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McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer
Collective Behavior and Social
Movements
22
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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22. Collective Behavior and Social Movements
• Theories of Collective Behavior • Forms of Collective Behavior• Communication and the Globalization of
Collective Behavior• Social Policy and Social Movements
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
• Emergent-Norm Perspective
Emergent-norm perspective reflects shared convictions held by members of the group and is enforced through sanctions
– During an episode of collective behavior, a definition of what behavior is appropriate or not emerges from the crowd
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
• Value-Added Perspective– Explains how broad social conditions
are transformed in a definite pattern into some form of collective behavior
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
• Value-Added Perspective– Six Determinants of Collective
Behavior:• Structural conduciveness• Structural strain• Generalized belief• A precipitating factor• Mobilization for Action• Exercise of social control
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Theories of Collective Behavior
• Assembling Perspective– Examines how and why people move
from different points in space to a common location•Periodic assemblies: recurring,
relatively routine gatherings of people such as work groups, college classes, sporting events
•Nonperiodic assemblies: includes demonstrations, parades, and gatherings at such events as fires and arrests
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Crowds
– Temporary groupings of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest• Not totally lacking in structure• During riots, the emergent-norm
perspective suggests that new social norm is accepted
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Disaster Behavior
– Disaster: sudden or disruptive event or set of events that overtaxes a community’s resources so that outside aid is necessary
– Disaster Research• Disaster Research Center at University of
Delaware key research center
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Disaster Behavior
Even in the aftermath of an unimaginable disaster, people and organizations respond in predictable ways
– Case Study: Collapse of the World Trade Center• Typified many of the hallmarks of
disaster recovery
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Fads and Fashions
– Fads: temporary patterns of behavior involving large numbers of people
– Fashions: Pleasurable mass involvements that feature acceptance by society and historical continuity
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Panics and Crazes
– Panic: fearful arousal or collective flight based on a generalized belief that may or may not be accurate
– Craze: exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period of time
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Publics and Public Opinion
– Public: dispersed group of people, not necessarily in contact with one another, who share interest in an issue
– Public Opinion: expressions of attitudes on matters of public policy that are communicated to decision makers
Rumors: piece of information gathered informally that is used to interpret an ambiguous situation
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Social Movements
– Organized collective activities to bring about or resist change in an existing group or society
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Social Movements
– Relative Deprivation
Before discontent will be channeled into a social movement, people must feel they have a right to their goals and perceive that they cannot attain their goals through conventional means
• Conscious feeling of negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Social Movements
– Resource Mobilization
To sustain a social movement, there must be an organizational base and continuity of leadership.
• Ways a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and workers
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Gender and Social Movements
– Women find it more difficult than men to assume leadership positions in social movement organizations
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Forms of Collective Behavior• Social Movements
– New Social Movements
New social movements generally do not view government as their ally
• Organized collective activities that promote autonomy, self-determination, and improved quality of life.
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication and the Globalization of Collective Behavior
• New social movement theory offers broader, global perspective on social and political activism– Internet forcing new communities
that act and react in an electronic village
– Developments in communications technology broadened the way we interact
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Communication and the Globalization of Collective Behavior
Table 22-1. Contributions to Social Movement Theory
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Social Policy and Social Movements
• Disability Rights– The Issue
• Effort to ensure the health and rights of people with disabilities has grown steadily
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Social Policy and Social Movements
• Disability Rights– The Setting
• In 1990, government passed Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
– Prohibits bias against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Social Policy and Social Movements
• Disability Rights– Sociological Insights
• ADA is a significant framing of the issue of disability rights
• Conflict theorists see ADA as part of 40-year civil rights movement
• Interactionists focus on the everyday relationships of people with and without disabilities
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Social Policy and Social Movements
• Disability Rights– Policy Perspectives
• Groups feel federal agencies are too cautious in enforcing ADA
• Visitability of homes being discussed