Post on 21-Apr-2015
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PUNJAB
ANNEXURE-II
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TERM PAPER
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION &
TERM PAPER
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION &
ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGO’S
SUBMITTED TO: Ar. AMANDEEEP KAUR
SUBMITTED BY:
PZ JAVEED IQBAL PARSA
REG NO: 10905509
ROLL NO: RIC803A12
B-DESIGN IIYEAR
DEPARTMANT OF INTERIOR DESIGN
LOVELY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS
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TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04
INTRODUCTION 05
HISTORY OF SANITATION 06
WASTE WATER SANITATION 07
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION 09
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 11
ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGO’S 23
CONCLUSION 27
BIBILOGRAPHY 28
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
THE TERM PAPER ENTITLED “ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AND ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGO’S” HAS BEEN COMPILED BY KEEPING IN VEIW THE MODERN TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REQUIREMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION. THE MATERIALS OF WHICH THE SAID ASSIGNMENT IS COMPILED HAS BEEN COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BOOKS AND THE OFFICIAL WEBSITES OF VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS BODIES AND NGO’S. THE SAID ASSIGNMENT FOCUSSES MAINLY ON THE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS AND NECESSITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN THE THE MODERN FASTEST DEVELOPING WORLD. THE ASSIGNMENT HAS COVERED ALMOST ALL THE PRIMARY ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION ISSUES. THE INFORMATIONAND ROLE OF VARIOUS NGO’S IS ALSO BEING INTRODUCED IN IT.
SINCE THE ENVIRONMENT RELATED PROBLEMS ARE INCREASING RAPIDLY, IT IS THEREFORE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY CITIZEN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE MOVEMENTS AND THE CAMPAIGNS HELD BY DIFFERENT NGO’S. THE ASSIGNMENT ALSO CONTAINS A GOOD INFORMATIONAND THE ROLE OF THE APEX ORGANISATION IES(INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY) WHICH IS THE LARGEST NGO IN INDIA CONCERNAD WITH ENVIRONMENT.
I THANK ALL THE TEACHERS AND FRIENDS WHOSE KIND SUPPORT DURING THE COMPILATION OF THIS TERM PAPER LEAD IT TO ITS COMPLETION.
PZ JAVEED IQBAL PARSA
INTRODUCTION:
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SANITATION IS THE HYGIENIC MEANS OF PROMOTING HEALTH THROUGH PREVENTION OF
HUMAN CONTACT WITH THE HAZARDS OF WASTES. HAZARDS CAN BE EITHER PHYSICAL,
MICROBIOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS OF DISEASE. WASTES THAT CAN
CAUSE HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE HUMAN AND ANIMAL FECES, SOLID WASTES, DOMESTIC
WASTEWATER (SEWAGE, SULLAGE, GREYWATER), INDUSTRIAL WASTES, AND AGRICULTURAL
WASTES. HYGIENIC MEANS OF PREVENTION CAN BE BY USING ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
(E.G. SEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT), SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES (E.G. LATRINES,
SEPTIC TANKS), OR EVEN BY PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES (E.G.
SIMPLE HANDWASHING WITH SOAP).
THE TERM "SANITATION" CAN BE APPLIED TO A SPECIFIC ASPECT, CONCEPT, LOCATION, OR
STRATEGY, SUCH AS:
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BASIC SANITATION - REFERS TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN FECES AT THE
HOUSEHOLD LEVEL. THIS TERMINOLOGY IS THE INDICATOR USED TO DESCRIBE THE
TARGET OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ON SANITATION.
ON-SITE SANITATION - THE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF WASTE IS DONE WHERE IT IS
DEPOSITED. EXAMPLES ARE THE USE OF PIT LATRINES, SEPTIC TANKS, AND IMHOFF
TANKS.
FOOD SANITATION - REFERS TO THE HYGIENIC MEASURES FOR ENSURING FOOD SAFETY.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION - THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT FORM
LINKS IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION. SUBSETS OF THIS CATEGORY ARE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT, WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT, INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
AND NOISE AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION - A CONCEPT AND AN APPROACH OF RECYCLING TO NATURE
THE NUTRIENTS FROM HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTES.
HISTORY:
THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF URBAN SANITATION WAS SEEN IN HARAPPA, MOHENJO-
DARO AND THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED RAKHIGARHI OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION. THIS
URBAN PLAN INCLUDED THE WORLD'S FIRST URBAN SANITATION SYSTEMS. WITHIN THE CITY,
INDIVIDUAL HOMES OR GROUPS OF HOMES OBTAINED WATER FROM WELLS. FROM A ROOM
THAT APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN SET ASIDE FOR BATHING, WASTE WATER WAS DIRECTED TO
COVERED DRAINS, WHICH LINED THE MAJOR STREETS. HOUSES OPENED ONLY TO INNER
COURTYARDS AND SMALLER LANES.
ROMAN CITIES AND ROMAN VILLAS HAD ELEMENTS OF SANITATION SYSTEMS, DELIVERING
WATER IN THE STREETS OF TOWNS SUCH AS POMPEII, AND BUILDING STONE AND WOODEN
DRAINS TO COLLECT AND REMOVEWASTEWATER FROM POPULATED AREAS - SEE FOR
INSTANCE THE CLOACA MAXIMA INTO THE RIVER TIBER IN ROME. BUT THERE IS LITTLE
RECORD OF OTHER SANITATION IN MOST OF EUROPE UNTIL THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES.
UNSANITARY CONDITIONS AND OVERCROWDING WERE WIDESPREAD
THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND ASIA DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, RESULTING PERIODICALLY IN
CATACLYSMIC PANDEMICS SUCH AS THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN (541-42) AND THE BLACK
DEATH (1347-1351), WHICH KILLED TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AND RADICALLY ALTERED
SOCIETIES.
VERY HIGH INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY PREVAILED IN EUROPE
THROUGHOUT MEDIEVAL TIMES, DUE NOT ONLY TO DEFICIENCIES IN SANITATION BUT TO
INSUFFICIENT FOOD FOR A POPULATION WHICH HAD EXPANDED FASTER
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THAN AGRICULTURE.[2] THIS WAS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY FREQUENT WARFARE AND
EXPLOITATION OF CIVILIANS BY BRUTAL RULERS. LIFE FOR THE AVERAGE PERSON AT THIS
TIME WAS INDEED 'NASTY, BRUTISH AND SHORT.
WASTE WATER SANITATION:
THE STANDARD SANITATION TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN AREAS IS THE COLLECTION
OF WASTEWATER IN SEWERS, ITS TREATMENT IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS FOR REUSE OR DISPOSAL IN RIVERS, LAKES OR THE SEA. SEWERS ARE EITHER
COMBINED WITH STORM DRAINS OR SEPARATED FROM THEM AS SANITARY
SEWERS. COMBINED SEWERS ARE USUALLY FOUND IN THE CENTRAL, OLDER PARTS OR
URBAN AREAS. HEAVY RAINFALL AND INADEQUATE MAINTENANCE CAN LEAD TO COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS OR SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS, I.E. MORE OR LESS DILUTED
RAW SEWAGE BEING DISCHARGED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. INDUSTRIES OFTEN DISCHARGE
WASTEWATER INTO MUNICIPAL SEWERS, WHICH CAN COMPLICATE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT UNLESS INDUSTRIES PRE-TREAT THEIR DISCHARGES.[3]
THE HIGH INVESTMENT COST OF CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS ARE
DIFFICULT TO AFFORD FOR MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. SOME COUNTRIES HAVE
THEREFORE PROMOTED ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS SUCH AS
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CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE, WHICH USES SMALLER DIAMETER PIPES AT LOWER DEPTH WITH
DIFFERENT NETWORK LAYOUTS FROM CONVENTIONAL SEWERAGE.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IS NOW
WIDESPREAD, BUT NOT YET UNIVERSAL (FOR AN OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES
SEEWASTEWATER TREATMENT). IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MOST WASTEWATER IS STILL
DISCHARGE UNTREATED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. FOR EXAMPLE, IN LATIN AMERICA ONLY
ABOUT 15% OF COLLECTED SEWERAGE IS BEING TREATED.
REUSE OF WASTEWATER:
THE REUSE OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IS COMMON IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THE REUSE OF TREATED WASTEWATER IN LANDSCAPING (ESP. ON
GOLF COURSES), IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE AND FOR INDUSTRIAL USE IS BECOMING
INCREASINGLY WIDESPREAD.
IN MANY PERI-URBAN AND RURAL AREAS HOUSEHOLDS ARE NOT CONNECTED TO SEWERS.
THEY DISCHARGE THEIR WASTEWATER INTO SEPTIC TANKS OR OTHER TYPES OF ON-SITE
SANITATION.
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION:
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS SOMETIMES PRESENTED AS A RADICAL ALTERNATIVE TO
CONVENTIONAL SANITATION SYSTEMS. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS BASED
ON COMPOSTING OR VERMICOMPOSTING TOILETS WHERE AN EXTRA SEPARATION OF URINE
AND FECES AT THE SOURCE FOR SANITIZATION AND RECYCLING HAS BEEN DONE. IT THUS
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ELIMINATES THE CREATION OF BLACKWATER AND ELIMINATES FECAL PATHOGENS FROM ANY
STILL PRESENT WASTEWATER (URINE). IF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION IS PRACTICED MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER CONSISTS ONLY OF GREYWATER, WHICH CAN BE RECYCLED FOR GARDENING.
HOWEVER, IN MOST CASES GREYWATER CONTINUES TO BE DISCHARGED TO SEWERS.
[EDIT]SANITATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH
THE IMPORTANCE OF WASTE ISOLATION LIES IN AN EFFORT TO PREVENT WATER AND
SANITATION RELATED DISEASES, WHICH AFFLICTS BOTH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AS WELL
AS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO DIFFERING DEGREES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT UP TO 5 MILLION
PEOPLE DIE EACH YEAR FROM PREVENTABLE WATER-BORNE DISEASE, AS A RESULT OF
INADEQUATE SANITATION AND HYGIENE PRACTICES. THE AFFECTS OF SANITATION HAVE
ALSO HAD A LARGE IMPACT ON SOCIETY.
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GLOBAL ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION:
THE JOINT MONITORING PROGRAM FOR WATER AND SANITATION OF WHO AND UNICEF HAS
DEFINED IMPROVED SANITATION AS
CONNECTION TO A PUBLIC SEWER
CONNECTION TO A SEPTIC SYSTEM
POUR-FLUSH LATRINE
SIMPLE PIT LATRINE
VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE [6]
ACCORDING TO THAT DEFINITION, 62% OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO
IMPROVED SANITATION IN 2008, UP 8% SINCE 1990.ONLY SLIGHTLY MORE THAN HALF OF
THEM OR 31% OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVED IN HOUSES CONNECTED TO A SEWER.
OVERALL, 2.5 BILLION PEOPLE LACK ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND THUS MUST
RESORT TO OPEN DEFECATION OR OTHER UNSANITARY FORMS OF DEFECATION, SUCH AS
PUBLIC LATRINES OR OPEN PIT LATRINES.[7] THIS INCLUDES 1.2 BILLION PEOPLE WHO HAVE
ACCESS TO NO FACILITIES AT ALL.[8] THIS OUTCOME PRESENTS SUBSTANTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
RISKS AS THE WASTE COULD CONTAMINATE DRINKING WATER AND CAUSE LIFE
THREATENING FORMS OF DIARRHEA TO INFANTS. IMPROVED SANITATION, INCLUDING HAND
WASHING AND WATER PURIFICATION, COULD SAVE THE LIVES OF 1.5 MILLION CHILDREN WHO
SUFFER FROM DIARRHEAL DISEASES EACH YEAR.
IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, WHERE LESS THAN 20% OF THE WORLD POPULATION LIVES, 99%
OF THE POPULATION HAS ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION AND 81% WERE CONNECTED
TO SEWERS.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL:
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IS MOST COMMONLY CONDUCTED IN LANDFILLS, BUT
INCINERATION, RECYCLING, COMPOSTING AND CONVERSION TO BIOFUELS ARE ALSO
AVENUES. IN THE CASE OF LANDFILLS, ADVANCED COUNTRIES TYPICALLY HAVE RIGID
PROTOCOLS FOR DAILY COVER WITH TOPSOIL, WHERE UNDERDEVELOPED
COUNTRIESCUSTOMARILY RELY UPON LESS STRINGENT PROTOCOLS.[9] THE IMPORTANCE OF
DAILY COVER LIES IN THE REDUCTION OF VECTOR CONTACT AND SPREADING
OF PATHOGENS. DAILY COVER ALSO MINIMISES ODOR EMISSIONS AND REDUCES
WINDBLOWN LITTER. LIKEWISE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TYPICALLY HAVE REQUIREMENTS
FOR PERIMETER SEALING OF THE LANDFILL WITH CLAY-TYPE SOILS TO MINIMIZE MIGRATION
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OF LEACHATE THAT COULD CONTAMINATE GROUNDWATER. FOR INCINERATION OPTIONS,
THE RELEASE OF AIR POLLUTANTS, INCLUDING CERTAIN TOXIC COMPONENTS IS AN
ATTENDANT ADVERSE OUTCOME. RECYCLING AND BIOFUEL CONVERSION ARE
THE SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS THAT GENERALLY HAVE SUPERIOR LIFE CYCLE COSTS,
PARTICULARLY WHEN TOTAL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES ARE CONSIDERED.
COMPOSTING VALUE WILL ULTIMATELY BE LIMITED BY THE MARKET DEMAND FOR COMPOST
PRODUCT.
SANITATION IN THE DEVELPOING WORLD:
THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) INCLUDE A TARGET TO
REDUCE BY HALF THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO BASIC SANITATION BY
2015. IN DECEMBER 2006, THEUNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY DECLARED 2008 'THE
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF SANITATION', IN RECOGNITION OF THE SLOW PROGRESS BEING
MADE TOWARDS THE MDGS SANITATION TARGET. THE YEAR AIMS TO DEVELOP AWARENESS
AND ACTION TO MEET THE TARGET. PARTICULAR CONCERNS ARE:
REMOVING THE STIGMA AROUND SANITATION, SO THAT THE IMPORTANCE OF SANITATION
CAN BE MORE EASILY AND PUBLICLY DISCUSSED.
HIGHLIGHTING THE POVERTY REDUCTION, HEALTH AND OTHER BENEFITS THAT FLOW
FROM BETTER HYGIENE, HOUSEHOLD SANITATION ARRANGEMENTS AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
RESEARCH FROM THE OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE SUGGESTS THAT SANITATION
AND HYGIENE PROMOTION NEEDS TO BE BETTER 'MAINSTREAMED' IN DEVELOPMENT, IF THE
MDG ON SANITATION IS TO BE MET. AT PRESENT, PROMOTION OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE
IS MAINLY CARRIED OUT THROUGH WATER INSTITUTIONS. THE RESEARCH ARGUES THAT
THERE ARE, IN FACT, MANY INSTITUTIONS THAT SHOULD CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES TO DEVELOP
BETTER SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. FOR EXAMPLE,
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS CAN TEACH ON HYGIENE, AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS CAN
DEDICATE RESOURCES TO PREVENTATIVE WORKS (TO AVOID, FOR EXAMPLE, OUTBREAKS
OF CHOLERA).
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THE INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (IDS) COORDINATED RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON
COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION (CLTS) IS A RADICALLY DIFFERENT APPROACH TO
RURAL SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HAS SHOWN PROMISING SUCCESSES
WHERE TRADITIONAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMMES HAVE FAILED. CLTS IS AN
UNSUBSIDIZED APPROACH TO RURAL SANITATION THAT FACILITATES COMMUNITIES TO
RECOGNIZE THE PROBLEM OF OPEN DEFECATION AND TAKE COLLECTIVE ACTION TO CLEAN
UP AND BECOME ‘OPEN DEFECATION FREE’. IT USES COMMUNITY-LED METHODS SUCH AS
PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AND ANALYSING PATHWAYS BETWEEN FECES AND MOUTH AS A
MEANS OF GALVANIZING COMMUNITIES INTO ACTION. AN IDS 'IN FOCUS' POLICY BRIEF
SUGGESTS THAT IN MANY COUNTRIES THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL FOR
SANITATION IS OFF TRACK AND ASKS HOW CLTS CAN BE ADOPTED AND SPREAD ON A LARGE
SCALE IN THE MANY COUNTRIES AND REGIONS WHERE OPEN DEFECATION STILL PREVAILS.[13]
SANITATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY:
SANITATION WITHIN THE FOOD INDUSTRY MEANS TO THE ADEQUATE TREATMENT OF FOOD-
CONTACT SURFACES BY A PROCESS THAT IS EFFECTIVE IN DESTROYING VEGETATIVE CELLS
OF MICROORGANISMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE, AND IN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCING
NUMBERS OF OTHER UNDESIRABLE MICROORGANISMS, BUT WITHOUT ADVERSELY
AFFECTING THE PRODUCT OR ITS SAFETY FOR THE CONSUMER (U.S. FOOD AND DRUG
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ADMINISTRATION, CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 21CFR110, USA). SANITATION STANDARD
OPERATING PROCEDURES ARE INDISPENSABLE FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES IN US, WHICH ARE
REGULATED BY 9 CFR PART 416 IN CONJUNCTION WITH 21 CFR PART 178.1010. SIMILALY IN
JAPAN, FOOD HYGIENE HAS TO BE REACHED THROUGH THE COMPLIANCE OF FOOD
SANITATION LAW.
ADDITIONALLY, IN THE FOOD AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES, THE TERM SANITARY
EQUIPMENT MEANS EQUIPMENT THAT IS FULLY CLEANABLE USING CLEAN-IN-PLACE (CIP),
AND STERILIZATION IN PLACE (SIP) PROCEDURES: THAT IS FULLY DRAINABLE
FROM CLEANING SOLUTIONS AND OTHER LIQUIDS. THE DESIGN SHOULD HAVE A MINIMUM
AMOUNT OF DEADLEG OR AREAS WHERE THE TURBULENCE DURING CLEANING IS NOT
ENOUGH TO REMOVE PRODUCT DEPOSITS. IN GENERAL, TO IMPROVE CLEANABILITY, THIS
EQUIPMENT IS MADE FROM STAINLESS STEEL 316L, (AN ALLOY CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS
OF MOLYBDENUM). THE SURFACE IS USUALLYELECTROPOLISHED TO AN EFFECTIVE SURFACE
ROUGHNESS OF LESS THAN 0.5 MICROMETRE, TO REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY
OF BACTERIAL ADHESION TO THE SURFACE.THE URGENCY FOR ACTION IN
THE SANITATION SECTOR IS OBVIOUS, CONSIDERING THE 2.6 BILLION PEOPLE WORLD-WIDE
WHO REMAIN WITHOUT ACCESS TO ANY KIND OF IMPROVED SANITATION, AND THE 2.2
MILLION ANNUAL DEATHS (MOSTLY CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 5) CAUSED MAINLY BY
SANITATION-RELATED DISEASES AND POOR HYGIENIC CONDITIONS.
THE UNITED NATIONS, DURING THE MILLENNIUM SUMMIT IN NEW YORK IN 2000 AND THE
WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN JOHANNESBURG IN 2002, DEVELOPED A
SERIES OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) AIMING TO ACHIEVE POVERTY
ERADICATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. THE SPECIFIC TARGET SET FOR THE
PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES IS TO HALVE THE PROPORTION OF
PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND ADEQUATE SANITATION BY 2015.
THE [[JOINT MONITORING PROGRAMME 99 (JMP) OF THE WHO AND UNICEF REPORTED IN 2004
THAT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE LACKING BASIC SANITATION SERVICES ROSE FROM 2.1
BILLION IN 2001 TO 2.6 BILLION BY 2004. AS THE JMP AND THE UNDP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
REPORT (2006) HAVE SHOWN, THE PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING THE MDG SANITATION
TARGET IS HOWEVER MUCH TOO SLOW, WITH AN ENORMOUS GAP EXISTING BETWEEN THE
INTENDED COVERAGE AND TODAY’S REALITY ESPECIALLY IN SUB-SAHARA AFRICA AND
PARTS OF ASIA AS IT CAN BE SEEN IN THE AMP SHOWING THE RELATIVE SIZES FOR EACH
COUNTRY AND THE NECESSARY CONSTRUCTION OF IMPROVED SANITATION INSTALLATIONS
UNTIL 2015.
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THE REASONS FOR THIS ARE NUMEROUS. A MAJOR ISSUE IS THE FACT THAT SANITATION
RARELY BENEFITS FROM THE POLITICAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO OTHER TOPICS DESPITE ITS
KEY IMPORTANCE ON MANY OTHER SECTORS AND ON ALL OTHER MDGS. POLITICAL WILL HAS
BEEN SORELY LACKING WHEN IT COMES TO PLACING SANITATION HIGH ON THE
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA. THIS HAS PUSHED SANITATION INTO THE SHADOWS
OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS FOR EXAMPLE, AND LIMITED INNOVATION IN THE SECTOR.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IS THE BRANCH OF PUBLIC HEALTH THAT IS CONCERNED WITH ALL
ASPECTS OF THE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT THAT MAY AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH.
OTHER TERMS THAT CONCERN OR REFER TO THE DISCIPLINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PROTECTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IS DEFINED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AS:
THOSE ASPECTS OF THE HUMAN BODY HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE THAT ARE DETERMINED
BY FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. IT ALSO REFERS TO THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF
ASSESSING AND CONTROLLING FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN POTENTIALLY
AFFECT HEALTH.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AS USED BY THE WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE, INCLUDES
BOTH THE DIRECT PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS, RADIATION AND
SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, AND THE EFFECTS (OFTEN INDIRECT) ON HEALTH
AND WELLBEING OF THE
BROAD PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC ENVIRONMENT WHICH
INCLUDES HOUSING, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE AND TRANSPORT. [1]
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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADDRESSES ALL HUMAN-HEALTH-RELATED ASPECTS OF BOTH
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
CONCERNS INCLUDE:
AIR QUALITY, INCLUDING BOTH AMBIENT OUTDOOR AIR AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY, WHICH
ALSO COMPRISES CONCERNS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE.
BODY ART SAFETY, INCLUDING TATTOOING, BODY PIERCING AND PERMANENT
COSMETICS.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH.
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE.
FOOD SAFETY, INCLUDING IN AGRICULTURE, TRANSPORTATION, FOOD
PROCESSING, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DISTRIBUTION AND SALE.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT,
CONTAMINATED SITE REMEDIATION, THE PREVENTION OF LEAKS FROM UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANKS AND THE PREVENTION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASES TO THE
ENVIRONMENT AND RESPONSES TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS RESULTING FROM SUCH
RELEASES.
HOUSING, INCLUDING SUBSTANDARD HOUSING ABATEMENT AND THE INSPECTION
OF JAILS AND PRISONS.
CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING PREVENTION.
LAND USE PLANNING, INCLUDING SMART GROWTH.
LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL, INCLUDING CITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND ON-
SITE WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, SUCH AS SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS
AND CHEMICAL TOILETS.
MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL.
NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL.
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE.
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH, INCLUDING EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION FROM X-
RAYS OR RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES.
RECREATIONAL WATER ILLNESS PREVENTION, INCLUDING FROM SWIMMING POOLS, SPAS
AND OCEAN AND FRESHWATER BATHING PLACES.
SAFE DRINKING WATER.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT,
INCLUDING LANDFILLS, RECYCLING FACILITIES, COMPOSTING AND SOLID WASTE
TRANSFER STATIONS.
TOXIC CHEMICAL EXPOSURE WHETHER IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS, HOUSING,
WORKPLACES, AIR, WATER OR SOIL.
VECTOR CONTROL, INCLUDING THE CONTROL
OF MOSQUITOES, RODENTS, FLIES, COCKROACHES AND OTHER ANIMALS THAT MAY
TRANSMIT PATHOGENS.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INFORMATION:
THE TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INFORMATION PROGRAM AT THE UNITED
STATES NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE (NLM) MAINTAINS A COMPREHENSIVE TOXICOLOGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH WEB SITE THAT INCLUDES ACCESS TO RESOURCES
PRODUCED BY TEHIP AND BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS. THIS
WEB SITE INCLUDES LINKS TO DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TUTORIALS, AND OTHER
SCIENTIFIC AND CONSUMER-ORIENTED RESOURCES. TEHIP ALSO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
TOXICOLOGY DATA NETWORK (TOXNET®)[2], AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF TOXICOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DATABASES THAT ARE AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE ON THE WEB.
EFFECTS OF TOBACCO CONSUMING:
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IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE PRODUCTION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION HAS SOME FINANCIAL BENEFITS DUE TO THE HIGH DEMAND BUT ALSO
CAN HAVE HUGE NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS. THERE IS THE LARGE AMOUNT OF TREES
HARVESTED FOR USE IN CURING THE TOBACCO LEAVES, IT TAKES ON AVERAGE 2-3
HECTARES PER TON OF TOBACCO TO BE CURED. WHERE EROSION IS PREVALENT THE TREES
BEING HARVESTED HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SOIL THAT THE
CROPS ARE GROWN IN. IN RESPECTS TO THE INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE FARMING
PROCESS: THE HIGH AMOUNT OF PESTICIDES NEED TO ENSURE A PLENTIFUL CROP OF
TOBACCO ARE HIGHLY DANGEROUS OVER TIME. TOBACCO REQUIRES MUCH MORE
PESTICIDES AND BECAUSE OF THAT INCREASED NUMBER THE RISK FOR FARMERS
INCREASES TREMENDOUSLY. THE PRODUCTION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO HAVE
POSITIVE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FARMERS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS BUT
THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS COULD BE SEEN AS FAR MORE
IMPORTANT.
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RWANDA IS CHARACTERIZED BY A RAPID INCREASE IN
ACCESS OVER THE PAST YEARS IN RURAL AREAS, AIDED BY A CLEAR GOVERNMENT POLICY
AND SIGNIFICANT DONOR SUPPORT. IN RESPONSE TO POOR SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL
WATER SYSTEMS AND POOR SERVICE QUALITY, IN 2002 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE
NORTHERN BYUMBA PROVINCE, INSPIRED BY SIMILAR EXPERIENCES IN
NEIGHBORING UGANDA, CONTRACTED OUT SERVICE PROVISION TO THE LOCAL PRIVATE
SECTOR IN A FORM OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP. SUPPORT FOR PUBLIC-PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIPS BECAME A GOVERNMENT POLICY IN 2004.
ACCESS TO ADEQUATE BASIC SANITATION REMAINS WOEFULLY LOW AT LESS THAN 10%,
ACCORDING TO THE 2005 INTEGRAL HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONS SURVEY.
IN URBAN AREAS, A 5-YEAR MANAGEMENT CONTRACT TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF
THE PUBLIC UTILITY ELECTROGAZ WAS TERMINATED EARLY BY THE GOVERNMENT IN 2006.
FIGURES ON ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION VARY DEPENDING ON THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION, APPARENTLY IN PART BECAUSE DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS MAY HAVE BEEN
USED FOR ACCESS TO AN IMPROVED WATER SOURCE AND IMPROVED SANITATION. THE FACT
THAT MANY RURAL WATER SYSTEMS ARE NOT FUNCTIONING PROPERLY MAKES IT ALSO
DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE EFFECTIVE ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SUPPLY.
THE FOLLOWING TABLE COMPARES ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY ACCORDING TO VARIOUS
SOURCES, HIGHLIGHTING THE DIFFICULTY TO OBTAIN RELIABLE DATA ON THE CHANGE IN
ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS USED. THE DATA APPEAR
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TO INDICATE THAT ACCESS DECREASED OVER TIME, WHILE IN THE SAME PERIOD
SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENTS WERE UNDERTAKEN IN RURAL WATER SUPPLY. THE
GOVERNMENT'S 2002 POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT
INDEED "SUSTAINED ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER SOURCES HAS PROBABLY DECLINED IN
RURAL AREAS" SINCE 1995.[4] A MAIN REASON IS POOR MAINTENANCE AND INSUFFICIENT
COST RECOVERY, LEADING TO THE BREAKDOWN OF SYSTEMS, IN PARTICULAR THOSE
RELYING ON PUMPING.
DESPITE FAVORABLE RAINFALL, LITTLE USE IS MADE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING, EXCEPT
BY A FEW HEALTH CENTERS AND CHURCHES.
CONCERNING SANITATION, ONLY ABOUT 15% OF URBAN WASTEWATER IS COLLECTED
THROUGH SEWERS. AS FAR AS SANITATION IN INSTITUTIONS IS CONCERNED, ONLY 20% OF
PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS HAVE LATRINES. THE SITUATION IN
SECONDARY SCHOOLS, PRISONS, HEALTH CENTERS AND MARKETS IS ALSO POOR.
ABOUT HALF OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES DID NOT FUNCTION IN 2004 ACCORDING TO AN
EXTENSIVE FIELD SURVEY.
DECENTRALIZATION AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS:
IN 2000 THE GOVERNMENT BEGAN A PROCESS OF DECENTRALIZATION, GIVING THE
COUNTRY'S 30 DISTRICTS MORE REVENUES AND DECISION-MAKING AUTHORITY. DISTRICTS,
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WHICH WERE ALREADY NOMINALLY THE OWNERS OF RURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, NOW
BEGAN TO DEVELOP THEIR CAPACITY TO PLAN AND EXECUTE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS.
IN 2002 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NORTHERN BYUMBA PROVINCE, INSPIRED BY SIMILAR
EXPERIENCES IN NEIGHBORING UGANDA, CONTRACTED OUT SERVICE PROVISION TO THE
LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR IN A FORM OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP.
FOLLOWING THAT LOCAL EXPERIENCE, THE GOVERNMENT EVENTUALLY ABANDONED ITS
POLICY OF COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT AND DECIDED IN 2004 TO PROMOTE LOCAL PUBLIC-
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOLLOWING THE "BYUMBA MODEL". WITH THE BACKING UP OF THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, DISTRICTS THUS COMPETITIVELY BID OUT AND SIGNED
CONTRACTS WITH PRIVATE SERVICE PROVIDERS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. IN 2007, 140
RURAL PIPED WATER SYSTEMS (25% OF THE TOTAL) WERE MANAGED THROUGH PUBLIC-
PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS.
THE MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE (MININFRA) IS SUPPORTING DISTRICTS IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, LATRINES AND HYGIENE PROMOTION WITH
THE SUPPORT OF UNICEF.
THE MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, GOOD GOVERNANCE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
SOCIAL AFFAIRS (MINALOC) IS IN CHARGE OF ACCOMPANYING LOCAL PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING PROCESSES, APPYING THE GOVERNMENT'S COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY.
[15] ACTUAL PLANNING IS CARRIED OUT BY RWANDA'S 30 DISTRICTS THROUGH DISTRICT
DEVELOPMENT PLANS WHICH ARE ELABORATED USING A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH. THE
DISTRICTS ALSO OWN THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE.
THE REGULATORY AGENCY RWANDA UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY (RURA), CREATED BY
LAW IN 2001, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ECONOMIC REGULATION OF THE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRICITY, WATER, SANITATION, GAS AND TRANSPORTATION
SECTORS. ITS MISSION IS TO:
ENSURE THAT CERTAIN UTILITIES PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE
COUNTRY TO MEET IN TRANSPARENCY ALL REASONABLE DEMANDS AND NEEDS OF ALL
NATURAL PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS;
ENSURE THAT ALL UTILITY SUPPLIERS HAVE ADEQUATE MEANS TO FINANCE THEIR
ACTIVITIES;
CONTINUALLY PROMOTE THE INTEREST OF USERS AND POTENTIAL USERS OF THE
GOODS AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY UTILITIES SO THAT THERE IS EFFECTIVE
COMPETITION WHEN COMPETITION IS INTRODUCED IN EACH UTILITY SECTOR AND
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PROTECTION OF USERS FROM ABUSES OF MONOPOLY POSITIONS IS ENSURED BECAUSE
CERTAIN PUBLIC UTILITY SECTORS HAVE A MONOPOLY OVER THE MARKET.
FACILITATE AND ENCOURAGE PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENTS IN
PUBLIC UTILITIES;
ENSURE COMPLIANCE BY PUBLIC UTILITIES WITH THE LAWS GOVERNING THEIR
ACTIVITIES.
THE PURPOSE OF THE AGENCY'S WATER AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT IS TO:
REGULATE IN A WAY THAT PROMOTES FAIR COMPETITION, SUSTAINABLE AND EFFICIENT
USE OF WATER RESOURCES;
ENSURE BETTER QUALITY OF SERVICES TO CUSTOMERS AT FAIR PRICES;
ENSURE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT BY ENFORCING WASTES DISPOSAL
AND BY-PRODUCTS TREATMENT REGULATIONS.
IN URBAN AREAS. THE PUBLIC ENTERPRISE ELECTROGAZ IS IN CHARGE OF URBAN WATER
SUPPLY (AS WELL AS ELECTRICITY AND GAS SUPPLY) IN URBAN AREAS, INCLUDING THE
CAPITAL KIGALI AND 10 OTHER TOWNS. ITS MONOPOLY WAS LIFTED IN 1999.
RURAL AREAS. THERE ARE 847 PIPED RURAL WATER SYSTEMS IN RWANDA AND 19,300
PROTECTED SPRINGS. MOST OF THE PIPED WATER SYSTEMS ARE PUMPED SYSTEMS, AS
OPPOSED TO GRAVITY SYSTEMS, SINCE IN RWANDA MANY SETTLEMENTS ARE AT HIGHER
ALTITUDE THAN THE WATER SOURCES SERVING THEM. MANY SYSTEMS SERVE A LARGE
NUMBER OF VILLAGES: THE LARGEST ONES SERVE UP TO 120,000 PEOPLE LIVING IN
VILLAGES DOZENS OF KILOMETERS APART. ALMOST ALL USERS ARE SERVED THROUGH
WATER SALES POINTS WHERE WATER IS SOLD OR GIVEN AWAY FOR FREE BY THE BUCKET.
HOUSE CONNECTIONS ARE RARE IN RURAL AREAS.
SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS ARE PROVIDED BY COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS (ABOUT
650 SYSTEMS), BY PRIVATE OPERATORS UNDER CONTRACT WITH DISTRICT GOVERNMENTS
(ABOUT 140 SYSTEMS) AND PRIVATELY OWNED SYSTEMS (ABOUT 60), MOST OF WHICH WERE
PRIVATELY OWNED SINCE AT LEAST 2000.
WATER TARIFFS IN RURAL AREAS ARE USUALLY MEASURED BY JERRYCAN (BUCKET) FOR
WATER SOLD AT WATER KIOSKS OR PUBLIC STANDPOSTS. IN RURAL WATER SYSTEMS
MANAGED BY PRIVATE OPERATORS IN 2004 THE WATER TARIFFS PER JERRYCAN OF 20
LITERS VARIED BETWEEN 14 AND 25 RWANDAN FRANC (RWF), EQUIVALENT TO ABOUT 2.5 TO
4.5 US CENTS PER GERRYCAN OR US$ 1.25 - 2.25 PER CUBIC METER, ACCORDING TO THE
UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY.[17] HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO A WORLD BANK REPORT OF
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2008 TARIFFS RANGE FROM ONLY RWF 2.5 (GRAVITY-FED SYSTEMS) TO RWF 15 (PUMPING
SYSTEMS) PER JERRYCAN (EQUIVALENT TO US$0.25 TO US$1.40/M3). IN ADDITION, AND TO
ALLEVIATE THE FINANCIAL BURDEN FOR THE POOREST PART OF THE RURAL POPULATION,
THE DISTRICTS KEEP A LIST OF VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS (WIDOWS, POOR SINGLE-PARENT
HOUSEHOLDS), WHO GET FREE ACCESS TO WATER POINTS. THESE LISTS ARE DRAWN UP BY
COMMUNITIES AND APPROVED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.
ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK, "THE PRINCIPLE OF PAYING WATER AT STANDPOSTS IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE VOLUME CONSUMED HAS BEEN WIDELY ACCEPTED, AS THE WATER
USERS ACKNOWLEDGED THE IMPROVEMENTS IN SERVICE DELIVERY. MORE THAN FIFTEEN
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH ADMINISTRATIVE OR COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF WATER
SERVICES PROVED THAT FREE OR UNPAID WATER RESULTED IN LITTLE WATER OR NO
WATER AT ALL.
FOR THE FEW HOUSE CONNECTIONS THE VOLUMETRIC TARIFF IS SET AT BETWEEN RWF622
AND RWF850 PER M3 (US$ 1.13 AND 1.55 PER M3) ACCORDING TO THE REGULATORY AGENCY
AND AT RWF185 TO RWF600 PER M3 ACCORDING TO THE WORLD BANK.
EXTERNAL COOPERATION:
DONORS IN THE RWANDAN RURAL WATER SECTOR FOLLOW A UNIFIED IMPLEMENTATION
FRAMEWORK WHICH IS BASED ON THE GOVERNMENT’S NATIONAL STRATEGY AND PROGRAM
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AND MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK. ACCORDING TO THE RWANDAN
DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY, IN 2005 RWANDA’S "ACHIEVEMENTS IN ESTABLISHING AN AID
COORDINATION, HARMONIZATION, AND ALIGNMENT FRAMEWORK ARE BEING RECOGNIZED AS
INTERNATIONAL BEST-PRACTICE." THIS IS SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS COMPARED TO THE
OBSERVATION IN THE GOVERNMENT'S 2002 POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER, WHICH
HAD OBSERVED "A PIECEMEAL AND UNCOORDINATED APPROACH" AMONG DONORS IN THE
SECTOR AND HAD CALLED FOR A SECTOR-WIDE APPROACH.
THE WORLD BANK SUPPORTED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION THROUGH A SERIES
OF PROJECTS, INCLUDING THE US$ 72.3 MILLION WATER SUPPLY 02 PROJECT (1987-1998) AND
THE US$ 20 MILLION RURAL WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT (2000-2007). THE LATTER HAS
PROVIDED 352,000 PEOPLE WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SERVICES BY DECEMBER
2006. AT THE SAME TIME MORE THAN 12 PERCENT OF THE 830 WATER-PIPED SYSTEMS
EXISTING IN THE COUNTRY WERE PRIVATELY MANAGED. THE WORLD BANK RATED THE
PROJECT HIGHLY SATISFACTORY IN ITS 2008 COMPLETION REPORT.
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ROLE OF DIFFERENT NGO’S IN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION:
THERE ARE VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS EMPLOYED MAINLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION. IN INDIA THERE IS A NUMEROUS NUMBER OF NON
GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS WHICH SERVE THEIR BEST TO THE INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION. ONE OF THEM IS INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY.
THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF SUCH AN NGO IS PICTURISED BELOW:
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>INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY:
INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY (IES), A NON-PROFIT DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION, HAS
BEEN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA SINCE 1972. IES IS
ACTIVE IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, INFORMATION
DISSEMINATION, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, ECO-TECHNOLOGY & HERITAGE
CONSERVATION. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION HAS BEEN THE CENTREPIECE OF ALL
PROGRAMS OF THE SOCIETY. THE ORGANIZATION IS MERITORIOUSLY OPERATING IN
DIFFERENT STATES OF THE COUNTRY. REGISTERED UNDER THE SOCIETIES REGISTRATION
ACT XXI, 1860, THE INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY (IES) – A DYNAMIC AND FLEXIBLE
ORGANIZATION WITH A GLOBAL VISION AND LOCAL FOCUS- WAS SET UP IN 1972 TO INCREASE
THE CONSCIOUSNESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAJOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS FACING THE EARTH TODAY. INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY
HAS BEEN PROVIDING LEADERSHIP ROLE IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT SINCE ITS INCEPTION. IES HAS BEEN ENGAGED IN ENVIRONMENTAL
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DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES WITH A PHILOSOPHY OF SELF-HELP AND COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION.
THE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN BY IES MOVE FROM LOCAL AND NATIONAL
LEVEL STRATEGIES TO SUGGESTING GLOBAL SOLUTIONS ON CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT
RELATED ISSUES. IES HAS CREATED WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIC AWARENESS
BY PROMOTING COMMUNITY BASED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS. THE AIM OF
THE SOCIETY IS TO REACH OUT TO GENERAL MASSES WITH THE MESSAGES AND SERVICES,
BUILD-UP GRASS-ROOT MOVEMENT, AND INFLUENCE NEED BASED POLICY FORMULATION.
ITS GOAL IS TO PROVIDE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK THAT ARE ECOLOGICALLY SOUND,
SELF SUSTAINING AND EQUITABLE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND
OPPORTUNITIES.
ITS MISSION
TO PROMOTE, ENCOURAGE KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING, AND APPRECIATION OF
NATURE;
TO PROPAGATE ECO-TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE;
TO UNDERTAKE PILOT PROJECTS FOR DEMONSTRATION OF VIABLE DEVELOPMENTAL
OPTIONS;
TO PROMOTE AND PROVIDE TRAINING, RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ON
ENVIRONMENT;
TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY ACTION FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECO-DEVELOPMENT;
TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION THROUGH WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES,
AUDIOVISUALS ETC.;
TO REMOVE GENDER DISPARITY, CHILD LABOUR, PROMOTE EQUITY AND SOCIAL
HARMONY;
TO COLLABORATE WITH LIKE-MINDED INSTITUTIONS IN CREATING NETWORK
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN (NEAC)
ENVIS (ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM) CENTRE
THE GLOBE PROGRAM
WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF RIVER YAMUNA AND AWARENESS BUILDING
PROGRAMMES FOR SCHOOLS
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CAPACITY BUILDING FOR HANDS-ON ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING PROGRAMME UNDER
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOL SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTATION AT SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHEME
GLOBE INITIATIVE – ITS USES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND CONSERVATION OF
HERITAGE SITES
NATIONAL GREEN CORPS
THE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES UNDERTAKEN BY IES MOVE FROM LOCAL AND NATIONAL
LEVEL STRATEGIES TO SUGGESTING GLOBAL SOLUTIONS ON CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT
RELATED ISSUES. IES HAS CREATED WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIC AWARENESS
BY PROMOTING COMMUNITY BASED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS. THE AIM OF
THE SOCIETY IS TO REACH OUT TO GENERAL MASSES WITH THE MESSAGES AND SERVICES,
BUILD-UP GRASS-ROOT MOVEMENT, AND INFLUENCE NEED BASED POLICY FORMULATION.
>LAWDA(LAKES AND WATERWAYS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF INDIA):
LAWDA IS AN NGO WHICH IS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE MAINTAINANCE OF LAKES AND
OTHER WATER BODIES. IN INDIA THERE ARE NUMEROUS SOURCES OF WATER WHICH
SHOULD BE PRESERVED, THIS ORGANISATION IS TRYING TO MAINTAIN THESE WATER
SOURCES FOR OUR BETTER TOMORROW.
THE KEY MOTIVES OF THIS NGO ARE:
>DEVEEDING OF LAKES AT REGULAR INTERVALS
>MAKING PEOPLE AWARE ABOUT THE WATER BORNE DESAESES.
>EDUCATING PEOPLE LIVING NEAR THE WATER BODIES FOR NOT POLLUTING THE WATER
SOURCES.
>CARRYING OUT CAMPAIGNS FOR AWARENESS AND NECESSITY OF WATER.
>GREEN GLOBE KASHMIR:
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“GREEN GLOBE” IS A J & K BASED NGO WHICH HAS ITS GREAT INFLUENCE ON
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION IN J & K AND OTHER NORTHERN PARTS OF INDIA. THE SAID
NGO IS MAINLY CONCERNED WITH THE OVERALL HEALTH AND HYGEINE OF THE RESIDENTS
OF NORTHERN INDIA. THE NGO IS EMPLOYING POOR AND BACKWARD TRIBES OF PEOPLE FOR
THE COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM THE COLLECTION SITES. THE NGO IS FULLY
MAINTAINING THE ASIA’S LARGEST WETLAND “HOKERA” WHICH IS LOCATED IN THE HEART OF
KASHMIR. THIS NGO PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION OF NORTHERN
INDIA.
THERE ARE VARIOUS AUTONOMOUS BODIES WHICH ARE MAINLY CONCERNED WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THEY ARE TRYING HARD TO OVERCOME THESE PROBLEMS
AND HENCE MAKING A PULLOTION FREE ATMOSPHERE.
CONCLUSION
THUS THE SYSTEM OF SANITATION INVOLVES THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL WORK OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY SO THAT THE TOWN OR CITY MAY REMAIN CLEAN WITHOUT ARRISING ANY INSANITARY CONDITION. AGAIN, THE PURPOSE OF WELL PLANNED SANITATIONS IS TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE FROM INFECTIOUS DESEASES. THE REFUSE SHOULD BE REMOVED QUICKLY FROM THE TOWN AREA SO THAT THE BAD
ODOUR, FLY NUISANCE AND UGLY ENVIRONMENT MAY NOT ARISE. THUS IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY CITIZEN TO PARTICIPATE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGNS IN ORDER TO MAKE THIS EARTH A LOVELY PLACE TO LIVE IN.
SO LET ME CONCLUDE WITH BAPU’S SAYING’
“TREAT NATURE WELL THE NATURE WILL TREAT YOU WELL; HURT OR DESTROY NATURE THE NATURE WILL SOON DESTROY U”
THANKS
BIBILOGRAPHY:
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THE MATERIALS OF WHICH THE TERM PAPER IS COMPILED HAS BEEN EXTRACTED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BY N N BASAK
OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIETY(www.iesglobal.org)
LIBRARY STUDIES
www.environmentevents.org/downloads/nacee-2007
www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/11080
MOREOVER THE INFORMATION HAS BEEN COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS JOURNALS, NEWSLETTERS AND MAGAZINES WHICH ARE THE PRIME SOURCES OF THE INFORMATION REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION.
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