Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in AsiaInaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in AsiaMeguro Meguro GajoenGajoen, Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo, JapanUNCRD and UNCRD and Ministry of EnvironmentMinistry of Environment--JapanJapan、、11, Nov. 2009 (Wednesday)11, Nov. 2009 (Wednesday)

田中田中 勝勝

Masaru Tanaka, Ph.D.Masaru Tanaka, Ph.D.Director, Sustainability Research InstituteDirector, Sustainability Research Institute

Tottori University of Environmental Studies, JapanTottori University of Environmental Studies, Japan

Strategic Improvement of Strategic Improvement of

Municipal Solid Waste ManagementMunicipal Solid Waste Management

in Asia Region in Asia Region

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia Region

（１）China

Efficient Collection and Transportation

Energy Recovery from Solid Waste

（２）Singapore Recognition for Supporters

Siting Disposal Site in Ocean

Landfill Disposal Facility in Ocean

（３）Republic of KoreaLandfill Disposal in Coastal Area

and Gas Recovery

Landfill Disposal Site Utilization

ごみ、下水汚泥からメタンガスを回収する資源化施設 (韓国プサン市）

Biomass UtilizationGas Recovery from Organic Waste

（４）Philippines

Recycling by Informal Sector

Open Dumping and Smoky Mountain

CDM Program for Low Carbon Society

（５）Thailand

EPR (Extended Producer’s Responsibility):Take Back Program by Producer

Modern Industrial Solid Waste Management in Thailand

BPEC in Thailand Operates High Tech Incineration Plant

ESBEC Operates Advanced Landfill Disposal Facilities

（６）Indonesia

Safe Equipments for Collection and Transportation

Manifest for Secure Management

Facility for Storage and Sorting

Leachate Control by Capping

Waste Management in Asia Region

• Waste Quantity is less but increasing dramatically• Still many people is not receiving waste

management services• Most of waste is disposed of by open dumping• Disposal cost is so cheap and modern technology

like incineration is not adapted• Regulation is not likely enforced.• Not enough experts.• Recycling is done by informal sectors.

①　 Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

③　Waste from Household

Wastes from Business Activities

②　Designed Disposal Quantity

Self Disposal Q

uantit

Recovery of Recyclable Itemby V

oluntary Citizen Grou

④Waste Collected by Municipality

WasteBrought byGenerators

Self D

isposal

Recycle

Recycle

Processing

FinalDisposal

Recycle

Processing

FinalDisposal

Disposed by Municipality Disposed by Private Company

Wastes from Industrial Sector

500

Waste Generation Increases as GDP Increases

Waste Generation

(g/cap/day)

1,000

(GDP/cap/yr)

4,000 10,0000

0

Mun

icip

al S

olid

Was

te G

ener

atio

n (k

g/ca

p/ye

ar)

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000GDP (US$/cap./year)

■High generation group 　　　:　y=100.72x0.1878

　　　 R=0.7518 ●Middle generation group : y=36.73x0.2589

R=0.8462

▲Low generation group : y=27.544x0.2585

R=0.8852

Solid Waste Generation in the World until 2050Solid Waste Generation in the World until 2050

Solid Waste Generation in the World 2000-2050 (t/year)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

億/年

ASIA Europe Northern America Latin America and the Caribbean Africa Ocea

2015: 17 billion ton

2025; 19 billion ton

2050 ; 27 billion ton

billion ton/ year

2000 ; 12.7 billion ton

Quantity and Disposal Level of MSW

•2000 1600million tons in world (980million tons(60%) in level 1)

790million tons (49%)in Asia (680million tons(86%) in level 1)

•2050 3200million tons in world (1400million tons(44%) in level 1)

1700million(53%) tons in Asia (890million(64%) tons in level 1)

Strategic Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste

Management

Improvement

To achieve the objectives

Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ

Solid

Waste Management

Future

ＧａｐＧａｐ??

Unsanitary Condition, Low public Health LevelBy Open Dumping, Open Burning and Scattered Waste

Better Quality of LifeInput

resources・

energy

Output

wasteEnviron mentalimpact

Circulative Use of Resources

3RReduce

ReuseRecycle

Water Pollution Control

Air Pollution Control

Environmental Policy

Processing and Disposal of Solid Waste Sludge Dust

Sustainable Society and Waste ManagementSustainable Society and Waste ManagementSustainable Society and Waste Management

Waste Manag ement

Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the local governments and NGOs/NPOs

Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the local governments and NGOs/local governments and NGOs/NPOsNPOs

○

Local governments support activities to collect used papers, used magazines, used clothing, etc. by citizens’ groups, NGOs/NPOs, etc. (group collection )

○ ¥1～4/kg of collected recyclables are subsidized.○

About 3,000 tons/year of solid waste are recycled through this group collection

2,638.0

9.069.0

55.0

53.0 3.0 2.0

紙類

金属類

ガラス類

ペットボトル

プラスチック類

布類

その他

[Details of waste by group collection in Japan (thousand tons)]

Group collection of recyclable waste

PapersMetalsGlassPET bottlesPlasticsFabricsOthers

Reduce

Recycle

ReuseProducers (Design for Environment)

Discharge/Classification

Municipality (Material and Energy Recovery)

Basic Principle of Waste ManagementBasic Principle of Waste Management (3R Principles)(3R Principles)

Consumers (Sustainable Life Style)

Proper Disposal

Collection by Voluntary Group

Objectives of MSW Management

• Improvement of Public Health Level• Protection of Living Environment

↓

Benefit provided by waste management should be maximized.

1960s

Improvement of waste managementImprovement of waste managementImprovement of waste management

• Introduction of continuous-operational furnaces in waste incineration facilities contributed to reducing gas emission

• Liner sheet and effluent treatment facilities are utilized in sanitary landfill sites

1970s Present

Present

Waste Management and Environmental Risk Management Input

Collection/ transportation

Incineration

Vent gas treatment• Dioxins• Soot and dust• HCl, NOx, SOx

Wastewater treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals

Leachate treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals• BOD/COD

Environmental

Risk Management

Waste managementWaste management

Output

Resources/ energy

Solid waste

Circular use of resources

•Reduce•Reuse•Recycling

Landfill

Refuse Collection Coverage

OOppeenn DDuummppiinngg SSaanniittaarryy LLaannddffiillll

IInncciinneerraattiioonn RRaattee ffoorr CCoommbbuussttiibbllee WWaassttee

LLaann dd ffii ll ll DDiisspp oossaa ll RRaattee

RReeccyyccll ii nn gg RRaattee

WW aass ttee GGeenneerraa ttiioo nn RRaattee

Improvement toward Better Waste ManagementImprovement toward Better Waste Management

Constraints• Limited Budget ･･･････････････（Efficiency)• Limited Man Power• Limited Equipment • Limited Facilities• Limited Landfill Space･･ ･ ･ ･（Volume Reduction)• No Environmental Impact ･･･（Risk Management)• No Health Impact• Natural Resource Conservation･･ ･ ･ ･（Recycling)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Public Health

Living Environment

Public Health

Living Environment

△△BenefitBenefit

△△CostCost

+

-

Now Future

Cost and Benefit Before and After

Cost or Benefit

(yen/ton)

⊿β/⊿c≧1.0？

now Future (Improvement)0

C0Cost

β0Environmental Conservation

Public Health

C0

β0

⊿β

⊿C

Cost-Benefit AnalysisCostBudget =C+ΔC・Waste Management Budget↑For Human resource developmentAnd to buy Advanced facilities

ΔCΔB1+ΔB2

BenefitPublic Health=B1+ΔB1Living Environment=B2+Δ B2

＞＝１

Benefit provided by waste service should not be

underestimated

Financial Mechanisms

• Solid waste may generate financial resources• Regional management to recover material and

energy and to dispose of solid waste may be better.• Central government should finance to built

essential waste management facilities with the help of international financing banks to improve public health and environmental.

• PPP (Polluter pay principle ) apply for waste management basically.

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

Decade (period)

Level of risk arisingfrom landfill site

Risk arising from stable type landfill sites

　

Hig

h

Low

Acceptable risk:Level of risk the society can accept(tolerable risk level)

Land

fill o

f slu

dge

Landfill of shredderdust and plas ter board

Land

fill o

f slu

dge

Landfill of shredderdust and plaster board

About the cost:Tolerable risk level has come down with time.The cost of responding to the contemporaryacceptable level of risks (to satisfy the desiredlevel of appropriate treatment) goes up,accordingly.

Highcost

Lowcost

Desired level of“appropriatetreatment”

Disposal Cost goes up as GDP increases

Disposal Cost

($/ton)

GDP/cap/yr

1,000 10,0000

0

Cost payer of MSW Management

•Collection•Transfer•Recycle•Incineration•Land fill

•Separation/Stock

•Containers and Packaging Recycling•Home Electronics Recycling• Automobile Recycling

Con

sum

er

Mun

icip

ality

Pro

duce

r

Tax

Fee

Capacity Development• Constant improvement of solid waste management is

required.• Create section of 3Rs and/or solid waste

management in local and central governments.• Workers in MSW should be trained and educated

always and respected and treated as professional staffs. Then efficiency of waste management will be improved.

• Experts conducts Cost/Benefit analysis for service of solid waste management.

• Experts can develop capacity of human resources, institutions, and science and technology.

Man Power for Solid Waste Management

Man Power for SWM (person/

1000pop)

GDP ($/cap/yr)

1,000 10,0000.0

0 100,000

1.0

2.0

3.0

• Society of Solid Waste Management Experts in Asia ＆ Pacific Islands (SWAPI)

Basic Data、Biomass Utilization, Hazardous Waste Management are to pics to study