Post on 17-Dec-2015
description
1
msweavb mskvabx (1973 _K 2014) cwZ evsjv`k
Uvg ccvi
cYqY, gvQvt Zvwbqv Avdwib
Rv.we ivj t 9545722 Rv.we. iwR t 1566686
Kvm ivj t 434
Md t we
RvZxq wekwe`vjq KZK cbxZ 2009-2010 wkv eli bZzb ckci aviv Abyhvqx AvewkK welq wnmve Uvg ccviwU Dcvcbi Rb cYxZ|
Dc vcbvq t gvQv t Zvwbqv Avdwib wefvM t Abvm PZz_ el (ivwevb) miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi
ZveavqK t Rbve gvt wgRvbyi ingvb mnhvMx AavcK miKvwi eMg ivKqv KjR, iscyi
2
gyLe
Uvg ccvi cYqb Avgv`i cvVg GKwU AvewkK welq| GKwU Melbv agx wbe|
GKwU ^vaxb ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh| evsjv`k me c_g 1972 mvji 4
bfi^ MYcwil`i gvag msweavb cYqb Kiv nq Ges cieZxZ wewfb mgq Zv
mskvab Kiv nq| G mskvabi dj msweavbi wewfb avivq e cwieZb mvwaZ nq|
GB cwZ ev e cqvRb gUvbvi j GB MelYvagx ccvi iPbvq Dz nqwQ|
GwU GKwU weklY agx MelYvg~jK KvR hv cieZxZ mswk welq MelYvg~jK
KvRi Rb eeZ nZ cvi| msweavb mskvab AvBbi cwZ Avgiv AbZ_
RvbZ cvwi|
3
KZZv ^xKvi
ce c iPbv Kiv GKwU KwVb KvR| G aibi KvR mv`b KiZZ wMq AbKi
mvnvh I mnhvwMZvi cqvRb nq| G evcvi Avgvi ZveavqK Rbve gvt wgRvbyi
inngvb wewfb mgq civgk I mnhvwMZv w`q mvnvh KiQb| wewfb mnvqK M
cqvRbxq Z_ _K h evcK mvnvh MnnY KiwQ Ges m Rb Avwg m mKj
jLK`i KvQ Avgvi AvwiK KZZv cKvk KiwQ| ZvQvov MelYvg~jK KvR KiZ
wMq Avwg Avgvi mncvVx I evex`i AbK civgk I mnhvwMZv cqwQ Zv`i
RvbvB AvwiK abev`|
mekl GB MelYvagx Uvg ccvi Zwi KiwQ Ges G _K Avwg msweavb
mskvabx t cwZ evsjv`k G welq KvR Kivi myhvM w`q Avgvi vbi
cwiwaK cmvwiZ KiQ eY| m Rb Avwg Zveavbi wbKU KZZv cKvk
KiwQ|
4
m~Pxc
c_g Aavq t
1.1| f~wgKv
1.2| msweavbi msv
1.3| evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg
wZxq Aavq t
2.1| evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm
2.2| evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ|
ZZxq Aavq t
3.1| evsjv`ki cwZ msweavbi wewfb mskvabxmg~n|
3.2| c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973
3.3| wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973
3.4| ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974
3.5| PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979
3.6| cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj)
3.7| l mskvabx AvBb 1981
3.8| mg mskvabx AvBb 1986 (evwZj)
3.9| Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988
3.10| beg mskvabx AvBb 1989
3.11| `kg mskvabx AvBb 1990
3.12| GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991
3.13| v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991
3.14| qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj)
3.15| PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004
3.16| c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011
3.17| lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014
Mcw
5
c_g Aavq
1.1 f~wgKv t
AvaywbK weki mKj cKvi kvmb ee v kvmK I kvwmZi AvBbMZ
mKi Dci cwZwZ| Avi kvmK I kvwmZi ga G mywbw` mK vwcZ nqQ
mvsweavwbK wqv cwZwqvi gvag| myZivs `Lv hvQ: msweavbi gvagB ivi
kvmb ee v cwiPvwjZ I wbqwZ nq| miKvii ic msweavbi vivB wbavwiZ nq|
ZvB msweavb nQ GKwU ivi PvwjKv kw| msweavb Qvov Kvb ivB myzfve
cwiPvwjZ nZ cvi bv| ZvB msweavb cwZwU ^vaxb `ki Rb AZvekK|
1.2 msweavbi msv t
(K) g~j msv t
msweavb ejZ m me wjwLZ AwjwLZ gj weavbewjK eySvq hv ivi gZvi
eenvi I eUb ixwZK cfvweZ Ki Ges wewfb cwZvbi ga m^ wbYq Ki|
evcK A_ msweavb ejZ `ki kvmbee v wbqYKvix wjwLZ I AwjwLZ me iKg
wbqgKvbybK eySvq| G wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb A_ AvBb Gi AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb
A_ cPwjZ c_v, ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi ee v cfwZ eySvbv nq|
Prof. Herman Finer Gi gZ, The system of fundamental
political institutions is the constitution.
ivwevbx Leacock Gi gZ, Constitution is nothing but the form
of government.
6
myZivs h mKj wbqgKvbyb I wewaweavb miKvi wKfve msMwVZ ne, miKvii gZvB
ev wK _vKe, wKfve G gZv cqvM Kiv ne| miKvii wewfb wefvMi ga wKfve
gZv eUY ne Ges G`i cvivwiK mKB ev wK neZv wbaviY Ki G`i
mgwMZ icKB msweavb ejv nq| e Z msweavb Kvb iv ev miKvii h_vh_ ^ic
ev cKwZ wbaviY Ki|
1.3 evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg t
evsjv`ki msweavb KZUv Dg Zv Rvbvi Rb evsjv`ki eZgvb msweavbi
KwZcq DjLhvM wewk w`Ki AvjvKcvZ GLvb GKv AvekK|
c_gZ, evsjv`ki ivKvVvgvi ^xKwZ msweavb myfveB c` vb Kiv nqQ|
evsjv`k hnZz Kvb AivR ev c`k bB| hnZz GLvb miKvii mKj gZv
K `xq miKvii nvZ b Kiv nqQ |
evsjv`ki fMvwjK Ae vb I AvqZbi ev eZvK KvhKifveB aviY KiQ
evsjv`ki msweavb|
wZxq, msweavbB evsjv`ki mevP AvBb| evsjv`ki f~L me GB msweavbi
cvavbB ^xKZ|
ZZxqZ, miKvii wewfb Ai ga fvimvg cwZvi Pv iqQ evsjv`ki
msweavb| AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM hvZ ^ ^ cwigj AwcZ `vwqZ h_vh_fve
cvjb KiZ cvi evsjv`k msweavb mw`K wekl bRi w`qQ|
PZz_Z, weki Abvb MYZvwK ivi msweavbi bvq evsjv`g msweavbi iv
cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ mg~n wjwce Kiv nqQ| mekwgvb Avjvni Ici c~Y Av v I
wekvm RvZxqZvev`| MYZ, A_bwZK I mvgvwRK, bvqwePvi mgvRZ G 4wU gj
Av`k evsjv`ki msweavb iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnmve ^xKwZ cqQ |
7
cgZ, gwjK AwaKvii mwbek evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv `vb KiQ|
RbMYi mvgi AwaKvi, Pjvdjv mfv mwgwZ, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, evK-
^vaxbZv, mwi ^vaxbZv, agxq ^vaxbZv, ckv MnYi ^vaxbZv, `j MVbi ^vaxbZv
cfwZ gwjK AwaKvi mg~n evsjv`ki msweavb wbwZ Kiv nqQ| Riwi Ae v
eZxZ iv Rb mvaviYi Gme AwaKvi msiY eva|
lZ, evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq Ges wjwLZ|
mgZ, MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU we vwiZ wjwLZ `wjwj| msweavbwU
11wU fvM wef Ges ZvZ 153wU AbyQ`, GKwU c vebv I ZvZ 4wU Zdwmj
iqQ| GB msweavb `xN Ze`xNZi bq| wjwLZic evsjv`ki msweavbK wewkZv
`vb KiQ|
myZivs ejv hvq h, evsjv`ki msweavbi bgbxq cKwZ evsjv`k msweavbK mKj
hyMB KiQ myhvchvMx| Avi G K_v Avgiv Mei mv_ ejZ cvwi evsjv`ki
msweavb weki AbZg k msweavb|
8
wZxq Aavq
2.1 evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi msw BwZnvm t
^vaxbZv jvfi ci evsjv`ki MYcwil`i gvag c~Yv msweavb KvhKvix nq 1972
mvji 16 wWmi^| wK Gi c~e ^vaxbZv NvlYvKvj (1972 mvji 26 gvP) _K
^vaxbZv ARb (1971 mvji 16 wWmi^) I 1972 mvji 16 wWmi^ ch Avgiv
AeZxKvjxb y`wU msweavb cvB:
1. ^vaxbZvi NvlYv c (10 Gwcj 1971)
2. A vqx msweavb Av`k (11 Rvbyqvwi 1972)
AeZx msweavb : evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb`K AeZx msweavb ej| 10
Gwcj 1971 evsjv`ki miKvii MVbi c~e GB ^vaxbZvi NvlYv mb` MnY Kiv
nq| evsjv`k ^vaxbZv NvlYv mb` iPbv Kib evwivi Avwgij Bmjvg|
A vqx mvsweavwbK Av`k Rvwi: 11 Rvbyqvwi 1971 Rvwi Kib RvwZi wcZv eez
kL gywReyi ingvb|
MYcwila Av`k Rvwi: 23 gvP 1972 Rvwi Kib ivcwZ wePvicwZ Avey mvC` Payix|
MYcwil` Lmov msweavY:
Dvcb: 12 Avei, 1972 mvj|
Lmov msweavb MnxZ: 4 bf^i, 1972 mvj|
Lmov msweavb ^vi: 14 wWm^i, 1972 mvj|
msweavb KvhKi: 16 wWm^i, 1972|
msweavb iPbvi KwgwU:
m`m t 34 Rb
AvIqvgx jxM m`m t 33 Rb
GKgv weivax `jxq m`m t 1 Rb (myiwZ mb )
KwgwUi cavb t Wvt Kvgvj nvmb
GKgv gwnjv m`m t eMg ivwRqv evby (eivev)
9
MYcwil`i m`m msLv t
1970 mvji wWmi^ _K i Ki 1971 mvji gvP gvm ch wbevPbi RvZxq I
cv`wkK cwil` wbevwPZ m`m gvU (RvZxq cwil` 169 + cv`wkK cwil` 300)
469 Rb| G`iK wbqB MYcwil` MwVZ nq| Ze G`i ga wewfb mgq
gviv hvq t 12 Rb
cvwK vbi bvMwiK nq t 2 Rb
`vjvwj AvBb AvUK t 5 Rb
MYcwil` m`m (m`m c` evwZj):
Av`k AvIqvgx jxM _K ewntZ t 46 Rb
e`wkK mvwfm hvM`vb Ki t 1 Rb gvUt 66 Rb evwK 403 Rb m`m wbq MYcwil` KgZrciZv Pj| G`i g` 400 Rb wQjb
AvIqvgx jxM Ges 3 Rb wQjv weivax`jxq|
MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb t
1972 mvji 10 Gwcj MYcwil`i 1g Awaekb em| GB Awaekbi 34 Rb
m`mwewk GKwU Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| evsjv`ki AvBb gx
Wv: Kvgvj nvmb GB Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwUi Pqvigvb wbhy nb| GB
KwgwUZ gv GKRb weivax `jxq m`m wQjb (myiwZ mb)| 1972 mvji 17
Gwcj G Lmov kvmb Z cYqb KwgwUi c_g Awaekb em| G evcvi gvU 98wU
mycvwik GmwQj| Zvi ga gv GKwU mycvwik MnY Kiv nqwQj|
Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwU megvU 74wU eVK wgwjZ nq kvmbZi Lmov ic
cYqbi 300 NUv mgq eq Kib| wbRi avb-aviYv I mycvwiki AvjvK evcK
AvjvPbvi ci KwgwU 10 Ryb kvmbZi GKwU cv_wgK Lmov Abygv`b Kib|
Gici KwgwUi mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Abvb `ki msm`xq ee v
10
AejvKbc~eK Lmov kvmbZi wU wbicYi Rb weUb, fviZmn KqKwU `k
mdi Kib|
AZtci wZwb `k wdi Avmj 1972 mvji 12 Avei KwgwUi mekl eVK
AbywZ nq Ges KwgwU KZK GB w`b kvmbZi c~bv Lmov P~ovfve MnxZ nq|
MYcwil`i 2q Awaekb t
1972 mvji 12 Avei MYcwil`i Avei MYcwilai wZxq Awaekb em| G
Awaekb Lmov kvmbZ cYqb KwgwU mfvcwZ Wv: Kvgvj nvmb Lmov kvmbZ
wej AvKvi Dc vcb Kib|
1972 mvji 19 Avei G Lmov kvmbZ c_g cvV G mvaviY AvjvPbv i nq|
30 Avei ch Gi Dci mvaviY AvjvPbv PjZ _vK| 19 Avei _K 30
Avei ch 10wU eVK gvU 32 NUv ai G AvjvPbv Pj| G mgq weji Dci
gvU 163wU mskvabx c ve Avbv nq| wK gv 84wU mskvabx c ve MnxZ nq| G
mskvabx c vejvi AwaKvskB wQj msweavbi f~jwU mwKZ|
1972 mvji 4 bf^i Lmov msweavb weji Dci ZZxq I mekl Awaekb em|
GB Awaekb MYcwil`i m`mMY n wjwLZ kvmbZi g~j AbywjwcZ ^vi`vb
Kib Ges Aekl 1972 mvji 16 wWm^i MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKi
nq|
2.2 evsjv`k msweavbi mskvab cwZ t
msweavb mskvabx:
h cwqv Aejb^c~eK Kvbv iv KZK MnxZ msweavbi wewfb welq MwZkxj I
wqvkxj Ki Zvjvi Rb cwigvRb, cwieab, mskvab wKsev myhvchvMx Ki Zvjv
nq ZvK msweavb mskvab ejv nq|
msweavb mskvabx:
11
evsjv`k msweavb y`wieZbxq GK mvaviY AvBb cYqb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq
bv| msweavb weavb cwZZ mskvab Kiv hvq bv| msweavb weavb iqQ h, RvZxq
msm` msweavbi h Kvb weavbK mskvab KiZ cvi Ze GRb wbwjwLZ `ywU kZ
cvjb KiZ ne|
c_gZ, msweavb mskvabi Kvbv wejB msm`i weePbvi Rb MnY Kiv hve bv|
hw` bv D weji `xN wkivbvg msweavbi Kvb weavb mskvab Kivi K_v fve
DjL Kiv nq| A_vr D weji wkivbvg AekB msweavb mskvab Kivi welqwU
wZ DjwLZ _vKe|
wZxqZ, msweavb mskvabi wej msm`i gvU m`mi AZ y`B ZZxqvsk msLvMwi
fvU MnxZ nZ ne| Gfve Kvb wej MnxZ nj mB ewj ivcwZi Abygv`bi
Rb Zvi wbKU ck Kiv nq| Gic msm` MnxZ Kvb msweavb mskvabx wej hLb
ivcwZi wbKU cvVvbv nq ZLb wZwb mvZ w`bi ga wejwUZ mwZ `vb Kieb|
wZwb Zv KiZ Amg_ nj D mgq AwZevwnZ nIqvi ci wZwb wejwUZ mwZ `vb
KiQb ej MY Kiv ne Ges wejwU wewae I KvhKi ne|
12
ZZxq Aavq
3.1 evsjv`ki cwZ msweavbi wewfb mskvabx mg~n t
msweavb GKwU `ki kvmK`i c_ c` `kK| evsjv`k ^vaxb nj GKwU msweavb
Aekvex nq co| 1972 mvji 11 Gwcj MYcwil` Lmov msweavb cYqbi Rb
34 m`m wewk KwgwU MwVZ nq| 1972 mvji 10 Ryb msweavbi Lmov Abygvw`Z
nq Ges 11 Avei Lmov P~ovfve MnxZ nq| evsjv`ki msweavb 1972 mvji 16
wWmi^ ejer nevi ci _K G ch 15 evi mskvaY Kiv nqQ |
c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973
wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973
ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974
PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979
cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj)
l mskvabx AvBb 1981
mg mskvabx AvBb 1986 (evwZj)
Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988
beg mskvabx AvBb 1989
`kg mskvabx AvBb 1990
GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991
v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991
qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj)
PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004
c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011
lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014
13
3.2 c_g mskvabx AvBb 1973 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [c_g mskvab AvBb, 1973]
DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|
msm` MnxZ nq t 15 RyjvB, 1973
welqe t MYnZv Ges hyvciva wj ew` cvwK vwb mwbK`i wePvii
cvcU GB mskvabx AvBbwU cYxZ nq|
1. GB mskvabi dj MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi 47 AbyQ`; 2bs `dvi
ci wbic bZzb `dv hy nqt
GB msweavb hv ejv nqQ, Zv mI MYnZvRwbZ Aciva, gvbeZvweivax
Aciva ev hyvciva Ges AvRvwZK AvBbi Aaxb Abvb Acivai Rb Kvb mk
evwnbx ev cwZiv evwnbx ev mnvqK evwnbxi m`m wKsev hyew`K AvUK, dR`vwiZ
mvc` wKsev ``vb Kwievi weavb msewjZ Kvb AvBb ev AvBbi weavb GB
msweavbi Kvb weavbi mv_ Amvgm ev Zvi cwicx| GB KviY evwZj ev h
AvBwb ej MY ne bv| GB mskvabx AvBb cYqbi ci hyvciva I MYnZvi
AwfhvM cvwK vbx ew` mwbK`i wePvii c_ ck nq|
3.3 wZxq mskvabx AvBb 1973 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [wZxq mskvab AvBb, 1973]
DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|
msm` MnxZ nq t 22 mi^, 1973
welqe t GB mskvabx AvBbi DjLhvM ewk nQ Riwi
weavbewj msewjZ bZzb beg fvMi mshvRb|
Riwi weavbewjZ NvlYv Kiv nq h, hy ev ewnivgb ev Afixb MvjhvMi viv
evsjv`k ev Gi h Kvb Aski wbivcv ev A_bwZK Rxeb wecb nevi AvkLv `Lv
w`j ivcwZ Riwi Ae v NvlYv cieZx Kvb NvlYvi viv cZvnvi Kiv ne| A_ev
msm` Dc vwcZ ne, A_ev 120 w`b AwZevwnZ nevi c~e msm`i c ve viv
14
Abygvw`Z bv nj Zv KvhKi _vKe bv| Riwi Ae v NvlYvKvj gwjK AwaKvimg~n
ejer KiYi Rb Av`vjZ gvgjv iR Kievi AwaKvi ^Kvji Rb wMZ _vKe|
ZvQvov bvMwiK`i Aeva Pjvdiv AwaKvi, mgeZ nIqvi AwaKvi, mwgwZ MVbi
wPv I weePbvi AwaKvi, eemv I Kvievi cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi, mw ARb I
cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi Riwi Ae vq evnZ ne| GUv wQj, 1973 mvji 24bs AvBb|
3.4 ZZxq mskvabx AvBb 1974 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [ZZxq mskvab AvBb, 1974]
DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|
msm` MnxZ nq t 23 bfi^, 1974
welqe t GwU wQj 1974 mvji 74 bs AvBb|
evsjv`ki miKvi Ges fviZ miKvii ga mxgvZ wPwZKiY Pzw KvhKi Kivi
Dk GB mskvabx AvBbwU Mnxq nq| wgRvivg evsjv`k mxgv, wcyiv wmjU,
fvMjcyi ijIq jvBb, wkecyi Mivjv mxgv, gyix b`x GjvKv, dbx b`x mxgv,
nvKvi Lvm, eKvix Lvj, wnwm eievwo I jvwVwUjv Wzgvevwo mxgv GjvKvi mK
1974 mvji 16B g ZvwiL evsjv`ki cavbgx Ges fviZi cavbgxi ga h
Pzw mvw`Z nq ZvB cvcU GB mskvabx AvBb MnxZ nq|
GB mskvabxZ ejv nq h, Pzw Abymvi evsjv`k I fviZi gaeZx f~-mxgvbv
wbavibi ci miKvii MRU wew viv h ZvwiL eYbv Kib mB ZvwiL nZ D
wewZ ewYZ Af~ GjvKv evsjv`ki ivxq mxgvbvi Ask ne Ges ewnf~Z
GjvKvi Gi Ask ne bv|
15
3.5 PZz_ mskvabx AvBb 1979 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [PZz_ mskvab AvBb, 1979]
DvcbKvix t AvBbgx gbvib ai|
msm` MnxZ nq t 25 Rvbyqvwi, 1979
gv `yB ermii ga evsjv`k msweavb PZz_ mskvabx AvBb cYxZ nq| Gi dj
evsjv`k msweavbi Avg~j cwieZb mvwaZ nq| 1975 mvji 25 Rvbyqvwi ivcwZ
KZK GB mskvabx AvBb Abygvw`Z nq| Gi c wQj 294 fvU Ges wec Kvb
fvU wQj bv| ivcwZ GB mskvabx AvBbK wZxq wece bvg AwfwnZ Kib|
3.5 PZz_ mskvabxi ewk t
wewfb w`K nZ GB mskvabx AvBbwU AZ iZc~Y|
(K) GB mskvabx AvBb gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvii cwieZ evsjv`k
cewZZ nq ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi|
(L) GB mskvabx gw cwil` Gi bxwZ I Kvhvewji Rb ivcwZi KvQ `vqe
nq|
(M) GB mskvabx AvBb msm` m`m bv nqI gwcwil`i m`m nevi myhvM
c` vb Kiv nq|
(N) GB mskvabx AvBb ivcwZ wbevnx gZvi K ` j| wZwb RbMYi
cZK fvU wbevwPZ neb Ges msm`i KvQ Kvbg `vqx _vKeb bv|
Zvi BQvbymvi gwcwil`i m`mMY KvR Kieb|
(O) GB mskvabx AvBb GKRb Dc-ivcwZi c` mw nq| Dc-ivcwZ wbhy
neb ivcwZ KZK Ges ZvivB civgkgZ| ivcwZ LywkgZ wZwb
cRvZi KvR wbqvwRZ _vKeb|
(P) GB mskvab AvBb wePvi wefvMi KZZ wKQzUv nvm cvq| wePvi wefvMxq
KgKZv`i wbqvM I AcmviY mvweKfve ivcwZi wbqYvaxb Avm|
16
3.6 cg mskvabx AvBb 1979 (evwZj) t
wkivbvg t msweavb [cg mskvab AvBb, 1979]
DvcbKvix t msm` bZv kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb|
msm` MnxZ nq t 5 Gwcj, 1979
g~j ewk t
(K) msweavbi g~j c vebvq, wemwgjvwni ivngvwbi ivwng| mshvRb Kiv nq| c_g
Aav`ki gvag GwU msweavbi Af~ Kiv njI ci idvimi gvag, vqx
ic `qv nq| (1978, 1g NvlYvq)
(L) msweavbi g~jbxwZZ cwieZb Avbv nq| Gi dj evOvwj RvwZqZvev`i j
evsjv`kx RvZxqZvev` ceZb Kiv nq| (1978, nq NvlYvq)
(M) mekwgvb Avjvni Ici Av v I wekvmK mKj Kgi g~jbxwZ wnme cwZ vcb
Kiv nq|
(N) mgvRZ ki evLvi A_bwZK I mvgvwRK bvqwePvii K_v ejv nq| ag
wbicZv welqK 12 AbyQ` wejy Kiv nq| Bmjvgx vZZevaib bxwZ mshvRb
Kiv nq|
(O) GK`jxq evKkvj ee v wejy Ki e`jxq MYZ ceZb Kiv nq|
(P) mywcg RywWwkqvj KvDwj MVbi weavb Kiv nq|
(Q) BbWkwbwU Aav`k eaKiY|
17
3.7 l mskvabx AvBb 1981 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [cg mskvab AvBb, 1981]
DvcbKvix t msm` bZv kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb|
msm` MnxZ nq t 8 RyjvB, 1981 Avi ivcwZ KZK Abygvw`Z nq 9 RyjvB|
g~j ewk :
evsjv`k msweavbi 51(4) Ges 66(2K) Dcaviv mskvabi Rb GB mskvabx
AvBb cYxZ nq| 51(4) Dcavivq ewYZ AvQ h ivcwZ A_ev Dc-ivcwZ Zvi
Kvhfvi Kvj msm` m`m wbevwPZ nevi Dc-ivcwZ Zvi Kvhfvi Kvj msm` m`m
wbevwPZ nevi hvM ne bv Ges Kvb msm` m`m ivcwZ wbevwPZ wKsev Dc-ivcwZ
wbhy nj Kvhfvi MnYi w`b msm` Zvi Avmb k~b ne| mskvabxZ D 51(4)
Dcavivq Dc vwcZ nqQ h, Dc-ivcwZ c` wbevwPZ nj wZwb h ZvwiL ivcwZi
Kvhfvi MnY Kieb GB ZvwiL Zvi c` k~b nqQ ej MY ne|
66 (2K) Dcavivq ewYZ AvQ h, Kvb ew Kej cavbgx, Dc cavbgx, gx,
cwZgx ev Dcgx nevi KviY cRvZi Kg Kvb jvfRbK c` AwawZ ej MY
ne bv| GB Dcaviv mskvab Ki cwZ vwcZ nq h, Kej ivcwZ, Dc-ivcwZ,
cavbgx, Dc-cavbgx, gx, cwZgx ev Dcgx nevi KviY cRvZi Kg Kvb
jvfRbK c` AwawZ ej MY neb bv|
3.7 l mskvabx AvBb t
G AvBb 51 avivq 4 Dc avivi mv_ AviI y`wU bZzb Dc aviv mshvwRZ nq| 5
Dcavivq ejv nqQ, ivcwZ A_ev Dc-ivcwZ msm` m`m wbevwPZ nj ivcwZ
A_ev Dc-ivcwZi c` _K c`ZvM bv Kiv ch wZwb m`m nevi hvMZv ARb
Kieb bv|
6 Dcavivq ejv nq, GKRb msm` m`m hw` ivcwZ wbevwPZ nb A_ev DcivcwZ
gbvbxZ nq ZvK m m msm` m`m c`ZvM KiZ ne|
18
3.8 mg mskvabx AvBb 1976 (evwZj) t
wkivbvg t msweavb [mg mskvab AvBb, 1986]
DvcbKvix t AvBb I msm` welqK gx wePvicwZ G K Gg byij Bmjvg
msm` MnxZ nq t 10 bf^i, 1986
Abygv`b t 11 bf^i, 1986
g~j welqe t
GB mskvabxi g~j j wQj, Rbvij Gikv` 1982 mvji 24 gvP _K 1986
mvji 9 bf^i ch h mg Kvhg MnY KiQb, m mg wewa Kvhg MnxZ Zvi
eaZv `vb Kiv Ges msweavbi AMZ Kiv| GB me Kvhg mK Kvb KvU
gvgjv `vqi Kiv Pje bv| GK K_vq, mvgwiK kvmbK emvgwiKxKiY Kiv wQj GB
mskvabxi j|
3.9 Ag mskvabx AvBb 1988 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [Ag mskvab AvBb, 1988]
DvcbKvix t msm` bZv evwivi gI y`` Avng`|
msm` MnxZ nq t 7 Ryb, 1988 I cYxZ nq 9 Ryb|
g~j welqe t (K) Ag mskvabx AvBbi dj msweavbi
2 avivi ci 2(K) aviv mshvwRZ ne| 2(K) avivq ejv nqQ cRvZi ivag
Bmjvg, Ze Abvb agI cRvZi kvw I mvei cwiek PPv Kiv ne|
(L) GB mskvabx AvBb msweavbi 100 aviv mskvab Ki ewikvj, PMvg, Kzwgjv,
hkvi, iscyi I wmjU nvBKvU wefvMi QqwU vqx e cwZwZ nq|
(M) GB AvBb msweavbi 30 aviv mskvabx Ki NvlYv Kiv nq h, evsjv`ki
Kvb bvMwiK ivcwZ Abygv`b eZxZ iv KZK c` Kvb Dcvwa, mvbm~PK wWMx ev
f~lY MnY KiZ cvieb bv|
(N) GB mskvabx AvBb msweavbi 3 aviv cwieZb Ki fvlvq BsiRx cwZk wVK
Kiv nq Bangla (Bengali bq) Ges 5 aviv cwieZb Ki ivRavbx XvKvi BsiRx
bvg w i Kiv nq Dhaka (Dacca bq)|
19
3.10 beg mskvabx AvBb 1989 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [beg mskvab AvBb, 1989]
DvcbKvix t msm` bZv evwivi gI y`` Avng`, 6 RyjvB 1989 wejwU
Dvcb Ki|
msm` MnxZ nq t 10 Ryb, 1989 AvBbwU MnxZ nq Ges 11 RyjvB Abygv`b cvq|
g~j welqe t
(K) Dc-ivcwZ cZ fvU wbevwPZ neb|
(L) ivcwZ I Dc-ivcwZ c` wbevwPZ GK m GKB mgq AbywZ ne|
(M) GKvwag y`B gqv` Z_v 10 ermii ewk KD ivcwZ c` AwawZ _vKeb bv|
(N) 5 ermi ci ci wbqwgZ ivcwZ c`i Rb wbevPb AbywZ ne|
(O) ivcwZi c`i k~bZv `Lv w`j Zv wbimbi Rb ^Ztce nq msm` Awaekb
eme|
GB AvBb msweavbi 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 72, 119, 122, 133, 124, 125, 148,
152| AbyQ` Ges msweavbi PZz_ Zdwmj mskvwaZ nqQ|
3.11 `kg mskvabx AvBb 1990 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [`kg mskvab AvBb, 1990]
DvcbKvix t wePvicwZ nvweeyi Bmjvg|
msm` MnxZ nq t 12 Ryb, 1990 Mnxq nq 1990|
Abygv`b jvf t 23 Ryb 1990|
g~j ewk t
(K) msm` gwnjv`i Rb wbavwiZ 30wU Avmb AviI `k eQii Rb msiwZ nq|
msweavb `k ermii Rb msm` gwnjv`i Rb 10wU Avmb wbw ` wQj| `kg
mskvabx AvBb msm` gwnjv`i Rb wbavwiZ Avmb msLv nq 30wU Ges GB ee v
`k ermi Pvjy wQj|
20
(L) msweavb BsiRx Ges evsjv fvl ivcwZ wbevPb msv wewa weavb h
AmswZ we`gvb wQj GB mskvab AvBb Zvi wbimb NUjv| GB AvBb my Ki
ejv nqQ, ivcwZi gqv` kl nevi ZvwiLi 180 w`bi ga ivcwZ c` wbevPb
mb ne|
3.12 GKv`k mskvabx AvBb 1991 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [GKv`k mskvab AvBb, 1991]
DvcbKvix t AvBb I wePvigx wgRv Mvjvg nvwdR
msm` MnxZ nq t 6 AvM, 1991|
g~j ewk t
GB mskvabx Abyhvqx A vqx ivcwZ wePvicwZ mvnveyxb Avng` cybivq cavb
wePvicwZi c` diZ hZ cvieb Ges 6 wWmi^, 90 _K A vqx miKvii
hveZxq KvhKjvc ea ej weewPZ ne| 10 AvM, 91 G wejwU ivcwZ KZK
Abygvw`Z nq|
3.13 v`k mskvabx AvBb 1991 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [v`k mskvab AvBb, 1991]
DvcbKvix t cavbgx eMg Lvj`v wRqv, 2 RyjvB 1991 ck Kib|
msm` MnxZ nq t 6 AvM, 1991 wejwU MnxZ nq|
Abygv`b jvf t 18 mi^, 1991|
(K) evsjv`ki msweavb msm`xq ev gxcwil` kvwmZ kvmbee v ceZb KiQ|
cavbgxi nvZB cKZ kvmb gZv b | gwMY RvZxq msm`i wbKU ewMZ I
h_fve `vqx|
(L) msweavb evsjv`kK GKwU GKKw`K MYcRvZx iv wnme NvlYv Kiv nq|
mKj gZv GKwU K`xq miKvii nvZB b |
21
(M) GB msweavb bvMwiKMYK ew ^vaxbZv, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, mvgi
AwaKvi cfwZ gwjK AwaKvii wbqZv `qv nq| Aek msm` GB mKj AwaKvii
wbqZv `qv nq| Aek msm` GB mKj AwaKvii Dci AvBbMZ evav wbla Avivc
KiZ cvie|
(N) evsjv`kj ivcwZ RvZxq msm`i fvU 5 eQii Rb wbevwPZ nq| wZwb ci
ci 2 evi ev Avjv`v fve 5 eQii Rb 2 evi wbevwPZ nZ cvieb| wZwb Dcvwa
me^ ivcavb wnme KvR Kieb|
(O) RvZxq msm` bvg AwfwnZ evsjv`ki GKwU AvBbmfv _vKe| cRvZi AvBb
cYqbi gZv msm`i nvZ _vKe| RvZxq msm` 330 Rb m`mK wbq MwVZ
ne| Gi ga 300 Rb RbMYi cZK fvU wbevwPZ neb| Avi GKgv gwnjv`i
Rb 30wU Avmb msiwZ _vKe|
(P) evsjv`ki wePvi wefvM ^vaxb I wbic ne| gwjK AwaKvi I msweavbi
cvavb iv Kivi `vwqZ wePvi wefvMi nvZ b | mywcg KvU `ki mevP
wePvivjq|
(Q) GB msweavb wbevPb cwiPvjbvi Rb GKwU ^vaxb wbevPb Kwgkbi weavb Kiv
nq|
miKvwi PvKwiZ jvK wbqvMi GKwU ^vaxb miKvwi KgKwgkbi weavb I msweavb
Kiv nq|
(R) GB msweavb Abyhvqx RvwZ ag wbwekl cZK 18 eQi Da eq bvMwiKK
fvUvwaKvi c` vb Kiv nq|
(S) evsjv`ki msweavb KZwj Riwi Ae vKvjxb weavb AvQ| Riwi Ae v
PjvKvj KZjv weavb Ges gwjK AwaKvi wMZ ivLv hZ cvi|
22
3.14 qv`k mskvabx AvBb 1996 (evwZj) t
wkivbvg t msweavb [qv`k mskvab AvBb, 1996]
DvcbKvix t ewivi Rwgi Dwb miKvi, 21 gvP, 1996
msm` MnxZ nq t 27 gvP, 1996|
Abygv`b jvf t 28 gvP, 1996|
g~j ewk t
(K) cavb Dc`vi bZZ AbwaK 10 m`mwewk wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvi MwVZ
ne|
(L) ZveavqK miKvi `vwqZ MnYi 90 w`bi ga mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ ne ne|
(M) wbevwPZ cavbgx gZv MnYi w`b _KB ZveavqK miKvii gqv` kl ne|
(N) cavb Dc`v cavbgxi I Dc`vMY gxi c`ghv` v fvM Kieb|
(O) msm` fO `Iqvi 15 w`bi ga ZveavqK miKvi MwVZ ne|
(P) cavb Dc`v I Dc`v`i wbqvM I kc_ cvV Kieb ivcwZ|
(Q) ivcwZ cavb Dc`v ev Dc`v`i wbqvM evwZj KiZ cvie|
(R) ZveavqK miKvi Kvb bxwZMZ wmv MnY KiZ cvie bv|
(S) wbic I myz wbevPbi ^v_ wbevPb KwgkbK ZveavqK miKvi mevZK
mnhvwMZv Kieb|
(T) cavb Dc`v wbqvM t
1. mekl Aemicv cavb wePvi cwZ A_ev 2. mekl Aemicv cavb wePvi cwZi AeewnZ c~e Aemicv wePvicwZ
A_ve|
3. Avwcj wefvMi mekl Aemicv wePvicwZi c~e Aemicv wePvicwZ
A_ev;
4. wewk I hvM Kvb bvMwiK A_ev;
5. wewk I hvM Kvb bvMwiK A_ev;
6. KD `vwqZ MnY A^xKwZ Rvbvq Zvnj cwmWU ^xq `vwqZi AwZwi
`vwqZ wnme cavb Dc`vi `vwqZ cvjb KiZ cvieb|
23
3.15 PZz` k mskvabx AvBb 2004 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [PZz` k mskvab AvBb, 2004]
DvcbKvix t AvBb, wePvi Imsm` welqK gx evwivi gI`y` Avng`|
msm` MnxZ nq t 16 g, 2004|
2004 mvji 16 g RvZxq msm` ej AvjvwPZ msweavbi PZz` k mskvabx wej
226-1 fvU cvk nq| msm` Dcw Z 227 Rb msm` m`mi ga GKgv Kv`i
wmwKx exi Dg wej cvki wei fvU `q|
g~jwelq e t
(K) 48 AbyQ`i mv_ GKwU bZzb AbyQ` mshvRb Ki cwmWU I cavbgxi
cwZKwZ msiYK msweavb ^xKwZ `qv nqQ| G mskvabx Abyhvqx Kej
cwmWU, cavbgx, wKvii Kvhvjq Ges we`ki Aew Z evsjv`k ~`Zvevm I
wgkbmg~n cwmWUi cwZKwZ c` kb KiZ ne| cavbgx Qwe ev cwZKwZ c` kb
KiZ ne `ki mKj miKvwi I Avav miKvwi Awdm, ^vqkvwmZ cwZvb,
mswewae miKvwi KZci cavb I kvLv Kvhvjq, miKvwi wkv cwZvb Ges we`k
Aew Z evsjv`k `~Zvevm I wgkbmg~n|
(L) 65 AbyQ`i 3 `dv mskvab Ki cieZx ms`m _K 10 eQi ch bvix`i
Rb 45wU Avmb msiY Kiv nqQ| mskvabx Abyhvqx `ji Avmb msLvi AbycvZi
gwnjv Avmb msLv wbavwiZ Kiv nq| miKvwi `j QvovI weivax `j I Avmb msLv
Abyhvqx gwnjv Avmb cv_x gbvbqb w`Z cvie|
(M) 96 (1) AbyQ` mskvab Ki wePvicwZ`i Aemi bqvi eqm 65 _K evwoq
67 Kiv nqQ| 129(1) AbyQ` cwieZb Ki gnvwnmve wbixKi Aemi MnYi
eqmmxgv Kiv nqQ 65 eQi| AvM wQj 60 eQi| 194 AbyQ`i 1 `dvq cwieZb
Ki miKvwi KgKwgkbi (wc.Gm.wm) Pqvigvbi I Abvb m`m`i Aemi MnYi
emqmxgv 62 _K evwoq 65 eQi Kiv nq|
24
(N) 148(1) AbyQ` mskvab Ki wbevPb mb nIqvi 3 w`bi wKvi Ggwc`i
kc_ Mnb bv Kij cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi (wmBwm) Zvi Ici c` gZv ej
Ggwc`i kc_ Mnb Kieb|
(O) msweavbi 82 avivq GKwU k cwieZb Kiv nqQ| GB avivq eZgvb miKvwi
A_ eqi ck RwoZ iqQ Ggb Kvb A_ wej ev wej Gi vb Kvb wej `Lv
nqQ|
DcwiD welqjv mshvRb Ki msweavb PZz `k mskvabx wej 2004 cvk Kiv nq|
cvm Kiv wejwUZ bvix Avmb, ivcwZ I cavbgxi cwZKwZ msiYi mskvabxjv
nQ 48, 65, 82, 96, 139, 148 AbyQ Ges msw wkivbvg I ceZb
msiYKiY|
3.16 c`k mskvabx AvBb 2011 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [c`k mskvab AvBb, 2011]
DvcbKvix t AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gx ewivi kwdK Avng`|
msm` MnxZ nq t 30 Ryb, 2011|
2011 mvji 21 RyjvB cavbgxi c vebvq MwVZ 15 m`m wewk wekl KwgwU
megvU 27wU eVK, cavbgxi m 5wU eVK| wZbRb mveK cavb wePvicwZ,
10Rb msweavb wekl evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM, RvZxq cvwUmn (Gikv`) msm`
cwZwbwaZKvix gnvRvUi kwiK `jjv, 18 Rb mv`K Ges mi Kgvvim
dvivgi m c_K eVK Ki Zv`i wicvU P~ov Ki, mywcgKvU msweavbi cg
mskvabx evwZj Ki ivq `qvi ciB msweavb mskvabi mycvwik Kivi Rb KwgwU
MVb Kiv nqwQj| KwgwUZ weGbwc bZZvaxb weivax `ji Kvb m`m wQjb|
wewfb gnji gZvgZ wicvU I mycvwik vb cvq wb| 30 Ryb c`k mskvabx AvBb
cvm nq|
25
g~j welqe t
(K) ZveavqK miKvi ee v evwZj|
(L) `jxq miKvii Aaxb wbevPb, gqv` kl nevi AvM 90 w`bi ga RvZxq
wbevPb Abyvb|
(M) wbevPb Kwgkb kwkvjx| cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I AbwaK 4 Rb wbevPb
Kwgkbvi wbq wbevPb Kwgkb MVb|
(N) eez kL gywReyi ingvbK RvwZi wcZv wnme ^xKwZ Ges wewfb miKvix
Awdm, Av`vjZ I mswk cwZvbi Zvi cwZKwZ msiY I c` kb|
(O) msiwZ bvix Avmb 45 _K 50 G DbwZ KiY|
(P) Riwi Ae vq gqv` Kvj AbwaK 120 w`b wbaviY|
(Q) cwiek I Rxe ewP msiY I Dbqb|
(R) DcRvwZ I z` b-Mvxi mvswZK HwZn msiY|
(S) ag wbicZvi c~Yenvj|
(T) msweavb mskvab MYfvU evwZj|
(U) cavb wePvicwZi ghv` v ew|
(V) cg l I mg Zdwkj mshvRb|
(W) cg Zdwmjt HwZnvwmK 7B gvPi fvlY|
(X) l Zdwmjt ^vaxbZvi NvlYv|
(Y) mg Zdwmjt gywRebMi miKvii ^vaxbZvi NvlYvc|
(Z) evKkvj MVb msv weavb wejyw|
(_) vwKvjxb mgq eua `qv nqQ |
26
3.16 lvok mskvabx AvBb 2014 t
wkivbvg t msweavb [lvok mskvab AvBb, 2014]
msm` MnxZ nq t 17 m^i, 2014|
g~j welqe t
(K) 1972 mvji gyj msweavb wdi hvIqv|
(L) 96 AbyQ`i c~Y vcbi gvag wePvicwZ Awfksmbi gZv msm` wdi
`Iqv|
27
Dcmsnvi t
AvjvPbvi cwikl Avgiv ejZ cvwi h, GKwU ^vaxb ivi Rb msweavb Acwinvh|
evsjv`k mec_g 1972 mvji 4 bfi^ MYcwil`i gvag msweavb cYqb Kiv nq
Ges cieZxZ wewfb mgq Zv mskvab Kiv nq| G mskvabi dj msweavbi wewfb
avivq e cwieZb mvwaZ nq| wewfb mgq evOvwj RvwZi jvwjZ MYZvwK Av `kK
iv Kivi Rb wewfb cqvRbi ZvwM` msweavb mskvab Kiv nqQ| Ze Gme
mskvabxi ga wKQz mskvabx RbMYi KvR MnYhvM bv nIqvq Zv c~bivq mskvab
Kivi cqvRb nqQ| hgb cRvZx evsjv`k msweavbi PZz_ mskvabx G`ki
kvmbee vi BwZnvm GK hyMvKvix NUbv| wK bv cvivq c~Yivq mskvabi cqvRb
`Lv `q| ZvQvov cg mskvabx AvBb MYZvwK cwqvq f BwZ `kevmxK
Dx KijI AbK weivax `jxq msm` m`m GK KvjvKvbyb ej AvLvwqZ Kib|
Abw`K mvgwiK kvmb _K MYZ Dibi Rb evsjv`k msweavbi mg
mskvabx wej cvm wQj Acwinvh| Avevi 1991 mvji v`k mskvabxi gvag
eZgvb msm`xq cwZi kvmb ee v cwZwZ nqwQj| mRb evsjv`ki
mvsweavwbK AMMwZi BwZnvm v`k mskvabx AvBb LyeB iZc~Y| Avevi 2011
mvji c`k mskvabxZ iv I RbKjvb ek wKQz cwieZb Avbvi K_v ejv njI
mskvabwU ivRbwZK gnj ek weZKi Rb w`qQ| c`k mskvabxi gvag
ZveavqK miKvi ee v wejyw nIqvq ivRbwZK msKUi mvebvI Zwi nqQ|
Gfve cqvRbi ZvwM` 2014 mvji lvok mskvabx Kiv nqQ| Avi Gfve
avivevwnK fve RbMYi Pvwn`v g~jvqb KiZ I Zv`i cqvRb msweavb mskvabx
Kiv nq Ges Gfve msweavb mskvabx Kiv ne|
wewfb AvwK evsjv`k msweavbi mskvabx AvBbjv AbK iZc~Y I Zvrchc~Y|
28
Mcw t
1. ivRbwZK Z I msMVb ivLx egb (AvwRwRqv eyK wWcv,XvKv)
2. evsjv`ki ivRbwZK I mvsweavwbK Dbqb [1947 _K eZgvb]
Wv. gvt kvgxg iRv
DBbyQ Avjx
ivKbyvgvb
nvwdRyi ingvb (AvKvk eyK wWcv, XvKv)|
3. evsjv`k msweavb gvr Avmv y`vgvb
(3G cvewjKk XvKv)|