1

The Fundamentals and

Applications of Biofilms

Course Introduction

Basics of MicrobiologyChing-Tsan Huang (黃慶璨)

Office: Agronomy Building, Room 111

Tel: (02) 33664454

E-mail: cthuang@ntu.edu.tw

2

Course Instruction

InstructorsDr. Ching-Tsan Huang

http://cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/

Dr. Ching-Hsuan Lin

http://www.bst.ntu.edu.tw/faculty/LinCH/LinCH1.htm

SyllabusThe class will meet at the 6th Classroom of Building

No. 3 every Tuesday between 10:20 am and 12:10

pm. The course covers 15 topics of biofilms. Before

the midterm exam, it focuses on 7 topics regarding

the bacterial biofilms. After the exam, we will spend

8 weeks to discuss the fungal biofilms.

Year

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

No. of P

apers

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Importance of Biofilm Research

Papers collected by

ISI Web of Knowledge

containing biofilm

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Reference Books: General

Microbial biofilms (1996)

H. M. Lappin-Scott & J. W.

Costerton (Eds.)

Biofilms II: process analysis

and applications (2000)

J. D. Bryers (Ed.)

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Reference Books: Bacterial Biofilms

Microbial biofilms

(2004)M. Ghannoum & G.

A. O’Toole (Eds.)

The Biofilm

Primer (2007)J. William

Costerton

Bacterial

Biofilms (2008)Tony Romeo

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Reference Books: Specific Topics

Biofilms in medicine, industry and

environmental biotechnology :

characteristics, analysis and

control (2003)P. N. L. Lens (Ed.)

Biofilm Infections

Thomas Bjarnsholt et al. (Eds.).

SpringerLink eBook, 2011.

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Reference Books: Fungal Biofilms

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EukaryaArchaeaBacteria

Universal Phylogenetic Tree

11

Classification of Microorganisms

Microorganisms

Eucaryotic cells Procaryotic cells

BacteriaCyanobacteriaAlgaeFungiProtozoa

Molds Yeasts Gram + Gram -

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Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cell Structure

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Difference in Structure

Gram-positive cell wall Gram-negative cell wall

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Factors Affecting Microbial Growth

15

Microbial Nutrition

Purpose

To obtain energy and construct new cellular

components

Nutrient Requirement

The major elements: C, O, H, N, S, P

The minor elements: K, Ca, Mg, Fe

The trace elements: Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu

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Element %/D.W. Source Function

C 50Organic compounds or

CO2

Main constituent of cellular material

O 20H2O, O2 , CO2 and

organic compoundsConstituent of cell material and cell water; O2 is

electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

N 14NH3, NO3, N2, organic

compounds Constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids,

nucleotides, and coenzymes

H 8H2O, organic

compounds, H2

Main constituent of organic compounds and cell

water

P 3 Inorganic phosphate Constituent of nucleic acids, nucleotides,

phospholipids, LPS, techoic acid

S 1SO4, H2S, S, organic

sulfur compoundsConstituent of cysteine, methionine, glutathione,

several coenzyme

K 1 Potassium salts Main cellular inorganic cation and cofactors for

certain enzymes

Mg 0.5 Magnesium salt Inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain

enzymatic reactions

Ca 0.5 Calcium salts Inorganic cellular cation, cofactor for certain

enzymes and a compound of endospores

Fe 0.2 Iron salts Component of cytochromes and certain nonheme

iron-proteins and cofactors for enzymatic reactions

Source and Functions of Elements in Bacteria

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Requirements for C, H and O

C, H and O Serve as the skeleton and

backbone of all organic molecules

Prefix, Affix and Suffix

Trophs

Auto- (CO2) vs Hetero- (organic matters)

Proto- vs Auxo- (nutrient deficient)

Photo- (light) vs Chemo- (oxidation)

Litho- (inorganic) vs Organo- (organic)

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Requirements for N, P and S

Nitrogenfor the synthesis of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines,

enzyme cofactors and other substances

Phosphurfor the synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids,

nucleotides, cofactors, some proteins and other

cellular components

Sulfurfor the synthesis of cysteine, methionine, biotin,

thiamine and some carbohydrates

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Growth Curve in Batch Culture

To replenish

and to adapt

Constant growth rate

most uniform population

Constant viable cell number

Decline in

population

size

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Microbial Nutrition and Metabolism

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Substrates Products

Energy

Catabolism

Anabolism

Light Energy

Photosynthesis

Enzymes

Overview of Metabolism

Purpose: Trapping, generation and use of energy

Where: within cells (under controlled temperature and pH)

How: catalyzed by enzymes

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Metabolism of Microorganisms

Interchangeable

Macro- to micro-molecules or vice versa

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Monosaccharides

Fatty acids, glycerol

Amino acids

Nucleotides

CO2

H2O, O2

NH4+, NO3

-

PO4-, SO4

=

CatabolismAnabolism

Polymers Monomers Molecules

23Metabolic Pathway

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