Post on 26-Mar-2022
STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSISYSTEM RESPIRASI
Saluran napas bagian atas :• Nassal/ oral
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Larynx pharynx
• oesopharynx
Saluran napas bagian bawah :• Trakhea
• Bronkus utama kiri dan kanan
• Bronkus lobular
• Bronkus segmental
• Bronkiolus terminalis
Tempat defusi/perfusi paru.• Bronkiolus respiratorium
• Ducctus alveolus
• Saccus alveolus
ANATOMI
SALURAN
NAFAS
Cartilages of the Larynx
3 large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx:•the thyroid cartilage•the cricoid cartilage•the epiglottis
v
Tracheobronchial tree.
Epithelial lining of the tracheobronchial tree.
The Respiratory Defense System
• Consists of a series of filtration mechanisms
• Removes particles and pathogens
• Goblet cells and mucous glands:• produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
• Cilia:• sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
• Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
• Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
Struktur saluran napas bawah dan pembagian generasi percabangan
Anatomi saluran napas bawah
The Lungs
• Right lung• Has 3 lobes:
• superior, middle, and inferior
• separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
• Left Lung• Has 2 lobes:
• superior and inferior
• are separated by an oblique fissure
Alveolar Organization
•Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts
•Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs: •common chambers connected to many individual alveoli
Alveolar Epithelium
• Consists of simple squamous epithelium
• Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells
• Patrolled by alveolar macrophages, also called dust cells
• Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce surfactant
Surfactant
• Is an oily secretion
• Contains phospholipids and proteins
• Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension
Pleura
• terdiri atas 2 lapisan : • pleura parietal • pleura visceral
• Cairan pleura:
Rongga toraks
Dibentuk oleh
- Clavicula
- Sternum
- costae
- Scapula
- Vetebrae Thoracalis
- Otot-otot dinding thorax
- Difragma
The intercostalspace.
Otot pernapasanOtot inspirasi Otot ekspirasi
3 Muscle Groups of Inhalation
1. Diaphragm:• contraction draws air into lungs
• 75% of normal air movement2. External intracostal muscles:
– assist inhalation
– 25% of normal air movement
3. Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs:
– sternocleidomastoid
– serratus anterior
– pectoralis minor
– scalene muscles
The diaphragm.
Scalenus muscles.
Sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Respiration
1. External Respiration
- Includes all processes involved in exchanging
O2 and CO2 with the environment
2. Internal Respiration
• Also called cellular respiration
• Involves the uptake of O2 and production of
CO2 within individual cells
3 Proses Respirasi External
1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)/ventilasi paru
2. Gas diffusionAcross membranes and capillaries
3. Transport of O2 and CO2:- between alveolar capillaries
- between capillary beds in other
INSPIRASI DAN EKSPIRASI
Figure 23–14
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
Gerakan pump handle akanmeningkatkan diameter antero-posterior rangka toraks
Gerakan bucket handle meningkatkan diameter lateral rangka toraks
Figure 23–16a, b
Gas
Exc
han
ge &
Tra
nsp
ort
Gas Exchange and Transport
Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
RESPIRATORY CENTER
Figure 22.24a
Figure 22.24b
Pneumotaxic Area
•Located in upper pons
•Helps turn off inspiratory area
•Prevents overfilling of lungs
• Increased breathing rate
•Located in lower pons
•Activates inspiratory area
•Prolonged inspiration
•Overridden by activity of pneumotaxic area
Apneustic Area
Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
Reflex control of ventilation
Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors
Figure 22.16
37
Lung Volumes
• Tidal volume (TV): in/out with quiet breath (500 ml)
• Total minute volume: tidal x breaths/min• 500 x 12 = 6 L/min
• Exercise: even 200 L/min!
• Anatomical dead space:• Conducting zone
• Dilutes tidal volume, by a constant amount.
• Deeper breaths -> more fresh air to alveoli.
Lung Volumes
• Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): extra (beyond TV) in with forced inspiration.
•Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): extra (beyond TV) out with forced expiration.
•Residual volume: always left in lungs, even with forced expiration.•Not measured with spirometer
Lung Capacities
•Vital capacity (VC): the most you can actually ever expire, with forced inspiration and expiration.
VC= IRV + TV + ERV
•Total lung capacity: VC plus residual volume