra;aTk;.
,uz;L fhe;jq;fspd; typikiaf; fhz;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwnahd;iw
Kd;itAq;fs;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
fhe;jk;> Kid
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
cgfuzj;ij mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
khztu;fspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzj;ij gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gplTk;. njupT nra;ag;gl;l cgfuzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tbtikg;G nghUs;fspd; Nru;T nrad;Kiw nryT
nraw;gLk; epiyik
19
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kpd;%yq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp gjhu;j;jq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 20
mj;jpahak; - 8. RfNghf tho;f;iff;F kpd;idg; gad;gLj;jy;.
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpd;dpd; gad;fisf; $Wthu;.
kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfs; njhlu;ghd vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
kpd;id cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; cgfuzq;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngau;fisf; $Wthu;.
kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s $Wfisr; rupahfr; nraw;gLj;jp mtw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
kpd;Rw;wpYs;s $Wfspd; epakf; FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;Jthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;wpd; tupg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.
flj;jpfs;> fhtypfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfisr; rhpahfg; ngahpLthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; nraw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa
Rw;iw mikg;ghu;.
kpd; cgfuzq;fisAk;> ,yj;jpudpay; $WfisAk; kpfTk; gaDs;s Kiw
apy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
jkJ tho;f;iff;F kpd; vt;thW cjTfpd;wJ vd;gij gl;baw;gLj;Jk;gb
khztUf;F $wTk;. gad;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;j $wTk;. kpd;idg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; kdpjDila Ntiyfs; vt;tsT ,yFthf;fg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij fye;JiuahlTk;.
gy;NtW kpd;gpwg;ghf;;Fk; cgfuzq;fs; gw;wpa jftiy ngWtjw;F xt;nthU
khztUf;Fk; mwpTWj;jTk;. gpd;du; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; mwpit tpUj;jp
nra;aTk;.
20
xt;nthU khztUk; vspa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpnahd;iw nra;tjw;F mwpTWj;jTk;.
tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fs; nra;Jnfhz;L
te;j khjpupia nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
kpd;fyk;> kpd;Fkpo;> Msp vd;gtw;iw ,izj;J Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.
Rw;wpy; mk;gpau;khdpia ,izf;f topfhl;lTk;.
epakf; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspa kpd;Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.
epakf; FwpaPl;ilAk; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
flj;jpfisAk;> fhtypfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
Rw;Wf; FwpaPl;Lld; xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk; ,Uthap
(LED), ,Uthap Nghd;w ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis khztu;fSf;F mwpKfg;
gLj;jTk;.
Nkw;$wpa ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa
Rw;Wf;fis mikf;fTk;.
“ghJfhg;ghfTk;> tpidj;jpwDlDk; kpd;id ehk; Vd; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;”
vd;w jiyg;gpy; 1 epkpl Ngr;Rg;Nghl;b xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;gpwg;ghf;fy;> kpd;Rw;W> FwpaPL> fhtyp> flj;jp> ,Uthap>
xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk; ,Uthap (LED).
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
kpd;Fkpo;> Msp> ,izg;Gf;fk;gp> xsp czu; jilap (LDR), jilap> xspfhYk;
,Uthap (LED), mk;gpau;khdp> flj;jpfs;> fhtypfs;
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
vOj;Jg; guPl;ir %yk; mwpit Nrhjpj;jy;.
Neu;j;jp> nraw;gLjy; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fshy;
mikf;fg;gl;l kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpia kjpg;gpLjy;.
Ngr;Rg;Nghl;bapy; Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.
21
Nju;r;rp 3
3.0 tpidj;jpwidAk; tpisjpwidAk; cr;r kl;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLk; tifapy;
ntt;NtW rf;jpfs;> rlg;nghUSld; fhl;Lk; ,ilj;jhf;fq;fisAk;
rf;jp epiykhw;wq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp Kiwfis Njbaha;thu;.
3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfis Njb Ma;thu;.
3.17 ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;thu;.
ghlNtis: 08
mj;jpahak; - 9. ntg;gKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ntg;gj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gad;fisg;
gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
Rw;whlypy; cs;s ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;if fhl;Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cjhuzq;
fisj; jUthu;.
ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntg;gk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; Kiwiar; nra;J fhl;Lthu;.
ntg;gj;ij gaDs;s> ghJfhg;ghd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
gjhu;j;jq;fspYk;> mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpfspd; kPJk; ntg;gj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff;
fhzg;gLtij czu;e;J nfhs;thu;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
Kd;ida mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntg;gk;> ntg;gepiy
njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fis NtWgLj;jTk;. nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfs;
%yk; ,jid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.
Mjpfhy kf;fs; neUg;ig vt;thW fz;Lgpbj;jdu; vd;gij mwpa jfty;fis
Nru;g;gjw;F khztu;fis mwpTWj;jTk;.
vupnghUs;> kpd;rhuk;> #upaf;fjpu;g;G> cuha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ntg;gk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtij fhl;Ltjw;fhd vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
md;whl tho;tpy; ntg;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jk;gb khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
22
ntg;gkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;ig msf;Fk; Kiwia
mwpe;J nfhs;s topfhl;lTk;.
ntg;gj;jpd; gpd;tUk; tpisTfis mwpe;J nfhs;s vspa nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;G
tpupT
epiykhw;wk;
epwkhw;wk;
cw;gj;jpfspd; juk;
#oypy; fhl;lg;gLk; gpd;tUk; ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfSf;F cjhuzq;fis
fz;lwptjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
ePu; Mtpahjy;
gdpg;ghiw cUFjy;
#oy; ntg;gkiljy;
fhw;W
ePNuhl;lk;
gpd;tUk; jiyg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;L tpthjg;Nghl;bnahd;iw elhj;jTk;.
“ntg;gj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfSk;> jPikfSk;”
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
ntg;gk;> ntg;gepiy> tpupT
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs; %yk; kjpg;gpLf.
gpd;tUk; epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gplTk;.
nghUj;jkhd jfty;fspd; msT
jfty;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
jUf;fuPjpahd Kd;itg;G
23
Nju;r;rp 4
4.0 ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; ,aw;if
tsq;fis mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; ePbj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F GtpapdJk;
ntspapdJk; jd;ik> ,ay;ig> nraw;ghLfis Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
4.1 czTg; gof;fj;jpw;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis
epahag;gLj;Jthu;.
4.2 Nghriz Kiwf;Nfw;g mq;fpfis $l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.
ghlNtis: 15
mj;jpahak; - 10. Nghriz mbg;gilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
jhtug; gFjpfis khj;jpuk; czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis jhtu
Tz;zpfs; vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
tpyq;Ffis kl;Lk; czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis CDz;zpfs; vd
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
jhtu> tpyq;Ffis czthff; nfhs;Sk; tpyq;Ffis midj;Jk; cz;zpfs;
vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth czTf;fhf
jhtuq;fs; kPJ jq;fptho;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
jhtuk;> tpyq;FfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ilj;njhlu;ghf czTr; rq;fpyp>
czT tiy vd;gtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;j ,ilj;njhlh;G
fspd; Ml;rpepiu xOq;fikg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghh;.
,aw;ifapy; cs;s czit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpyq;Ffis jhtu
Tz;zpfs;> CDz;zpfs;> midj;JKz;zpfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
mtjhdpg;G> mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L czTr; rq;fpypia
fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
czTr; rq;fpypfSf;fpilapy; cs;s ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;L
czT tiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l czT tiyapy; cs;s czTr; rq;fpypfis milahsg;
gLj;Jthu;.
rkepiyahd #oypy; vy;yh mq;fpfSk; rpwg;ghd gq;fspg;igr; #oYf;F
toq;Ffpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
czT tiyapd; ,aw;if rkepiyf;F ,ila+W Vw;glhj tifapy; ele;J
nfhs;thu;.
24
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
glq;fs; / tPbNah fhl;rpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd;
Nghriz KiwiaAk; khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. czT cl;nfhs;Sk;
Kiwf;F Vw;g tpyq;Ffis tifg;gLj;j topfhl;lTk;.
khztu;fis gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jp> mtu;fshy; fz;lwpag;gl;l
tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
#oypy; cs;s tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghriz KiwiaAk; mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
czitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jTk;.
Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g tpyq;Ffis jhtuTz;zp> CDz;zp> midj;J
Kz;zp vd gpujhd $l;lq;fshf;f KbAk; vdf; $Wq;fs;.
tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L
mwpf;ifg;gLj;j kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiy my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fSf;F
khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;yTk;. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiw njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itg;gjw;F Nfhit xd;iw NgZtjw;F khztu;fSf;F
topfhl;Lq;fs;.
Fsk; / thtpnahd;wpd; #oiyf; fhl;Lk; glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. khztu;
fis gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;F cjtp nra;J gpd; mtu;fs;
fz;lwpe;jtw;iw fye;JiuahlTk;.
glj;jpy; cs;s jhtuk;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfis ,dq;fhz;f.
,dq;fhzg;gl;l mq;fpfisg; ngaupLf.
Fsj;jpy; thOk; mq;fpfspd; Nghriz Kiwia ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
mk;Gf;Fwp %yk; mq;fpfspd; Nghriz Kiwiaj; njhlu;;GgLj;Jq;fs;.
czT tiy njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;gp Fsnkhd;iw mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L czT tiynahd;iw mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
czT tiyapy; cs;s czTr;rq;fpypfis ,dq;fhz topfhl;Lq;fs;.
fhL
fly;
Gd;dpyk;
cf;Fk; kuf;Fw;wp Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s mq;fpfisf; nfhz;L czTr;
rq;fpypfis mikf;f topfhl;Lq;fs;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
jhtuTz;zp> tpyq;Fz;zp> midj;JKz;zp> Ez;zq;fp
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia fhl;Lk; glq;fs;> epow;
glq;fs;> fsg; gazj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;F mika khztu;fspd; jfty;fis kjpg;gpLq;fs;.
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; khjpupfspd; gy;tifik
jfty;Nfhit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiw
Mf;fj;jpwd;
25
Nju;r;rp 4
4.0 ,aw;if Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; ,aw;if
tsq;fis mwpTg+u;tkhfTk; ePbj;J gad;gLj;Jtjw;F GtpapdJk;
ntspapdJk; jd;ik> ,ay;ig> nraw;ghLfisj; Njbawpthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;:
4.3 fhyepiy khw;wk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa
tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
4.4 thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfis mtjhdpg;ghu;.
ghlNtis: 15
mj;jpahak; - 11. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;
fw;wy; NgWfs;:
,g;ghl myiff; fw;w gpd;du; khztu;fs;@
fhyepiy> thdpiyfSf;fpilapyhd khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;.
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
kio tPo;r;rp> fhw;wpd; jpir> fhw;wpd; Ntfk;> <ug;gjdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
vd;gtw;iw mtjhdpf;f vspa khjpupfis mikg;ghu;.
thdpiy khw;wj;ij mtjhdpj;J mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vspa khjpupfis
Ak; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; thdpiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
thdpiyj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpe;J ,Ug;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
czu;e;J nfhs;thh;.
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
thdpiy> fhyepiy vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis fye;
JiuahLq;fs;. thdpiy njhlu;ghd Clfq;fspd; mwpf;iffisr; Nru;g;gjw;F
khztu;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;e;J
fhyepiyia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis fz;lwpa khztu;fis topg;gLj;jTk;.
fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L ,it gw;wpa mwpit NkYk; tpUj;jp
nra;aTk;.
26
thdpiyf; fhuzpfis msg;gjw;F vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f khztu;
fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J mtw;iw tiughf;F
tjw;F khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
ntt;NtW Kjy;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
fhyepiy khw;wj;Jld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wp fye;Jiu
ahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk; / gpuNjr thdpiytpay; epiyaq;fSf;Ff;
fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahupf;Fk;gb khztu;
fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
vz;zf;fUf;fs;:
thdpiy> fhyepiy> kiotPo;r;rp> fhw;W> ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjd;> ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
ntg;gkhdp> vspa cgfuzq;fis mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fs;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fz;fhl;rpapy; khztu;fspd;
nraw;wpwid kjpg;gpLq;fs;.
fhl;rpg;nghUspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik
KOikahf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpg;nghUs;
fhl;rpg;nghUspd; nraw;gLk; jd;ik
xOq;fikf;Fk; jpwd;
27
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;fhd khjpup cgfuzq;fs;
khjpup - 1
1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhk; jtiz
2 . cs;slf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :
2.3 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; rlg;nghUspd; ,ay;Gfisg; gupNrhjpj;jy;.
3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; : jpz;kq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;
4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: FOr; nraw;ghL
5 . cgfuzj;jpd; Nehf;fk;:
FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fspd; gq;fspg;G>
xj;Jiog;G> Ntiy> njhlu;ghly; Nghd;w jpwd;fis mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
6 . cgfuzj;ij nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
VohtJ gFjpapy; cs;s ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jpf; FOr; nraw;ghL
fspy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ khztu;fis kjpg;gpLq;fs;.
VohtJ gFjpapy; cs;s ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU khzt
Df;Fk; Gs;spfis toq;fTk;.
28
7 . kjpg;gPl;L / fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd jhak;
Muk;gk;1 Gs;sp
tpUj;jp2 Gs;spfs;
KOik3 Gs;spfs;
tpNrlkhd4 Gs;spfs;
gq;fspg;G
xj;Jiog;G
nraw;ghl;by;<LghL
njhlu;ghly;
xUtu; my;yJ
Nkw;gl;l
mq;fj;jtu;fs;
gq;fspg;G
nra;atpy;iy.
FOr; nraw;
ghl;bw;F
Mrpupaupd;
xj;Jiog;G
mtrpak;.
Ntiy
nahd;iwr;
nra;tjw;F
Mrpupaupd;
Qhgfg;gLj;jy;
mtrpakhFk;.
mq;fj;jtu;
fspilNa
nrtpkLj;jy;
jfty;fisg;
gupkhw;WjYf;F
Mrpupaupd;
gq;fspg;G
mtrpakhFk;.
vy;yh khztu;fSk;
gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;w
du;. vdpDk; rpyu;
Vidatu;fis tpl
gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wdu;.
Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjp
apDs; mq;fj;jtu;
fs; xj;Jiog;Gld;
nraw;gLthu;. XusT
Mrpupaupd;
xj;Jiog;G mtrpa
khFk;.
Fwpj;j Neuk; tiu
FOf;fshf Ntiy
fspy; <LgLtu;.
Mrpupaupd; Qhgfg;
gLj;jy; mtrpa
khFk;.
mq;fj;jtu;fspilNa
nrtpkLj;jy;> jfty;
fisg; gupkhw;W
tjw;F Mrpupaupd;
gq;fspg;G XusT
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;
fSk; rkkhf
gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wdu;.
mNefkhf
mq;fj;jtu;fs;
xj;Jiog;Gld;
nraw;gLthu;.
mjpf Neuk; mq;fj;
jtu;fs; jkJ
Ntiyfspy;
<LgLthu;. Mrpupaupd;
Qhgfg;gLj;jy;
mtrpakw;wJ.
vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;
fSk; rkkhf nrtp
kLf;fTk;> jfty;
gupkhw;wj;ijAk;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu;.
vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;
fSk; rkkhf
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;
fpd;wdu;. vdpDk;
rpyu; Njitf;Fk;
mjpfkhf
gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wdu;.
KONeuKk; vy;yh
mq;fj;jtu;fSk;
xj;Jiog;Gld;
nraw;gLthu;.
KONeuKk;
mq;fj;jtu;fs;
KOikahf
<LgLtu;. Mrpupa
upd; Qhgfg;gLj;jy;
mtrpakw;wJ.
vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;
fSk; Vidatu;
fSf;F ed;whf
nrtpkLg;gu;.
kupahijAlDk;
Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;
tifapYk; Vida
tu;fSld; jfty;
fis gupkhw;wpf;
nfhs;tu;.
29
kjpg;gPl;L / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd Gs;spfs;:
epajpfs; Gs;sp toq;Fjy;
khztdpd; ngau;
A B C D E F G H
gq;fspg;G
xj;Jiog;G
nraw;ghl;by;
<LghL
njhlu;ghly;
nkhj;jg;Gs;sp
khjpup - 2
1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhk; jtiz
2 . cs;slf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :
3.8 ntt;NtW xyp tiffSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il tpgupj;jy;.
3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; : nraw;if xyp
4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: mikf;fg;gl;l cgfuzq;fs;
5 . cgfuzj;jpd; Nehf;fk;:
khztu;fspd; Mf;fj;jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.
6 . cgfuzj;ij nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
khztu;fSf;F xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f
cjTjy;. (,io / nkd;rt;T / tspepuypd; mjpu;T.)
gy;NtW tifahd xypia cUthf;Fk; cgfuzq;fis mikg;gjw;F
khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.
30
7 . kjpg;gPL / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd epajpfs;:
epajpfs; khztdpd; ngau;
A B C D E F G H
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;fs;
Ra Mf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;
Mf;fj;jpwd;
nraw;gLk; jd;ik
ju;f;fuPjpahf tpsf;Fjy;
nkhj;jk;
gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; khztu;fisj; juf;fzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.
A - kpfTk; ed;W
B - ed;W
C - rhjhuzk;
D - mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;.
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khjpup - 3
1 . kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : %d;whk; jtiz
2 . cs;slf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :
4.3 Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis
guPl;rpj;jy;.
4.4 Nghriz Kiwf;F Vw;g mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;jy;.
3 . ghl cs;slf;fk; :
Nghriz Kiw
jhtuTz;zp
CDz;zp
midj;JKz;zp
czTfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;G
czTr;rq;fpyp
czTtiy
4 . cgfuzj;jpd; jd;ik: fsg; gazk;
5 . cgfuzj;jpd; Nehf;fk;:
tpNrl Nehf;fq;fs; kPJ khztu;fs; <LghL fhl;Lk; Mw;wiy
mtjhdpj;jy;.
toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F mikthf khztu;fs; nraw;gLtjw;F
topfhl;ly;.
cupa jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F mtfhrk;
mspj;jy;.
khztu;fspd; Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.
Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; jpwid kjpg;gpLjy;.
6 . cgfuzj;ij nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiyf;F fsg;gaznkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s jpl;lkpLq;fs;.
fsg; gazj;jpw;fhd jpfjpia jPu;khdpf;fTk;.
khztu;fspd; mtjhdq;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;F ml;ltiznahd;iw
jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;.
fsg;gazj;jpw;F Kd;G> fsg;gazj;jpd;NghJ> fsg;gazj;jpd; gpd;Gk;
khztu;fspdhy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
fsg;gazj;jpd;NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l mtjhdq;fis mwpf;ifg;
gLj;jTk;.
fsg;gazj;jpd; gpd; mtjhdpf;fTk; mjid tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fTk;
re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.
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khztu;fspd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis epiyepWj;Jtjw;F fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Vohk; gFjpapy; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
fsg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJk;> gpd; mtw;iw Kd;itf;Fk;
NghJk; kjpg;gplTk;.
7 . kjpg;gPL / fzpg;gPl;bw;fhd epajpfs;:
epajpfs; khztdpd; ngau;
A B C D E F G H
(1) cupa Nehf;fk; njhlu;ghd mwpT.
(2) toq;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jYf;F
mika nraw;gLjy;.
(3) cupa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;.
(4) ntt;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp
jkJ fz;lwpTfis Kd;itj;jy;.
(5) jfty;> ntspg;gLj;jy;fis
gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.
gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; khztu;fis juf;fzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.
A - kpfTk; ed;W
B - ed;W
C - rhjhuzk;
D - mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;.
33
,izg;G 1
juk; 6- tpQ;Qhdk; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; nfhz;l gl;bay;
1. fsg; gpuahzk; xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jp khztu;fis FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J ,dg;ngUf;fk;> tsu;r;rp> Nghriz Kiw> Rthr mirTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpj;jy;.
2. jhtu tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa gupNrhjidnahd;iwj; jpl;lkply;. 3. <uypg;ghd kz;> itf;Nfhy; ePu;> Fsj;J ePu; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
khjpupnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b> $l;L EZf;Ff; fhl;bapD}lhf khztu;fs; Ez;zq;fpfis mtjhdpj;jy;.
4. rlg;nghUs;fspDila mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. (,lj;ijg; gpbg;gJk;> jpzpitf; nfhz;lJkhd nghUs;fs; rlg;nghUl;fs; vd ,dq;fhzy;).
5. toq;fg;gl;l gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpz;kq;fspDila ,ay;Gfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gj;jy; (fbdkhd jd;ik> thl;lj;jFtpay;G> ePl;lj;jFtpay;G> kPSe;jd;ik> nehUq;Fk; jd;ik);;.
6. J}aePu;> fly;ePu;> rtu;ePu; Mfpatw;wpy; fiue;Js;s cg;gpd; msit xg;gpLjy;;. 7. #upad;> fhw;W> ePu;> kpd;tY Nghd;w rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gpuNahfq;fis nra;J
fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd khjpupfis mikj;jy;;. 8. nghUnshd;W njuptjw;F mtrpakhd fhuzpfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F vspa
nraw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;. 9. xspapd; Neu;Nfhl;Lr; nrYj;Jifiaf; fhl;Ltjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iwj;
jpl;lkpLf. 10. jug;gl;l xspf;fw;iwapy; ,Ue;J xspf;fjpu;j; njhFjpnahd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhd
vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. (cj;jp:- rPg;igg; gad;gLj;jy; my;yJ rkhe;jukhf ntl;Lfs; ,lg;gl;l kl;il.)
11. xspapd; gy;NtW gad;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;F cgfuzq;fis / khjpupfis mikj;jy;.
12. xypia cUthf;ff;$ba vspa xypapay; cgfuznkhd;iw (mjpu;fpd;w ,io / nkd;rt;T / fhw;W Nghd;w) ntt;NtW xyp Kjy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikf;Ff.
13. fhe;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis nra;J mtjhdq;fis gjpT nra;jy;. 14. xj;j KidfSf;fpilapy;> xt;thKidfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; js;Sif>
ftu;r;rpia Muha;tjw;F vspa nraw;ghnlhd;iw mikf;fTk;. 15. vspa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfis nra;J tFg;giwapy; fz;fhl;rpnahd;iw Nkw;nfhz;L
mtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;. 16. kpd;fyk;> kpd;Fkpo;> Msp vd;gtw;iw ,izj;J Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;.
Rw;wpy; mk;gpau;khdpia ,izf;fTk;. 17. flj;jpfisAk;> fhtypfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F vspa nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. 18. LDR, jilap> LED, ,Uthap Nghd;w ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfis ,izj;J
Rw;nwhd;iw mikf;fTk;. 19. vupnghUs;> kpd;rhuk;> #upaf;fjpu;g;G> cuha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ntg;gk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtij fhl;Ltjw;fhd vspa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. 20. ntg;gkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;ig msf;Fk; Kiwia
mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;.
34
21. ntg;gj;jpd; gpd;tUk; tpisTfis mwpe;J nfhs;s vspa nraw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;G
tpupT
epiykhw;wk;
epwkhw;wk; cw;gj;jpfspd; juk; 22. #oypy; cs;s tpyq;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nghriz KiwiaAk; mtjhdpj;J
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.czitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jTk;.
23. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiwia mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L mwpf;ifg;gLj;j kpUff;fhl;rpr;rhiy my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fSf;F khztu;fis mioj;Jr; nry;yTk;. tpyq;Ffspd; Nghriz Kiw njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itg;gjw;F Nfhit xd;iw mikf;f.
24. thdpiyf; fhuzpfis msg;gjw;F vspa cgfuzq;fis mikf;f khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;. tFg;giwapy; mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
25. tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk; / gpuNjr thdpiytpay; epiyaq;fSf;F fsg; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahupf;Fk;gb khztu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
35
,izg;G 2
fw;gpj;jy; xOq;F
ghlrhiyj; jtiz
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; Time (periods)
jtiz 1 1.10. vkJ #oypYs;s mq;fpfis Njbawpthu;. 1.20 mq;fpfis tifg;gLj;;jYf;fhd epajpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
15
2.10 vkJ #oypYs;sitfspd; gy;tifikfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 2.20 ,ay;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rlg;nghUs;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 2.30 vspa nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jp rlg;nghUs;fspd; ,ay;Gfisg; guprPypg;ghu;.
12
2.40 ntt;NtW epajpfisg; gad;gLj;jp ePiu tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 2.50 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ePupd; ,ay;ig Nrhjpg;ghu;. 2.60 ePuhdJ ngWkjpf;Fupa kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;..
15
jtiz 2 3.10 rf;jp Kjy;fisAk; mtw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;itAk; tpUj;jp nra;thu;. 3.20 rpy rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspa nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;thu;. 3.30 rf;jp Kjy;fspd; ePbj;j gad;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
10
3.40 vspa nraw;ghLfs; %yk; xspapd; gad;ghl;il ntspf;fhl;Lthu;. 3.50 xspf;fw;iw> xspf;fjpu; vd;gtw;wpd; JizAld; xspapd; jd;ikiaAk;> njhopw;ghl;ilAk; tpgupg;ghu;. 3.60 ntt;NtW xsp Kjy;fisAk; xspapd; gad;ghl;ilAk; Njbawpthu;. 3.70 nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; xspapd; gaid tpgupg;ghu;.
08
3.80 #oypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW xypapd; JizAld; “xyp” vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit tpUj;jp nra;thu;. 3.90 ntt;NtW xypfSf;F ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghl;il tpgupg;ghu;.
08
3.10 fhe;jtpay;G vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit fl;bnaOg;Gthu;. 3.11 fhe;jj;jpd; elj;ijia fhl;Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
08
jtiz 3 3.12 ntt;NtW tsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kpd;%yq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 3.13 epakf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp vspa Rw;Wf;fis tiue;J fhl;Lthu;.
20
3.14 flj;jpfs;> fhtyp gjhu;j;jq;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 3.15 ntg;g cw;gj;jp Kiwfis Njbaha;thu;. 3.16 Gwr; #oypYs;s ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfis Njb Ma;thu;. 3.17 ntg;gj;jpd; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd re;ju;g;gq;fis Muha;thu;.
08
4.10 czTg; gof;fj;jpw;F Vw;g mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfis epahag;gLj;Jthu;. 4.20 Nghriz Kiwf;Nfw;g mq;fpfis $l;lq;fshf;Fthu;.
15
4.30 fhyepiy khw;wk; mtw;Wld; njhlu;ghd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;. 4.40 thdpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfis mtjhdpg;ghu;.
15