Post on 04-Aug-2020
- 1 -
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი
იურიდიული ფაკულტეტი
საერთაშორისო სამართლის ინსტიტუტი
მაია ბითაძე
ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საერთაშორისო
სამართლებრივი სტანდარტების გავლენა ქართულ სამართალზე
ხელმძღვანელი
იურიდიულ მეცნიერებათა კონსტანტინე კორკელია
დოქტორი, პროფესორი
ნაშრომი წარდგენილია დოქტორის
აკადემიური ხარისხის მოსაპოვებლად
თბილისი
2007
- 2 -
შინაარსი
შესავალი................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საფუძვლები ეკოლოგიური სამართლის
განვითარების მიხედვით ................................................................................................................ 7
1.1. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების ადგილი ადამიანის უფლებების დაცვის სისტემაში ..............21
1.2. ჯანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება .......................................................................................31
2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის ეროვნულ ნორმებზე ზემოქმედების
მქონე საერთაშორისო სამართლებრივი ინსტრუმენტები და ინსტიტუტები ...................... 39
2.1 გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაციის როლი ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების
დაცვის სფეროში............................................................................................................................. 39
2.1.1. ეკოლოგიური ინფორმაციის ხელმისაწვდომობის, გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების
პროცესში საზოგადოების მონაწილეობისა და მართლმსაჯულების ხელმისაწვდომობის
უფლება ...............................................................................................................................................51
2.1.2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის სფეროში ახალი საერთაშორისო
სამართლებრივი დოკუმენტის შემუშავების პერსპექტივა .......................................................60
2.2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების საფუძვლები ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის
მიხედვით ........................................................................................................................................ 65
2.2.1. ევროგაერთიანების საქმიანობის ძირითადი მიმართულებები ეკოლოგიური
უფლებების დაცვის თვალსაზრისით............................................................................................69
- 3 -
2.2.2. ჯანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით .....74
2.2.3. უფლება მიიღო სრული, დროული და ობიექტური ინფორმაცია შენი საცხოვრებელი
და სამუშაო გარემოს შესახებ ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით............................78
2.2.4. უფლება გარემოსდაცვით საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით გადაწყვეტილებების
მიღების პროცესში მონაწილეობის შესახებ ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით...80
2.2.5. უფლება გარემოსდაცვით საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით სამართლიან და ეფექტიან
მართლმსაჯულებაზე ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით ........................................82
2.2.6. ევროგაერთიანების სახალხო დამცველის როლი ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის
სფეროში ..............................................................................................................................................85
2.3. eკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა ადამიანის უფლებათა ევროპული სასამართლოს
პრეცედენტული სამართლის მიხედვით .................................................................................... 88
2.4. არასამთავრობო ეკოლოგიური ორგანიზაციებისა და ტრანსნაციონალური
კორპორაციების გავლენა ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის სტანდარტებზე105
3. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა საზღვარგარეთის ქვეყნების კანონმდებლობასა და
პრაქტიკაში .................................................................................................................................... 112
4. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საერთაშორისო სტანდარტების ასახვა
საქართველოს კანონმდებლობასა და პრაქტიკაში .................................................................. 125
4.1. საქართველოს საერთაშორისო ხელშეკრულებები ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის
სფეროში ............................................................................................................................................146
4.2. jანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება .......................................................................................152
- 4 -
4.3. ეკოლოგიური ინფორმაციის საჯაროობა და გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების პროცესში
საზოგადოების მონაწილეობა .......................................................................................................160
4.4. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა საქართველოს სასამართლო პრაქტიკის მიხედვით..176
დასკვნა 188
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა ...................................................................................................................................... 197
- 5 -
Sesavali
dReisaTvis kacobrioba unikaluri da amavdroulad dramatuli
movlenebis mowmea, rac garemoze mavne antropogenuli zemoqmedebis
Sedegia. yovelive es ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis
intensivobiT da samecniero-teqnikuri progresiT. saidumlo ar aris,
rom garemos degradacia upirveles yovlisa uaryofiT zemoqmedebas
adamianis janmrTelobaze axdens, radgan swored jansaRi garemo,
JangbadiT savse atmosfero, sakmarisi mzis Suqi da sufTa wyali aris is
aucilebeli faqtori, razedac adamianis sicocxlea damokidebuli.
kacobriobam ar unda daiviwyos iseTi katastrofuli movlenebi,
rogoricaa bolnisli londonSi 1952 wels, rodesac 4000 adamiani
daiRupa, rom araferi iTqvas Cernobilis katastrofaze (ukraina). magram,
unda aRiniSnos, rom garemos umTavres damabinZureblad da adamianis
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze saxifaTo garemoebad ara epizoduri
SemTxvevebi, aramed garemoSi mavne nivTierebaTa mudmivi gafrqveva rCeba.
garemos dabinZurebis am kategorias Semdgomi garTulebebi mosdevs, rac
klimatis globalur cvlilebaSi, dedamiwaze siTburi balansis
rRvevaSi, ozonis Sris Slasa da sxva mraval uaryofiT faqtorSi
vlindeba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kacobriobam unda
gaiazros adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis is realuri safrTxe, rac
garemos dabinZurebas sdevs Tan da moaxdinos problemuri sakiTxebis
etapobrivi mogvareba. amasTan, saerTo sakiTxebis miRma, globalurad
unda ganmtkicdes adamianis iseTi uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi,
rogoricaa jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis, saTanado kompensaciis da
garemos Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqturi informaciis flobis
uflebebi.
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi qarTul
samarTlebriv sistemaSi, samwuxarod, arc Tu ise aqtualuria, rogorc
evropis da amerikis kontinentis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. ar arsebobs
sakiTxis safuZvlianad Semswavleli erovnuli literatura, romelic
srulad ganmartavda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
meqanizmebs, faqtorebs da fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis
- 6 -
valdebulebebs am mimarTulebiT. da es yvelaferi maSin, rodesac
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis faqtebs saqarTveloSi
xSirad aqvs adgili, rac garkveulwilad sazogadoebis ekologiuri
cnobierebis dabali xarisxisa da saxelwifo struqturebis sisustis
Sedegia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili iseT teritoriebze
cxovrobs, romlebic dabinZurebis aSkara wyaroebTan axlos mdebareobs
(qarxnebi, mSeneblobebi da a.S.), rom araferi iTqvas saqarTvelos
mTianeTisa da zRvispira dasaxlebebze, romlebic mudmivi ekologiuri
katastrofebis safrTxis qveS imyofebian. amasTan, aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar
yofila ganxiluli saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi
integraciis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac metad mniSvnelovania,
gamomdinare saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlidan (,,saqarTvelos
kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebul principebsa da normebs“) da saqarTvelos parlamentis 1997
wlis 2 seqtembris dadgenilebadan ,,saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb.“
msoflioSi arseboben mecnierebi, romlebic TavianT naSromebSi
saTanado yuradRebas uTmoben adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxs, MmaT Soris, evropeli da amerikeli mecnierebi: m. andersoni, a.
boili, f. boisi, i. glazevski, m. dejant-ponsi, s. duglas-skoti, d.zaelke
j. kameroni, m. lau, r. maqenzi, j. merilsi, m. palmarti, k. redgveli, a.
farba, e. fernandesi, r. CerCili, d. xose, a. hardingi da sxva; rusi
mecnierebi: v. adixanovi, l. bobileva, s. bogolubova, m. brinCuki, a.
goliCenkova, o. dubovixi, o. kolbasovi, o. krassova, i. krasnovoi, v.
kruglova, v. petrova, a. tarnavskogo, a. timoSenko, i. SemSuCenko, v.
iakovlenka. Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis aqtualizaciis faqtorebi sul ufro xSirad iCens Tavs, rac
adamianis aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvebebisagan dacvis meqanizmebis
gaZlierebis aucileblobas iwvevs.
winamdebare kvlevis mizania erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da
iuridiuli literaturis Seswavla ,,adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis“ institutis niSnebis gamovlenis mizniT; erovnuli
- 7 -
kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis Seswavla saerTaSoriso samarTalTan
mimarTebiT, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis
gaTvaliswinebiT; msoflio da erovnul samarTlebriv sistemaSi
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis institutis adgilisa da mniSvnelobis
Seswavla-gamovlena.
winamdebare kvlevis obieqtia saerTaSoriso da erovnuli samarTali,
iuridiuli literatura da sasamarTlo praqtika garemosa da admianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. aseve, kvlevis obieqtia
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis realizacia saerTaSoriso samarTalsa
da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.
sakiTxis Seswavlis aucilebloba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom
saqarTveloSi jer ar momxdara adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
realizaciis samecniero kvleva, arc erovnul doneze da arc
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
siaxlea kvlevis is nawilic, romelSic gansazRvrulia aRniSnul
sferoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
saerTaSoriso samarTlis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT. erovnul doneze
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa gamoyenebisaTvis saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT Seqmnili sakmaod myari samarTlebrivi bazis
miuxedavad, MmaTi gamoyeneba saxelmwifo organoebis, MmaT Soris
sasamarTloebis mier, jerjerobiT iSviaTobaa.
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
saerTaSoriso praqtikis damkvidreba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
saxelmwifos, maT Soris, sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da
sasamarTlos xelisuflebis saqmianobasa da survilze, raTa am
gamocdilebam moaxdinos gavlena qveynis kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze
da misi meSveobiT ganmtkicdes adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sistema saqarTveloSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom naSromi miznad isaxavs adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis
formirebaze saerTaSoriso samarTlis gavlenis ganxilvas, es ar
gamoricxavs naSromSi zogadad garemos dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
- 8 -
saerTaSoriso dokumentebis analizs, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxis ganxilva SeuZlebelia
mTlianad ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis dinamikis Seswavlis
gareSe.
am naSromis struqtura Semdegnairad aris Camoyalibebuli:
pirvel TavSi mimoixileba zogadad ekologiuri samarTlis warmoSobisa
da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, ramac SemdgomSi ganapiroba
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebisa da meqanizmebis
Seqmnis aucilebloba. am TavSi gaanalizdeba adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis safuZvlebis warmoqmnis mizezebi msoflio ekonomikis
ganviTarebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekologiuri wonasworobis rRvevis
mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am TavSi mimoixileba ekologiuri uflebebis
adgili zogadad adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso sistemaSi;
meore Tavi eTmoba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianobis
ZiriTad mimarTulebebs ekologiuri samarTlis, maT Soris, adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. meore TavSi xazgasmulia
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gansakuTrebuli roli am
mimarTulebiT. am TavSi gaanalizebulia gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da am sferoSi
axali saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumentis SemuSavebis
perspeqtiva;
mesame TavSi farTod mimoixileba evrokavSiris da misi institutebis
saqmianoba da roli ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebasa da damcavi
garantiebis SeqmnaSi. am TavSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba
evrokavSiris saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobas am mimarTulebiT;
meoTxe Tavi eTmoba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos
specifikur damokidebulebas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisadmi da am
sferoSi arsebul sasamarTlo praqtikas. mocemul TavSi gamovlenilia
is sakvanZo sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba evropuli konvenciis
muxlebis gamoyenebas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan
dakavSirebiT;
- 9 -
mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia sxva qveynebis, maT Soris, aRmosavleT
evropis zogierTi saxelmwifos samarTali da praqtika adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi;
meeqvse TavSi mimoixileba arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da
transnacionaluri organizaciebis sakmaod Taviseburi da aqtiuri
saqmianoba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisa da zogadad garemos
dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebaSi;
meSvide Tavi eZRvneba saqarTveloSi ekologiuri samarTlisa da
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samarTlis ganviTarebis mimoxilvas. am
TavSi mimoixileba is faqtorebi, romlebmac ubiZga qarTul samarTals
dRis wesrigSi daeyenebina adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxebi. am TavSi gaanalizdeba is mwiri sasamarTlo praqtikac,
romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs am mxriv;
daskvnaSi gamoTqmulia zogierTi mosazreba da rekomendacia
saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samarTlisa da
praqtikis Semdgomi srulyofisa da saerTaSoriso standartebTan
miaxloebis TvalsazrisiT. masSi Camoyalibebulia erovnuli sasamarTlo
da aRsrulebiTi praqtikis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi. daskvnaSi,
agreTve, gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis specifikur da gansxvavebul
midgomaze ekologiur uflebebTan mimarTebiT.
- 10 -
1. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis safuZvlebi
ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis mixedviT
samecniero TvalsazriiT, garemos dacvis obieqturi samecniero
Sexedulebebi adamianis garemos ganuyofel nawilad aRiarebis Semdeg
Camoyalibda, radgan fuWia adamianis yovelgvari socialuri
keTildReoba, Tu mas jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis saSualeba ara aqvs.
Tanamedrove kacobriobis mier zemoaRniSnuli faqtis aRiareba
wingadadgmuli nabijia garemos dacvis Semdgomi moqmedebebis
gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic msoflios ekonomikur ganviTarebas
sinqronulad sdevs Tan. b. griJmeki Tvlis, rom ,,politikasa da soflis
meurneobaSi moRvawe adamianebisaTvis saqmis amgvari motrialeba aris
maT azrovnebasa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi momxdari namdvili
revolucia“.1
garemos dacvis sistemis ganviTarebis istoriis analizisas naTeli
xdeba, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebebis dacva,
ekologiuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare. adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis ganxilvisas, pirvel rigSi unda gaanalizdes adamianis
ufleba miiRos sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Tavis
sacxovrebel da saarsebo garemos ekologiur mdgomareobaze, aseve
ufleba garemos dabinZurebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciis miRebis Sesaxeb.
kacobriobis ekonomikurma ganviTarebam, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis
swrafma zrdam gaaZliera antropogenuli zemoqmedeba garemoze, romlis
ganuyofeli nawili adamiania. umravles SemTxvevaSi garemoze
zemoqmedeba negatiur xasiaTs atarebs, rac imis safuZvels iZleva, rom
kanonmdeblobis doneze da praqtikidan gamomdinare, moxdes adamianis
garemoze zemoqmedebis reglamentireba, arsebuli ekologiuri
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da piriqiT.
garemos dacva da misi resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba
Tanamedroveobis globaluri problemaa da misi gadawyveta
SesaZlebelia yvela saxelmwifos koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT, saerTo
1 Б. Грижмек , Экологические Oчерки о Природе и Человеке, 1988, 424.
- 11 -
saerTaSoriso samarTlis aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis
safuZvelze. garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
mogvarebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi
damkvidrebuli universaluri principebi da normebi, romlebic asaxulia
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi da sxva universalur
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi. maTs ricxvs miekuTvneba
saxelmwifo suverenitetis pativiscema, saxelmwifoTa Tanasworoba,
teritoriuli mTlianoba da xelSeuxebloba, saxelmwifoTa saSinao
saqmeebSi Caurevloba, valdebulebaTa keTilsindisieri Sesruleba da
yvela is danarCeni principi, romlebic aregulirebs samarTlebriv
urTierTobebs garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis
sferoSi.
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT saerTaSoriso ekologiuri TanamSromloba me-
19 saukunis dasawyisSi Caisaxa, magram xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi
sporadul xasiaTs atarebda, calkeuli bunebrivi obieqtebis dacvas
exeboda da mxolod ormxriv TanamSromlobas efuZneboda. erT-erTi
pirveli ormxrivi xelSekruleba iyo 1839 wlis 2 agvistos miRebuli
konvencia ,,didi britaneTis da safrangeTis napirebTan xamanwkebis Weris
Sesaxeb.“ xolo, erT-erT pirveli mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba iyo 1868 wels
gaformebuli konvencia ,,rainze naosnobis Sesaxeb“. konvencia mdinaris
wylebis dabinZurebisgan dacvis moTxovnasac adgenda. mniSvnelovania,
aseve, 1897 wlis 6 noembris SeTanxmeba ruseTs, aSS-sa da iaponias Soris
,,zRvis katebis dacvis Sesaxeb“. garemos dacvis sferoSi pirvel
mravalmxriv RonisZiebad unda CaiTvalos ,,bunebis saerTaSoriso dacvis
konferencia“, romelic Catarda bernSi (Sveicaria) 1913 wlis 17-19
noembers. konferenciaze miRebuli iqna ,,SeTanxmeba bunebis
saerTaSoriso dacvis sakonsultacio komisiis“ Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
adamianis ekonomikuri saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis xarisxis
Seswavla, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ekologiuri jaWvis rRvevaSi
gamoixateba, naTels xdis, Tu rogor izrdeboda da izrdeba
antropogenuli zemoqmedeba garemoze msoflio mosaxleobisa da maT
- 12 -
mier bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis zrdasTan erTad. amdenad, unda
dadgindes sameurneo saqmianobis is limiti, romelic uzrunvelyofs
bunebrivi resursebiT mdgrad sargeblobas ise, rom ,,mdgradoba“ da
,,ganviTareba“ erT safexurze dadgnen.
yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, sakmaod rTulia warmoidgino da
aRiqva saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis
procesi globaluri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi da imave
garemosdacvis sakiTxisadmi SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli
midgoma hqondes industriulad ganviTarebul ,,dasavleTsa“ da
ganviTarebad ,,samxreTs“. industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi
igulisxmeba: a.S.S. kanada, evropa, ruseTis federacia, iaponia, avstralia
da axali zelandia.2
erTi mxriv, ,,dasavleTis“ industriuli progresi mis ekonomikur
winsvlaSi aisaxa, xolo meore mxriv, es progresi swored bunebrivi
resursebis mzardi moxmarebis Sedegia. ,,samxreTisagan“ gansxvavebiT,
,,dasavleTi“ kargad Camoyalibebul, efeqtian da warmatebul
garemosdacviT politikas flobs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba
bunebrivi resursebis umTavres momxmareblad da garemos umTavres
damabinZureblad. ',,samxreTi“ ki ekonomikurad sustia, mosaxleoba
xSirad siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs, magram, imavdroulad, arsad
msoflioSi ise, rogorc ,,samxreTSi“, ar aris Semonaxuli bunebrivi
resursebi pirvandeli saxiT.
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebis gziT ,,dasavleTi“ cdilobs
,,samxreTTan“ SeTanxmebiT ekologiuri politikis uzrunvelyofas da
globaluri garemos SenarCunebas, maSin roca, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
,,samxreTi“, ekonomikuri gaWirvebidan gamomdinare cdilobs ekologiuri
problemebis ukana planze gadadebas. swored am problemebidan
gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri politikis mizania daaxloos da
2 miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es saxelmwifo dasavleTiT ar mdebareobs, ,,dasavleTi“ MmaT aRmniSvnel pirobiT saxelad aris gamoyenebuli, iseve, rogorc ,,samxreTi“.
- 13 -
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos ,,dasavleTsa“ da ,,samxreTs“ Soris arsebuli
erTgvari uTanxmoebani.3
ekologiuri usafrTxoeba yovlismomcveli saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
sistemis sul ufro mniSvnelovani komponenti xdeba. im momentidan,
rodesac saxelmwifoebma ekologiuri problemebis garSemo
TanamSromlobas Cauyares safuZveli, MmaT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebzec
daiwyes fiqri. swored, am sakiTxebs exeboda garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebuli pirveli SeTanxmebebi. magaliTad, saomari moqmedebebisas
ara marto nagebobebi, aramed adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli
bunebrivi garemos obieqtebic nadgurdeba. magaliTad, 1868 wels
miRebuli ,,peterburgis deklaracia“ krZalvda arasamxedro obieqtebis
mimarT saomari operaciebis warmoebas. 1907 wlis haagis konvenciaSi
,,saxmeleTo omis kanonebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb“ dadgenilia, rom
saxelmwifo, romelic daikavebs romelime teritorias, valdebulia
SeinarCunos sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis, uZravi qonebis, tyeebis da
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis ZiriTadi faseuloba da marTos isini
eqspluataciis dadgenili normebis Sesabamisad (konvenciis me-6 muxli).
1949 wlis ,,omis dros samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvis Sesaxeb“ Jenevis
konvenciis pirvel damatebiT oqmSi dadgenilia, rom saomari
moqmedebebis warmoebisas aucilebelia bunebrivi garemos farTo,
xangrZlivi da seriozuli zianisagan dacva. sainteresoa sxva
xelSekrulebebic, maT Soris, konvencia ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis
saSualebebis samxedro an nebismieri sxva saxis mtruli gamoyenebis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb“ (1977); xelSekruleba ,,antarqtikis Sesaxeb“ (1959) da
xelSekruleba ,,kosmosuri sivrcis, MmaT Soris, mTvaris da sxva ciuri
sxeulebis kvlevisa da gamoyenebis principebis Sesaxeb.“ zemoxsenebuli
xelSekrulebebis mTavari amocana ekologiuri usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofaa. ekologiuri usafrTxoeba ekologiis ganviTarebis
axali koncefciis mTavari sayrdenia, igi garemos dacvisadmi arsebuli
tradiciuli midgomebis Secvlas gulisxmobs. ekologiuri usafrTxoeba,
es aris garemos mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis samarTlebrivi
3 М. Бринчук, Экологическое Право, Учебник, 1998, 635.
- 14 -
saorganizacio da Mmaterialuri saxelmwifo garantiebis kompleqsi,
rodesac zemoqmedebis wyaro am saxelmwifos teritoriis gareT
mdebareobs.4
yovelive zemoTqmulis analizis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes
daskvna, rom ekologiuri amocanebis gadaWra evalebaT rogorc
calkeul qveynebsa da regionebs, aseve mTel kacobriobas da am
problemis saerTo planetarul masStabSi gadawyveta bunebis mavne
zemoqmedebisagan dacvisa da adamianis jansaR pirobebSi cxovrebis
uflebis ganxorcielebis sawindaria.
adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis
TvalsazrisiT, aSS-s vice-prezidenti el gori Tavis sityvaSi ,,dedamiwa
sasworze“ gamoxatavs iseTi programis SemuSavebis survils, romelic
,,minimumamde daiyvans da nel-nela amoiRebs xmarebidan Zvel, miuRebel
teqnologiebs da amave dros, uzrunvelyofs ekologiurad misaRebi da
rTuli Semcvlelebis axali Taobis teqnologiebis SemuSaveba da
praqtikaSi danergvas.“ amasTan dakavSirebiT, igi strategiuli
ekologiuri iniciativis Seqmnis winadadebiT gamovida.5
msoflioSi funqcionirebs ori samarTlebrivi reJimi, erovnuli da
saerTaSoriso, romlebic aregulirebs samarTalurTierTobebs garemos
dacvisa da adamainis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. amgvari
midgomis arsebobisas da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifoTa didi
nawili aRiarebs saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebisa da xelSekrulebis
upirates iuridiul Zalas erovnul kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebiT
(qarTul sakanonmdeblo ierarqiaSi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da
SeTanxmebebs konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Semdeg,
pirveli adgili ukaviaT6) advili misaxvdria, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTali erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
transformaciisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. swored erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis
aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs 1969 wlis venis konvencia saerTaSoriso
4 M.Dejeant-Pons, M.Pallmaerts, Human Rights and the Environment, 1999, 45. 5 Эл Гор, Земля на Чаше Весов, Экология и Человеческий Дух, 1993, 35. 6 saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-6 muxli.
- 15 -
xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb7. konvencia adgens, rom mxare saxelmwifo
uflebamosili ar aris erovnul kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT uari
ganacxados saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. Tumca, sakiTxis
amgvari ganmarteba ar iZleva imis sababs, rom saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
problebemis gadaWris gzebi da saSualebebi mxolod saerTaSoriso
samarTalSi veZioT, radgan swored erovnul doneze dagrovili
gamocdileba aris is faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs saerTaSoriso
ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebas. erovnuli sakanonmdeblo baza
rCeba am sferos ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes da sakmaod dinamikur
aspeqtad. Zlierma erovnulma sakanomdeblo sistemam SesaZloa
gacilebiT ufro daxvewili, usafrTxo da efeqtiani pirobebi Seqmnas
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisaTvis, vidre saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivma instrumentebma, romlebic gaTvlilia milionobiT,
miliardobiT adamianze da aTasobiT zogad, globalur garemoebaze. am
SemTxvevaSi, gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da erovnul
kanonmdeblobas Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi: maSin, roca saerTaSoriso
samarTali ufro suliskveTebas da survilebs waagavs, erovnuli
kanonmdebloba morgebulia ufro realur, yoveldRiur cxovrebas da
xSirad sityva-sityviT pasuxobs im konkretul SemTxvevebs, rodesac
irRveva adamianis uflebebi. es egreT wodebuli sxvaoba, realurad, ar
qmnis bariers samarTlis am or mimarTulebas Soris, isini mxolod
abalanseben da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, avseben erTmaneTs. amdenad, imis
argumentireba, rom erovnuli kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis
gareSe SeZlebs msoflioSi samarTlebrivi harmoniis uzrunvelyofas,
utopia iqneboda. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflios TiTqmis 60-
ze meti saxelmwifo TavianT konstituciebSi garemosa da, MmaT Soris,
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs did yuradRebas
uTmobs, rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams am sferos aqtualobas.
naTelia, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis erTaderTi gza
mWidro saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi, unikaluri
ekosistemebi pirvandeli saxiT mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSia
7 saqarTveloSi ZalaSia 1995 wlidan, saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba #730.
- 16 -
Semonaxuli da ganviTarebul qveynebs sakuTari saxsrebiT SeuZliaT
daafinanson am ekosistemebis SenarCunebis administraciuli RonisZiebebi
da uzrunvelyon adgilobrivi biujetebi kompensaciiT, romelic
aRniSnuli ekosistemebis eqspluataciaze uaris TqmiT iqneba
gamowveuli8.
zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis yofili generaluri mdivnis angariSi ,,ganviTareba da
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba,“ romelic man gaeros 48-e
sesiaze waradgina. kerZod, man xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom qveynis
ekologiuri mdgomareoba yovelTvis mWidro kavSirSia misi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donesTan. misi TqmiT: ,,ganviTarebad qveynebSi ekologiurma
problemebma SesaZloa xangrZlivi ganviTarebis procesi Seaferxon.“9
xSirad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
ekologiuri sakiTxebis gadaWris gzebis winaaRmdeg gamodian. magaliTad,
msoflio bankis praqtikaSi yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac bankis
finansur daxmarebaze uari uTqvamT ganviTarebad qveynebs, radganac
msoflio banki am daxmarebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZleoda, Tu am
TanxiT, ekonomikurTan erTad, ekologiuri programebic daafinansdeboda.
principSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis amgvar midgomas garkveuli
gamarTleba mainc aqvs, Tu moralur mxares ar gaviTvaliswinebT. am
SemTxvevaSi Znelia ar daveTanxmoT mecnier v. trofimovs, romelic
aRniSnavs: ,,aucilebelia SeveguoT im garemoebas, rom ekonomikur
ganviTarebas ekologiuri zarali sdevs Tan, miT umetes, Tu, am
SemTxvevaSi sxva sferoebs warmateba moaqvT .. .. .. da Tu Sedegebi
katastrofuli ar aris.“10
Tumca, rodesac saubaria ekologiur zaralze, iqve Cndeba kiTxva, ra
aris am zaralis sawyisi da bolo zRvari? ra momentidan dgeba realuri
ekologiuri safrTxe?
SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod
erTia da igi bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri sargeblobasa da
8 М. Cулея, Б. Уилкоcа, Биология Охраны Природы, 1983, 385. 9 Ген. Cек. ООН Б.Б. Гали, gaeros 48-e sesiis angariSidan, Гоc. и Право, 1995, 52-54. 10 В. Трофимов, Военная и Экологическая Безопаcноcть, 1991, 78.
- 17 -
mdgrad gamoyenebas efuZneba. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxis
gadaWris erTaderTi gza ekologiuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis
integraciaa. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma imis saSualebas iZleva, rom
ekonomika ganviTardes garemos marTvisadmi ufro racionaluri
midgomiT da garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis minimizaciiT. zemoaRniSnulma
ideam msoflioSi aRiareba pova da koncefciis doneze ganxilulic iqna
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebze. magaliTad, ugandaSi 1989 wels
garemos ganviTarebis afrikul konferenciaze delegatebis mier miRebul
iqna programa saxelwodebiT: ,,moqmedebaTa gegma: afrikis mdgradi
ganviTarebis gzaze,“ romlis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
bankebisaTvis SemuSavebul iqna xuTwliani samarTlebrivi reformebis
gegma11. es programa erovnuli ekologiuri politikis gaZlierebis
TvalsazrisiT gamyarebul iqna garemosa da ganviTarebis rio-de-
Janeiros 1992 wlis konferenciaze, sadac miRebul iqna ,,21 saukunis dRis
wesrigi.“ masSi vkiTxulobT ,,ekonomikisa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebis
ganviTareba unda moxdes SeTanxmebulad.“
ekonomikisa da ekologiis integraciis ideam aqtiuri gamoxmaureba pova
sxva mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso dokumentebSic. magaliTad, gaeros
evropis ekonomikuri komisiis mier momzadebul garemos dacvisa da
bunebrivi resursebiT racionaluri sargeblobis strategiaSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,garemos dacva saqmianobis damoukidebeli erTeuli ar
aris, is unda ganixilebodes kompleqsSi eknomikur da socialur
politikasTan da sxva sazogadoebriv saqmianobebTan mimarTebiT“.12
garemos dacva da SenarCuneba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi sakmaod rTuli
amocanaa da moiTxovs ara mxolod ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansxvavebul
dagegmvas, aramed mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli im kulturul, moralur
da fsiqologiur faqtorebTan, romlebTanac adamianis yoveldRiuri
cxovreba da saqmianobaa dakavSirebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
ekologiuri principebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis erT-erT saSualebad unda iqcnen.
11 Towards Sustainable Development in Africa: Agenda for Action, Environmental Policy and Law, 19/6. 1989. 12 Regional Strategy for Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources in ECE, 1988, 46.
- 18 -
integraciis amgvar, kompleqsur, midgomas mxari dauWires germaniis
mrewvelTa asociaciis wevrebma, maT ganacxades: ,,samomavlo ekologiuri
politika unda integrirdes erovnul politikaSi. politikis
gansxvavebuli da, zog SemTxvevaSi, konkurentuli mimarTulebebi unda
iqnes optimizirebuli, romelime maTganis upirates mdgomareobaSi
Cayenebis gareSe. es Tanabrad exeba garemos dacvas, energetikas,
transports da soflis meurneobas. maTi miznebi da amocanebi unda iqnes
dabalansebuli da Semdgom unda aisaxos SeTanxmebul
gadawyvetilebaSi.“13,14
garemosadmi amgvarma midgomam Zalauneburad gamoiwvia faseulobebis
gadaxedvis aucilebloba. garemo ukve ganixileba ara mxolod rogorc
sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis materialuri baza, aramed,
rogorc adamianis arsebobis aucilebeli piroba. praqtikulad, naTelia,
rom garemos degradacia ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis
safuZvelia, igi aferxebs sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tempebs, ZaluZs
adamianis sicocxlis mospoba. arsebuli situaciis gamosworebis pirvel
nabijs ki, TviT adamianis msoflmxedvelobisa da fsiqologiis Secvlaa,
rac misi Semdgomi, ekologiurad pozitiuri saqmianobis safuZvelia.
aRniSnulis misaRwevad saWiroa ekonomikis reformireba, ekologiuri da
ekonomikuri interesebis integracia, amasTan ekologiisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWeba. garemosa da adamianis urTierTzemoqmedebis
analizs Seicavs e. feodorovis Sroma15, xolo ekologiuri samarTlis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT garemos erTianobis sakiTxze kvleva
Catarebuli aqvs o. kolbasovs.16
ekologiisa da ekonomikis integraciis Teoria farTodaa ganxiluli
garemosa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso, egret wodebuli brutlandis
komisiis angariSSi: ,,Cveni saerTo momavali.“ SemdgomSi aRniSnulma
Teoriam SeiZina mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis saxelwodeba17.
13 Environmental Policy and Industry. Association of German Industry Report 1988-1990, Environmental Policy and Law, 1991, 104. 14 J. Forrester, World Dynamics, 1971, 122; aseve: D. Meadows and others, The Limits to Growth, 1971, 45. 15 Е. Федоров, Экологичеcкий Кризиc и Социальный Прогреcc, 1977, 56. 16 О. Колбаcов, Экология: Политика - Право, 1976, 76. 17 Пер. c англ. Л.Н. Кудряшева, Наше Общее Будущее, 1987, 19.
- 19 -
angariSSi konstatirebulia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ganviTarebis
problemebs waawyda, ris mizezadac garemos mdgomareobis gauaresebiT
gamowveuli ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebaa dasaxelebuli. avtorTa
azriT, garemos degradacia gamowveulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
araswori orientirebiT. kacobriobis moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad warmoeba yvelaze martiv gzas irCevda: rac ufro
metia moTxovnileba, miT ufro metia bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba.
imdenad, ramdenadac bunebrivi resursebis gadametebul eqspluatacias
eyrdnoba, ganviTarebis amgvari gza, avtorTa azriT, uperspeqtivoa,
radgan es bunebrivi resursebi isedac sakmaod gamofitulia da MmaTi
pirvandeli saxiT SenarCuneba ukve gamoricxulia, rom aRaraferi iTqvas
MmaT SesaZlo ganadgurebaze. ,,momaval Taobebs Cven davesesxeT
,,ekologiur kapitals,“ Tumca, samwuxarod, valis dabruneba ukve aRar
ZalgviZs“.18
angariSis avtorebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT, aqcents akeTeben
bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciis masStabebis Semcirebaze, soflis
meurneobisa da moqalaqeTa moTxovnilebis erTgvari regulirebis gziT.
am SemTxvevaSic, saqme gvaqvs ekonomikisa da ekologiis interesebis
integraciis aucileblobasTan.
zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa, xazi gaesvas ekonomist
german deilis Sexedulebas, romelic gvTavazobs ekonomikis
ganviTarebis axal gzas, sasaqonlo produqciisa da energiis moxmarebis
zrdis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT, igi produqciis cikluri meTodiT
gamoyenebas gvTavazobs, rasac reciklireba, anu produqciis mudmivi
gadamuSaveba sdevs Tan19. amasTan dakavSirebiT, namdvilad aRiarebul
unda iqnes im qveynebis warmatebuli politika, romlebmac g. deilis
ideebi ganaxorcieles da nawilobriv gadaWres garemos SenarCunebis
problema. Tumca, am principis realizacia sakmaod mtkivneulia
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. am etapze, maT umTavresi mizani qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebaa da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri
moxmareba imdenad aqtualuri ar aris, rom araferi iTqvas produqciis
18 Пер. c англ. Л.Н. Кудряшева, Наше Общее Будущее, 1987, 20.
- 20 -
gadamuSavebasTan dakavSirebul did finansur danaxarjebze. ufro metic,
xSirad ganviTarebadi qveynebi finansuri dainteresebis gamo uars ar
amboben sakuTar teritoriaze mavne narCenebis ganTavsebaze, rac realur
safrTxes qmnis adamianis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis.20
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebeblia xazi gaesvas,
rom Tanamedrove filosofiuri, eTikuri da ekonomikuri mosazrebebi
bunebaSi adamianis mdgomareobisa da adgilis Sesaxeb safuZvels udebs
Sexedulebebis gadafasebas. kerZod, jansaRi garemo es ar aris adamianis
materialuri da eTikuri fufunebis sagani, aramed igi misi arsebobis
aucilebeli da Seucvleli komponentia.
dResdReobiT Tanamedrove iuridiul mecnierebaSi ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis cnebam ukve saTanado adgili daikava. misi formireba
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gadafasebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs,
romlebic Tavis droze mxolos bunebis dacvisken iyo mimarTuli.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis
ufleba igivea, rac garemos dacva, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom igi
mimarTulia ukve saxecvlili bunebis dacvisaken, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, adamianis sasicocxlo interesebSi Sedis.
19 Под ред. М. Cулея, Б. Уилкиcа, Биология Охраны Природы, 1983, 78. 20 М. Битадзе, Права Человека, Здоровье и Защита Окружающей Cреды, Жур. Международное Право и Проблемы Интеграции, Баку, 2005, 57.
- 21 -
1.1. ekologiuri uflebebis adgili adamianis uflebebis dacvis
sistemaSi
samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi arsebobs warmoSobis drois mixedviT
gansxvavebuli adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis tradiciuli
klasifikacia, romelic adamianis uflebebis sam Taobas gansazRvravs.
pirvelad, idea adamianis uflebebis sami Taobis Sesaxeb frangma
mecnierma k. vasakma gamoTqva. pirveel Taobad miiCneva samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebi, romlebsac dasabami burJuaziulma revoluciebma
daudes. meore Taobad miiCneva socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi,
romlebsac safuZvlad socialisturi tipis swavlebebi udevs. uflebaTa
mesame Taoba, egreT wodebuli koleqtiuri uflebebi, ganviTarebadi
saxelmwifoebis mier wamoyenebul moTxovnebs exebian. ukanasknel wlebSi
sul ufro met aRiarebas povebs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, egreT
wodebuli koleqtiuri anu solidaruli uflebebi xalxebs da erebs
ekuTvniT da isini maTs uflebebs unda ganekuTvnebodnen21.
adamianis uflebebis sam Taobad dayofas yvela ar eTanxmeba. zogierTi
mecnieri uflebebis mesame Taobis winaaRmdeg gamodis, acxadebs, rom
ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod individs SeiZleba
gaaCndes da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ers an koleqtivs. ,,rac Seexeba mesame
Taobis uflebebs“, wers k. tomuSati, ,,individualuri elementi aq
saerTod gamoricxulia“22. mecnierTa umetesoba, sruliad samarTlianad,
xalxebis uflebebs adamianis uflebebs miakuTvnebs. magaliTad,
amerikeli profesori l. soni wers: ,,saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs
ara marto individebis ganuyofel uflebebs, aramed garkveul
koleqtiur uflebebsac, romelTa realizaciac adamianebis did
jgufebSi gaerTianebuli individebis (maT Soris, erebis da xalxebis)
mier erToblivad xorcieldeba. es uflebebi adamianis uflebebs
ganekuTvneba. koleqtiuri uflebebis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, iqneba es
politikuri Tu ekonomikuri, sxva uflebebis ganxorcielebis
21 K. A. Vacak 30-year struggle/UNESCO Courier. 1977, 19. 22 C. Tomuschat, Human Rights in a Worldwide Framework: Some Current Issues, 1985, 570-571.
- 22 -
winapirobaa.23“ am uflebebidan mrvali avtori eris TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas da jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas gamoyofs.
r. miulersons miaCnia, rom adamianis uflebaTa mesame Taobas SeiZleba
adamianis da xalxebis uflebebi ewodos, ,,mSvidobis pirobebSi, jansaR
garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
yvela saSualebTan erTad aris yvela adamianis da eris, ufro metic,
mTlianad kacobriobis ufleba.“24 CamoTvlil uflebebs, k. vasakic mesame
Taobas miakuTvnebs25. udavoa, rom aRniSnuli uflebebiT sargeblobis
SesaZlebloba konkretul adamians ekuTvnis. Tumca, am uflebaTa
Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini koleqtiuria da maTi
ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT ara calkeul individebs, aramed koleqtivebs,
gaerTianebebs, asociaciebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ekologiuri ufleba
individis sakuTrebaa, xolo xalxebis ufleba ganviTarebaze an
TviTgamorkveevaze koleqtiuria da MmaTi ganxorcieleba ZaluZT ara
calkeul pirebs, aramed pirTa gaerTianebebs. ra Tqma unda, calkeuli
individebi aseTi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoben, magram es
monawileoba damokidebulia maTs gundur damokidebulebaze da ara
individualur statusze.
individualur da koleqtiur uflebebs Soris urTierTkavSiri arsebobs.
am urTierTkavSirs safuZvlad unda edos principi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
koleqtiuri uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda zRudavdes individis
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. es principi, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
vlindeba koleqtiuri da individualuri uflebebis analizisas, rac
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria dRevandel msoflioSi.
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebis gzaze gamoikveTa
ramdenime midgoma, romlebic ekologiuri uflebebis ganmartebis
meTodebsa da MmaTi uflebebis ama Tu im jgufisadmi mikuTvnebis
sakiTxebs Seexeba. arsebobs samecniero mosazrebebi, rom ekologiuri
uflebebi ganimartos, rogorc samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, an
23 R. Kiwanuka, The Meaning of People in the Africa Charter on Human and People’s Rights/ Amer J. International Law. 1988, 85. 24 Р. Мюллерсон , Права Человека: Идеи, Нормы, Реальность, 1991, 30. 25 K. A.Vasak, 30-year struggle/UNESCO Courier, 1977, 30.
- 23 -
rogorc ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri uflebebi.26
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi Tavisi SinaarsiT ekologiuri
politikasac aregulireben. iseTi uflebebis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa,
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, azris gamoxatvis, piradi Tavisuflebis,
Tanasworobis, zaralis samarTliani anazRaurebis uflebebi, pirdapir
xels aZleven dainteresebul pirebs Tu pirTa jgufebs miiRon Sesabamisi
zomebi garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT.
samwuxarod, xSirad xdeba garemosdamcvelebis devna da maTTvis azris
gamoxatvisa da informaciis sajaroobis uflebebis SezRudva. iseTi
uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis, samarTliani
marTlmsajulebis da informaciis Tavisuflebis ufleba, aseve
mniSvnelovnad aregulirebs ekologiuri uflebebis realizaciis
sakiTxs, radganac swored isini gansazRvraven im socialur speqtrs,
romelSic SesaZlebelia aRmocendes esa Tu is ekologiuri sakiTxi.
maSin, roca, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi pirdapir
uzrunvelyofen adamianis monawileobas garemos dacvis procesebSi,
meore Taobis uflebebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebi faqtobrivad aucilebels xdian garemos dacvas
uSualod adamianis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad. rogorc aRiniSna,
mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba Seicavs normebs, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen adamianis iseTi uflebebis dacvas, rogoricaa
sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, jansaRi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos
ufleba. amasTan, yvela zemoCamoTvlili ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeba
garemos dacvas, rac adamianis keTildReobisaTvis usafrTxo pirobebis
SenarCunebaSi unda aisaxos.
SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom ekologiuri uflebebis
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebad formulireba ufro
gaaadvilebs MmaT realizacias im minimaluri standartebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic sazogadobrivi urTierTobebis ekonomikur,
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi warmoiqmneba. Tumca, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom ekologiuri uflebebi Tavisi SinaarsiT samoqalaqo da
26 T. Mariana Acevedo, The Intersection of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the European
- 24 -
politikuri uflebebis jgufsac Seesabamebian da saerTaSoriso
sasamarTloebis praqtikisaTvis ekologiuri uflebebis amgvari
ganmartebac SesaZlebelia27.
warmodgenili analizis Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebaTa da garemos
dacvis erTian saerTaSoriso politikaSi SesaZlebelia gaimijnos sami
ZiriTadi midgoma: ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT arsebuli
uflebebis mobilizacia; arsebuli uflebis gadasinjva MmaTSi
ekologiuri uflebebis calke gamijvnis mizniT; axali saerTaSoriso
dokumentis Seqmna ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia gaanalizebul iqnes
TiToeuli midgoma.
arseuli uflebebis mobilizaciis ganxilvisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
arsebuli uflebebi imdenad gamWvirvale da naTelia, rom MmaTSi axali
ekologiuri uflebebis gamijvna, TiTqos, zedmeticaa. magram, am
argumentis simyare damokidebulia TviT arsebuli uflebebis gamoyenebis
speqtrze, rac, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc aRiniSna, moiazrebs
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, Semdeg ekonomikur, socialur da
kulturul uflebebs. da, ra Tqma unda, am uflebebs Soris moiazreba
TviTgamorkvevis uflebac. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi Tavisi
SinaarsiT ekologiuri politikasac rom aregulireben, es araerTgzis
iqna aRniSnuli, radgan iseTi uflebebis ganxorcieleba, rogorebicaa,
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, azris gamoxatvis, politikaSi
monawileobis, piradi Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, zaralis
samarTliani anazRaurebis uflebebi uSualo kavSirSia ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvasTan. xolo samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi,
pirdapir uzrunvelyofen adamianis monawileobas garemos dacvis
procesSi. rac Seexeba TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis
pirvelive muxlSi aris Camoyalibebuli da misi gamoyeneba garemos
dacvasTan mimarTebiT ori mimarTulebiT aris SesaZlebeli. erTi mxriv,
Court of Human Rights, 2001, 26. 27 T. Mariana Acevedo, The Intersection of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the European Court of Human Rights, 2001, 28.
- 25 -
msoflio kolonializmis ngrevis Sedegad dairRva dogmac, rom
bunebrivi resursebi mxolod imperializmis sakuTreba iyo. mcire da
didma axladgamorkveulma erebma aRmoaCines, rom maTi samSoblo, iseve
rogorc iq arsebuli bunebrivi resursebi, mxolod MmaTi sakuTrebaa da
MmaT sruli ufleba aqvT MmaTi saxelmwifoebrivad gankargvisaTvis.
amgvarad, kolonializmis Semdgom periodSi dadga ganTavisuflebuli
erebis mier bunebrivi resursebis damoukideblad marTvis sakiTxic,
rasac adekvaturad mohyva ucxouri investiciebi, romelTa
sargeblianoba ukve ganxilvis sul sxva Temaa.
meore mxriv, saxelmwifoebs SigniT arsebul eTnikur jgufebs
saxelmwifoebma SesaZloa mianiWon garkveuli upiratesi ekonomikuri da
socialuri uflebebi.28 swored, amgvar miznebs emsaxureba adgilobrivi
xalxebis aRiarebuli uflebebi, romlebic 1989 wlis xelSekrulebiT
aris gamyarebuli.29 xelSekruleba gansazRvravs, rom saxelmwifoebma
angariSi unda gauwion adgilobriv eTnikur jgufebs da iTanamSromlon
MmaTTan ekologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, maT Soris MmaTi
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis
uflebis ganxorcielebis sferoebSi.
rac Seexeba meore midgomas, igi Seexeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis
sferoSi arsebul uflebaTa gadasinjvas MmaTSi ekologiuri uflebebis
calke gamijvnis mizniT. arsebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi bundovania adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa
dacvasTan mimarTebiT da erTgvarad iribi, nagulisxmevi saxiT
awesrigebs mas. mecnierTa erTi nawili aucileblad miiCnevs sruliad
axali kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibebas adamianTa ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi, romlebic TavisTavad SesaZlebebia or: procesualur
da Mmaterialur uflebebad gaimijnon.30
procesualurma uflebebma unda daareguliron adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebi rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis, iseve erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis doneze. am kategoriaSi unda Sevides iseTi uflebebi,
28R. Pathak, The Human Rights System as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Law, 1991, 233. 29 ILO Convention No.169, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 27.06.1989. 30 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1330.
- 26 -
rogoricaa: informaciis Tavisuflebis ufleba, ekologiuri safrTxis
winaswar Setyobinebis uflebis gaTvalswinebiT; saerTaSoriso da
erovnul doneze ekologiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi monawileobis ufleba; garemoze zemoqmedebis
Sefasebis ufleba; ekologiuri zianis anazRaurebis ufleba da
samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ufleba. procesualuri midgoma iZleva
imeds, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva moxdeba sajaroobisa
da demokratiis safuZvelze. r. CerCilis azriT, am argumentis arsi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis demokratiuli
procesi TavisTavad biZgs miscems sasurveli ekologiuri politikis
ganviTarebas,31 anu uSualo monawileoba ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi garkveulwilad daakmayofilebs sazogadoebis
interesebs da maqsimalurad daicavs iseTi kategoriis uflebebs,
romelTa arseboba TiTqmis mTlianad dakavSirebulia bunebrivi
resursebis moxmarebasTan. amdenad, Tu is sazogadoeba, romelic
monawileobas miiRebs ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi,
igive iqneba, vinc gadaixdis bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis da
vinc uSualod moimkis ekologiur Sedegebs, maSin garemos srulyofili
dacva sruliad realuri gaxdeba.
Mmaterialuri uflebebis jgufSi unda gaerTiandes iseTi uflebebi,
romelTa gareSec faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia demokratiuli
ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTareba. es is uflebebia, romelTa gareSec
ver iarsebebs adamiani, rogorc individi.
winamdebare kvlevis srulyofilad ganxorcielebisaTvis sasurvelia
gaanalizdes is uflebebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi
aris gamoyenebuli ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT. imdenad,
ramdenadac, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis umniSvnelovanes dokumentTa
umravlesoba gaCnda ufro adre, vidre moxdeboda adamianisa da garemos
mWidro urTierTobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, TiTqmis arc erTi
xelSekruleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi ar aRiarebs jansaRi
garemos uflebas. gamonaklisia amerikis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis
31 R. Churchill, Environmental Rights in Existing Human Rights Treaties in Boyle & Anderson, 99.
- 27 -
(1997 wlidan konvencia ZalaSi aRar aris) 1988 wlis san salvadoris oqmi
da afrikis adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis qartia. san salvadoris
oqmis me-11 muxli adgenda: ,,yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros jansaR
garemoSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnes sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT;
xelSemkvrelma mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon garemos dacva, misi
SenarCuneba da gaumjobeseba.“
aseve, sainteresoa afrikis ,,adamianis da xalxTa uflebaTa dacvis
qartiis“ 24-e muxli, romelic adgens: ,,yvela xalxs aqvs ufleba
icxovros misi ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel da damakmayofilebel
garemoSi“.
sicocxlis ufleba - saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi,
aRiarebs adamianis sicocxlis uflebas da moiTxovs xelSemkvreli
saxelmwifoebisagan am uflebis saTanado dacvas. ase magaliTad,
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-6 muxli adgens:
,,sicocxlis ufleba. TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofeli uflebaa. mas icavs
kanoni. aravis ar SeiZleba waarTvan sicocxlis ufleba.“32
janmrTelobis ufleba - 1993-1995 wlis gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
komisiis mier gamocemuli rezoluciebi adgenen: ,,jansaRi garemos
stimulireba xels uwyobs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis, maT Soris,
janmrTelobis uflebis dacvas.“33
ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso
paqtis me-12 muxli gansazRvravs: ,,SeTanxmebis xelSemkvreli mxareebi
aRiareben admianis uflebas isargeblos fizikuri da gonebrivi
janmrTelobisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebiT. am SeTanxmebis srulyofilad
Sesrulebis mizniT mxareebi iReben valdebulebas:…. . . a)gaaumjobeson
ekologiuri da samewarmeo higiena yvela mimarTulebiT; b)aicilon,
gaakontrolon da aRmofxvran epidemiuri, endemuri da sxva saxis
daavadebebi“.34
32 saqarTveloSi paqti ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan. 33 UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1993/90; 1994/65; 1995/14. 34 saqarTveloSi paqti ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan.
- 28 -
sacxovrebeli adgilisa da piradi sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba -
es aris adamianis kidev erTi universaluri ufleba, romelic
gansazRvrulia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso
paqtis me-17 muxliT: ,,aravin ar unda ganicados TviTneburi an ukanono
Careva Tavis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi …. . TiToeul adamians aqvs
ufleba, rom kanonma daicvas aseTi Carevisa Tu xelyofisagan“.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli adgens:
,,yoveli adamianis piradi da ojaxuri cxovreba, sacxovrebeli adgili
xelSeuxebelia.“35
konvenciis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba mxolod
kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, gadaudebeli aucileblobisas, rodesac
safrTxe eqmneba demokratiuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas, erovnul
uSiSroebas, qveynis ekonomikur stabilurobas, aseve sxva uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis, janmrTelobisa da moralis dasacavad.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul konvenciaze saubrisas sasurvelia
ufro Rrmad iqnes gaanalizebuli konvenciisa da mis safuZvelze
Seqmnili evropuli sasamarTlos roli adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi. konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo ar
Rebulobda sarCelebs ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT,
radgan Tvlida, rom konvencia ar Seicavda muxlebs ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad sarCeli amgvari uflebebis
dacvis motiviT usafuZvlod miiCneoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtikis
(precedentuli samarTlis) Semdgomma ganviTarebam, kacobriobis
ekonomikurma progresma da sazogadoebis ekologiuri cnobierebis
amaRlebam cxadyo, rom konvenciis debulebebis ganmarteba mravali, MmaT
Soris, ekologiuri TvalsazrisiTac aris SesaZlebeli. amdenad, naTeli
gaxda, rom konvenciiT daculi uflebebis mravalmxriv interpretacias
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba misi efeqtianad asamoqmedeblad.
dResdReobiT ekologiuri sakiTxebi aris kacobriobis erT-erTi
umTavresi problema da amdenad kavSiri adamianis uflebebisa da garemos
35 saqarTveloSi ZalaSia 1999 wlidan.
- 29 -
dacvas Soris savsebiT TvalnaTelia.36 isic metad mniSvnelovania, rom
saerTaSoriso legaluri instrumentebi, erovnuli konstituciebi da
precedentuli samarTali sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebebis aqtualizaciis sakiTxs.37
arc adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvencia da arc misi damatebiTi
oqmebi, pirdapir ar adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
garantiebs. Tumca, konvenciiT daculi uflebebis materialur da
procesualur normebad gamijvnis SemTxvevaSi, MmaTi ganmartebis ufro
farTo SesaZlebloba vlindeba, rac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlo praqtikis mier ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiTac gamoiyeneba. konvenciis materialur normebSi
erTiandebian konvenciis me-2 (sicocxlis ufleba), me-3 (fizikuri
xelSeuxebloba), me-5 (ufleba Tavisuflebaze da usafrTxoebaze) da me-8
(piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba) muxlebi, aseve pirveli oqmis
pirveli muxli (sakuTrebiT mSvidobiani sargeblobis ufleba).
procesualuri normebia me-6 muxli (samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba),
me-10 muxli (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba), me-13 muxli. aRsaniSnavia, rom
adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa evropuli precedentuli samarTali
swored zemoaRniSnuli muxlebis interpretaciazea agebuli da swored
MmaTi mravalmxrivi ganmartebis Sedegad sasamarTlos mier iqna
gamotanili iseTi cnobili gadawyvetilebebi, rogorebicaa, anna maria
gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and others v. Italy)38,
lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain)39 da sxva.40
zemoaRniSnuli nawilis analizidan SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom
ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc umravlesoba specifiuri saerTaSoriso
36 m. biTaZe, ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi 2006 weli, gv. 11. 37M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human Rights and the Environment (Prefaces - W. Schwimmer former Sec. General of the COE), 2002, 3. 38 Anna Maria Guerra and others v. Italy. Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Cвобода - Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000,т. 24-25. 39 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 40 m. biTaZe, ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2006 w. gv. 14.
- 30 -
xelSekrulebebsa ar Seicavs pirdapir garantiebs ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvisaTvis, erTi mxriv, gamowveulia imiT, rom maTi
umravlesoba SemuSavebul da miRebul iqna ufro adre, vidre msoflioSi
aqtualuri gaxdeboda zogadad garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi
resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis sakiTxi.
meore mxriv, adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ZiriTadad aqcents akeTeben am uflebebis
dacvaze, rogorc individualur uflebebze, maSin roca ekologiuri
uflebebi, garda individualuri uflebebisa, xSirad koleqtiur
uflebebs moicaven. magaliTad, Tu haeri an wyali binZurdeba, Tu
nadgurdeba tyis safari, amiT ara marto adgilobrivi, konkretuli
mosaxlis interesi ilaxeba da ufleba irRveva, aramed irRveva adamianis
uflebebi ufro masStaburad, radgan, imave haeris mavne nivTierebebiT
dabinZurebas mosdevs am nivTierebebis transsasazRvro gadaadgileba,
sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze maTi gafrqvevac ki. warmoebisas
ekologiurad gaumarTlebeli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba iwvevs ozonis
Sris daSlas, klimatis cvlilebas, rac aseve, koleqtiuri uflebebis
darRvevas iwvevs.
- 31 -
1.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba
rogorc winamdebare kvlevidan Cans, SesaZlebelia adamianis uflebaTa
Soris uSualod calke gaimijnos ,,ekologiuri uflebebi“, romlebic
daefuZneba adamianis iseT uflebebs, rogoricaa janmrTelobis, sufTa
garemos, sufTa wylis, haeris da sxva amgvari uflebebi. ideas, rom
adamianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma ufro gaaZlierebs da
ganaviTarebs Tundac teqnikur midgomas ekologiuri samarTlisadmi, jer
kidev yvela garemosdamcveli ar iziarebs, radganac Tvlian rom
Tanamedrove Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi midgoma ufro Seesatyviseba
ekologiuri resursebis globalur marTvasa da dargis grZelvadiani
politikis ganviTarebas.
magram, miuxedavad imisa, iTvleba Tu ara adamianis uflebebi
globaluri garemosdacviT prioritetad, is mainc rCeba am dargis
mdgradi ganviTarebisa da zogadad misi yofis mamoZravebel Zalad.
ekologiur katastrofas yovelTvis ufro mwvave xasiaTi aqvs iseT
qveynebSi, sadac adamianis uflebebis darRvevas xSiri xasiaTi aqvs. iq,
sadac adamianis uflebebis dacva arasaTanadod xdeba, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba, raRa Tqma unda, ver SeZlebs ekologiuri sakiTxebis
efeqtian ganxorcielebas. ufleba sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaze,
sasamarTlo dacvaze, informaciis Tavisuflebaze, sityvis
Tavisuflebaze da sxv., es is uflebebia, romlebic gadamwyvet rols
TamaSoben saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlisaTvis.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis socialuri mniSvnelobis da
efeqtianobis gacnobierebisTvis, mizanSewonili iqneboda, pirvel rigSi,
imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili ukavia am uflebas adamianis zogadi
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sistemaSi. am sakiTxis analizi sakmaod
rTulia, radgan adamianis mravalferovani uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis
sxvadasxva struqturuli sistemebi arsebobs. rogorc nebismier
socialur movlenas, adamianis uflebebis institutsac ganviTarebis
Tavisi istoria aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, interess iwvevs jansaR garemoSi
cxovrebis uflebis retrospeqtuli gamokvleva. aSkaraa, rom am uflebis
- 32 -
realurad Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba Tanamedrove periods
ganekuTvneba. Tuki, Tavad adamianis uflebebis ideis Camoyalibeba C.w.a.
me-4, me-5 ss-ebSi moxda, adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis
dafiqsirebis pirveli mcdeloba me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
ganxorcielda. g. staruSenkos azriT, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis
uflebas safuZvlad TviTgamorkvevis ufleba udevs41.
adamianis TiToeuli uflebis socialuri institutis Camoyalibebas win
adamianuri civilizaciis ganviTarebis garkveuli etapi uZRvis.
magaliTad, uazroba iqneboda Sua sakuneebis saqarTveloSi socialur
uzrunvelyofasa an inkviziciis periodis espaneTSi religiis
Tavisuflebaze elaparakaT. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria jansaR
garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis msoflioSi
ukanasknel 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSireba.
sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, ganviTarebadi samyaro jer kidev im stadiaze
imyofeba, roca am saxelmwifoebSi minimalur doneze mainc iseTi
fundamentaluri uflebebis dacvaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da a.S.42.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, adamianis jansaR garemoSi
cxovrebis uflebis dakavSirebas bunebiTi samarTlis TeoriasTan.
rogorc cnobilia, adamianis uflebebis bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis
nawilad aRiarebas safuZvlad udevs naturaluri, ganuyofeli
uflebebis Sesaxeb warmodgena. swored, am Teoriam misca mZlavri biZgi
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis institutis Camoyalibebas, man
gansazRvra adamianis uflebebis prioritetebis orientirebi da
saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris axleburi urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.
41 Курс Международного Права, Отв. Ред. И. Лукашук, Основные Принципы Международного Права, 1989, 56. 42 magaliTad, naklebad savaraudoa, rom Tanamedrove ruandis mosaxleobas, romelic usastikes tomTaSorisi omis morevSia CaTreuli, Zalian awuxebdes ,,ngoro-ngoros“ nakrZalSi spiloebis populaciis Semcirebis an dasavleT evropis supermarketebSi nitratebiani produqtebis moZalebis sakiTxebi. amave dros, sayovelTao ekologizacia sul ufro mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros politikur-ekologiur ganviTarebaSi.
- 33 -
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis postulatebma 1789 wlis ,,adamianis
uflebaTa deklaraciaSic“ poves asaxva. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
CamonaTvals deklaraciam Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis dacvis,
usafrTxoebisa da CagvrisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis sakiTxebi
Sehmata.43
imavdroulad, bunebiTi samarTlis ganviTarebis paralelurad,
pozitiuri samarTlis safuZvlebic viTardeboda. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
adamianis uflebebi da Sinaarsi saxelmwifos mier ganisazRvreba.
saxelmwifo ,,Cuqnis“ MmaT pirovnebas da mis mimarT samomxmareblo
funqciebs axorcielebs44.
miuxedavad pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli gansxvavebuli midgomebisa, Tanamedrove mecniereba negatiurad
afasebs zemoxsenebuli midgomebebis mkveTrad polarizebis mcdelobas.
ase, magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom ganuyofeli uflebebi adamians
dabadebidan ekuTvnis, MmaTi dacvis garantiebs swored saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs45.
miuxedavad amisa, winamdebare kvlevis konteqstSi ibadeba SekiTxva: aris
Tu ara jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba bunebrivi ufleba?
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 Tavi, ganuyofel da yvelasTvis
dabadebidan boZebul uflebebs, egret wodebul ZiriTad uflebebs
miakuTvnebs. xolo, konstituciis konkretuli debulebebi akonkreteben
am uflebebis Sinaarssa da MmaTi SezRudvis SesaZleblobebs.
zogierTi avtori ,,ZiriTad uflebebSi“ im uflebebs moiazrebs,
romlebic saxelmwifos konstituciaSi da adamianis uflebebis
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebSia dafiqsirebuli46. profesor
giorgi xubuas azriT, ZiriTadi uflebebis klasifikacia xdeba, misi
miznidan gamomdinare, moqmedebis sferos gaTvaliswinebiT, Sinaarsobrivi
kriteriumis mixedviT da sxva. klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
saxea ZiriTadi uflebebis dayofa socialur-ekonomikur, pirad da
43 The Declaration of the Human Rights and Citizens, 1789, Art.2 44 Общая Теория Прав Человека, Ответственный редактор Е. Лукашева, 1996,11. 45 iqve. 46 Р. Мюллерсон, Права Человека: Идеи, Нормы, Реальность, 1991, 10-11.
- 34 -
politikur uflebebad; Tavisuflebis uflebebad; damcav uflebebad da
sxv.47
unda aRiniSnos, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis, rogorc
bunebrivi da ganuyreli uflebis, identificirebis seriozuli mcdeloba
iyo adamianis uflebebis da ekologiuri eqspertebis jgufis mier 1994
wlis maisSi ,,adamianis uflebebis da garemos Sesaxeb deklaraciis“
proeqtis SemuSaveba. am proeqtis me-2 punqtma daafiqsira, rom ,,yvela
adamians gaaCnia usafrTxo, jansaR da xelsayrel garemoSi arsebobis
ufleba. es da adamianis sxva uflebebi, MmaT Soris, samoqalaqo,
kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri, univerasluri,
urTierTdamokidebuli da ganuyofelia.“48 aRniSnul proeqtSi mkafiod
aris gamijnuli adamianis TiToeuli ekologiuri ufleba da
aRiarebulia MmaTi umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala. Mmagram, arsebobs iseTi
debulebebi, romlebmac proeqts mowinaaRmdegebic SesZina da mas
dResdReobiT mxolod proeqtis saxe aqvs.
sainteresoa, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis adgilis
ganmsazRvreli is midgoma, romelic am uflebis damoukideblad
ganviTarebas ganixilavs. 40-60 wlebSi kavSiri cnebebs ,,adamianis
ufleba“ da ,,xelsayreli garemo“ Soris ukve cxadad vlindeba
saerTaSoriso asparezze.
f. tarnavskis mtkicebiT, am kavSiris Canasaxebi ukve gaeros generaluri
asambleis me-3 sesiis mier 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miRebuli ,,adamianis
uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis“ da 1966 wlis 19 dekembris
,,ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso paqtis“ debulebebSi vlindeba49. am kavSiris dadgena a.
tarnavskis mier moyvanili debulebebis safuZzvelze sakmaod Znelia.
,,adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis deklaraciis“ me-3 muxli axdens
adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da piradi xelSeuxeblobis
47 l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, 2005. gv.13. 48 Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment, final report prepared by Mrs. Fatma Zohra Ksentini, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1994/9. 49 А. Тарнавский, Право Граждан на Благоприятную Окружающую Среду, Советcкое Государтво и Право, 1990, 103.
- 35 -
uflebebis deklarirebas. am uflebebs, erTi SexedviT, ufro socialuri
da ara biologiuri xasiaTi gaaCniaT. xolo imave deklaraciis 25-e
muxlis analizi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom mis debulebebSi marTlac
aRmoCenil iqnes aseTi kavSiri. gansaxilveli debuleba ayalibebs
uflebas icxovro iseT doneze, romelic aucilebelia janmrTelobis da
keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad.
zemoaRniSnuli analizi, mecnierTa erTi nawilisaTvis, iZleva imis
mtkicebis saSualebas, rom am uflebebs dacvis msgavsi, magram mainc
gansxvavebuli obieqtebi gaaCniaT: ,,jansaRi garemo“ da ,,adamianis
janmrTeloba.“ am mosazrebas mxars uWers l. makfarleinic, romelic
Tvlis, rom janmrTelobis dacvis uflebas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli,
bunebis dacvisagan gansxvavebuli sakiTxebis wre gaaCnia50. 25-e muxli
mkafiod ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra igulisxmeba ,,cxovrebis doneSi,
romelic aucilebelia janmrTelobis uzrunvelsayofad“. ra Tqma unda,
aq SeiZleba nagulisxmebi iyos Sromis, ganaTlebis, gadaadgilebis,
xelsayrel garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebic, magram yovelive es iZleva
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis arapirdapiri dacvis saSualebas,
radgan ar gaaCnia mkafiod gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi forma.
analogiuri daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba ,,ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis“ me-11 (ufleba
gagaCndes saTanado cxovrebis done) da me-12 (ufleba gagaCndes fizikuri
da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi done, romlis miRwevac
SesaZlebelia, garemos higienis yvela aspeqtis gaumjobesebis meSveobiT)
muxlebis analizis safuZvelze. me-11 muxli aqac ufro socialur
sakiTxebs faravs. rac Seexeba me-12 muxls, misi debulebebi garemos
higienaze amaxvileben yuradRebas. am SemTxvevaSi kavSiri cnebebs
,,adamianis uflebebi“ da ,,jansaRi garemo“ ufro mkafiod aris
gamoxatuli.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebaze aqcenti gakeTda 1987 wels
gamarTul gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaze. 1972 wlis ,,garemos
adamianisaTvis“ stokholmis konferenciis ,,principebis deklaraciaSi“
50 L. Macfarlane, The Theory and Practice of Human Rights, 1985, 120-125.
- 36 -
gansazRvrulia garemosa da ganviTarebis harmonizaciis Sesaxeb, iseve
rogorc am sferoSi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebis dacvis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba
arapirdapiri gziT iqna dafiqsirebuli: ,,adamians gaaCnia sruli ufleba
iyos Tavisufali, Tanasworuflebiani da hqondes arsebobis xelsayreli
pirobebi garemoSi, romlis xarisxic aZlevs mas Rirseuli da
keTildReobiT aRsavse cxovrebis warmarTvis saSualebas; adamians
ekisreba mTavari pasuxismgebloba garemos dacvasa da gaumjobesebaze,
axlandeli da momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod.“51
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba, rogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna,
agreTve asaxulia ,,adamianis da xalxebis uflebebis afrikis qartiaSi“.52
mis 24-e muxlSi naTqvamia: ,,yvela adamians unda hqondes ufleba
iarsebobs damakmayofilebeli xasiaTis, xelsayrel, misi
ganviTarebisTvis Sesaferis garemoSi.“
,,jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba adamianis zogadi uflebebis erT-
erTi elementia da am sistemis ganviTarebis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca,
albaT azri eqneboda mis damoukidebel cnebad gamoyofas da misi
moqmedebisTvis da dacvis meqanizmisTvis imperativis miniWeba“, acxadebs
r. xabirovi53. misi azriT, nawili mecnierebisa Tvlian, rom garemos
dacvaze da mis racionalur gamoyenebaze mimarTuli saerTaSoriso
samarTlis normebi ZiriTadad, egreT wodebuli ,,soft law-s“, anu rbili
samarTlis principebiT regulirdebian da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, MmaT
sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT. ra Tqma unda, ekologiuri krizisis
gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, ,,rbili samarTlis“ normebi usargeblo iqneba da
sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari problemebis gadasaWrelad sakmarisi ar
iqneba, radgan mxolod saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs ZaluZs
transsasazRvro kontesqtSi gadaWras jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis
uflebis dacvis sakiTxi. bevri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
51 М. Битадзе, Права Человека, Здоровье и Зашита Окружающей Среды, Жур. Международное Право и Проблемы Интеграции, Баку, 2005, 53. 52 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 53 Р. Хабиров, Международно-правовое Регулирование Права Человека на Благоприятную Окружающую Среду: Теоретические Основы Формирования Экологического, Аграрного, Земельного, Предпринимательского Законодательcтва в Субъектах РФ., Сборник научных трудов, 1997, 97.
- 37 -
instrumenti uzrunvelyofs jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebis
dacvas, oRond isev arapirdapiri gziT, rogorc samamoqalaqo,
politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur uflebebs. maT Sorisaa,
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1945 wlis 26 ivnisis qartia (san-
francisko, aSS), gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri
asambleis mier 1966 wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli saerTaSoriso paqti
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb da
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis mier 1966
wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da
politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb; 1973 wlis 3 martis konvencia gadaSenebis
piras myofi veluri florisa da faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis Sesaxeb (vaSingtoni, aSS); 1992 wlis 9 maisis klimatis
cvlilebis CarCo konvencia (niu-iorki, aSS); 1998 wlis konvencia
garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb (orhusi, dania); 1972 wlis 16 ivnisis
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis deklaracia: garemo adamianisaTvis
(stokholmi, SvedeTi) da sxva.
zemoaRniSnuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adgenen iseT garantiebs
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dasacavad, rogoricaa, jansaRi
samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemo, garemos higiena da mrewvelobaSi
Sromis higiena, socialuri da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema,
daavadebebTan brZola, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, xelmisawvdomi
ganaTleba, cnobierebis amaRleba, potencialis zrda da es yvelaferi
adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi rasis, sqesis,
mrwamsis da sxva niSnebis miuxedavad. am mxriv mniSvnelovani
stokholmis deklaraciis pirveli principia, romelic adgens, rom
’’yovel adamians gaaCnia fundamentaluri ufleba iyos Tavisufali,
Tanaswori da icxovros misi arsebobisaTvis adekvatur garemoSi, ise
rom saTanadod daculi iqnes misi keTildReoba da Rirseba,,. aRniSnuli
formulireba faqtobrivad avsebs 1966 wlis gaeros ekonomikuri,
- 38 -
socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis
miznebs, romlis me-11 da me-12 muxlebSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
dadgenilia, rom ’’adamians ufleba aqvs iumjobesebdes cxovrebis
pirobebs ... hqondes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi
done ... “ da saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon ,,... garemos higienisa da
mrewvelobaSi Sromis higienis yvela aspeqtis gaumjobeseba“.
- 39 -
2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis erovnul normebze
zemoqmedebis mqone saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumentebi da
institutebi
2.1 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis roli adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli ekologiuri uflebebis
ganviTarebasa da dacvaSi Zalze didia. swored maTi daxmarebiT gvardeba
warmoqmnili ZirTadi ekologiuri problemebi saerTaSoriso masStabiT.
Aamdenad, saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos imis dadgenas da
gaanalizebas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs am organizaciebis saqmianoba, ra
aris is ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi, romlebic am organizaciebis egidiT iqna
gatarebuli am mxriv.
rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi, aseve
ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis roli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. ekologiuri
krizisisa da garemos mdgomareobis globaluri gauaresebis aRmofxvris
RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas mieZRvna gaeros 1972 wlis stokholmis
konferencia54, romelzedac miRebul iqna garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso
principebis deklaracia, samoqmedo gegma, organizaciul-finansuri
gadawyvetilebebi da rekomendacia gaeros ekologiuri programis Seqmnis
Taobaze. stokholmis konferenciis gaxsnilad gamocxadebis Semdeg
gaeros generalurma asambleam daadgina, rom am konferenciis mTavari
mizani garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis
sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis safuZvlis Seqmna da
ekologiuri sakiTxebis erT-erT prioritetad dasaxva unda yofiliyo.
stokholmis deklaraciam safuZveli Cauyara ekologiuri usafrTxoebis
koncefciis SemuSavebas. misi Seqmnis periodSi ekologiuri moZraoba
axalwamowyebuli iyo da qveynebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen garemosdacviT
problemebs, iyvnen mxolod industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
54 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 16 June 1972, U.N. Doc. A/.CONF.48/14/Rev.1 at 3 (1973).
- 40 -
problemebi, romlebsac isini sajarod acxadebdnen, iyo
industrializaciis Sedegad warmoSobili ekologiuri problemebi,
rogoricaa, wylis dabinZureba da bolnisli. im droisaTvis ar
arsebobda aranairi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi norma, romelic
uzrunvelyofda garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
mogvarebas. stokholmis konferenciam ki, safuZveli Cauyara garemos
dacvis saerTaSoriso programas da pirvelma daaarsa ekologiuri
urTierTobebis regulirebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi precedenti.
1972 wlis konferenciis mniSvnelovani miRweva, rogorc aRiniSna,
arasavaldebulo xasiaTis (non-binding statement), 26 principisagan Semdgari
stokholmis deklaraciaa.55
stokholmis konferencia gaeros mier odesme Catarebuli
konferenciebidan erT-erTi saukeTesoa. as ocdaaTi saxelmwifos
warmomadgeneli, MmaT Soris, indoeTisa da maspinZeli Sveciis
saxelmwifo meTaurebi eswrebodnen konferencias. Sexvedra Catarda civi
omis periodSi, ramac Taviseburi zegavlena moaxdina masze, Tumca post-
socialisturi qveynebi, MmaT Soris, saqarTveloc, dRes aqtiurad
iziareben stokholmis konferenciis Sedegebs. stokholmis konferenciis
Sedegad dadginda sami ZiriTadi faqtori: garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa
gegma, gaeros garemos dacvis programa da garemos dacvis fondi.
stokholmis moqmedebaTa gegmam gamoaaSkarava as samoci prioritetuli
ekologiuri rekomendacia. MmaT Soris, garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebis marTva da dagegmva; garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi
resursebis marTvis mimarTulebis zusti gansazRvra; saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis damabinZureblebis gansazRvra; ekologiuri
saganmanaTleblo, kulturuli, socialuri da informaciuli sakiTxebis
gansazRvra da gaZliereba; garmosdacviTi sakiTxebis integraciis
ganviTareba. moqmedebaTa gegmam Seqmna safuZveli globaluri garemos
Sefasebis programis (Earthwatch) dawyebisaTvis, romlis mTavari mizania
biosferoze dakvirveba. amasTanave, gegmam sakmaod didi zegavlena
moaxdina bevr Semdgom garemosdacviT xelSekrulebaze. magaliTad,
55 K. Alexandre, An introductory Note on Human Rights to Environment, 1991, 199.
- 41 -
gegmis ocdamecamete rekomendacia: ,,yvela saxelmwifom . . . saswrafod . .
. daiwyos xelSekrulebis momzadeba veSapebis dacvis saerTaSoriso
komisiis mxardaWeriT (IWC) da Semdgomi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi akrZalon
veSapebze nadiroba.“ moqmedebaTa gegmis swored amgvari konkretuli
miTiTebis Sedegad GSemuSavda bonis konvencia migrirebadi saxeobebis
Sesaxeb, konvencia gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobaTa
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb da kanoni zRvis Sesaxeb56. amasTanave,
moqmedebaTa gegmam xeli Seuwyo gaeros ekologiuri programis ZiriTadi
samoqmedo aspeqtebis gamovlenas. ekologiuri programa dafuZnda,
rogorc ekologiuri sakiTxebis maregulirebeli umTavresi
specializebuli organizacia. organizaciis aRmasrulebeli sabWos
plenarul sxdomebze ixileba da wydeba garemos dacvis sferoSi
arsebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.
amgvarad, 1972 wlis stokholmis deklaracia iyo pirveli saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi instrumenti, romelmac safuZveli daudo adamianis
uflebebisa da ekologiuri sakiTxebis urTierTkavSirs. deklaraciis
pirveli principi adgens, rom yovel adamians aqvs fundamentaluri
ufleba iyos Tavisufali, Tanasworuflebiani, icxovros Sesaferis,
usafrTxo garemoSi. amasTanave, deklaracia gansazRvravs adamianis
valdebulebas gaufrTxildes da gaaumjobesos garemo axlandeli da
momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. daaxloebiT ociode
wlis Semdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asamblea
erTgvarad gamoexmaura stokholmis deklaraciis debulbebs da daadgina
(rezolucia #49/94), rom adamiani uflebamosilia icxovros misi
janmrTelobisaTvis da keTildReobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi. zogadad,
ki rezoluciis mizani ukeTesi da jansaRi garemos uzrunvelyofaa.57
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis principebis Camoyalibeba ,,bunebis
msoflio qartiam“ ganagrZo. es qartia mowonebuli iqna gaeros
generaluri asambleis mier da gamocxadebuli iqna 1982 wlis 28
oqtombris rezoluciaSi. masSi ramdenime principia gansazRvruli:
56 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 92. 57 Environment and Human Rights Doc. 9791 16 April 2003 Report, Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs. Rapporteur: Mrs Cristina Agudo, Spain, SOC.
- 42 -
saWiroa bunebis pativiscema da dauSvebelia misi ZiriTadi procesebis
darRveva. dauSvebelia dedamiwaze arsebuli sicocxlis genetikuri
safuZvlis safrTxis qveS dayeneba; saWiroa sicocxlis yvela formis
(Sinauri Tu gareuli) populaciis SenarCuneba, sul mcire, iseT doneze,
romelic aucilebelia misi gadarCenis uzrunvelsayofad; aucilebelia
minimaluri saarsebo pirobebis SenarCuneba; gansakuTrebuli dacva
esaWiroebaT unikalur raionebs, iSviaTi an gadaSenebis piras mdgari
saxeobebis sabinadro arealebis da ekosistemebis yvela tipebs; adamianis
mier gamoyenebuli ekosistemebi da organizmebi, iseve rogorc xmeleTis,
zRvis da atmosferos resursebi unda imarTebodnen ise, rom
SesaZlebeli iyos MmaTi optimaluri da mudmivi warmadobis
uzrunvelyofa da SenarCuneba, oRond MmaTTan Tanaarsebuli
ekosistemebisa da saxeobebisTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe.58
amgvarad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianobis farglebSi
gamoikveTa ramdenime midgoma, romelnic adamianis ekologuri
uflebebisa da garemos dacvas exeba. dadginda, rom socialur-
ekonomikuri sferos saqmianobis dagemvisas da ganxorcielebisas
aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom bunebis dacva am saqmianobis
Semadgeneli elementia. ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan, mosaxleobis zrdasa
da saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebuli grZelvadiani
gegmebis SemuSavebisas, aucilebelia bunebrivi sistemebis
SesaZleblobebis (arsebobis xangrZlivi uzrunvelyofis da adamianebis
ganTavsebis TvalsazrisiT) gaTvaliswineba, Tanac mxedvelobaSi
miRebuli unda iqnes, rom saTanado samecniero da teqnikuri miRwevebis
gamoyenebisas, savaraudoa, es SesaZleblobebi sagrZnoblad gaizardos.
adamianis mier miwis nakveTebis garkveuli miznebiT gamoyeneba gegmis
safuZvelze unda xdebodes da am dros aucilebelia fizikuri
SezRudvebis, biologiuri produqtiulobis da mravalferovnebis da am
nakveTebis bunebrivi silamazis saTanado doneze gaTvaliswineba.
dauSvebelia bunebrivi resursebis gaflangva. aucilebelia bunebaze
potenciurad mavne zemoqmedebis mqone saqmianobebis kontroli. saWiroa
58 Экологическое Право России, Учебник, Под ред. В. Ермакова, А. Сухарева, 1997, 121.
- 43 -
situaciisadmi yvelaze morgebuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, raTa
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili bunebaze mavne zemoqmedebis riski. stiqiuri
ubedurebebis, parazitebis da daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan
acilebis, kontrolis an SezRudvis zomebi unda miiRebodnen mxolod
aseTi movlenebis SedegebTan sabrZolvelad da ar unda axdendnen
meoreul damRupvel zemoqmedebas garemoze. aucilebelia bunebis Sesaxeb
codnis farTod gavrceleba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. nebismieri
gegmis Sedgenisas aucilebelia mis erT-erT komponentad bunebis dacvis
strategiis CarTva, ekosistemebis atlasis Sedgena da dagegmili
politikis an saqmianobis bunebaze SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gansazRvra.
aucilebelia yvela am elementis Sesaxeb informaciis sazogadoebisTvis
Sesabamisi formiT da saTanado vadebSi miwodeba, raTa moqalaqeebma
SeZlon sakuTari azris efeqtianad gamoTqma da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi monawileobis miReba. bunebis dacvis miznebis
misaRwevad aucilebelia finasuri saxsrebis uzrunvelyofa, programebis
da administraciuli struqturebis Seqmna. aucilebelia bunebrivi
procesebis mimdinareobaze, ekosistemebsa da saxeobebze Tvalyuris
devneba, raTa, rac SeiZleba adre aRmovaCinoT MmaTi degradaciis an
maTTvis Seqmnili safrTxis nebismieri SemTxveva.
stokholis konferenciis logikur gagrZelebaa 1992 wlis 3-14 ivnisis
gaeros konferencia rio-de-JaneiroSi, romelzedac miRebul iqna
deklaracia ,,garemosa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb“, aseve cnobili
dedamiwis samitis saxeliT. deklaraciis miRebis periodSi msoflios
,,civi omi“ Tu ,,msoflio omi“ dasasruls uaxlovdeboda da is aliansi,
romelic manamde arsebobda msoflio saxelmwifoebs Soris ukve aRar
iyo imdenad aqtualuri. imTaviTve CaiTvala, rom rios konferencia
yvelaze masStaburi ekologiuri Sekreba iyo, sadac kidev erTxel
dadasturda 1972 wlis stokholmis deklaraciis ZiriTadi miznebi. ai
ras wers konferenciis Taobaze ,,niu-iork Taimsis“ imdroindeli
Jurnalisti: ,,. . . arasdros ar Catarebula iseTi masStaburi
konferencia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT, rogoric
,,garemo da ganviTareba“ iyo. 115 saxelmwifos meTauri eswreboda am
- 44 -
,,koferenciebis dedas“, 178 erovnebas mieca saSualeba, rom TavianTi
delegaciebi gaegzavna am didebul RonisZiebaze rioSi. daaxloebiT
cxra aTasi Jurnalisti daeswro konferencias, romelic umaRles
doneze gaSuqda gaeros sazogadoebrivi informaciis departamentis
xelSewyobiT. 1 400-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizaciaze iyo
warmodgenili konferenciaze, rogorc globalur forumze. mogvianebiT
ki rios centrSi, flamingos parkSi gaimarTa arasmTavrobo
organizaciebis Sekreba. saerTo jamSi ki daaxloebiT 20 aTas ekologs,
axalgazrdebis gaerTianebas, saqmiani adamianebis, muSebis, eTnikuri Tu
religiuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs miecaT konferenciaze daswrebis
da masSi monawileobis miRebis saSualeba . . . “59
im ZiriTadi, oci, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, ekologiuri miznebidan,
romlebic dafiqsirda rios konferenciaze, xazi SeiZleba gaesvas Semdeg
oTxs: saTanadod Seswavlil iqnes garemos mdgomareoba da cvlilebebi
stokholmis deklaraciis Semgomi periodis ganmavlobaSi; gonivrul
vadaSi identificirebul iqnes regionuli da globaluri ekologiuri
strategiebi erTian garemosdacviT politikasTan mimarTebiT;
ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Camoyalibdes im
rekomendaciebis nusxa, romlebic xels Seuwyoben garemos ganviTarebas;
ganviTrebadi qveynebis interesebisa da stokholmis deklaraciis
principebis gaTvaliswinebiT xeli Seewyos saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
samarTlis ganviTarebas, romlis meSveobiTac zustad ganisazRvreba
saxelmwifoTa da moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobani garemos dacvisa da
bunebrivi resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis sferoSi.
saboloo jamSi rios konferenciaze miRweul iqna Semdegi SeTanxmebebi:
rios deklaracia - ,,garemo da ganviTareba“; ori konvencia,
biomravalferovnebisa da klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb“; 21-e saukunis
mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi, 21-e saukunis dRis wesrigi; tyis
seqtoris marTvis principebi; SeTanxmeba Sesabamisi Semdegi konvenciebis
SesamuSaveblad, gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvencia, zRvis xmeleTidan
dabinZurebis konvencia da Tevzis maragebis konvencia; SeTanxmeba
59 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy , 1999,102.
- 45 -
mdgradi ganviTarebis komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze, romelic monitorings
ganaxorcielebda rios SeTanxmebebisa da 21-e dRis wesrigis
Sesrulebaze.
amdenad, stokholmis deklaraciisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 wlis rio-de-
Janeiros konferenciam ,,garemo da ganviTareba“, ukve procedurulad
gansazRvra kavSiri adamianis uflebebsa da garemos dacvas Soris. ai
ras adgens deklaraciis me-10 principi:
,,ekologiuri sakiTxebis marTva umjobesia ganxorcieldes yvela doneze
da yvela moqalaqis saerTo ZalisxmeviT. erovnul doneze, yoveli
moqalaqe uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes administraciuli organoebis
xelSi myofi nebismieri informaciiT, Tundac mavne nivTierebebisa da
saqmianobebis Sesaxeb. moqalaqeebs saSualeba unda hqondeT monawileoba
miiRon gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. saxelmwifoni valdebulni
arian uzrunvelyon informaciis sajarooba da xeli Seuwyon
sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebas. saxelmwifo agreTve valdebulia
uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTaTvis sasamarTlo da administraciuli
warmoebaze xelmisawvdomoba, iseve rogorc MmaTTvis zianis anazRaureba
da Sesaferisi daxmareba“.60
amgvarad, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi monawileobis da Sesaferisi garemoTi sargeblobis uflebebma
Camoayalibes rios deklaraciis miznebis ZiriTadi RerZi. zemoaRniSnuli
me-10 principis garda, deklaracia ayalibebs mTel rig debulebebs,
romlebic iTvaliswineben sazogadoebis iseTi nawilebis CarTvas
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, rogorebic arian qalebi (me-20
principi), axalgazrdoba (21-e principi), mkvidri mosaxleoba da
adgilobrivi Temebi (22-e principi). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri
monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi aseve xazgasmulia
rios konferenziaze miRebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis - ,,21-e
dRis wesrigSi“. 23-e Tavis preambula adgens: ,,mdgradi ganviTarebis
misaRwevad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa sazogadoebis farTo
wreebis aqtiuri monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.
- 46 -
amasTanave, uSualod mdgrad ganviTarebasa da garemosdacvas Soris
urTierTkavSirma dRis wesrigSi daayena sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi monawileobis axali formebis Camoyaliebeba. es
gulisxmobs individebis, individTa jgufebis da organizaciebis
monawileobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesSi, kerZod MmaTi
sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos eqspluataciisas. aRniSnuli pirebi
Sesabamisi administraciuli oranoebis mier uzrunvelyofilni unda
iqnen MmaTTvis saintereso nebismieri informaciiT, romelic Seexeba
garemoze zemoqmedebas da zogadad garemosdacviT RonisZiebebs.“61
21-e dRis wesrigis 23-e Tavi adgens, rom individebi, individTa jgufebi
da organizaciebi Sesabamisi oficialuri organoebis mier
uzrunvelyofilni unda iqnen garemosa da ganviTarebis, ekologiuri
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciiT da monacemebiT warmoebuli
saqmianoebebis da saqmianobebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinon garemoze. 21-e dRis wesrigi
avaldebulebs samTavrobo dawesebulebebs sakanonmdeblo doneze
daadginon sasamarTlo da administraciuli warmoebis procedurebi,
romlebic fizikur da iuridiul pirebs uzrunvelyofen Sesabamisi
dacviTi meqanizmebiT MmaTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. 23-e Tavis
mesame nawili gansazRvravs sazogadoebis im jgufebs, romlebic
CarTulni unda iqnen gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi: qalebi,
axalgazrdebi, mkvidri mosaxleoba, adgilobrivi Temebi, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi, adgilobrivi oficialuri organoebi, socialuri
muSakebi, biznesmenebi, mewarmeebi, mecnierebi da fermerebi. aRniSnuli
pirebis monawileoba gulisxmobs MmaT CarTvas sazogadoebriv
ganxilvebSi, rac garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis aucilebeli nawilia.
samTavrobo dawesebulebebi valdebulebas kisruloben daaarson
informaciis gacvlis da sazogadorebaSi misi gavrcelebis garkveuli
proceduruli meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ekologiuri
60 m. biTaZe, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Jur. saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli. gv.15. 61 m. biTaZe, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Jur. saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli, gv. 160.
- 47 -
informaciis sajaroobas da gamWvirvalobas. amdenad, am dokumentma
faqtobrivad safuZveli daudo garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis
meqanizmis amoqmedebas sazogadoebis monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogorc garemos dacvis ganuyofel elements.62
amrigad, rio-de-JaneiroSi gamarTul konferenciaze pirvelad SemuSavda
globaluri saprogramo dokumenti, romlis ormocamde nawili,
ekologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sferoSi
saqmianobebis mimarTulebebis aRweras Seicavs. konferenciam miiRo
rekomendaciebi mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavs
industriulad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic resursebis
ZiriTad momxmareblebs da dabinZurebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wyaros
warmoadgenen, warmoebis da moxmarebis zrdis SezRudvas. deklaraciis
mixedviT, yoveli saxelmwifo, Tavisi bunebrivi, socialur-ekonomikuri
da samarTlebrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, valdebulia
SeimuSavos sakuTari ekologiuri kanonmdebloba, maT Soris kanonebi
dabinZurebis an sxva ekologiuri zianis kompensaciis sferoSi.
saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon ekologiuri informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba mosaxleobisTvis da sazogadoebis monawileoba
ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. saWiroa
garemosdacviT saqmianobaSi mosaxleobis yvela kategoriis CarTva. didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba bunebrivi garemos dacvis ekonomikur meqanizmebs,
axali ekologiuri teqnikis da teqnologiebis gadacemis nebismieri
dabrkolebebis mospobas da saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ekologiuri
moTxovnebis dacvas. amdenad naTelia, rom ekologiuri problemebi
saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis safuZvelze unda wydebodes.
gansakuTrebiT es transsasazRvro da globaluri Sedegebis an stiqiebis
gamomwvevi antropogenuli qmedebebis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebasTan an
gamosworebasTan dakavSirebuli zomebis SemuSavebas da gamoyenebas
exeba.
sainteresoa, rom gaeros egidiT, garemos dacvis sferoSi SemuSavebuli
yvela xelSekruleba, gansxavebuli specifikis miuxedavad, ekologiuri
62 The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Global Environment) by Norman J. Vig (Editor),
- 48 -
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis princips aRiarebs, adgens amgvari
informaciis maqsimaluri sajaroobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi farTo sazogadebis fenebis CarTvis valdebulebas. erTi mxriv,
zogierTi xelSekruleba Seicavs arsebiT uflebebs, romlebic adamianis
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofas Seexeba. meore mxriv,
xelSekrulebebi darRveuli uflebebisaTvis kompensaciis valdebulebas
adgenen (1993 wlis ,,garemosaTvis saSiSi saqmianobis Sedegad
warmoSobili zianisaTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb“,
luganos konvencia, jer ZalaSi ar aris).
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT SemuSavebuli konvenciebi
mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben ekologiuri normebis darRvevisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobis gamkacrebis sakiTxebsac. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
samarTaldarRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma
miyenebuli qonebrivi zaralis kompensaciaa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
zogadi principebis Sesabamisad, damnaSave saxelmwifo, mis mimarT
iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis muqaris qveS, valdebulia
nebayoflobiT ganaxorcielos saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis zomebi konkretuli SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad. Tu ase
ar xdeba, sakiTxi gadadis saerTaSoriso davis kategoriaSi da wydeba
dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad. aseTi davebis gadawyvetis meTodi, rogorc
wesi, Sesabamisi konvenciis an xelSekrulebis mier ganisazRvreba.
amasTan, davebis gadawyvetis wesebi SeiZleba sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyos,
molaparakebebidan da kompromisebidan, arbitraJSi, MmaT Soris, gaeros
saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi, mimarTvis CaTvliT.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da misi specializebuli
organizaciebis roli ekologiuri xelSekrulebebis SemuSaveba-
ganxorcielebaSi fasdaudebelia, rac qmnis imis safuZvels, rom es
organizacia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis
sayrdenad iqnes aRqmuli. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da misi
specializebuli organizaciebis mier SemuSavebuli garemosdacviT
konvenciebis Mistoria mokled ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: ,,pirveli
Regina S. Axelrod (Editor), 1995, 165.
- 49 -
Taobis“ ekologiuri konvenciebi, stokholmis deklaraciis
suliskveTebiT gajerebulni, ZiriTadad wylisa da atmosferuli haeris
dabinZurebiT gamowveuli problemebis daregulirebis mizniT gaCnda.
ekologiuri xelSekrulebis Seqmnis procesma farTo masStabi miiRo da
bevri organizaciac CaerTo am saqmianobaSi. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso
sazRvao organizaciam xeli Seuwyo zRvis dabinZurebasTan mimarTebiT
konvenciebis Camoyalibebas (marpolis, londonis konvencia, 1972).
stokholmis konferenciis Sedegad axlad Seqmnilma iunepis
organizaciam aqtiuri roli iTamaSa sxvadasxva ekologiuri
xelSekrulebebis Seqmnis procesSi da gaimyara Tavisi poziciebi,
rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciam. gansakuTebiT misi aqtiurioba
dafiqsirda 1974 wlis parizis, xmeleTze arsebuli obieqtebidan zRvis
dabinZurebis Sesaxeb konvenciis miRebisas da regionuli sazRvao
programebis ganviTarebisas. gaero-s evropis ekonomikurma komisiam
uzrunvelyo atmosferuli haeris didi odenobiT transsasazRvro
dabinZurebis konvenciis SemuSaveba. veluri samyaros saxeobebis dacvis
sakiTxma wina planze wamoiwia 1970-ian wlebSi. globaluri konvenciebi
am sferoSi moicaven 1973 wlis konvencias gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe
myofi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb; konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
Warbteniani teritoriebis Sesaxeb (1971), ufro kargad ,,ramsaris“
konvenciis saxeliT cnobili, radganac swored iranSi, qalaq ramsarSi
moxda misi ratificireba. konvencia msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi
memkvidreobis Sesaxeb (1972), ratificirebuli gaeros ganaTlebis,
mecnierebisa da kulturis organizaciis egidiT da 1979 arasamTavrobo
organizacia - garemos dacvis msoflio kavSiris egidiT xelmowerili
konvencia veluri cxovelebis migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb. am
drois ganmavlobaSi agreTve miRebul iqna regionuli xelSekrulebebi
veluri samyaros dacvis sferoSi, magaliTad, 1979 wlis konvencia
evropis veluri samyaros dacvis Sesaxeb.
,,meore Taobis“ ekologiuri konvenciebi saTaves 1980-ian wlebSi iReben.
isini ufro globaluri da yovlismomcveli xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. 1980-
1990-ian wlebSi miRebuli umravlesoba saxelmwifoTaSoris konsensuss
- 50 -
moiTxovda. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba dasaxeldes venis konvencia ozonis
Sris dacvis Sesaxeb da monrealis oqmi aRniSnul konvenciaSi Sesabamisi
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. 80-iani wlebis konvenciaTa Soris niSandoblivia
xazi gaesvas konvencias sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb, romelmac safuZveli
daudo okeanisa da zRvis garemos dacvas; bazelis konvencia saxifaTo
narCenebis transsasazRvro gadazidvebze kontrolis Taobaze (1989);
klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencia (1992) da konvencia biologiuri
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb (1992).
zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebis analizidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes
daskvna, rom saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis dacvis obieqti
planeta dedamiwaa. dacvis ZiriTadi obieqtis garda, arsebobs dacvis
samarTlebriv reJimSi moqceuli am obieqtis Semadgeneli nawilebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa msoflio sazRvao sivrce, materikebi, atmosferuli
haeri da kosmosi. amgvarad, bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis
samarTlebriv sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba gaamyara gaeros
xelSekrulebebma, ramac safuZveli samarTlis am dargis
specializebuli institutebis ganviTarebas Cauyara, maT Soris
atmosferuli haeris, teritoriuli wylebis, zRvebis dacvis, narCenebis
marTvis, wiaRiseuli gamoyenebis, daculi ekosistemebis sferoSi, ramac
TavisTavad adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebic
gaamyara. dResdReobiT, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia rCeba yvelaze
mZlavr saerTaSoriso organizaciad, romelic saerTaSoriso masStabiT
uzrunvelyofs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebis
SemuSavebasa da ganviTarebas. yovelive amis naTeli dadasturebaa is
aseulobiT xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba, romelic gaeros egidiT
swored garemos dacvis sferoSi iqna miRebuli.
- 51 -
2.1.1. ekologiuri informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom informaciis (garda
komerciuli da saxelmwifo saidumloebisa) sajarooba demokratiuli
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia da TiToeuli
saxelmwifos xelisufleba valdebulia, daubrkoleblad da
srulyofilad gasces nebismieri informacia, romelic sazogadoebis
interess iwvevs, miT umetes, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informaciis
miuReblobam SesaZloa, riski Seuqmnas mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa da
keTildReobas. garemos dacvis sferoSi moqmedi yvela mniSvnelovani
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentis, maT Soris, rio-de-Janeiros
1992 wlis deklaraciis ZiriTadi RerZi garemosdacviTi informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileoba da jansaR garemoSi cxovrebaa. me-10 principis garda
deklaracia ayalibebs mTel rigs debulebebs, romlebic iTvaliswineben
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva kategoriis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileoba
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi aseve xazgasmulia rios
konferenciaze miRebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis Sesaxeb ,,21-e
saukunis dRis wesrigSi“, romlis preambula adgens: ,,mdgradi
ganviTarebis misaRwevad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa
sazogadoebis farTo wreebis aqtiuri monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi. amasTanave, uSualod mdgrad ganviTarebasa da garemos
dacvas Soris urTierTkavSirma dRis wesrigSi daayena sazogadoebis
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis axali formebis
Camoyaliebeba. es gulisxmobs individebis, individTa jgufebis da
organizaciebis monawileobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesSi,
kerZod, maTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos eqspluataciisas.
aRniSnuli pirebi Sesabamisi administraciuli oranoebis mier
uzrunvelyofilni unda iqnen maTTvis saintereso nebismieri
- 52 -
informaciiT, romelic Seexeba garemoze zemoqmedebas da zogadad
garemosdacviT RonisZiebebs. “
ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis sakiTxs mTlianad eZRvneba
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis
egidiT, 1998 wels qalaq orhusSi (dania) miRebuli konvencia
garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobisa da am sferoSi marTlsajulebis sakiTxebze
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb. konvencia 40-mde saxelmwifom, maT Soris,
saqarTvelom, aRiara da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis doneze
gansazRvra an ukve gansazRvruli hqonda adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba.
1997 wlis janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis angariSis
Tanaxmad, adamianis janmrTeloba mudmivad ganicdida da ganicdis
gauaresebas sxvadasxva ekologiuri faqtoris mavne zemoqmedebis gamo,
rac imave klimatis cvlilebiT Tu wyalmomaragebiT gamoixateba.63
mdgomareobas amZimebs is garemoeba, rom aRniSnli mavne zemoqmedeba
gamoirCeva maRali mdgradobiT, rac mas gansakuTrebiT saSiSs xdis.
Tumca bolo wlebSi rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnul doneze
SeimCneva garkveuli winsvla sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadebis CarTvisa Tu maTi
SesaZlo safrTxis Sesaxeb informaciiT uzrunvelyofis sferoSi.
dResdReobiT saerTaSoriso da erovnuli garemosdacviTi samarTlis
Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sakmaod aqtualuria sakiTxi
urTierTTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, rac gansazRvravs saxlmwifoTa
valdebulebas, garemosa da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi maqsimalurad CarTos mTeli sazogadoeba, maT Soris, kerZo da
arasamTavrobo seqtori. aRniSnuli valdebulebis SesrulebiT
maqsimalurad miRwevadi iqneba adamianis umTavresi ekologiuri uflebis
ganxorcieleba, rasac adamianis sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos
63 WHO report ,,Health and the Environment in Environmentally Sustainable Development: Five Years After the Earth Summit “, (1997).
- 53 -
Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqtri informaciis xelmisawvdomoba hqvia.
garda zemoTqmulisa, arsebobs samarTlebrivi valdebulebac amgvari
informaciis Segrovebis, gavrcelebis da gacvlis Sesaxeb, rac aRniSnul
subieqtebs Soris dialogis ganviTarebas, sazogadoebis garemosdacviTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi maqsimalurad CarTvas da zianis
anazRaurebis adekvaturi meqanizmebis danergvas uqmnis Sesaferis
safuZvels. orhusis konvencia adgens: ,,garemosaTvis an adamianTa
janmrTelobisaTvis bunebrivi xasiaTis an adamianTa qmedebebiT
gamowveuli raime safrTxis moaxloebis SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis
organoebma TavianT gankargulebaSi arsebuli mTeli informacia
dauyovnebliv unda miawodon mosaxleobas, romelsac SeiZleba es Seexos,
rac mas miscems saSualebas, miiRos zomebi mavne zemoqmedebis Tavidan
asacileblad an zegavlenis Sesamcireblad. “64
orhusis konvencia garemosdacviT konvenciebs Soris uaxlesia da miznad
isaxavs, momavali TaobebisaTvis garemos dacvisa da gaumjobesebis
procesSi gaaZlieros sazogadoebisa da garemosdacviTi organizaciebis
roli. igi aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebebs garemosdacviTi informaciis,
monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis sferoSi da aseve miznad isaxavs
garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi mTavrobaTa angariSgebisa da gamWvirvaleobis
donis zrdis xelSewyobas. konvencia ganixileba rogorc garemos, ise
demokratiis dacvis mniSvnelovan berketad, romelsac didi globaluri
mniSvneloba aqvs. faqtobrivad, mas SeiZleba miuerTdes msoflios
nebismieri qveyana. igi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc rios deklaraciis me-
10 principis ganxorcielebis modeli. konvencia efuZneba sazogadoebis
monawileobis sam princips, romelTac xSirad sam sayrdens uwodeben:
informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, sazogadoebis monawileoba da
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba.65
64Kkonvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis ,,g“ qvepunqti. 65 1992 wlis 3-14 ivniss, rio-de-JaneiroSi, Catarebuli gaeros konferenciaze ,,garemo da ganviTareba“ miRebuli deklaraciis me-10 principi.
- 54 -
orhusis konvencia aris pirveli saerTaSoriso konvencia, romelic
pirdapir ayalibebs adamianis ekologiur uflebebze dafuZnebul
midgomas. konvenciis pirveli muxli adgens konvenciis ZiriTad miznebs
da gansazRvravs mxareTa valdebulebas axlandeli da momavali
Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uzrunvelyon garemosdacviT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am
sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis uflebebis
ganxorcieleba da dacva.
orhusis konvencia adgens zemoaRniSnuli uflebebis dacvis minimalur
standartebs da ar zRudavs mxareebs, ganaxorcielon RonisZiebebi,
romlebic iTvalisiwineben garemosdacviTi informaciis ufro farTo
xelmisawvdomobas da garemos dacvis sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
processa da samarTalwarmoebaSi sazogadoebis ufro aqtiur
monawileobas.66 amasTanave, konvenciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia
diskriminacia erovnuli, moqalaqeobrivi an sxva raime niSnis mixedviT.
orhusis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi vrceldeba yvela
sajaro dawesebulebaze, yvela tipis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis
sawarmosa (maT Soris, municipalur, satransporto da sxva) da maTi
kontrolis qveS myof nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirze. orhusis
konvencia sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aniWebs
uflebebsa da realur SesaZleblobebs: informaciis
xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, konkretul Tu strategiul gadawyvetilebebSi
monawileobis misaRebad. axdens maT aRWurvas sasamarTlo dacvis
saSualebebiTa da marTlmsajulebaze gamartivebuli xelmisawvdomobiT.
mTavrobebze am sferoSi mkafio valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT, konvencia
uzrunvelyofs informaciis met gamWvirvalobas, mis ufro efeqtian
xelmisawvdomobasa da gavrcelebas, rac fizikur da iuridiul pirebs
saSualebas aZlevs, realuri gavlena moaxdinon garemosTan
66Kkonvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-4 muxlis me-5 punqti.
- 55 -
dakavSirebul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze.
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdili SesaZleblobebi fizikur da
iuridiul pirebs saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT gaerkvnen da meti codna
miiRon garemos potenciur riskebsa da saSiSroebebze, romlebic maT,
maTs ojaxebsa Tu adgilobriv Tems emuqreba. konvencia aseve iZleva
saxelmwifos monitoringis, inspeqtirebisa da aRsrulebis gaZlierebis,
garemosdacviTi darRvevebis gamovlenisa da aRmofxvris SesaZleblobas
sazogadoebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiuri CarTvis
xarjze.67
konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba garemosdacviTi
informaciis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT iyofa or nawilad:
sazogadoebisaTvis garemosdacviTi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba;
garemosdacviTi informaciis Segroveba da gavrceleba.
konvencia adgens, rom sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
mTeli garemosdacviTi informacia, Tuki masze ar vrceldeba konvenciiT
dadgenili gamonaklisebi68. amasTanave, konvencia adgens, rom samrewvelo
an komerciuli informaciis konfidencialurobis CarCoebSi ver jdeba
iseTi informacia, romelic exeba garemoSi mavne nivTierebebis
gafrqvevas. konvencia mxareebs avaldebulebs, Seagrovon da ganaaxlon
monacemebi garemosdacviTi informaciis Sesaxeb, rac gulisxmobs
werilobiT, audiovizualur, eleqtronul an nebismieri sxva
materialuri formiT mowodebul informacias, romelic pirdapir an
iribad ukavSirdeba garemos Semadgeneli iseTi elementebis
mdgomareobas, rogorebicaa: haeri, atmosfero, wyali, niadagi, miwa,
landSafti, biologiuri mravalferovneba, genetikurad modificirebuli
organizaciebi da is faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens an
savaraudoa, rom moaxdens garemos Semadgenel elementebsa da adamianis
janmrTelobaze.69
67 orhusis konvenciis ganxorcieleba, saxelmZRvanelo saqarTvelos sajaro moxeleTaTvis, 2004, gv. 43. 68 orhusis konvencia, me-4.3. da me-4.4 muxlebi. 69 orhusis konvencia, me-2.3 muxli.
- 56 -
garda ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
Camoyalibebisa, orhusis konvencia adgens ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis valdebulebas. konvencia
sazogadoebis monawileobis komponents sam sxvadasxva kategoriad
mijnavs70: sazogadoebis monawileoba saqmianobaTa garkveul sferoebSi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi (nebarTvebi, licenziebi);
sazogadoebis monawileoba im gegmebSi, programebsa da politikaSi,
romelic garemosTan aris dakavSirebuli; sazogadoebis monawileoba
aRmasrulebeli debulebebis da/an normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebis
procesSi.
konvenciis Tanaxmad TiToeuli mxare valdebulebas kisrulobs
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi konvenciiT gansazRvrul
saqmianobebze licenziebisa da nebrTvebis gacemisas gamoiyenos
konvenciis debulebebi da moaxdinos dainteresebuli sazogadoebis
adekvaturi informireba.71 amasTanave, konvencia adgens sazogadoebis
monawileobis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis savaldebulo
moTxovnilebebs, rac dainteresebuli sazogadoebis droul da efeqtian
informirebaSi, maT garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesis sawyis etapze CarTvaSi unda gamovlindes. konvenciis
Tanaxmad, yoveli mxare valdebulia ,,miiRos Sesabamisi praqtikuli da/an
sxva zomebi imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebam gamWvirvale da samarTlian
CarCoebSi miiRos monawileoba garemosTan dakavSirebuli gegmebis da
programebis“ da ,,garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli politikis
SemuSavebaSi“72.
garemos marTvisadmi samarTlebrivi regulirebis SemoRebis safuZveli
normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebaa. sazogadoebis monawileoba
amgvari normatiuli dokumetebis SemuSavebis adreul etapze realurad
Seqmnis maTi maqsimalurad srulyofili saxiT SemuSavebis
SesaZleblobas. am mxriv konvencia avaldebulebs xelSemkvrel mxareebs
xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebis efeqtur monawileobas saxelmwifos mier
70 orhusis konvencia me-6, me-7 da me-8 muxlebi. 71 orhusis konvencia me-6 muxli. 72 orhusis konvencia me-7 muxli.
- 57 -
normatiuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRebamde,
amisaTvis daadginon gonivruli vadebi, uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi
informaciis drouli miwodeba dainteresebuli sazogadoebisaTvis da
miscen maT SeniSvnebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba uSualod an
warmomadgenlobiTi sakonsultacio organoebis meSveobiT, romlebic
SeZlebisdagvarad iqneba miRebuli mxedvelobaSi.73
orhusis konvencia garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, informaciis
xelmisawvdomobisa da sazogadoebis monawileobis garda, adgens
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis ganxorcielebis
regulirebis meqanizmebs. konvencia mijnavs marTlmsajulebis
xelmisawvdomobis uflebis realizaciis sam ZiriTad safuZvels: Tu
dainteresebuli mxaris moTxovna informaciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb
ar dakmayofilda; Tu dainteresebul mxares usamarTlod eTqva uari
informaciis miwodebaze; Tu dainteresebul mxares nawilobriv an
mTlianad araswori pasuxi gaeca mis mier moTxovnili informcaiis
Sesaxeb.
konvenciaSi damatebiT gansazRvrulia is darRvevebi, romlebic SeiZleba
gasaCivrdes orhusis konvenciis debulebaTa Sesabamisad: informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis uflebis darRveva; gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
monawileobis uflebis darRveva; garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis
darRveva zogadad. konvencia adgens, rom nebismieri fizikuri da
iuridiuli piris mier gasaCivrebas unda eqvemdebarebodes sajaro
dawesebulebis nebismieri gadawyvetileba, moqmedeba an umoqmedoba,
romliTac sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
monawileobis ufleba dairRva da romelic garemos dacvis erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis debulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. marTlmsajulebisadmi
xelmisawvdomoba, Tavisdavad, es aris berketi garemosdacviTi
samTavrobo dawesebulebebis gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg, rac maT
aiZulebs imoqmedon mxolod da mxolod kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.74
73 orhusis konvencia me-8 muxli. 74 R.Eckersley, Greening Liberal Democracy: The Rights Discourage Revisited, in Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus (eds.), Democracy and Green Political Thought, 230 (1996).
- 58 -
konvenciis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi valdebulebas kisruloben
erovnul doneze uzrunvelyon informaciis xelmisawvdomobisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis uflebis darRvevis gasaCivrebis
SesaZlebloba sasamarTloSi, an sxva, kanoniT dadgenil damoukidebel
da miukerZoebel organoSi. amasTan, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis
uflebis darRvevis gasaCivrebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris
Sedegad miRebuli saboloo gadawyvetileba savaldebulo unda iyos
Sesasruleblad informaciis mflobel sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis.
konvenciiT gansazRvrulia mxareTa valdebulebebi marTlmsajulebis
procedurebTan dakavSirebuli finansuri Tu sxva saxis dabrkolebebis
aRkveTis Taobaze. sainteresoa, rom orhusis konvenciis fuZemdeblebs
marTlsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis principis garantiebis
xelSekrulebaSi gamtkicebisaTvis realuri safuZvlebi hqondaT, erTi
mxriv, es iyo administraciuli da sasamarTlo garCevebis procedurebis
vadebis darRveva, xolo meore mxriv, im gadasaxadebis aragonivruli
odenobebi, romlebic procesis mxareebs unda gadaexadaT, rac
TavisTavad maTTvis damatebiT dabrkolebas qmnida. swored am
dabrkolebebi aRmofxvris mizniT, konvenciam daadgina, rom
marTlmsajulebis procedura ar unda warmoadgendes sazogadoebisaTvis
ukiduresad ZviradRirebul RonisZiebas, procedurebi unda iyos
drouli, xolo maT Sesaxeb yvela informacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
sazogadoebisaTvis.75
amgvarad, orhusis konvencia aris pirveli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi
dokumenti, romelmac globalur doneze gansazRvra adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da kompilireba
gaukeTa yvela, manamde arsebul saerTaSoriso Tu regionul dokuments
am sferoSi, romlebic, marTalia, garkveul debulebebs adgenen am
mimarTulebiT, magram mainc sakmaod zogadi xasiaTis gamo naklebad
gamoiyenebian Teoriasa da praqtikaSi.
sainteresoa, rom orhusis konvenciam Seqmna manamde ararsebuli
standarti da samarTlebrivi meqanizmi ekologiuri uflebebis
75 orhusis konvencia me-9 muxli.
- 59 -
dasacavad. am konvenciasa da gaeros egidiT SemuSavebul sxva
xelSekrulebebs Soris SedarebiTi analizisas TvalnaTelia, rom
orhusis konvencia aris pirveli universaluri instrumenti jansaR
garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT. rameTu,
individisTvis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba miiRweva mxolod
maSin, Tu igi flobs obieqtur informacias misi sacxovrebeli da
samuSao garemos Sesaxeb, Tu igi CarTulia Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi adreul etapzeve da Tu mas misi ekologuri
uflebebis darRvevisas xeli miuwvdeba marTlmsajulebisadmi.
niSandoblivia isic, rom konvencia ar zRudavs individebs sxvadasxva
biurokratiuli meqanizmebiT da maTTvis informaciis sajaroobas TviT
saxelmwifo umaRles organoTa uSualo movaleobad miiCnevs. amasTanave,
konvencia xelSemkvrel mxareebs uflebas aZlevs erovnuli
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvron damatebiTi xelsayreli pirobebi,
romlebic ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs gaamyareben.
- 60 -
2.1.2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi axali
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentis SemuSavebis perspeqtiva
garemos dacvis sferoSi gaeros egidiT SemuSavebuli aTeulobiT
xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis miuxedavad da imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom kacobrioba qvecnobierad yovelTvis iswrafoda da kvlav
miiswrafvis adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad,
mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso dokumentis SemuSavebaa saWiro.76
dResdReobiT kavSiri ekologiasa da adamianis uflebebis dacvas Soris,
rogorc winamdebare kvlevaSi dadasturda, Zalze aqtualuria
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, amdenad dRis wesrigSi adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis mizniT axali saerTaSoriso dokumentebis Seqmnis
sakiTxic dadga (Lex Ferenda).
wignSi ,,saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTali da politika“77
detaluradaa ganxiluli, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaCndes adamianis
ekologiur uflebaTa dacvis sruliad axali samarTlebrivi
instrumenti ,,sufTa garemos principis“ aqtualizaciaze dafuZnebiT.
stokholmis deklaraciis meSveobiT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam
sayovelTaod aRiara ekologiuri uflebebi. deklaraciis pirvelive
principma gansazRvra, rom yovel adamians gaaCnia fundamentaluri
ufleba iyos Tavisufali, Tanaswori da icxovros misi arsebobisaTvis
adekvatur garemoSi, ise rom saTanadod daculi iqnes misi keTildReoba
da Rirseba. xolo, 1992 wlis rios deklaraciis pirveli muxli
gansazRvravs: ,,mdgradi ganviTarebis safuZveli adamiania. mas miniWebuli
aqvs garemosTan harmonizebuli janmrTelobisa da produqtiuli
arsebobis ufleba.“ saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTalisa da
politikis Sesaxeb wignis avtorebi miiCneven, rom es fraza metis-metad
zogadia da keTil survilebs ufro waagavs, vidre raime samarTlebriv
safuZvels. magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini miiCneven, rom es principi
mniSvnelovani winapirobaa Semdgomi Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi
76 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1325.
- 61 -
urTierTobebis warmoqmnisaTvis. Tumca, ufro efeqtiani da ekologiurad
gamarTlebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoqmnisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ufro mkafiod da saTanadod gaimijnos
uSualod ekologiuri uflebebi da mas damoukidebeli formulireba
mieces, rogorc adamianis uflebebis samarTlis erT-erT ZiriTad
Semadgenel nawils. magram, am sakiTxis aRmocenebasTan erTad, xSirad
Cndeba mravali SekiTxva – rogor unda ganimartos ekologiuri ufleba?
– ra ganzomilebebi unda iqnes daculi da romeli garemovlena iqnes
CaTvlili usafrTxod? garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis analizisas TvalnaTelia, rom
sityva ,,garemos“ yovelTvis Tan sdevs iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa -
,,sufTa“, ,,janmrTeli“, ,,damakmayofilebeli“, ,,ekologiurad
gawonasworebuli“, ,,Sesaferisi“, ,,sicocxlisunariani“ da ,,mdgradi“.
NniSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom ekologiuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi
urTierT dabalansebis safuZvelze unda ganviTardes, Tu ekologiuri
uflebebi mxolod maSin unda gavaaqtiuroT, roca es ekonomikur
urTierTobebs srulebiT ar Seexeba?
zemoaRniSnuli wignis avtorebi aanalizeben im zogad normatiul
safuZvlebs, romlebic ekologiur uflebaTa Sesaxeb calke dokuments
safuZvlad unda daedos. MmaTi azriT, ekologiuri ufleba, garda
samarTlebrivi instrumentisa, moralur, dauwerel uflebadac
gvevlineba. ekologiuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis mkafiod gamijvnis mizniT, avtorebi am mimarTulebiT oTxi
ZiriTad pozicias gamoyofen: a) Sesaferis garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia; Bb) sicocxlisa
da janmrTelobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli fundamenturi uflebebi
garemos dacvis safuZvelia; g) xelSekrulebebi, MmaT Soris,
ekologiuri, xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebT daicvan
xelSekrulebebiT gansazRvruli debulebebi, MmaT Soris, ekologiuri
uflebebi; d) am etapze ar arsebobs aranairi saerTaSoriso
77 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1328-1335.
- 62 -
mravalmxrivi savaldebulo Zalis mqone dokumenti, romelic adamianis
ekologiur uflebebs yvela mimarTulebiT gansazRvravda.78
am mizniT, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis umciresobaTa dacvisa
da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris qvekomisiis mier 1994 wels SemuSavebulia
principebis proeqti adamianis ekoligiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi79,
romelic angariSis saxiT iqna momzadebuli. es angariSi mijnavs kavSirs
adamianis uflebebsa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebs Soris da adgens, rom
SeuZlebelia adamianma srulyofilad isargeblos saerTaSoriso
samarTliT aRiarebuli uflebebiT, Tu mas elementarulad jansaR
garemoSi jansaRi cxovrebis da muSaobis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia.
angariSSi momxseneblis mier xazgasmulia, rom deklaraciis es proeqti
,,daexmareba gaeros . . . damakmayofilel garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis
Sesaxeb konsolidirebuli dokumentis Sedgenisas.“80 proeqti mTlianad
eyrdnoba riosa da stokholmis deklaraciebis principebs da adgens -
,,yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros usafrTxo, jansaR da ekologiuriad
sufTa garemoSi.“
angariSi ganxilul iqna gaeros mier, mowonebul iqna gaeros adamianis
uflebaTa komisiis umciresobaTa dacvisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
qvekomisiis mier, magram aranairi realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia, mxolod
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba aRniSnuli sakiTxis saxelmwifoTa
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo doneze ganxilvis Sesaxeb.81
naTelia, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis pirdapiri Tu
arapirdapiri dacvis garantiebis uzrunveyofis procesSi gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebul iqna aTeulobiT normatiuli
dokumenti. Tumca, aman, ar gamoricxa am sferoSi axali dokumentis
SemuSavebis dRis wesrigSi dayenebis sakiTxi. margam, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxis iniciativa warmoiSva jer kidev maSin,
rodesac SemuSavebuli ar iyo orhusis konvencia, romelmac praqtikulad
78 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy , 1999, 1327. 79 Human Rights and the Environment, Final report prepared by Mrs Fatma Zohra Ksentini, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/9. 80 M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human Rights and the Environment (Prefaces, W. Schwimmer former Sec. General of the COE), 2002, 14. 81 iqve. 15.
- 63 -
daaregulira adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi ise rom, ar gamouricxavs sxva xelSekrulebis dadebis
sakiTxic.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom realurad, adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi axali
saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumentis SemuSaveba gansakuTrebul
saWiroebas ar qmnis, rameTu, garda orhusis konvenciiT pirdapir
gansazRvruli ekologiuri uflebebisa, arsebobs aTeulobiT
universaluri da regionuli xelSekruleba, romlebic, zog SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba arapirdapiri gziT, magram mainc adgenen ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis garantiebs.
- 64 -
- 65 -
2.2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis safuZvlebi evrogaerTianebis
samarTlis mixedviT
ekologiuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso masStabiT ganxilvisas
yuradsaRebia evropis gaerTianebis samarTlis mimoxilvac, radgan
swored evrokavSirma Camoayaliba da ganaviTara garemosdacviTi
samarTali im saxiT, raTa moxdes bunebrivi resursebis iseTi mdgradi
moxmareba, rom ekonomikurma ganviTarebam xeli ar SeuSalos adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvas.
evropis gaerTianebis Seqmnis dasawyisad moiazreba parizis 1951 wlis
xelSekruleba, romelmac evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba
daafuZna, da agreTve 1957 wlis romis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac
eqvsma wevrma saxelmwifom xeli moawera evropis ekonomikuri
gaerTianebisa da evratomis damfuZnebel dokumentebs.82 MmaTi Seqmnis
mizans Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebis da kanonis
uzenaesobis principis dacva wamoadgenda. romis xelSekrulebis
dadebidan ormocdaaTamde wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis kavSirma Tavi
daimkvidra rogorc msoflios wamyvanma Zalam da misi amJamindeli
saqmianoba sul ufro met zegavlenas axdens wevri qveynebis
moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze. evropis gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoTaTvis
samarTlebriv donze dadgenilia garkveuli moTxovnebi, romelTa
saTanado aRsrulebasa da pativiscemazea dafuZnebuli mTeli
gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi sistema. evropis kavSiri, rogorc
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos msgavsi warmonaqmnis sanimuSo
magaliTi, wevr saxelmwifoebs, pirvel rigSi, adamianis uflebebis
dacvasa da kanonis uzenaesobis principis pativiscemas usaxavs miznad,
risi ugulebelyofa mkacrad kontroldeba da isjeba evrokavSiris
teritoriaze moqmedi samarTliT.
romis xelSekrulebaSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli aranairi iuridiuli
norma garemos dacvis da, miT umetes, ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
erTiani politikis Sesaxeb. Tumca am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia evropis
- 66 -
erTiani politikis ganviTarebisaTvis garemosa da adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT.83 garda politikis ganviTarebisa,
aqtiurad daiwyo evropuli ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebac, rac
metwilad evropuli precedentuli samarTlis zegavleniT iyo
ganpirobebuli. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom wevri saxelmwifoebis
konstituciebi xSir SeTxvevaSi moicaven adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis samarTlebriv garantiebs84, maSin roca
evrogaerTianebis arc erTi oficialuri dokumenti amgvar samarTlebriv
safuZvlebs ar adgens. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom maastrixtis
xelSekruleba acxadebs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian
pativi scen adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias85 da erTmaneTis
konstituciebs.86 Tumca, samwuxarod, evropuli konvencia ar Seicavs
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis pirdapir garantiebs da arc wevri
saxelmwifoebi konstituciebis Sesabamisi muxlebi gamoirCevian Seuvali
simkacriT.
miuxedavad arsebuli samarTlebrivi xarvezebisa, dRevandeli saerTo
evropuli samarTali mainc rCeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis mniSvnelovan garantad, radgan adgens imgvar pirobebs MmaT
dasacavad, romelTa ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi TviT
evrokavSiris demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi dadgeba eWvqveS. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelo, mTeli Tavisi
sakanonmdeblo sivrciT, miiswrafvis evrokavSirisaken, metad
sainteresoa mimoxilul iqnes is evropuli standartebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva saerTo
evropul sivrceSi.
82im droisTvis wevr saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen: belgia, safrangeTi, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi da dasavleT germania. 83 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 109. 84 magaliTad, espaneTisa da portugaliis konstituciebi. 85 ECHR. Rome, 1950. 86 Treaty of European Union, Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992. Article F (2).
- 67 -
ar aris gasakviri, rom am sferoSi evrogaerTianebis kompetenciis
gansazRvris ararsebobis gamo gaerTianebis politika garemos dacvis
sferoSi viTardeboda naklebad SesamCnevi, Taviseburi saxiT. ministrTa
sabWom mxolod 1985 wels SeimuSava samoqmedo programa gaerTianebaSi
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis mdgomareobis Seswavlis mizniT. da
mainc, 1973 wlidan moyolebuli, sabWom miiRo xuTwliani samoqmedo
programebis seria, romelmac dabinZurebis seriozuli problemebisadmi
saswrafo sapasuxo qmedebebs, sabolood, garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvis saerTo strategiis forma misca. ZiriTadad
sferoebSi, romlebzedac evrokavSirma gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila
yuradReba, Sedis: wylis dabinZureba, atmosferos dabinZureba, xmauri,
qimiuri produqtebi, narCenebi.
evrokavSiri aris 1979 wlis bernis konvenciis wevri, romelic veluri
bunebis SenarCunebas exeba. wevrma saxelmwifoebma miiRes rekomendacia
SeuerTdnen 1971 wlis ramsaris konvencias. ministrTa sabWom miiRo
ramdenime direqtiva gareuli frinvelebis dacvis sferoSi, amasTanave
miRebul iqna direqtivebi, romlebic axdenen msubuqi da satvirTo
avtomanqanebis, motocikletebis, traqtorebis, zogierTi TviTmfrinavis,
gazonebis gasakreWi manqanebis da samSeneblo teqnikis xmauris
maqsimaluri donis dadgenas.
1977 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi sevezos katastrofis Semdeg, ramac
maRali toqsikurobis dioqsiniT didi teritoriis dabinZureba gamoiwvia,
gadadgmul iqna seriozuli nabijebi qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoebiT da
gavrcelebiT Seqmnili riskis Sesamcireblad. 1986 wlidan moqmedebs
arsebuli qimiuri nivTierebebis inventarizaciis evropuli sammarTvelo,
romelic aqveynebs bazarze arsebuli qimiuri produqtebis sias, rac
SesaZlebels xdis MmaT daqvemdebarebas Setyobinebis, Sefasebisa da
kontrolis sazogado procedurebisadmi. aseve miRebul iqna gadamWreli
zomebi qloroflurokarbonatis warmoebidan amoRebis Sesaxeb.
amasTanave, evrokavSirSi gatarebulia Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi adamianis
janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sferoSi. am mizniT
SemoRebul iqna dasaSvebi nivTierebebis sia da sisufTavis evropuli
- 68 -
standartebi iseTi sakvebi danamatebisa, rogorebicaa: saRebavebi,
aqtioqsidantebi, emulgatorebi, stabilizatorebi da Semsqeleblebi.
amdenad, evropis xalxTa istoriulma miRwevebma, MmaTma kulturam,
energiam da adaptaciis unarma uzrunvelyo garemos dacvis sferoSi
MmaTi mniSvnelovani roli msoflioSi, romelSic sxva xalxebi da
regionebic savsebiT samarTlianad miiswrafvian am sferoSi MmaTi rolis
srulfasovnad Sesrulebisaken.
- 69 -
2.2.1. evrogaerTianebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT
adamianis uflebebis dacva evrokavSiris samarTlis da politikis
umniSvnelovanesi elementia. zogadad adamianis uflebebis koncefcia
sakmaod dinamikuria. is mudmivad icvleba da farovdeba, rac evropis
gaerTianebis saxelmwifoebis konstituciuri ganviTarebis istoriamac
daadastura. magram, miuxedavad amisa, uryevia idea, rom yovel adamians
aqvs ganuyofeli da samarTlebrivad daculi uflebebi.
dResdReobiT mecnierTa Soris sakmaod aqtiurad mimdinareobs msjeloba
uflebebis sxvadasxva ,,Taobebisadmi“ mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba am
uflebebs Soris marTlac SesamCnevia. pirvel Taobas miekuTvneba
adamianis dacva saxelmwifo Carevisagan, meore Taobas ekuTvnis
socialuri uflebebi, magaliTad, Sromisa da ganaTlebis ufleba.
arsebobs mesame Taobis uflebebic, romelTa Sorisaa mSvidobis ufleba,
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, ganviTarebis ufleba, umciresobaTa uflebebi
da ekologiuri, imave jansaR garemoSi arsebobis ufleba.
,,evropelebs aqvT ufleba icxovron sufTa da jansaR garemoSi“ -
acxadeben evropeli garemosdamcvelebi da am uflebas adamianis
fundamentalur uflebebs Soris moiazreben.87 Tumca, evropelebis winaSe
dResdReobiT aqtiurad dgas sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda
moxdes bunebrivi resursebis imgvari gamoyeneba, rom adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebi saTanadod iqnes daculi. am azramde evropelebi
swored bunebrivi resursebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebiT da garemos
dabinZurebiT gamowveulma bunebrivma kataklizmebma miiyvanes, ramac
evropul garemos da evropelebis janmrTelobas sakmaod seriozuli
safrTxe Seuqmna.
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisadmi miZRvnil Sexvedraze cnobilma
mecnierma maqvilon deJan-ponma ganacxada, rom - ,,adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlo akeTebs yvelafers da kidev ufro mets, raTa
maqsimalurad moaxdinos adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sasamarTlo
87 C. Harper, Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues, 1996, 39.
- 70 -
wesiT dacva im saSualebebiT, rasac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
konvencia adgens“. amis naTeli magaliTia saqmeebi narCenebis gafrqvevis
Sesaxeb espaneTSi, meTanis afeqTqeba TurqeTSi, xmauri londonis sahaero
teritoriaze.88 Tumca, samwuxarod, mravali saqme, mxolod imis gamo, rom
konvencia pirdapir arafers adgens ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT, evropuli sasamarTlos ganxilvis miRma darCa. Tumca
erTi sakiTxi udavoa da amis Sesaxeb ori azri ar arsebobs, informacia
garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela
evropelisTvis,89 ,,ufleba icode arsebobs, Tumca misi saTanado
aRsruleba ver xerxdeba“ - acxadebs ludvig klarki, evrokomisiidan.90
ekologiuri uflebebis dasacavad evrokavSiris teritoriaze bevri ram
keTdeba, miuxedaad im dabrkolebebisa, romlebic samarTlebriv doneze
mainc arsebobs aRmoufxvreli. am mimarTulebiT evrokavSiris
insitutebis saqmianobaSi sami mimarTuleba ikveTeba - garemos
Tvisobrivi SenarCuneba, dacva da gaumjobeseba; adamianis janmrTelobis
dacva; bunebrivi resursebis gonivruli da racionaluri gamoyeneba.
am sferoSi evrogaerTianebis kompetenciis saTaveebidan daudgenlobis
gamo gaerTianebis politika viTardeboda naklebad SesamCnevi,
Taviseburi saxiT. 1973 wlidan moyolebuli ministrTa sabWom SeimuSava
xuTwliani samoqmedo programebis seria, romlebmac dabinZurebis
seriozuli problemebisadmi saswrafo sapasuxo qmedebebs, sabolood,
garemos da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTo strategiis
forma misca. ZiriTad sferoebSi, romelTa xelyofa gansakuTrebiT
saSiSroebas uqmis adamianis janmrTelobas da romlebzedac
evrokavSirma gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yuradReba, Sedis:
wylis dabinZurebis - am mxriv evrokomisiis mier damtkicebul iqna
mravali direqtiva, romlebic exeba zedapiruli, miwisqveSa, mtknari Tu
mlaSe wylis dacvas dabinZurebisagan, rac xSirad adamianebis daavadebas
88 Green Week Session: Your Environmental Rights, Environment for Europeans, Magazine of the Directorate-General for the Environment, Issue 17, 2006, 43. 89 Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158, 23 June 1990); Resolution of 19 October 1987 on the continuation and implementation of a European Community policy and action programme on the environment (1987 to 1992). 90 iqve.
- 71 -
iwvevs. SemoRebul iqna xarisxis standartebi sabanao, sasmel wyalze.
mkacrad kontroldeba wyalSi toqsikuri nivTierebebis CaRvra.91
atmosferos dabinZureba - garemos dabinZurebis pirvelwyaro, rac
ZiriTadad evropis industriuli progresiT aris gamowveuli.
gamonabolqvi qarxnebidan, manqanebidan iwvevs tyeebis masStabur
ganadgurebas mJave wvimebiT da safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas.
mxolod 1987 wlis ivlisSi, sagangebo evropuli aqtis mier
gaTvaliswinebuli xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebul iqna direqtivebis seria
avtomobilebis gamonabolqvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb.92
xmauri - evrokomisiis mier miRebul iqna direqtivebi, romlebic axdenen
msubuqi da satvirTo satransporto saSualebebis, TviTmfrinavebis,
gazonebis sakreWi manqanebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis xmauri
maqsimaluri donis dadgenas.93
qimiuri produqtebi da narCenebi - 1977 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi
sevezos katastrofis Semdeg, ramac maRali toqsikuri dioqsiniT didi
teritoriis dabinZureba gamoiwvia, gadadgmul iqna ukiduresi nabijebi
qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoebiT da gavrcelebiT warmoqmnili riskis
Sesamcireblad.94 am mizniT 1982 wlidan miRebul iqna mTeli rigi
direqtivebisa. 1975 wlidan ZalaSi Sevida gaerTianebis wesebi narCenebis
91 Council Decision of 7 October 1997 on the conclusion of the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic; Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy; The Council in its resolution of 28 June 1988(5) asked the Commission to submit proposals to improve ecological quality in Community surface waters; Council Directive 80/68/EEC of 17 December 1979 on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances. 92 2001/379/EC: Council Decision of 4 April 2001 on the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals. 93 Corrigendum to Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (Official Journal of the European Union L 159 of 30 April 2004); Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). 94 Corrigendum to Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 amending Directive 97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 146, 30.4.2004).
- 72 -
Segrovebis, ganTavsebis, gadamuSavebis da xelaxali gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb.95,96
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi naTeli gaxda evrogaerTianebis mier garemos
marTvisadmi da, Sesabamisad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvisadmi ufro gansazRvruli da sistemuri midgomis SemoRebis
aucilebloba. 1991 wels maastrixtis samitze miRweuli evrokavSiris
xelSekrulebiT romis xelSekrulebaSi Setanil iqna axali nawili
garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, riTac mniSvnelovnad gaizarda evrogaerTianebis
kompetencia. 1997 wlis ivnisis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam ,,garemos
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis da dacvis maRali donis uzrunvelyofa“
gaerTianebis miznis donemde aamaRla da evroparlamentis Zalaufleba
ganavrco garemos dacvis, MmaT Soris, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi.97 xelSekruleba 35-e da 37-e muxlebSi adgens adamianis
janmrTelobis dacvisa da garemos dacvis standartebs. dokumentSi
naTqvamia, rom adamianis janmrTelobis dacva uzrunvelyofil unda
iqnes gaerTianebis politikisa da Sesabamisi saqmianobebis
ganxorcielebis Sesabamisad. xelSekrulebaSi agreTve xazgasmulia
garemos dacvisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba da prioriteti.
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebaSi evrogaerTianebis rolze
saubrisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba ar daeTmos adamianis
uflebaTa evropul konvencias da sasamarTlo praqtikas, razedac
momdevno TavebSi saTanado yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli. ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT evropulma precedentulma samarTalma
daadastura, rom konvenciis zogierTi muxlis sxvadasxva interpretaciis
Sedegad SesaZlebelia am uflebebis dacva, magram, samwuxarod, ara
yovelTvis.98 amgvari iyo saqmeebi lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg
95 dik leonardi, evrokavSiris saxelmZRvanelo, 2002, gv. 267-269. 96 REGULATION (EC) No 850/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC; Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, 3). Decision as last amended by Council Decision 2001/573/EC (OJ L 203, 28.7.2001, 18). 97 iqve. 98 evropuli konvenciis me-2, me-8, me-10, damatebiTi pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli.
- 73 -
(López Ostra v. Spain)99, da faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom)100. am saqmeebSi
mosarCeleebis mtkicebiT garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba (xmauri
londonis hisrous aeroportidan, suniTa da kvamliT haeris dabinZureba)
MmaTs janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda da SesaZlebeli iyo
asaxuliyo101. mosarCeleebi Tvlidnen, rom garemos gauaresebuli
mdgomareoba uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda maTs pirad cxovrebaze da
aferxebda zemoaRniSnuli evropuli konvenciiT garantirebuli
uflebebiT sargeblobas. sainteresoa saqme fredini SvedeTis winaaRmdeg
(Fredin v. Sweden)102, sadac mosarCele mxaris gancxadebiT, saxelmwifom
daarRvia misi sakuTrebis ufleba da gauuqma kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi
miwidan wiaRiseulis mopovebis nebarTva. am saqmeze sasamarTlom
saxelmwifos pozicia gaamarTla da misi qmedeba garemos, rogorc
sazogadoebis janmrTelobis umTavresi garantis, dacviT axsna. am
saqmidan naTlad Cans, rom saerTo evropuli midgoma ekologiuri
uflebebisadmi araerTgvarovania da xSirad, demokratiuli da
sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare, zRudavs individualur
interesebs.
99 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 100 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81. 101 D.Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 11. 102 ECHR, Ser.A, No.192, 1991, 6; aseve: Desgagne, Environmental Values and Human Rights In Europe, 89 AJIL. 1995, 263.
- 74 -
2.2.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba evrogaerTianebis samarTlis
mixedviT
zogadad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT,
evrogaerTianebis samarTalze dakvirvebisas TvalnaTliv Cans, rom
gaerTianeba samarTlebriv da institucionalur doneze qmnis maqsimalur
berketebs, raTa moxdes am uflebebis realizeba da samarTlebrivi
garantireba. amasve adasturebs evropuli precedentuli samarTalic,
romelic iseTive axalgazrdaa, rogorc TviTon ekologiuri samarTali
da, miT umetes, ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis instituti. yovelive
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurveli iqneboda, rom
evrogaerTianebaSi Seqmnili da moqmedi adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa
dacvis standartebi sxva saxelmwifoebmac, MmaT Soris, saqarTvelomac
,gaiTavison da Seqmnan MmaTi danergvisa da aRsrulebis realuri
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo meqanizmebi.
paradoqsulia, magram adamianis sakeTildReod biosferosa da zogadad
bunebis SenarCunebis cnobiereba kacobriobis ganviTarebas mudam Tan
sdevda, Tumca cota ram Tu keTdeboda am mimarTulebiT. dRes, rodesac
ganviTarebulma evrokavSirma adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris,
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis umaRles doneebs miaRwia, danarCenma
samyaromac unda gaiTavisos es gamocdileba da ise, rogorc arasdros,
erTad unda dadges garemos dasacavad amJamindeli da momavali Taobebis
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
evrokavSiris gamocdilebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba
ar daeTmos imis garkvevas, Tu konkretulad ra adgili ukavia jansaR
garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas evropul samarTalSi. am miznis misaRwevad,
pirvel rigSi, identificirebuli unda iqnes is ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gaerTianeba
marTavs am metad delikatur da saTuT sferos. ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi
igulisxmeba jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis gamijvna im ZiriTadi
aspeqtebis mixedviT, romelic sabolood erT mTlianobas qmnis.
- 75 -
romlebia es aspeqtebi? ra udevs MmaT safuZvlad? savaraudod es
aspeqtebia:
• ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni
sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb;
• ufleba samarTlian da efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze;
• ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis amgvari diferenciacia imis
dasturia, rom es ufleba, evrokavSiris samarTlis mixedviT
aRiarebulia rogorc arsebiTi ufleba, romelic individis aqtiuri da
pozitiuri uflebebis realizaciaSi gamoixateba. amgvari midgoma
naTlad adasturebs evrogaerTianebis demokratiul miznebs, romlis
umTavresi mizani adamianis uflebebis dacvaa.
TavisTavad evrogaerTianebis ekologiuri samarTali axali da swrafad
ganviTarebadi sferoa. 1960 wlis Semdeg daiwyo pirveli direqtivebis
gamocema am mimrTulebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad 1957 wlis romis
evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas
eyrdnobodnen, radgan am droisaTvis ar arsebobda specialuri
samarTlebrivi aqtebi am mimarTulebiT. mxolod 1972 wlis gaeros
egidiT Catarebuli stokholmis konferenciis Semdeg (konferencia -
garemo adamianisaTvis), evrogaerTianebis wevrma saxelmwifoebma parizis
konferenciaze miiRes deklaracia, romelic specifikur evropul
ekologiur samarTals qmnida. ,,evropuli interesebidan gamomdinare,
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos garemos dacvas, rac miznad
kacobriobis saerTo intresebis dacvas isaxavs“.103 amis Semdgeom saerTo
evropuli midgoma garemos dacvis sferosadmi dafiqsirda 5 samoqmedo
gegmaSi.104
ufro metic, 1986 wlis cvlilebebma evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis
1957 wlis xelSekrulebaSi daamata specialuri VII Tavi, romelmac
evropuli sazogadoebis ekologiuri miznebi gansazRvra. maastrixtis
103 EC Commission, 6th General Report, 1972, 8.
- 76 -
1992 wlis xelSekrulebis 130-e muxlma ki, romelmac am ukanasknelSic
cvlilebebi Seitana da Camoyaliba gaerianebis ekologiuri politikis
Semdegi mimarTulebebi:
• garemos mdgomareobis SenarCuneba, dacva da gaumjobeseba;
• adamianis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaSi wvlilis Setana;
• bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri da gonivruli gamoyeneba;
• saerTaSoriso doneze ekologiuri saqmianobebis xelSewyoba.
amasTanave zemoaRniSnuli muxli avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs
uzrunvelyon usafrTxoebis umaRlesi donis SenarCuneba, rac
prevenciul principebze iqneba dafuZnebuli da aamoqmedon saerTaSoriso
ekologiuri umniSvnelovanesi principi ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“.
amasTanave, xelSekruleba ar zRudavs mxareebs erovnul doneze kidev
ufro mkacrad daareguliron aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, Tumca imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ekologiuri sakiTxebi xSirad scildeba
saxelmwifos teritoriis sazRvrebs, maTi daregulireba ukeT xerxdeba
saerTo evropuli pilitikisa da samoqmedo gegmebis farglebSi. amdenad,
evrogaerTianebis samoqmedo areali am mimarTulebiT sakmaod farToa,
Tumca rogorc bevri mecnieri Tvlis, saqmianoba, ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev arasakmarisad mkafioa.105
garda evrogaerTianebis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi dokumentebisa,
evrokavSiris farglebSi SemuSavebul iqna da moqmedebs uamravi
regulacia Tu direqtiva, romlebic TiToeul konkretul sferoSi
adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs.
aRniSnuli dokumentebi adgenen adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis
elementarul da amasTanave umniSvnelovan garantiebs, romlebic
uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes MmaTi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos
dasacavad.106 isini gansazRvraven mSromelTa ekologiur uflebebs da im
104 First Action Programm, OJ C 112/1; Second Action Programm, OJ C 139/1; Third Action Programm, OJ C 46/1; Fourth Action Programm, OJ C 328/1; Fifth Action Programm, OJ C 138/5. 105 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 115.
106 Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water; 82/501/EEC: Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities; 83/477/EEC: Council Directive of 19 September 1983 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to asbestos
- 77 -
risk-faqtorebs, romlebmac SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnan MmaT, an maTi
STamomavlebis janmrTelobas, gansazRvraven xmaurisa da vibraciis
donis dasaSveb indeqsebs, adgenen ekologiuri informaciis miRebis
garantiebs, gansazRvraven oficialuri struqturebis valdebulebas am
mxriv. dokumentebSi mkacrad kontroldeba evrogaerTianebaSi
mrewvelobis is mimarTulebebi, romlebmac SesaZloa safrTxe adamianis
janmrTelobasa da garemos Seuqmnan, dadgenilia garemos dabinZurebis
normebi, mavne nivTierebaTa gamoyenebis standartebi. gansazRvrulia eko-
markirebisa, eko-auditisa da dabinZurebis aRkveTis sqemebi. erTi
sityviT, Seqmnilia yvelanairi piroba, raTa maqsimalurad moxdes
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva ise, rogorc es demokratiis da
Tanamedroveobis unikalur simbolos - evropis gaerTianebas Seefereba.107
at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC); Council Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants; Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work; Council Directive 89/618/Euratom of 27 November 1989 on informing the general public about health protection measures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency; Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms; Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the environment. 106 Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work; Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC); Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network; Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award scheme; Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme. 107 Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work; Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC); Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network; Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award scheme; Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme.
- 78 -
2.2.3. ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni
sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb evrogaerTianebis
samarTlis mixedviT
TiToeul saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze sxavadasxva
etapis gavla uwevs, romelTa Soris umTavresi adamianis uflebebis
dacvaa. magram verc erTi saxelmwifo ver miaRwevs dasaxul mizans, Tu
misi yvela moqalaqe saTanadod ar iqna informirebuli. informaciis
floba da masze xelmisawvdomoba faqtobrivad adamianis uflebebis
dacvis sakvanZo wertilia. informaciis xelmisawvdomobaze saubrisas,
garemosdacviT informaciaze xelmisawvdomobac TavisTavad igulsxmeba,
radgan swored ekologiur mdgomareobaze arsebuli informacia qmnis im
realur berkets, romelic moqalaqes sakuTari sacxovrebeli da samuSao
garemos jansaRi saxiT SenarCunebaSi uwyobs xels. rogor xdeba am
informaciis gavrceleba? - ra Tqma unda, isev da isev saxelmwifo
organoebis daxmarebiT, romlebic avrceleben da unda gaavrcelon MmaT
xelT arsebuli informacia garemos xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
Tumca arsebobs problema, rac kerZo seqtors exeba da romelic,
warmoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garemos realuri damabinZurebelia. ra Tqma
unda, saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs uxeSad Caerios kerZo seqtoris
biznes-saqmianobaSi, Tumca aqac arsebobs oqros Sualedi, rac
garemosdacviT ekologiur eqspertizaSi, ekologiuri zemoqmedebis
Sefasebasa da ekologiuri saqmianobis licenzirebaSi gamoixateba. yvela
es piroba qmnis imis safuZvels, rom saxelmwifom, rogorc kontrolisa
da monitoringis ganmaxorcielebelma umTavresma garantma, saTanado
doneze moaxdinos mosaxleobis ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT informireba
da amasTanave, sadac amas samarTlis norma moiTxovs, CarTos
danteresebuli pirebi garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.
evrogaerTianebis farglebSi garemosdacviT informaciaze
xelmisawvdomobis uflebas samarTlebrivad adgens 1990 wlis
- 79 -
direqtiva,108 romlis debulebebis gamkacrebis iniciativiT ara erTxel
gamosulan evroparlamentisa da evrokomisiis wevrebi. evrokavSiris
ekologiuri moqmedebebis me-5 programam daadgina, rom arsebuli
garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebi saTanado da adekvaturi ar aris im
ekologiuri degradaciisa, romelic garemoSi arsebobs da rom saWiroa
ufro mkveTri nabijebis gadadgma.109 aRniSnuli direqtiva adgens uamrav
pirobas, romelic moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs, miiRon yovelgvari
dabrkolebis gareSe,MmaTTvis saintereso ekologiuri informacia.
direqtivis savaldebulo Zalis miuxedavad, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis
sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda misi adaptireba da harmonizireba erovnul
kanonmdeblobasTan, radgan es sakmaod mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebs moiTxovda. am mxriv Tavi portugaliam da espaneTma
gamoiCines, romlebmac erovnuli konstituciebis doneze aRiares ufleba
ekologiuri informaciis miRebis Tavisuflebasa da ekologiuriad
usafrTxo garemoze.110
108 Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158, 23 June 1990). 109V. Kramer, Focus on European Environmental Law, London, 1992, 291. 110 M. Shelton, Environmental Rights in the European Community, 16 Hastings ICLR, 573.
- 80 -
2.2.4. ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb
evrogaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT
marTalia, ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis ufleba sakvanZo
uflebaa, magram fuWia mxolod informaciis floba, Tu dainteresebul
pirebs ufleba ara aqvT garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi miiRon monawileoba. am sakiTxisadmi
evrogaerTianebis oficialur struqturebs araerTgvarovani midgoma
hqondaT. amasTanave mZlavrobda kerZo seqtoris gavlena am oficialur
struqturebze, romlebic cdilobdnen naklebad momxdariyo farTo
fenebis CarTva miSvnelovani ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.
ufro metic, xSirad evrokomisia gadawyvetilebebs sruliad saidumlod
iRebda da moqalaqeebi mxolod faqtis winaSe dgebodnen. amgvari
midgoma, ra Tqma unda, arasworia da naklebad emsaxureba demokratiul
miznebs.
am sakiTxis gamosasworeblad miRebul iqna direqtiva garemoze
zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb111, romelic pirdapir avaldebulebs
Sesabamis struqturebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
dainteresebuli pirebis CarTvas, agreTve adgens kerZo seqtoris
valdebulebas sajaro gaxados yvela is proeqtebi, romlebic garemoze
zemoqmedebas iqonieben.
amasTanave zogierTma wevrma saxelmwifom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
doneze gaxada savaldebulo dainteresebuli pirebis Tu jgufebis
CarTva garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi. daniam, ungreTma, holandiam daadgina imgvari
samarTlebrivi berketebi, romlebic dainteresebul jgufebs uflebas
aZleven monawileoba miiRon umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, ufro metic, MmaT garemoze
zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ganxorcielebaze da bunebrivi resursebiT
111 EC Directive 85/337 on Environmental Impact Assessment.
- 81 -
sargeblobis licenzirebazec miuwvdebaT xeli, ra Tqma unda sakuTari
kompetenciis farglebSi.112
112 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 120.
- 82 -
2.2.5. ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT samarTlian da
efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze evrogaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT
ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni
sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb, ufleba garemosdacviT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
monawileobis miRebis Sesaxeb - aris is uflebebi, romlebic
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi individis da individTa jgufis ekologiur
interesebs da uflebebs icavs, magram am ori uflebis realizeba
veranairad srulyofili ver iqneba, Tu imave subieqtebs samarTlian da
efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze xeli ar miuwvdebaT. zogadad ufleba
samarTlian da efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze erT-erTi fundamentaluri
uflebaa da Tanabrad exeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
mimarTulebas, MmaT Soris, garemosdacviTs.
evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi sistemis farglebSi arsebobs erTi
,,dabrkoleba“ gaerTianebis moqalaqeebisaTvis, rasac evrokavSiris
direqtivebi hqvia. rogorc cnobilia, direqtivebi adgenen qcevis wesebs
TviT wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis da ara uSualod individebisaTvis da
amdenad, dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis, Tu pirTa jgufisaTvis
garkveulwilad problemaa saCivris wardgena evropuli
marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe, romelic luqsemburgSi
mdebareobs.
Tumca amasTanave, sasamarTlos debulebis 37-e muxli adgens, rom
dainteresebul mxareebs SeuZliaT daikavon nebismieri pozicia im
saqmeebSi, romlebic waredgineba sasamarTlos, Tu MmaT es ainteresebT.
Tumca dRemde aRniSnuli debuleba TiTqmis arasdros yofila
gamoyenebuli im subieqtebis mier, romlebsac ekologiuri sakiTxebi
ainteresebs.113 evrogaerTianebis samarTali individebs imis saSualebas
aZlevs, rom waradginon saCivrebi evrokomisiaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
CaTvlian, rom ekologiuri normebi iqna darRveuli da ekologiuri
113 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protectio, Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 121.
- 83 -
uflebebi ar iqna saTanadod daculi. am SemTxvevaSi komisia valdebulia
saTanado reagireba moaxdinos da Seiswavlos saCivarSi aRwerili
faqtebi da MmaTi dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi aamoqmedos maastrixtis
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili normebi.114 Tumca daiwyebs Tu ara aRniSnul
kvlevas komisia, es misi diskreciuli uflebaa, iseve rogorc misTvis
arasavaldebuloa sakuTari dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis sajarod
gamoqveyneba.
maastrixtis xelSekruleba adgens kidev sxva saSualebas, romelic
dainteresebul subieqtebs evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos
winaSe uxsnis gzas, marTalia, grZels, magram mainc arsebuls.
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo Sto ver swyvets sakiTxs,
waradginos es saqme evropuli marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe.
agreTve, xelSekurleba saSualebas aZlevs wevri saxelwifoebis
subieqtebs, evropuli marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe winaswari
ganxilvisaTvis waradginon is saCivrebic, romlebic wevri
saxelmwifoebis instituciuri warmonaqmnebis aramarTlzomier qmedebebs
Seexeba.115
evrogaerTianebis farglebSi zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli
umTavresi problemaa is, rom xSirad erovnul doneze ar xdeba
direqtivebiT dadgenili debulebebis drouli implementacia, rac
xSirad individebs uzRudavs uflebebs an MmaTi ganxorcielebis gzaze
garkveul problemebs uqmnis. am sakiTxma gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT iCina
Tavi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan es
uflebebi ufro axalgazrda uflebebia da xSirad dganan gzajvaredinze
samrewvelo da ekonomikuri interesebis pirispir. magram, amgvari
problemebis arsebobis miuxedavad, evropis marTlmsajulebis
sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi daadgina, rom direqtivebs, miuxedavad
imisa, xorcieldebian Tu ara erovnul doneze, mainc aqvT imis upiratesi
iuridiuli Zala, rom MmaT Sesabamisad moxdes adamianis uflebebis
114Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Related Acts, ACTS. Official Journal C 340, 10 November 1997. Article 226 (Article 16). 115 iqve. Article 234 (ex Article 177.)
- 84 -
dacva.116 amdenad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad
individebi uflebamosilni arian moiTxovon direqtivebiT dadgenili
normebis amoqmedeba damrRvevi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, magram ara sxva
individebisa da kerZo seqtoris winaaRmdeg.117
zogadad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze
sainteresoa evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi,
romlebic metad mravalferovan interpretacias ukeTeben
evrodireqtivebiT dadgenil moTxovnebs. sainteresoa gadawyvetileba
frankoviCis saqmeze (Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy),118 sadac problemas
italiis mier direqtivis Seusruleblobas niSnavda. am saqmeze
sasamarTlom gansazRvra zogadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, wevri
saxelmwifo valdebulia aunazRauros individebs misi qmedebiT an
umoqmedobiT gamowveuli ziani. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaamyara da
ufro mkafio gaxada sxva gadawyvetilebebmac.119
116 Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A., Case 152/84, ECR (1986). 117 Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A.., Case 152/84, ECR (1986); Faccini Dori v. RECREB Srl., Case 91/92. 118 Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy., Case 679/90, 1993. 119 R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame; Brasserie du Pecheur S.A v. Federal Republic of Germany Joined Cases 4678/93.
- 85 -
2.2.6. evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcvelis roli ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis evropuli standartebis ganxilvisas
ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba ar daeTmos evrogaerTianebis saxalxo
damcvelis saqmianobas am mimarTulebiT. evrogaerTianebis saxalxo
damcvelis institutis daarsebisas bevrs miaCnda, rom igi
ganusazRvreli uflebebiT iqneboda aRWurvili da eqneboda sruli
monitoringis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba evrogaerTianebis wevri
saxelmwifoebis nebismier oficialur struqturaze. Tumca, movlenebis
Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo da evropis saxalxo damcvelis
institutis debulebam daamtkica, rom misi kompetencia sakmaod viwroa
da Semoifargleba evropuli institutebis monitoringiT adamianis
uflebebis, MmaT Soris ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. saxalxo
damcvelis ofisi mdebareobs strasburgSi (safrangeTi) da aqvs kidev
erTi ganyofileba briuselSi (belgia).
sakmaod viwro kompetenciis miuxedavad, evropis gaerTianebis saxalxo
damcvels ufleba aqvs monitoringi Cautaros evrokomisiis saqmianobas
evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebis dacvis motiviT, riTac TavisTavad igi
dgas evrogaerTianebis politikis da samarTlis dacvis sadarajoze,
MmaT Soris ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiTac, Tu xdeba
MmaTi darRveva wevri saxelmwifoebis mier.
ekologiuri uflebebis dacva Tavisi SinaarsiT Zalian sfecifikuri
sferoa da met yuradRebas moiTxovs. ekologiuri uflebebi eniWeba
rogorc individebs, iseve individTa jgufebs erToblivad, radgan TviT
garemo ar SeiZleba iyos vinmes sakuTreba da masze miyenebuli ziani
uaryofiTad aisaxeba ZiriTadad adamianTa jgufebze da ara
konkretulad individebze. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos
evrogaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis sasamarTlo sistemis susti
mxaris Sesaxeb, rac ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT
wardgenili saCivrebis mimarT gulgril damokidebulebaSi gamoixateba.
swored aq vlindeba saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobis ZiriTadi arsi,
- 86 -
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs am problemebs. amis
naTeli dadasturebaa is yovelwliuri da specialuri angariSebi,
romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi (1998 wlidan dRemde) sistematurad
qveyndeba saxalxo damcvelis ofisis mier.120 Tumca, rogorc statiis
wina nawilebSi aRiniSna, mxolod erovnuli sasamarTloebis
kompetenciaSi Sedis amgvari sakiTxebis (individualuri sarCelebis)
ganxilva. amdenad, Zalian mniSvnelovania saxalxo damcvelis
damoukdebeli institutis arseboba, romelic mudmiv kontrols da
monitorings uwevs evrogaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis institutebs.
mainc ras saqmianobs evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcveli gaerTianebis
farglebSi evropis ekologiuri samarTlis normebis ukeT aRsrulebis
mizniT?
erTi mxriv, misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizania im naklovanebebis
monitoringi, romelic arsebobs wevri saxelmwifoebisa da gaerTianebis
samarTals Soris. meore mxriv, saxalxo damcveli ixilavs imgvar
saCivrebs, romlebic gaerTianebis institutebis aragamarTul saqmianobas
exeba. am mxriv, saxalxo dacveli akontrolebs, Tu ramdenad
gamWvirvaled axorcieleben sakuTar saqmianobas es institutebi, MmaT
Soris, ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebisa da adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mxriv. metad yuradsaRebia is garemoeba,
rom saxalxo damcvelis ofisi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gamWvirvale
saqmianobasa da oficialuri struqturebis angariSvaldebulebas aqcevs,
rac metad mniSvnelovania ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mxriv, radgan
adekvaturi da obieqturi informaciis floba TavisTavad ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvas niSnavs. amasTanave, saxalxo damcvelis mier
ganxorcielebuli monitoringis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa
imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad adekvatur zomebs iReben Sesabamisi
institutebi sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis
TvalsazrisiT.
sainteresoa, rom evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcvelis ofiss saCivriT
SeuZlia mimarTos nebismierma fizikurma (moqalaqe an mudmivad
120 Reports on the Activities of the European Ombudsman, Committee on Petitions;
- 87 -
mcxovrebi piri) da iuridiulma pirma, xolo saCivric wardgena
SesaZlebelia evrogaerTianebis nebismieri institutis winaaRmdeg.
amasTanave, Tu saqme Seexeba erovnul institutebs, saxalxo damcveli
saqmes Sesabamis erovnul struqturebs gadaugzavnis.
http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/home/en/reports.htm.
- 88 -
2.3. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebi,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, arafers adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis mxriv. konvenciis miRebis dros (1950-iani wlebi) aqtualuri ar
iyo garemos dacvis sakiTxebi da amdenad sasamarTlos winaSe
wardgenili yvela sarCeli adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlos mier arsebiT ganxilvazec ar
iqna daSvebuli. ase, magaliTad, uaryofil iqna sarCeli doq. s. germaniis
federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Dr S. v. the Federal Rupublic of
Germany)121; qs. da i. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (X and
Y v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany)122 da a.S.
Tumca adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiam male gaacnobiera, rom
arajansaRi garemo uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis
janmrTelobaze da safrTxes uqmnis mis sicocxles, rac adamianis
fundamenturi uflebebis darRvevas iwvevs.123 amdenad, komisiam am
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Semdeg dasaSvebad gamoacxada garemos
dacvasTan dakavSirebuli sarCelebi. ase, magaliTad, arondeili
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Arrondelle v. the United Kingdom) (xmaurTan
dakavSirebuli sarCeli)124; bagzsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
(Bagges v. the United Kingdom) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)125; paueli da
raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United
121 Dr S. v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany, Application #715/60, 1969. 122 X and Y v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany, Application #7407/76, 1976 123 1998 wlis 1 noembramde moqmedebda konvenciis orsafexuriani sazedamxedvelo sistema: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. komisia ixilavda ganacxadis dasaSvebobas, xolo evropuli sasamarTlo arsebiTad ixilavda mas. sazedamxedvelobis sistemis gadatvirTulobis gamo, 1994 wels miiRes konvenciis me-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reformirebasa da ganacxadTa ganxilvis proceduris gamartivebas iTvaliswinebda. me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvita adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli, mudmivmoqmedi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo; aseve ix. k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, 2004 w., gv. 10. 124 Arrondelle v. the United Kingdom. Application #7889/77, 1980. 125 Bagges v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81, 1985.
- 89 -
veli
gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili saqmeze ,,pain valley developments ltd“ da
Kingdom) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)126; vearnkombi da sxvebi
germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Vearncombe and others v. the
Federal Rupublic of Germany) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)127; qs.
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (X v. France) (xmaurTan da sxva diskomfortTan
dakavSirebuli sarCeli)128; zander SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden)
(wylis dabinZurebasTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)129 da sxva. aRniSnuli
sarCelebi, ZiriTadad Sevida sasamarTloSi konvenciis me-8130 da me-10
muxlebis131, damatebiTi 1 oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevis motiviT132.
evropuli konvenciis winaSe wardgenil saqmeebs Soris sainteresoa (1979
wlis 4 dekemberi) saqme hakasoni da sturesoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg
(Hakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden)133, romelic exeboda konvenciis pirveli
oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevas, rac mosarCelis informaciiT mis
kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli miwis CamorTmeviT iyo ganpirobebuli.
sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis
konteqstSi daadgina134, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia konvenciis pirveli oqmis pir
muxlis SezRudva.
msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili saqmeze fredini SvedeTis
winaaRmdeg (Fredin v. Sweden)135. mosarCele acxadebda, rom darRveul iqna
misi sakuTrebis ufleba konvenciis pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis
Sesabamisad, Tumca sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnul darRvevas
adgili ar hqonda, radgan mosarCele awarmoebda mis kuTvnil
teritoriaze iseTi bunebrivi resursis eqspluatacias, romelic bunebis
konservaciis mizniT akrZaluli iyo erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. msgvsi
126 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/82, 1986.
th ublic of Germany, Application # 12816/87, 1989. 127 Vearncombe and others v. e Federal Rup128 2 X v. France, Application # 137 8, 1990. 129 Zander v. Sweden, Application # 14282/88, 1992. 130 me-8 muxli, piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba. 131 me-10 muxli, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.
nvention on Human Rights, 2005, 8. 132 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl protection and the European CoHakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden, judgment of 23 January 1990. 133
134 miwis Sesyidvisas mosarCelesTan dadebul iqna xelSekruleba, rom igi moaxdenda am miwis soflis meurneobis mizniT gamoyenebas da racionizacias, rac
bSic iyo. garSemo mcxovrebi mosaxleobis interese
- 90 -
sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Pine Valley Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland)
.136
amgvarad, evropuli precedentuli samarTlis mier Seqmnili iqna
arapirdapiri gza (,,par ricochet“) adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
mizniT. rogorc pr. maqvilon dejant-ponsi aRniSnavs, evropul
konvencasTan mimarTebiT ekologiuri uflebis dacvis samarTlebrivma
gzebma ori mimarTulebiT pova ganviTareba: erTis mxriv, konvenciiT
garantirebuli adamianis fundamentaluri uflebebis dacva xSir
SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs jansaRi garemos uzrunvelyofas uSualod am
uflebebis realizaciisaTvis.137 xolo meore mxriv, adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvencia iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoyalibebul uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos
mier demokratiuli sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod,
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan gamomdinare,
SesaZlebelia SeizRudos konvenciis me-8, me-9138, me-10, me-11139 da sxva
muxlebi adamianisaTvis jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis mizniT. konvenciis
muxlebis ekologiuri uflebebis da wonasworobis SenarCunebis mizniT
SezRudvis naTeli magaliTebia saqmeebi - kosteri gaerTianebuli
samefos winaaRmdeg (Coster v. the United Kingdom), zvolski da zvolski
CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg (Zvolsky and Zvolsy v. Czech Republic),
papastavrou da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Papastavrou and others v.
Greece)140.
konvenciiT daculi uflebebis SezRudvis naTeli magaliTia asve
evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze muriel heriki
gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Muriel Herrick v. the United Kingdom). saqme
exeboda mosarCele mxaris mier misi kuTvnili saTavsos gamoyenebis
I'homme a l'environnement dans les systemes regionaux de
ba.
Republic, ril 2003.
135 Fredin v. Sweden, , judgment of 22 January 1991. 136 Pine Valley Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland, judgment of 23 October 1991. 137 M.Dejant-pons, L'insertion du droit deprotection des droits de I'homme, 1991, 461. 138 me-9 muxli, azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufle139 me-11 muxli, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba. 140 Coster v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 2 October 2001,Zvolsky and Zvolsy v. Czechjudgment of 12 November 2001. Papastavrou and others v. Greece, judgment of 10 Ap
- 91 -
,,mwvane zolSi“ da amiT irRveoda sazogadoebis
is me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis
akrZalvas, romelic jersis kunZulze mdebareobda.141 mosarCeles
adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier (da Semdgom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
komisiis gadawyvetilebiTac) aekrZala am saTavsos gamoyeneba, radgan
CaiTvala, rom igi mdebareobda jersis erT-erT TvalsaCino adgilas,
egreT wodebul
interesebi142.
gamomdinare muriel herikisÓsaqmidan, naTlad Cans, Tu rogor da ra
formiT ganixileba garemos dacvis sakiTxebi adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvenciis mixedviT. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT evropulma
komisiam daadgina, rom jersis landSafturi ganviTarebis da garemos
dacvis sakiTxebi metad aqtualuria adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da
turistebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amdenad, komisiam
mizanSewonilad miiCnia SeezRuda konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebuli
uflebebi, raTa moexdina garemos arapirdapiri dacva. komisiam CaTvala,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis ufleba
individualur uflebad iTvleba, is mainc rCeba koleqtiuri dacvis
obieqtad da amdenad, konvenci
SezRudva gamarTlebulia.143
am saqmidan gamomdinareobs, rom evropuli sasamarTlo saxelmwifoebs
utovebs diskreciul uflebas, anu garkveul Tavisuflebas imis
Sesafaseblad, aucilebelia Tu ara adamianis konkretuli uflebis
SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs ufleba
aqvT SezRudon am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi mxolod im kanonieri miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic
pirdapir arian gaTvaliswinebuli xsenebuli muxlis meore punqtiT (aq.
janmrTelobisa da moralis an sxvebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvisaTvis)144. muriel herikis saqmis msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi iqna
141 Muriel Herrick v. the United Kingdom, Decision on admissibility of 13 March 1985. 142 konvenciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad ,,... sxvaTa interesebis dacvis mizniT, roca es interesebi aSkarad risks eqvemdebareba“, European Commission's Decision on admissibility of 13 March 1985, DR (Decisions and Reports), 280. 143 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 9. 144 W. Gormley, The Right to a Safe and Decent Environment, 1989, 29.
- 92 -
lonnroTi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg
key) da moreno gomesi espaneTis winaaRmdeg
gamotanili saqmeebze - gilou gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gillow
v. the United Kingdom)145, sporongi da
(Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden) da a.S.146
saqme _ lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain), romelic
qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, iyo biZgi, raTa konvenciiT garantirebuli
uflebebi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis konteqstSi yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli. am saqmis Semdgom moxda sasamarTlo praqtikis gaZliereba
am mimarTulebiT da Semdgomma saqmeebma daatastura, rom konvencia
sakmaod moqnilia imisaTvis, rom arapirdapiri gziT iqnes daculi
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebi. amgvar saqmeebs ganekuTvneba - faueli
da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United
Kingdom), ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra
and others v. Italy), l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United
Kingdom), hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Hatton and
Others v. the United Kingdom), makginli da igani gaerTianebuli samefos
winaaRmdeg (McGinley and Egan v. the United Kingdom), onerildizi TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg (Oneryildiz v. Tur
(Moreno Gomez v. Spain).147
saqmeebi _ lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain)148 da
faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.
the United Kingdom)149 iyo pirveli sarCelebi, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenil iqna konvenciis me-3, me-8, me-11,
me-13 muxlebiT da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxliT
gansazRvruli uflebebis darRvevis motiviT, rac, mosarCeleebis
mtkicebiT, garemos mdgomareobis gauaresebiT iyo gamoweuli150.
mosarCeleebi Tvlidnen, rom garemos gauaresebuli mdgomareoba
145 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005,10. 146 Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden, judgment of 23 September 1982, Series A, No. 52; Erckner and Hofauer v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 23 april 1987, Series A, No. 117; Allan Jacobsson v. Sweden, judgment of 25 October 1989, Series A, No.163. 147 McGinley and Egan v. the United Kingdom judgment of 9 June 1998. Oneryildiz v. Turkey, judgment of 18 June 2002. Moreno Gomez v. Spain , judgment of 16 November 2004. 148 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 149 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81. 150 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 11.
- 93 -
niSnavs, rom ekologiuri uflebebis dacva xdeba
is darRvevis motiviT.153 saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom
romelic gamowveuli
da, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar darRveula konvenciis me-
uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda MmaTs pirad cxovrebaze da aferxebda
zemoaRniSnuli muxlebiT uzrunvelofili uflebebiT sargeblobas.
sarCelebSi gamoyenebul iqna egret wodebuli ,,’par picochet“ (rikoSetis)
principi, rac imas
arapirdapiri gziT.
saqmeze faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and
Rayner v. the United Kingdom)151 _ ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom
TviTmfrinavis xmis intensivobam da xangrZlivobam, romelsac iwvevda
sahaero mimosvla hisrous aeroportSi, Selaxa misi piradi da ojaxuri
cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba. mosarCe riCard jon pauelis saxli
mdebareobda im zonaSi, romelic dadgenili xmauris indeqsis nomris
mixedviT, (NNI)152 naklebad mavne zonaSi imyofeboda. meore mosarCelis
maikl antoni raineris saxli, ki xmauris indeqsis nomris mixedviT
maRali saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeboda. sarCeli sasamarTlos winaSe
wardgenil iqna konvenciis me-6, me-8, me-13 muxlebis da damatebiTi oqmis
1-li muxl
daadgina:
,,mavne zemoqmedebis gansxavebuli xarisxis mixedviT, xelyofil iqna
mosarCeleebis piradi cxovreba im xmauris gamo,
iqna hisrous aeroportis eqspluatasciis gamo“154
Tumca, sasamarTlom saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina zRvari
individualur da sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris da daadgina, rom
mosarCeleebis uflebebi naklebad prioritetulia sazogadoebriv
interesebTan (aeroportiT sargeblobis saWiroeba) SedarebiT. evropulma
sasamarTlom ganacxa
8 da me-13 muxlebi.
151 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application #9310/81. 152 Number Noise Index - xmauris Sefasebis indeqsi, romelic gaerTianebul samefoSi gamoiyeneba. 153 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba; me-8 muxli, piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba; me-13 muxli, efeqtiani samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis ufleba; damatebiTi pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli, sakuTrebis ufleba. 154 Par. 40 of the judgment of 21 February 1990.
- 94 -
mZime iyo, konvenciis me-3 muxliT
saqme lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain) exeboda
saCivars sunis, xmaurisa da kvamliT haeris dabinZurebis gamo, rac
gamowveuli iyo ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebelTan axlomdebare narCenebis
gadamamuSavebeli saamqros eqspluataciiT. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT,
isini arRvevdnen misi sacxovreblis, piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis
pativiscemis uflebas da amiT mas damamcireblad epyrobodnen
(konvenciis me-8 da me-3 muxlebi). sasamarTlom saWirod ar CaTvala
janmrTelobisaTvis faqtobrivi zianis miyeneba da konvenciis me-8
muxlze dayrdnobiT aRniSna, rom: `bunebrivia, garemos mniSvnelovanma
dabinZurebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos individTa keTildReobaze da
xeli SeuSalos MmaT, isargeblon MmaTi sacxovrebliT, rac uaryofiT
gavlenas moaxdens maT pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaze, imis miuxedavad,
mniSvnelovani safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda Tu ara MmaTi janmrTeloba.~155
sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom am SemTxvevaSi zedmeti iqneboda msjeloba
sazogadoebriv da individualur interesebs Soris balansis dacvis
Sesaxeb, radgan garemos mavne dabinZureba, romelic qarxnidan
gamomdinareobda, gamousworebel zians ayenebda adamianis janmrTelobas,
risi kompensaciac ar SeiZleba. konvenciis me-3 muxlTan dakavSirebiT,
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mosarCele mxaris
sacxovrebeli pirobebi sakmaod
gaTvaliswinebuli MmaTi uflebebi ar darRveula da MmaT
damamcirebelad aravin mopyrobia.
zemoaRniSnuli saqmeebis analizidan da Sedarebidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime daskvna - faueli da raineris saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila saCivari konvenciis me-8
muxlis darRvevis motiviT. sasamarTlos azriT, britaneTis
xelisuflebam gaatara Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, romlebic nawilobriv
amsubuqebdnen mosarCeleebis mdgomareobas da amdenad, fauelis da
raineris saqmeSi saxelmwifos mier dacul iqna balansi sazogadoebriv
da individualur (mosarCeleebis) interesebs Soris. absoluturad
gansxavebulia sasamarTlos midgoma lopez ostras saqmesTan mimarTebiT.
155 Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Cвобода - Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000, 24-25. aseve ix. Lopez Ostra v. Spain, App. No.
- 95 -
me-8 muxlidan gamomdinare,
vis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
Tlom Tavdapirvelad daadgina me-8 muxlis
am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom daadastura espaneTis xelisuflebis brali,
romelic misi pozitiuri valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT iyo
gamowveuli. amdenad, naTelia, rom sasamarTlom lopez ostras da
fauelis da raineris saqmeebis ganxilvisas gaiTvaliswina SesaZlo da
damdgari safrTxis xarisxi da, konvenciis
sruliad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebi gamoitana sazogadoebriv da
individualur interesebTan dakavSirebiT.
saqmeSi - fadeeva ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg (Fadeyeva v. the Russian
Federation) - sasamarTlom kvlav daadgina me-8 muxlis darRveva garemos
dabinZurebis mizezebis safuZvelze.156 ganmcxadebeli cxovrobda q.
CerepovecSi, 450 metris moSorebiT foladis kerZ qarxnidan. misi
mtkicebiT, qarxnis muSaoba uaryofiTad moqmedebda garemoze da iwvevda
mis dabinZurebas, kerZod, xmaurs, mtvers, toqsikur gamonabolqvs, rac
azianebda mis janmrTelobas. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, saxelmwifom ver
uzrunvelyo misi piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis dacva mavne
zemoqmedebisagan. aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli
da daadgina, rom saxelmwifos unda ezruna mosarCelis uflebebis
dacvaze da misT
sxva sacxovrebeli adgili gamoeyo an garemos dabinZurebis done
Seemcirebina.157
sainteresoa saqme hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg
(Hatton and Others v. the United Kingdom)158 - aRniSnuli saqmec hisrous
aeroportis sahaero mimosvlis gamo me-8 muxlis darRvevas exeboda.
aRniSnul saqmeze fauelis da raineris saqmis msgavsad dadginda me-8
muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva, magram ar iqna dadgenili me-2 punqtis
darRveva. Tumca sasamar
darRveva, magram saqme gasaCivrda sasamarTlos did palataSi, romelmac
saxelmwifo gaamarTla.
16798/90, 20 Eur. H.R. Rep. 277 (1994) (Eur. Ct. H.R.). 15616 oqtomberi 2003 weli. 157 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmental Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 37. 158 Judgments of 2 October 2001 (Chamber) and 8 July 2003 (Grand Chamber).
- 96 -
uflebas,
xatvis Tavisuflebisa. es ufleba moicavs
garda konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebisa, sainteresoa
ganimartos ekologiuri xasiaTis informaciis miRebis Tavisufleba
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT. adamianis uflebaTa
evropuli konvencia me-10 muxliT adgens gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.
termini ,,gamoxatva“ ar Semoifargleba Sexedulebebis, azris gamoTqmis
werilobiTi an zepiri formiT. igi moicavs nebismier saSualebas,
romelic ideebis gamoxatvasTan an informaciis gadacemasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.159 me-10 muxli adgens informaciis miRebis Tavis
rac pirebisaTvis saxelmwifos mierac unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.
dauSvebelia informaciis, romelic sainteresoa sazogadoebisaTvis,
saxelmwifos mxridan SezRudva, dafarva an calmxrivad gacema.
amgvarad, ekologiuri informaciis xelmisawvdomobas iTvaliswinebs
evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTalic, Tumca konvenciis me-
10 muxlSi pirdapir araferia naTqvami amis Sesaxeb. me-10 muxli acxadebs:
’’yvelas aqvs ufleba gamo
adamianis Tavisuflebas hqondes mosazrebani da miiRos da gaavrcelos
informacia da ideebi sajaro xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe da
sazRvrebis miuxedavad.’’160
informaciis Tavisuflebis xelyofas daeyrdno mosarCele mxare saqmeSi
ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and others v.
Italy).161 mosarCele acxadebda, rom xelisuflebis Sesabamisma
struqturebma ar Seasrules Tavisi pozitiuri valdebuleba da ar
acnobes qimiuri qarxnis siaxloves mcxovreb mosaxleobas (maT Soris
mosarCeleebs) im saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarxnis eqspluatacias
sdevda Tan. mosaxleobas aseve ar ecnoba usafrTxoebis im zomebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic MMmaT uecari avariis dros unda mieRoT, rac
prezidentis gankargulebiT iyo damtkicebuli. mosarCele mxare Tvlida,
159 k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tbilisi. 2004 w. gv. 200. 160 saqarTvelos parlamentis 1999 wlis 12 maisis #1940-II dadgenileba ,,adamianis uflebebisa da fundamentaluri Tavisuflebebis dacvis evropis konvenciasTan
mierTebis Taobaze“, me-10 muxli. 161 Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Свобода -Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000, 24-25.
- 97 -
rom saxelmwifom amiT daarRvia konvenciis me-10, me-8 da me-2162 muxlebiT
garantirebuli maTi uflebebi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia
Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb daeyrdno saxelmwifos im
SesaZleblobebs da valdebulebebs, romlebic mas konvenciis me-10
muxliT informaciis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT ekisreboda da saqme xmaTa
umravlesobiT dasaSvebad gamoacxada. komisiam daadgina, rom ,,evropuli
samarTali . . , adasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi informacia aris
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisa da janmrTelobis dacvis umTavresi
iaraRi, im situaciebSi, romlebic garemos saSiSroebas uqmnis.“ komisiam
mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, rom saxelmwifo, ardamdgari
uaryofiTi Sedegis miuxedavad, valdebuli iyo gaetarebina yvela
RonisZieba, raTa sazogadoebas Seetyo qimiuri qarxnis mavne
zemoqmedebisa da saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis
Sesaxeb. komisiis azriT, saxelmwifo am valdebulebas mudmivad ar
asrulebda, dawyebuli 1988 wlidan (prezidentis gankargulebis
gamocemis TariRi). saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb
komisiam daadgina, rom mosaxleobis xangrZlivi arainformirebuloba im
saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tan sdevs maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis
siaxloves mdebare qimiuri qarxnis muSaobas, aris saxelmwifos mier
Cadenili danaSauli, romelmac droulad da detalurad ar acnoba
mosaxleobas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb. Tumca, saboloo ganaCenSi
sasamarTlom ar daadastura konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevis faqti da
gadawyvetileba mosarCeleebis sasikeTod, konvenciis mxolod me-8
muxlis darRvevis dadasturebiT gamoitana.163 zogadad, saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom informaciis (garda komerciuli da
saxelmwifo saidumoebisa) sajarooba demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mSeneblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia da TiToeuli saxelmwifos
xelisufleba valdebulia daubrkoleblad da srulyofilad gasces
nebismieri informacia, romelic sazogadoebis interesebSia, miT umetes
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informaciis miuReblobam SesaZloa riski
162 me-2 muxli, sicocxlis ufleba. 163 Guerra and others v. Italy, Application #14967/89, aseve ix. D. Garcia San Jose, Environmental protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, p.26.
- 98 -
suflebis organoebma dauyovnebliv unda
ina, rom,
daavadebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis albaTobis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo
valdebuli ar oyo ecnobinebina mosarCelis mSoblebisaTvis im SesaZlo
Seuqmnas mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa da keTildReobas. orhusis
konvencia adgens - ,,garemosaTvis an adamianTa janmrTelobisaTvis
bunebrivi xasiaTis an adamianTa qmedebebiT gamowveuli raime safrTxis
moaxloebis SemTxvevaSi, xeli
miawodos mosaxleobas, romelsac SeiZleba es Seexos, MmaT
gankargulebaSi arsebuli mTeli informacia, rac mosaxleobas miscems
saSualebas miiRos zomebi, mavne zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad an
zegavlenis Sesamcireblad.“164
saqmeSi l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United
Kingdom),165 mosarCele eyrdnoboda konvenciis me-2 (sicocxlis ufleba)
da me-3 (wamebis akrZalva) muxlebs da acxadebda, rom imis gamo, rom
mamamisis janmrTeloba Seryeul iqna qrisTmas ailandze (Sobis kunZuli)
miRebuli radioaqtiuri dasxivebis gamo (igi gaerTianebuli samefos
sahaero ZalebSi msaxurobda, usafrTxoebis pirobebis darRvevis da
saTanado aRWurvilobis arqonis gamo kanisa da sxva organoebis
daavadebebi gauCnda), mas amis gamo dedis mucelSi yofnis drosve Seerya
janmrTeloba da daavadda leikemiiT. mosarCele saxelmwifos
adanaSaulebda misi mSoblebisaTvis saSISroebis Sesaxeb informaciis
droulad miuwodeblobis gamo, ris Sedegadac (misi gancxadebiT) misi
janmrTelobac seriozulad gauaresda. mosarCele mxare acxadebda, rom
saxelmwifos mxridan misi mSoblebisaTvis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb
informaciis droulad miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mas eqneboda diagnozis
droulad dasmisa da saTanado mkurnalobis ukeTesi saSualeba, rac mis
cxovrebas ufro dRegrZels gaxdida. miuxedavad imisa, rom komisiam
saqme daSvebadad gamoacxada, 1998 wlis 9 ivnisis gadawyvetilebaSi
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zemoaRniSnul saqmeSi ar yofila konvenciis
me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRveva. sasamarTlom erTxmad daadg
164 konvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis
am sferoSi mada rTlmsajulebis sakiTxebxli, 1-li punqti.
ze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-5 mu
- 99 -
lis
ba,
safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic mamamisis radiaciuli dasxivebis Sedegad,
savaraudod, misi memkvidreebis janmrTelobas Seeqmneboda.166
konvenciis me-2 muxli SeiZleba dairRves, rodesac qveynis
xelisufleba ar miawvdis informacias arsebuli riskebis Taobaze im
adamianebs, romlebic riskis qveS imyofebian.167 aRniSnul saqmeze
sasamarTlom aRiara sicocxlis uflebis farTo gageba, rom
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos garkveul garemoebebSi adamianTa sicocxlis
dacvis mizniT zomebis miRebis pozitiuri valdebuleba ekisreba.168
saqmeSi - tauria safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Tauria v. France) -
ganmcxadebelma saCivari Seitana saxelmwifos mier birTvuli cdebis
ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT.169 Mmagram, aRniSnul saqmeze ganmcxadebelma
ver SeZlo daerwmunebina mosamarTleebi, rom is iyo me-2 muxlis
darRvevis msxverpli konvenciis 34-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT. imis mtkice
rom cdebis ,,SesaZlo Sedegebi“ safrTxes Seuqmnida mas da arsebobda
,,radiaqtiuri gaJonvis saSiSroeba“, ar aRmoCnda amisTvis sakmarisi.170
konvenciis pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli adgens fizikur da iuridiul
pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas da am uflebis ganxorcielebis SezRudvis
pirobebs. ase rom, sakuTrebis ufleba miekuTvneba im uflebebs, romelTa
SezRudva daSvebulia. Sesabamisad, sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis
sakiTxis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo arkvevs saxelmwifos mier
ganmcxadeblis kerZo da sajaro interess Soris dadgenili balansis
samarTlianobas. sakuTrebis uflebis garemos zemoqmedebisagan
dacvasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs Tu gadavxedavT, naTelia, rom rom
ekonomikuri interesi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesi, SesaZlebels
165 L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom, Application
nvironment , 200, 237.
f Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol.21 (No.3),
#323413/94.166 M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human rights and the e167 S.Bell and D.McGillivary, Environmenal Law, 200, 110. 168 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k. korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 84; aseve ix: M.DeMerieux, Deriving Environmental Rights from the European Convention for the Protection o2001, 543. 169 1996 w. 83 D&R 112. 170 ix: i.giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena
- 100 -
a
xvia ,,sazogadoebrivi
xdida sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis gareSe birTvuli qarxnis
amuSavebas171, aeroportis funqcionirebas da hidro-eleqtro-sadguris
mSeneblobisaTvis miwis nakveTis gamoyenebas.172,173 Tumca isic und
aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi aRiara garemos
zemoqmedebis mizeziT sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis SesaZlebloba174.
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, sasamarTlos praqtikiT daSvebulia
sakuTrebis uflebiT sargeblobis SezRudva, rodesac es sargebloba
garemos dacvas uqmnis safrTxes. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
komisia175 zogierT SemTxvevaSi me-2 punqtSi formulirebul ,,saerTo
interess“ garemos dacvis miznebisaTvis iyenebda. amis naTeli magaliTia
,,bunebis konservaciis“ gaerTianeba ,,saerTo interesis“ cnebaSi.176
zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlomac daamT
interesebi“ garemos dacvis interesebs da ganacxada, rom dRevandel
sazogadoebaSi garemos dacva Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.177
konvenciis me-6 muxli, romelic samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas
adgens, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, aseve moicavs ,,samoqalaqo uflebaTa
da movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas“ marTlmsajulebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis
.
p
vili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva,
ganxilvis proceduris
adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli,
e ix. i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva,
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtkiaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv84. 171 s. safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (S v. France), 1990 w. 65 D&R 250. 172 aueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, 1990, 12 EHRR 355. 173 g da e norvegiis winaaRmdeg (G and E v. Norway), 1983 w. 35 D&R 30. 174 i.giviaSstatiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv. 91. 175 1998 wlis 1 noembramde moqmedebda konvenciis orsafexuriani sazedamxedvelo sistema: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. komisia ixilavda ganacxadis dasaSvebobas, xolo evropuli sasamarTlo arsebiTad ixilavda mas. sazedamxedvelobis sistemis gadatvirTulobis gamo, 1994 wels miiRes konvenciis me-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reformirebasa da ganacxadTagamartivebas iTvaliswinebda. me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvitamudmivmoqmedi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. 176 oerlemasi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Oerlemas v. the Nehterlands), No. 12565/86 62 D7r 200, 205. 177 fredini SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Fredin v. Sweden), 1991 weli, 13 EHRR 787, 48-e punqti. asevstatiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k. korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 91.
- 101 -
i ,,samoqalaqo uflebebis“ xelyofas
uflebas.178 garemos dacvis problematikasTan kavSirSi
marTlmsajulebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis am uflebis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garemos zemoqmedeba gavlenas
axdens ,,samoqalaqo uflebebze“. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT konvencia ar
iZleva termin ,,samoqalaqo uflebebis“ ganmartebas, magram sasamarTlo
praqtika naTels hfens mis mniSvnelobas.179 saqmeSi - zanderi SvedeTis
winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden)180 - ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda me-6 muxlis
darRvevas imis safuZvelze, rom mas ar mieca SesaZlebloba, sasamarTlo
wesiT daecva Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba garemos zemoqmedebisagan.
sasamarTlom daadgina me-6 muxlis darRveva, radgan ,,samoqalaqo
uflebebi“' moicavs sakuTrebis sakiTxebs. saqmeSi - balmer SafroTi da
sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland)181 -
ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom me-6 muxliT MmaT ufleba hqondaT,
sasamarTlo wesiT gaesaCivrebinaT atomuri eleqtrosadguris amuSavebis
Taobaze mTavrobis gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlom ar daadgina me-6
muxlis darRveva, radgan ar dadginda pirdapiri kavSiri atomuri
eleqtrosadguris muSaobasa da MmaT
Soris.182 msgavsi saqmea - aTanasoglou da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg
(Athanassoglou and others v. Switzerland).183
zemoT ganxiluli saqmeebidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi ekologiuri
uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxi aqtualuri ar iyo. im droisaTvis
msoflioSi jer kidev ar arsebobda realuri ekologiuri safrTxe, rac
golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. the United Kingdom), 1975 weli,
ECHR Series A, No 18; aseve klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 weli,
178
ECHR Series A, No 28.
Athanassoglou and others v. Switzerland, Judgment of 6 April 2000.
179 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.92. 180 zanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg Zander v. Sweden, Application 14282/88, 1992. 181 balmer SafroTi da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland) 1997, ECHR 598. 182 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.93. 183
- 102 -
ebulma aqtiurma ekonomikurma da samrewvelo
demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mTeli kacobriobis keTildReobas safrTxes uqmnida. me-20 saukunis
meore naxevarSi dawy
procesebma daadastura, rom ekonomikuri zrda ekologiuri
wonasworobis SenarCunebis xarjze unda mimdinareobdes, rac
sazogadoebis demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da jansaRi momavlis
umTavresi atributia.
msoflio ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma sakmaod didi
zegavlena moaxdina evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis
ganviTarebaze. Tu sasamarTlos saqmianobis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo
arsebiT ganxilvazec ar uSvebda ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan
dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Semdgom periodSi amgvari uflebebis realizacia
sasamarTlos mier egreT wodebuli par richochet-is principis gamoyenebiT
xorcieldeboda. sasamarTlom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
muxlebis mravalmxrivi interpretaciis da ganmartebis safuZvelze
SeZlo arapirdapiri gziT daecva jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis
ufleba, rac demokratiis ganviTarebis metad aqtualuri faqtoria.
sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis dabalansebis principis
dacviT, evropulma sasamrTlom SeZlo gaevlo zRvari SesaZlo da
damdgar ekologiur safrTxesa da
aRmSeneblobas Soris.184 dResdReobiT, evropuli konvenciis me-8 da me-10
muxlebi aris evropuli sasamarTlos mier ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvis realuri berketi, romelTa ganmarteba, sasamarTlo praqtkidan
gamomdinare, metad mravalferovania.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan naTlad Cans,
rom sasamarTlos midgoma ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis saqmeebTan
dakavSirebiT or mimarTulebaSi gamoixateba: sasamarTlo aqtiurobaSi
da sasamarTlo pasiurobaSi. sasamarTlo aqtiuroba vlindeba
sasamarTlos swrafvaSi moaxdinos konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis
mravalmxrivi interpretacia, rac mas ekologiuri uflebebis
arapirdapiri gziT dacvaSi exmareba. am mizniT sasamarTlo ZiriTadad
konvenciis me-8 da me-10 muxlebis ganmartebebs eyrdnoba. rac Seexeba
184 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 68.
- 103 -
a me-8 da me-10 muxlisa). Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia,
is ganviTarebas Tan
lma komisiam, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
samarTlom, marTlmsajulebis evropulma sasamarTlom,
rTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, adamianis uflebaTa
inter-amerikulma komisiam, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma da
saerTaSoriso arbitraJma.
sasamarTlo pasiurobas, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia sasamarTlos Taviseburi
midgoma konvenciis sxva muxlebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixateba
sasamarTlos aSkara TavSekavebulobaSi. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tavs
ikavebs ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT ganmartos konvenciis
zogierTi muxli (gard
rom sasamarTlo didi yuradRebas uTmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis
diskreciul uflebas ekologiuri safrTxis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT,
ramac didi roli iTamaSa sasamarTlos mier aqamde gamotanil Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebebze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTali ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis met-nakleb
saSualebas iZleva da evropuli konvencia ,,cocxal dokumentad“
miiCneva, romlis muxlebis interpretacia cnobiereb
sdevs, aucilebelia, rom realizirebul iqnes evropis sabWos
saparlamento asambleis rekomendacia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
uSualod adamianis ekologiur uflebebs Seexeba.185
garda evropuli konvenciisa, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, arseboben sxva
sasamarTloebi, romelTa precedentuli samarTalic amyarebs adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs. alan boilisa da maikl
andersonis wignSi Tavmoyrilia aTeulobiT saqme, romlebic dedamiwis
xuTive kontinentze ganixileboda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
dacvasTan mimarTebiT.186 wignSi ganxilulia saqmeebi avstraliidan,
kolumbiidan, ekvadoridan, indoeTidan, malaziidan, holandiidan, axali
zelandiidan, filipinebidan, pakistanidan, samxreT afrikidan,
gaerTianebuli samefodan, aSS-dan. aseve saqmeebi, romlebic ganixila
adamianis uflebaTa evropu
sa
ma
185 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 69
- 104 -
186 A. Boyle, M. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, 1998, 34.
- 105 -
tradiciuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis mixedviT, mxolod
saxelmwifoebs aqvT uflebebi da akisriaT movaleobani. arasamTavrobo
seqtori ar aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqti da amdenad ara aqvs
ufleba monawileoba miiRos mis ganviTarebaSi. dResdReobiT msoflioSi
NGO
Transnational Corporations
ri wyaroebis saSualebiT da saerTaSoriso sagareo
urTierTobebSi monawileobis miRebis erTgvar nebarTvas elodebian.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs SeswevT unari da Zala imisa, rom
mokribon, gaaanalizon da aiTvison saWiro teqnikuri da sxva saxis
informacia msoflio masStabiT, daamyaron mWidro urTierTobebi
politikis gamtarebel organoebTan isev msoflios masStabiT da Seqmnan
globaluri qseli sakuTari saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad.
garemos dacvis sferoSi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod imata
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis r
erTgvari globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. ar arsebobs saxelmwifo,
romelsac Tundac erTi ekologiuri arasamTavrobo organizacia ar
gaaCndes, romelTagan umravlesoba am sferoSi saerTaSoriso
Tanadgomisa da TanamSromlobis ZiebaSia. aSS lideria ekologiuri
2.4. arasamTavrobo ekologiuri organizaciebisa da
transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlena adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis standartebze
damkvidrda praqtika, rom arasmTavrobo seqtorma, MmaT Soris,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ( ) da mravalnacionalurma
korporaciebma ( ) Camoayalibes sakuTari
saerTaSoriso da sagareo politika, Tavi mouyares saWiro informacias
sakuTari ucxou
icxvma. amasTan, garemosdacviTma
moZraobam
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenobis mixedviT. mTel msoflioSi ki
arsebobs sakmaod daxvewili da kargad Camoyalibebuli qseli
garemosdacviTi saerTaSoriso da regionuli arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisa.
Tu vimsjelebT aSS-s magaliTiT, is arasamTavrobo garemosdaciTi
organizaciebi, romlebic aSS-Si moqmedeben SesaZlebelia sam jgufad
daiyos. Ppirvel jgufSi Sedian iseTi didi da wevrobaze dafuZnebuli
- 106 -
seTi organizaciebi, romlebic uSualod
mianoba SesaZlebeblia
organizaciebi, rogoricaa – bunebrivi resursebis dacvis sabWo (Natural
Resources Defence Council), garemosdaciTi fondi (Environmental Defence Fund),
veluri samyaros erovnuli federacia (National Wildlife Federation), siera
qlabi (Sierra Club) da sxva. yvela zemoCamoTvlil organizaciebs gaaCniaT
sakmao gamocdileba, teqnikuri da finansuri resursi imisa, rom Tavisi
saqmianoba sakmaod rTuli da seriozuli ekologiuri sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad warmarTon.
meore jgufSi Sedian i
saerTaSoriso da transnacionaluri ekologiuri sakiTxebis
daregulebis mizniT arian Seqmnilni. am jgufSi Sedian – vorldvoTCi
(WorldWatch), msoflio resursebis instituti (World Resources Institute) da
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis centri (Center for International
Environmental Law). zogierTi am organizaciis saq
sakmaod viwro Candes, magram isini realurad efeqtian saqmianobas
ewevian, magaliTad,AMmaT saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli ozonis xvrelis
problemebis gadasaWrelad gegmebis SemuSaveba da Ramurebis dacvisaken
saqmianobis wamowyeba.
mesame jgufSi ki, Sedian is arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic
moqmedeben, rogorc globaluri ekologiuri qselis raRac konkretuli
nawilebi. am kategoriaSi aSkara upiratesobas flobs bunebis
konservaciis msoflio kavSiri (IUCN- International Union for the Conservation of
Nature), faqtobrivad es aris qseli samTavrobo uwyebebisa da
arasamTavrobo seqtorisa garemos dacvis sferoSi. Semdeg modis
dedamiwis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis organizacia (Friends of Earth-
International), grinpisi (Greenpeace International) da msoflio veluri bunebis
fondi (WWF). am jgufSi xazgasasmelia iseTi arasamTavrobo
ekologiuri organizaciac, rogoricaa msoflio ekologiuri samarTlis
aliansi (Tha Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide), es aris magaliTi
wevrobaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso ekologiuri qselisa, romelic
Sedgeba sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacvisaTvis momuSave cameti qveynis
mecnierebisa da iuristebisagan. organizacia yovelwliurad TiTqmis
ormocdaaTze met qveyanas uwevs iuridiul daxmarebas.
- 107 -
robo seqtori mxolod damkvirveblis statusiT sargeblobs
i delegaciis
samTavrobaTSoriso Sexvedras satyeo sakiTxebSi da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi
ara
ekologiur arasamTavrobo organizaciebs sakmaod kargad aqvT fexi
mokidebuli globaluri aRmosavleTis qveynebSic. magaliTad, samxreT
amerikas SeuZlia itrabaxos iseTi daxvewili ekologiuri arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis arsebobiT, romelTa mgavsi arsad msoflioSi ar
arsebobs. MmaT Sorisaa peruSi – Sociedad Peruana Derecho Ambiental,
argentinaSi - Fundacion Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, meqsikaSi - Centro Mexicano
Del Derecho Ambiental, kosta rikaSi - SEDERENA, guatemalaSi - IDEADS da
kolumbiaSi - Fundepublico.
saintresoa imis gaanalizeba, rom am arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
saqmianoba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi sakmaod
specifikuria. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mTavari funqcia garemos
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaa, isini arapirdapiri gziT adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasac axorcieleben.
pirvel rigSi, gansxvaveba unda gakeTdes saerTaSoriso
samTavrebaTSoriso da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis iuridiul
statussa da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT funqciur da kompetenciur
datvirTvaze am sferoSi. maSin roca, pirveli kategoriis organizaciebi
aRWurvilni arian gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebamosilebiT,
arasamTav
sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani konferenciebze. es garemoeba maT zRudavs
realobaSi asaxaon TavianTi strategiebi da miznebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
dResdReobiT SeimCneva axali tendencia, rac arasamTavrobo seqtori
ufro aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebsa Tu
TaTbirebSi, romlebic garemos dacvas exeba. magaliTad, bolo dros,
aSS-s nebismieri saerTaSoriso delegacia aucileblad moicavs
arasamTavrobo seqtors da mewarmeebs, rogorc delegaciis
araoficialur warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
samarTlis centris iuristebi, rogorc aSS-s oficialur
wevrebi, monawileobdnen iseT konferenciebSi, romlebic mieZRvna –
biomravalferovnebis konvencias, klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencias,
samTavrobo seqtori formalurad saxelmwifos saxeliT gamodis da
- 108 -
kunZulebis
is sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil kongresze“ (niu-iorki, 1995
warmoadgens mas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi. magaliTad, klimatis
cvlilebis CarCo xelSekrulebisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebze
vanuatusa da sxva kunZulovan saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenda
saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (Foundation of
International Law and Development). saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis
centris (CIEL) advokatebi xSirad gamodiodnen marSalis
mTavrobebis saxeliT xmeleTidan zRvis dabunZurebis Sesaxeb
konvenciisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebze.187
,,bunebis dacvis saerTaSoriso kavSiris“ da ,,ekologiuri samarTlis
saerTaSoriso sabWos“ ekologiuri komisiis farglebSi (arasamTavrobo
seqtori), iuristebis saerTaSoriso muSa jgufis mier momzadebulia
,,garemos da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso paqtis“ proeqti, romelic
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis principebis kodificirebis
mcdelobaa. ,,paqtis“ proeqti warmodgenili iqna gaeros ,,saerTaSoriso
sajaro samarTl
wlis 13-17 marti) da mowoneba daimsaxura.188 SemdgomSi dagegmilia am
dokumentis msoflios saxelmifoebis mier xelmowera da misTvis
savaldebulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtis statusis
miniWeba.
,,paqtis“ proeqti preambulisa da 72 muxlisgan Sedgeba. ZiriTadi
debulebebi sicocxlis yvela formis, saerTo zrunvis,
urTierTdakavSirebuli faseulobebis, TaobaTa Tanasworobis, zianis
prevenciis, ekologiuri zianis Tavidan acilebis, ganviTarebis uflebis,
siRaribis aRmofxvris, demografiuli politikis da moxmarebis modelis
koreqciis principebs gansazRvraven. proeqtis sxva nawilebSi ganixileba
saxelmwifoebis zogadi da specialuri valdebulebebi garemos dacvis
da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoebSi, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso
ekologiuri darRvevebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom
marTalia, saerTaSoriso samarTali arasamTavrobo organizaciebs ar
187 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1224. 188 Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development, Commission on Environmental Law of IUCN & Internaitonal Council of Environmental Law , 17.03.1995.
- 109 -
eti roli
cnobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebad, magram maTi saqmianoba, am
SemTxvevaSi, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisa da garemos dacvis
sferoSi, realurad qmnis imis safuZvels, rom moinaxos raime
Sualeduri rgoli, romelic SeZlebs arasamTavrobo seqtoris
poziciebis efeqtianad gaziarebas mniSvnelovani
saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis garda, arsebobs mTeli
rigi saerTaSoriso samecniero organizaciebisa, romlebic aqtiur rols
TamaSoben ekologiuri samecniero sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. magaliTad,
ozonis sakiTxebis ganyofilebam – iTamaSa gadamwyv
ozondamSleli nivTierebebis gamoyenebaze mkacri kontrolis dawesebis
procesSi. xolo bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris
gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis wiTelma wignma ki didi
zegavlena iqonia veluri samyaros dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnul
strategiebze.
rac Seexeba egreT wodebul transnacionalur korporaciebs, maTac didi
wvlili miuZRviT Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlisa da
zogadad dargis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesSi. korporaciebis
zegavlena garemosdacviT, gansakuTrebiT, ki ekologiuri samewarmeo
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebSi sakmaod didia. amis magaliTia
Tundac kargad dafinansebuli lobistTa jgufi, egreT wodebuli -
klimatis cvlilebis koalicia, an/da Tundac, garemosdavciTi vaWrobis
informaciis koalicia, es kavSirebi Seexebodnen globaluri daTbobis,
eko-markirebis da tyis seqtoris gaumjobesebis yvela sakiTxs dawyebuli
sazogadoebrivi ganxilvebidan, molaparakebebidan da xelSekrulebebiT
damTavrebuli.189 unda aRiniSnos, rom biznes organizaciebis roli
ekologiuri politikis Camoylibebis procesSi sakmaod didia, miT
umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amgvari organizaciebis xSir SemTxvevaSi
aqtiur TanamSromlobas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.
1950-1960-ian wlebSi ocdaaTi saxelmwifos umsxvilesi sanaosno kompaniis
mesakuTreebisagan Semdgarma - naosnobis saerTaSoriso palatam da
189 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1279.
- 110 -
umsxviles navTob kompanias.
ivad, globaluri navTobisa da naosnobis sakiTxebis
nxilvisas dRis wesrigSi dgeboda is sakiTxebi, romlebic am
ompaniebis mier teqnikuri gegmis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.
aremosdacviT asparezze biznesis warmatebis meore naTeli magaliTia
970-1980-ian wlebSi ozonis dacvis aqtualizirebuli sakiTxi. qimiuri
ivTierebebis mwarmoebelma umsxvilesma kompaniebma, iseve rogorc am
ivTierebebis momxmarebelma kompaniebma, SeaCeres saerTaSoriso
CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons)
tmosferoSi gafrqvevis akrZalvisaken. msoflioSi funqcionirebda cxra
didesi qlorofluorokarbon mwarmoebeli kompania aSS, safrangeTi,
aerTianebuli samefosa da iaponiidan. msoflio
rTi meoTxedis mwarmoebelma aSS-Si
daarsebulma kompania ,,dupondma“ da kidev oTxma qlorofluorokarbon-
is mwarmoebelma kompaniam SeZles SeeCerebinaT globaluri ozonis
damcveli politikis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesi da es yvelaferi
mas Semdeg, rac samecniero doneze ukve aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
dadasturebul iqna qloroflurokarbonis garemosaTvis mavne xasiaTi.190
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom xSirad
transnacionaluri korporaciebi imdenad erevian garemos dacvis
saerTaSoriso politikis CamoyalibebaSi, rom irRveva garkveuli
ekologiuri wonasworoba da ekologiuri uflebebic. amdenad, saWiroa
am mxriv samTavrebaTSorisi organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris
poziciis gamyareba da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis dacvis ufro
mkacri berketebis Camoyalibeba. arasamTavrobo seqtoris rekomendaciebi
saerTaSoriso sazRvao forumma, romelic uZlieresi navTobkompaniebis
interesebs asaxavs, didi zegavlena moaxdines zRvis dabinZurebisadmi
miZRvnili konvenciebis Seqmnis procesebze. TviT saerTaSoriso sazRvao
organizaciSi, romelic uSualod pasuxismgebelia zRvebis dabinZurebis
sakiTxebze, dominireben iseTi mZlavri sanaosno biznesis mqone
saxelmwifoebi, rogorebicaa aSS, norvegia da iaponia. didi gavlena
gaaCndaT am saxelmwifoebze eqvs
faqtobr
ga
k
g
1
n
n
mcdeloba mimarTuli qlorofluorokarbon (
a
u
g
qlorofluorokarbonis maragis e
190 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1298.
- 111 -
vlenas ganicdian transnacionaluri
rporaciebis mxridan, rac kidev damatebiT safuZvels iZleva imis
xSirad ufro mkacri xasiaTiT gamoirCevian, vidre samTavrobaTSoriso
organizaciebisa, romlebic zega
ko
argumentirebisavis, rom saWiroa aramaTavrobo seqtoris kidev ufro
aqtiuri CarTva garemos dacvis saerTosamarTlebrivi politikis
Camoyalibebis procesSi, rac korporaciebis biznes intresebis
SezRudvis damatebiT berketad iqceva.
- 112 -
praqtikaSi, romlebic, saqarTvelos
ad, dReisaTvis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi
debulebebs dRevandeli qarTuli kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs. garemos
3. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva sazRvargareTis qveynebis
kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi
sazRvargareTis qveynebis garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis analizisas,
gansakuTrebul interess aSS-is, germaniis, iaponiis, safrangeTis, didi
britaneTis da ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli sxva saxelmwifoebis
kanonmdebloba iwvevs. am qveynebs gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebaSi. winamdebare TavSi,
magaliTisaTvis, mokled mimoixileba ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
standartebi swored am saxelmwifoebisa da aseve, aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebis kanonmdeblobasa da
msgavsad, post-socialisturi saxelmwifoebi arian.
samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebis daxmarebiT, soflis meurneobis,
energetikis, transportis da sxva sferoebis ganviTarebiT, am
saxelmwifoebma SeZles ganumeorebeli nabijebi gadaedgaT garemos
dacvisa da adamianisa da garemos urTierTdamokidebulebis
samarTlebrivi sferoSi. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom swored am
saxelmwifoebSi da swored zemoaRniSnuli sferoebis ganviTarebam
gamoiwvia 60-ian wlebSi ekologiuri krizisi, risi realurad da
srulyofilad aRqmis Semdeg am saxelmwifoebma qmediTi nabijebi
gadadges garemos dacvis mizniT. ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis
ganviTarebis paralelurad, am saxelmwifoebSi mkacrad gansazRvruli
saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura Camoyalibda garemos dacvis
saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis sferoSi.
istoriul
ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas me-19 saukunis bolos Caeyara
safuZvlebi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa didi britaneTis 1863 wlis
kanoni, romelic atmosferuli haeris qimiuri nivTierebebisgan
dabinZurebisagan dacvas iTvalisiwnebda. aseve sainteresoa safrangeTis
1917 wlis kanoni, romelic dasaxlebul punqtebSi ekologiuri safrTxis
Semcveli sawarmoebis ganTavsebas krZalavda. samwuxarod, amgvar
- 113 -
dacvis sferoSi Seqmnili sakanonmdeblo aqti holandiaSi iyo 1875
kanoni mavneblobis Sesaxeb (Nuisance Act), romelic dResac moqmedebs.
ekologiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis formirebis istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas, unda aRiniSnos, rom MmaTi dajgufeba, iseve
rogorc samarTlis sxva dargebisa, xdeba romanul-germanuli
(kontinenturi) da saerTo samarTlis (anglo-amerikuli) mixedviT.
amdenad, isic naTelia, rom romanul-germanuli samarTlebrivi
sistemebis mqone qveynebSi ekologiuri samarTlis wyaroebs - kanonebi,
xolo anglo-amerikuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis mqone qveynebSi
ekologiuri samarTlis wyaroebs, kanonebis garda, sasamarTlo
precedentebi warmoadgenen.191
ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba, TavianT konstituciebSi ayalibebs
debulebebs, romlebic sajarod adgenen garemos dacvis samarTlebriv
garantiebs. ase, magaliTad, Sveicariis konstitucia (1962 w.) adgens, rom
saxelmwifo valdebulia SeinarCunos bunebrivi landSafti. italiis
(1974 w.) konstitucia adgens, rom saxelmwifo icavs bunebas. holandiis
konstitucia (1952 w.) 21-e muxlSi sazRvravs saxelmwifos valdebulebas
izrunos cxovrebis xarisxze garemos dacvis maRali donis SenarCunebiT.
rac Seexeba jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom es
ufleba gamyarebulia ganviTarebuli qveynebis SedarebiT axal
konstituciebSi (portugalia 1976 w.; espaneTi 1978 w.; TurqeTi 1982 w. da
brazilia, 1988 w.) aRniSnuli ufleba sxvadasxvagvarad aris
gadmocemuli. magaliTad, espaneTis konstitucia adgens, rom yvelas aqvs
ufleba isargeblos garemoTi sakuTari individualizmis ganviTarebis
mizniT.
dRes, msoflioSi, umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri prioriteti
atmosferuli haeris dacvis samarTlebrivi regulirebaa. swored, am
mizniT, iqmneboda da amJamadac viTardeba kanonmdebloba ganviTarebul
saxelmwifoebSi. ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebas ganviTarebul
qveynebSi safuZveli Caeyara 1960-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac miRebul
iqna garemos dacvis ZiriTadi kanonebi mTeli rig saxelmwifoebSi. 1967
во, 1973, 136-160. 191Ю. Матвеев, Англо-Американcкое Деликтное Пра
- 114 -
momavali Taobebis interesebis
i samarTlis ganviTarebasa da adamianis ekologiuri
wels iaponiaSi, 1969 wels SvedeTSi, 1970 wels aSS-Si, 1976 wels
safrangeTSi, 1976 wels germaniis federaciul respublikaSi. amasTanave,
unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri samarTlis
umniSvnelovanes obieqts sazogadoebisa da garemos
urTierTzemoqmedebis samarTlebrivi regulirebaa. am mizniT TiToeul
saxelmwifoSi iqmneba mZlavri sakanonmdeblo baza atmosferuli haeris,
wylis, wiaRis dacvis sferoSi, toqsiuri nivTierebebis kontrolis
sferoSi, narCenebis marTvis sferoSi da a.S. aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba
iTvaliswinebs bunebrivi resursebis dacvas, warmoebis warmarTvas
ekologiurad usafrTxo teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, toqsikuri
nivTierebebis da narCenebis gafrqvevis, CaSvebis akrZalvas da
minimizacias adamianis janmrTelobisa da garemos dabinZurebisagan
dacvis mizniT, axlandeli da
gaTvalisiwinebiT. ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri
kanonmdebloba icnobs ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobis institutsac.
pasuxismgeloba gansazRvulia dabinZurebis wyaros mflobelisaTvis.192
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis mokle mimoxilvac
ki cxadyofs, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva am qveynebis
erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis ganuyofeli nawilia da MmaTze
dayrdnobiT fizikurma pirebma MmaTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacva
SesaZloa samarTlianad moiTxovon. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom
ekologiur
uflebebis samarTlebrivi garantiebis SemuSavebaSi udidesi wvlili
miuZRvis evrogaerTiebis samarTals, rac am naSromSi calke mimoixileba.
rac Seexeba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs, am mxriv sainteresoa ukrainis,
poloneTis, ungreTis, bulgareTis, slovakeTisa da CexeTis ekologiuri
kanonmdeblobis magaliTebis mimoxilva, rogorc yofili sabWoTa banakis
saxelmwifoebisa. am qveynebSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT evropis sxva
saxelmwifoebSi, ekologiuri kanonmdebloba ganviTarebis aqtiur
fazaSia. miRebulia axali konstituciebi da kanonebi adamianisa da
garemos urTierdamokidebulebis regulirebis sferoSi. saxelmwifoTa
ологичеcкое Право, 1998, 615. 192 М. Бринчук, Эк
- 115 -
dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1992 w.);
qveynebisa). garemosdacviTma kanonmdeblobam am saxelmwifoebSi jer
kid
bul
romlebic garemosa da admianis mavne zemoqmedebisagan dacvas
iTv
mixedviT gansxvavebulia kanonebic da regulirebis obieqtic, Tumca
TiToeuli MmaTgani garemosdacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
principis dacviT aris SemuSavebuli. ase magaliTad, ekologiuri
sakiTxebi sakmaod farTod aris daregulirebuli ukrainis 1996 wlis 28
ivnisis konstituciiT. konstitucia aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebas
icxovron MmaTi janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo da xelsayrel garemoSi
da miiRon kompensacia miyenebuli zianisaTvis. garda amisa, konstituciT
garantirebulia moqalaqeTa ufleba miiRon MmaTTvis sasurveli
informacia MmaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb.193 garda
amisa, ukrainis konstitucia avaldebulebs saxelmwifo organoebs
uzrunvlyon mosaxleobis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos
SenarCuneba, aRkveTon is Sedegebi rac mohyva Cernobilis avarias da
SeinarCunon ukrainis genofondi.194
ukrainis ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis sistemaSi Sedis kanonebi ,,garemos
dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1991 w.); ,,miwis kodeqsi“ (1990 w.); kanoni nakrZalTa
fondis Sesaxeb“ (1992 w.); ,,atmosferuli haeris
,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“ (1993 w.); ,,wiaRis kodeqsi“ (1994 w.); ,,wylis
kodeqsi“ (1995 w.); ,,kanoni ekologiuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb“ (1995 w.).
ukrainis msgavsia kanonmdebloba belorusiaSi, ruseTis federaciasa da
kidev sxva yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi. maTi umravlesoba adgens
konstituciur garantiebs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi.
poloneTSi, ungreTSi, slovakeTSi, CexeTsa da yofili socialisturi
banakis sxva saxelmwifoebSi (centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa)
ekologiuri kanonmdebloba ganviTrebis ufro maRal safexurze dgas,
vidre sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebSi (garda baltiispireTis
ev socializmis dros (80-ian wlebSi) daiwyo ganviTareba.
gareTSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi miRebul iqna mTeli rigi kanonebi,
aliswinebs. garda kanonmdelobisa, am saxelmwifoebSi aRniSnul
193 50-e muxli.
- 116 -
sferoSi instituciuri ganviTarebac ufro adreul etapze daiwyo,
GSeiqmna dargobrivi uwyebebi, MmaT Soris, saministroebic, ramac, MmaT
saerTaSoriso garemosdacviT standartebTan adaptirebaSi Seuwyo xeli.
garda samarTlebrivi mxarisa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufro met
mniSvnelobas iZens adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sasamarTlo
praqtikis aqtualizebis sakiTxic, rac TavisTavad sasamarTlo
organoebis saqmianobisadmi axlebur midgomas moiTxovs. stokholmis
deklaraciis preambulis Tanaxmad, garemos dacva Zalze mniSvnelovania
adamianis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos mosamarTle ueeremantrim Tavis mosazrebaSi saqmeze:
ungreTi slovakeTis winaaRmdeg (Hungary v. Slovakia) xazi gausva, rom
garemosadmi zianis miyenebam SeiZleba, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciaSi mocemuli yvela ufleba xelyos.195 adamianis uflebebi da
garemos dacva aris urTierTdamokidebuli da ganuyofeli, SesaZlebelia
garemos dacvis adamianis dacvis mizniT gamoyeneba da adamianis
uflebebis garemos dacvis mizniT gamoyeneba.196
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pirobebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxebi metad mniSvnelovania da faqtobrivad saxelmwifos
demokratiuli ganviTarebis umTavresi saSualebaa. adamianis uflebebis
dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba da viTardeba samarTali, radgan swored
adamianis uflebebis dacvaa saxelmwifos legitimuri funqcionirebis
ZiriTadi wyaro. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT
zemoaRniSnul saxelmwifoTa (garda iaponiis, aSS-is, TurqeTisa da
braziliis) didi nawilis kanonmdeblobaSi mniSvnelovani da
faqtobrivad gadamwyveti adgili ukavia gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis konvencias garemosdacviT
Approaches to Environmental Protection, A.Boyle and M.Anderson, 1998, 3.
194 me-16 muxli. 195 i. giviaSvili. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 79. 196 i. giviaSvili. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.
79; M.Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection: An Overview, in: Human Rights
- 117 -
is (mTavroba) mier, xolo MmaTi
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am
sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb.
rogorc aRiniSna, konvencia aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebebs ekologiuri
informaciis, monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis sferoSi da miznad
isaxavs garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi mTavrobaTa angariSgebisa da
gamWvirvalobis donis zrdis xelSewyobas. informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, monawileobisa da jansaRi garemos sargeblobis
uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa Zlieri kanonaRsrulebis
meqanizmi. mTavrobis erT-erT amocanas swored kanonebis ganxorcielebis
uzrunvelyofaa. gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis gadamowmebis
SesaZlebloba dafuZnebulia Zvel, magram xelisuflebis dayofis utyuar
doqtrinaze197. mas mimarTavs yvela demokratiuli sazogadoeba. igi
uzrunvelyofs, rom xelisuflebis sami Stodan (sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo) arc erTma borotad ar gamoiyenos
Zalaufleba da Tavis Tavze ar aiRos mmarTvelobis sruli procesi.
kanonebi, romlebsac sakanonmdeblo organoebi (parlamenti) iReben,
mzaddeba da xorcieldeba aRmasrulebleb
ganxorcielebis kanoniereba mowmdeba marTlmsajulebis (sasamarTlos)
saSualebiT. samive ganStoeba rac SeiZleba damoukidebeli unda iyos
erTmaneTisagan. magram mesame Stos _ sasamarTlos damoukideblobas
gansakuTrebuli, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba. rasakvirvelia, es
yovelTvis idealurad ar xdeba. xSirad, am ukanasknel sistemas
korufcia moicavs da imavdroulad ganicdis zewolas danarCeni ori
ganStoebisa Tu kerZo pirisagan. ufro metic, centralur da aRmosavleT
evropaSi TiTqmis mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi marTlmsajuleba
197
xelisuflebis dayofa sam damoukidebel Stod: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo. TiToeuls mieniWeba mmarTvelobis erTi funqcia: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebis. maTi moqmedebis sfero unda SemoisazRvros
politikuri Tavisuflebis dasamkvidreblad da SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia
misi funqciiT da ar unda mieces neba SeiWras sxva Stoebis funqciebSi. ufro metic, pirebi, romlebic xelisuflebis am sam Stos Seadgenen, gansxvavebulni da gancalkevebulni unda iyvnen. arc erT pirs ar unda mieces ufleba iyos erTze
i Stos wevri. aseT SemTxvmet evaSi, TiToeul Stos saSualeba eZleva Seamowmos meore da arc erTi maTgans calke ar SeeZleba kontrolis qveS moiqcios mTeli
- 118 -
eqtiani
dabinZurebis sakiTxmac. am problemam msoflio sazogadoebis yuradReba
miipyro TviT yvelaze gaxmaurebuli ekologiuri sasamarTlo
didad iyo damokidebuli aRmasruleblebze da xSirad dResac ar
gaaCniaT survili imoqmedon samTavrobo gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg.
miuxedavad amisa, sul ufro xSiria sasamarTlo saqmeebi, romlebic
aprotesteben xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
msgavsi qmedeba arasasiamovnoa mmarTveli organoebisTvis, TviT procesi
MmaTTvis yovelTvis ar aris mZime tvirTi. marTlmsajulebis
xelmisawvdomoba zogjer moiazreba, rogorc xelisuflebis
gadawyvetilebebisadmi undoblobis gamoxatva. sinamdvileSi,
marTlmsajulebisadmi mimarTva umetesad gamowveulia bundovani,
orzrovani sakanonmdeblo debulebebiTa Tu MmaTi saerTod
ararsebobiTa da iuridiuli interpretaciis saWiroebiT. Cveulebriv,
swored kanonebis bundovaneba da sxvadasxva kanonebis
urTierTSeuTavseblobaa imis mizezi, rom moxele zustad ver asrulebs
Tavis movaleobas da Sedegad, mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba
sasamarTloSi gasaCivrdeba.198 garda im ekologiuri darRvevebisa,
romlebic ekologiuri informaciis SezRudvas Seexeba, msoflio
sasamarTlo praqtika icnobs imgvar SemTxvevebs, rodesac irRveva
adamianis sxva ekologiuri uflebebic.
meoce saukunis bolos, kacobroba adamianis uflebaTa da
garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili sarCelebis
uprecedento raodenobis mowme gaxda. arasdros ar gasCenia amden
adamians amgvari moTxovnebi adre da arasdros yofila aseTi ef
marTlmsajuleba adamianis uflebebTan da garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan
mimarTebiT. meoce saukunis bolo wlebSi adamianis uflebaTa samarTali
da ekologiuri samarTali faqtobrivad erTdroulad momwifda da
samarTlis mecnierebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani adgili daikava.199
msoflios industriul ganviTarebasTan erTad Tavi iCina garemos
rd, Clarendon P., 1967, 359. saxelmwifo aparati; aseve ix.: Vile M.J.C. Consitutionalism and Separation of Powers, M.J.C. by Vile. Oxfo198 orhusis konvenciis ganxorcieleba, saxelmZRvanelo sajaro moxeleTaTvis. 2004 w., g. 100. 199M. R. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches To Environmental Protection, 1996, 1.
- 119 -
teritoria imgvari
procesebis meSveobiTac. MmaT Soris aris cnobili smelteris200
sasamarTlo procesi aSS-sa da kanadas Soris, rodesac moxda gogirdis
dioqsidis gafrqveva kanadis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli
gadamamuSavebeli qarxnidan da sakmao ziani moutana aSS-s. smelteris
saqme iyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani biZgi saerTaSoriso
marTlmsajulebisaTvis, rom momxdariyo adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sakiTxis aqtualizacia, Tumca TviT es saqme ara
mosaxleobis sufTa haeriT uzrunvelyofis moTxovniT aRiZra, aramed
haeris transasazRvro dabinZurebis mizeziT, ramac aSS-s mosaxleobis
keTildReobas da MmaTs sakuTrebas sirTuleebi Seuqmna. smelteris saqme
ganixila 3 mosamarTlisgan Semdgarma tribunalma da gadawyvetileba
aSS-s sasargeblod gamoitana da daadgina: ,,arc erT saxelmwifos ara
aqvs ufleba gamoiyenos da gamoayenebinos sakuTari
miznebisaTvis, romlebmac SesaZloa gamonabolqvis saxiT ziani miayenos
sxva saxelmwifos, mis sakuTrebas da mosaxleobas. “ am gadawyvetilebis
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas Tavisi teritoriis iseTi
gamoyeneba, romelic seriozul fizikur zians miayenebs sxva
saxelmwifos garemos. es debuleba ganamtkica sxva saqmeebmac, MmaT
Soris, ,,lak lanos“ (Lac Lanoux) saqmem201 da ,,gaT demis“ (Gut Dam) saqmem202.
1996 wlis ,,birTvuli iaraRis muqarisa da gamoyenebis samarTlebriobis
Sesaxeb sakonsultacio TvalsazrisSi“ saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom
pirvelad, ufro zogadi terminebis gamoyenebiT daadastura, rom:
,,sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom garemo abstraqcia ar aris, is kacobriobis,
MmaT Soris, momavali Taobebis sasicocxlo sivrces, cxovrebis donesa
da janmrTelobasac ki warmoadgens. TviT arseboba im zogadi
valdebulebisa, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas, rom
misi iurisdiqciisa da kontrolis farglebSi ganxorcielebulma
qmedebebma daazianon sxva saxelmwifoebis an erovnul kontrols gareT
US v. Canada, ILM 8 (1969), 118; G.Handl, Gut Dam Claims, EPIL2(1995), 653-6.
200 Trail Smelter Case (United States v. Canada), Arbitral Tribunal, 1941, 3 UN Rep. Int'l Arb. Awards (1941). 201 Affaire du Lac Lanouxcase, RIAAXII 281(2963). ix. D.Rauschning, Lac Lanoux Arbitration, EPIL2 (1981), 166-8. 202
- 120 -
baze modis.
nvelTa dacvis samefo sazogadoeba“
mdebare teritoriebis garemo, dRes saerTaSoriso samarTlis
nawilia.“203
haeris dabinZureba, rogorc transasazRvro, iseve qveynis teritoriis
farglebSi aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri uflebis
darRveva. adamianis janmrTelobis Seryevis (ekologiuri faqtorebidan
gamomdinare) ZiriTadi nawili swored haeris dabinZure
msoflio bankis mier Catarebuli statistikuri analizis Sedegad
dadginda, rom 1.3 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs imgvar teritoriebze,
romlebic ar akmayofileben msoflios janmrTelobis dacvis
organizaciis moTxovnebs haerSi mavne nivTierebaTa zRvrulad dasaSvebi
normebis Sesaxeb, rac SemdgomSi maRali sikvdilianobis mizezi xdeba.
magaliTad, bankokSi haeris dabinZureba iwvevs mcirewlovani bavSvebis
gonebrivi ganviTrebis mniSvnelovan daqveiTebas204.
garda evropuli sasamarTlos saqmeebisa, romlebic am naSromSi
ganixileba, sainteresoa xazi gaesvas zogierT gaxmaurebul sarCelsac,
romlebic swored ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT iqnen
wardgenilni sasamarTloebis winaSe. magaliTad: 1993 wlis dekemberSi
gaerTianebuli samefos saxelmwifo mdivanma gadawyvita upiratesoba
mieniWebina mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebisaTvis
iSviaT frinvelTa interesebis sazianod da port ,,Sirnesis“ maxloblad
arsebuli Warbteniani teritoria lapel-benki, romelic gadamfreni
frinvelebis Sesvenebisa da gamravlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili
iyo, gamoericxa daculi teritoriebidan da gadaeca ekonomikuri
saqmianobisaTvis. am gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra britanulma
arasamTavrobo organizaciam „fri
(RSPB). saqme organizaciam aRZra ara raime sakuTari kerZo interesis an
misdami miyenebuli konkretuli zianis safuZvelze, aramed sufTa
garemoSi cxovrebis uflebisa da am garemos dacvis misi valdebulebis
safuZvelze. sasamarTlom es dasabuTeba organizaciis „sakmaris
203
Justice, in V.Lowe/ M.Fitzmaurice. Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice, 1996, 293-315; aseve ILM35 (1996), 809, at 821, par. 29; M.Fitzmaurice, Environmental Protection and International Court of
ix., p.malanCukis redaqtorobiT.:akerharstis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali. 2005. gv. 275.
- 121 -
obis nebarTva, parkSi,
interesad,, miiCnia da saqme warmoebaSi miiRo. saqme sxvadasxva
instanciaSi mimdinareobda 3 wlis manZilze. samwuxarod, miuxedavad
imisa, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciam saboloo jamSi saqme moigo, ar
dakmayofilda misi moTxovna sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb da
saboloo ganaCenis gamotanis momentisaTvis (1996 wlis ivlisi) lapel-
benki, rogorc frinvelTa habitati, ukve ganadgurebul iyo.
80-ian wlebSi q. lvovis xelisuflebam nebarTva gasca sacxovrebeli
kompleqsis aSenebis Taobaze. kompleqsi dagegmili iyo Zveli qalaqis
centralur moedanze, gamwvanebul parkSi da ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli
qalaqis dagegmarebis dokumentaciaSi. moedani da parki mdebareobda
adgilobrivi sakaTedro taZris win da adilobrivi mosaxleobisa da
mrevlisaTvis dasvenebis adgilad iTvleboda. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam
saqmeSi CarTo garemosdacviT advokatTa organizacia, raTa MmaTi
saxeliT gaesaCivrebinaT kompleqsis mSeneblobisa da ganTavsebis
nebarTvebi. saqme aRiZra, magram amasobaSi samSeneblo kompaniam moedanze
ganaTavsa saWiro aRWurviloba da daiwyo mSeneblobisaTvis mzadeba.
advokatebma mosamarTles mosTxoves aekrZala kompaniisaTvis nebismieri
samuSaos ganxorcieleba sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebamde.
paralelurad mosaxleoba quCaSi gamovida da gza gadauketa
buldozerebsa da mZime teqnikas. mosamarTlem gasca brZaneba nebarTvebis
SeCerebis Sesaxeb, adgilze mivida sasamarTlos aRmasrulebeli da
aiZula kompania SeeCerebina samuSaoebi. mogvianebiT, imave wels, rodesac
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda mSenebl
taZris win isev Srialebdnen gadarCenili xeebi, rac Sesabamisad
mosaxleobis interesebs asaxavda.
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso instituciuri meqanizmis
ukeT amuSavebis mizniT, rogorc arasamTavrobo organizacia, 1994 wels
mexikoSi daarsda saerTaSoriso ekologiuri sasamarTlo da mas mieniWa
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri saarbitraJo sasamarTlos statusi.
sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 29 iurist-ekologi msoflios 24
qveynidan. sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs im davebis gadawyvetas, romlebic
204 D. Hunter, J.salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1998, 504.
- 122 -
Tan
anobis gamovlena, Sefaseba, aRkveTa, SeCereba da
ewyvetisaTvis. garda amisa, sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedis saziaro
aculi teritoriebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli davebis ganxilva,
eve, rogorc im zaralis anazRaurebis sakiTxi, romelic gamowveulia
mis Sedegad. sasamarTlo agreTve did yuradRebas uTmobs
erTaSoriso gaemosdacviT aspareze moqalaqeTa ekologiuri
flebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sakiTxs.
fleba mimarTos saerTaSoriso ekologiur sasamarTlos aqvs nebismier
orc saerTaSoriso da erovnuli donis
ompetentur samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs,
awesebulebebs, sawarmoebs da moqalaqeebs. sasamarTlosaTvis mamarTvis
fleba aqvT erTi saxelmwifos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis
MmaTi erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar
rZalavs aseT qmedebas. sasamarTlo warmoebisas mosamarTleebi
xelmZRvaneloben saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, erovnuli
kano
warmoiSvebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT. am funqcias sasamarTlo axorcielebs sami ZiriTadi
mimrTulebiT: damdgari Sedegis iuridiul-ekologiuri SefasebiT da
mxareTaTvis konsultaciebis micema; mxareTa Serigebis proceduris
gamoyeneba; mxareTa moTxovniT warimarTeba saarbitraJo procesi, amas
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas eqneba mxareTaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi.
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri sasamarTlo aris saarbitraJo sasamarTlo
da masTan dakavSirebul yvela xarjebs faraven monawile mxareebi.
proceduris Tanaxmad, mxareebi mimarTaven sasamarTlos da TviTon
irCeven sam an met mosamarTles (maTi raodenoba aucileblad luwi unda
iyos). arCeuli masamarTleebidan dgeba kolegia, romelic warmarTavs da
ganixilavs arsebul saqmes. Tavisi kompetenciis fargelbSi, sasamarTlo
ganixilavs iseT saqmeebs, rogoricaa zaralis anazRaurebis sakiTxi im
zianisaTvis, romelic gamowveulia garemos transsazazRvro
dabinZurebiTa da xelyofiT. sasamarTlo uflebamosilia aseve,
ganixilos saerTaSoriso davebi, dakavSirebuli garemosaTvis safrTxis
Semqmneli saqmi
S
d
is
o
sa
u
u
saxelmwifos, iseve rog
k
d
u
subieqtebsac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
k
nmdeblobiT da im ganCinebebiT, romlebic arseboben sasamarTlo da
- 123 -
iplomatiuri precedentebis saxiT. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
asamarTlos garda, 1993 wels haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi
Camoyalibda ganyofileba ekologiur sakiTxebSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali (International Criminal Law) calke
gamoyofs danaSauls garemos winaaRmdeg (Crimes Against the Environment).
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlos, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos,
marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTlos, adamianis uflebaTa
interamerikuli komisiisa da adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli komisiis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi aRiareben kavSirs adamianis uflebebsa
da garemos dacvas Soris.205 amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iyo pirveli iuridiulad savaldebulo
saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumenti, romelmac moicva adamianis
ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa mTeli kompleqsi206. amdenad, metad
saineresoa ekologiur uflebebTan dakavSirebiT evropuli konvenciis
precedentuli samarTlis praqtikis mimoxilva, rac naSromSia
gaanalizebuli.
d
s
205 D. Shelton, The Environmenal Jurisprudenace of International Human Rights Tribunals in: Linking Human Rights and Environment, R.Picolotti and J.D. Traillant (Eds.), 2003, 12.
- 124 -
206 l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 219.
- 125 -
logiidan
ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis ganviTareba
208
4. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso
standartebis asaxva saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi
TiToeul saxelmwifoSi, misi istoriul-samarTlebrivi tipo
gamomdinare, Camoyalibebulia damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistema,
MmaT Soris iseTi, romelic aregulirebs samarTalurTierTobebs
ekologiis sferoSi.
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi ekologiuri samarTlis daxvewa, upirveles
yovlisa, xels Seuwyobs, zogadad, sazogadoebis ekologiisadmi
damokidebulebis srulyofas da ganaviTarebs TviT saxelmwifoebis
urTierTkavSirs am sferoSi, rameTu ekologiuri problemebi xSir
SemTxvevaSi scildeba konkretuli saxelmwifos oficialur sazRvrebs
da safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobis janmrTelobas. ekologiur problemasa
da adamianis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisaTvis warmoqmnil
safrTxes Soris ki, pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs, rasac Tan sdevs
sakiTxiT dainteresebuli pirebis saqmianobis Seviwroeba da maTTvis
saintereso informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis darRveva.207
meore mxriv, ekologiuri Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis ganviTareba
xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebis CarTvas garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis
SemuSavebis procesSi. eWvgareSea da amas araerTi mecnieris kvleva
adasturebs, rom ekologia da adamianis uflebebi pirdapir
urTierTkavSiriSia. amdenad,
realur safuZvels daudebs TviT fundamentaluri uflebebis dacvasac,
rameTu ekologiuri uflebebi ganixileba, rogorc socialur, aseve iseT
procedural uflebebad, rogoricaa – ufleba informaciaze, ufleba
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobasa da ufleba
marTlmsajulebaze. kavSiri garemosa da adamianis uflebebis dacvas
Soris namdvilad TvalnaTelia. adamianis uflebebisa da ekologiuri
and Michael R. Anderson (edc.), Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, 4-5 (1996). 207 M. R. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection: An Overview, in Alan E. Boyle
208 G. Handl, Human Rights and the Protection of the Environment: A Mildly Revisionist View, in Antonio gusto Cancado Trindade (ed.), Human Rights, Sustainable Development and the Environment, San Jose de Au
Costa Rica and Brasilia, 119 (1992).
- 126 -
iso da erovnuli
bul qveynebSi.
eobda: warmoSoba da ganviTareba ,,miwis
ganviTarebis mesame periodi iwyeba 1991 wlidan, rodesac saqarTvelom
samarTlis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemis Tanadroul ganviTarebas
ramodenime upiratesoba aqvs: igi xels Seuwyobs garemos dacvis
mniSvnelobis gaZlierebas; gaaadvilebs saerTaSor
standartebis harmonizacias; gazrdis sazogadoebis garemosdacviTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis dones.
sxvadasxva obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezTa gamo saqarTvelos
ekologiuri samarTali ufro mogvianebiT Camoyalibda da ganviTarda,
vidre sazRvargareTis sxva ganviTare
zogadad, bunebis dacvis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTuli
saxelmwifos arsebobis mTeli istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
garkveulwilad aqtualuri iyo. es gamoixateboda rogorc xalxur
tradiciebSi, aseve garkveul saxelmwifo aqtebSi. ase, magaliTad,
pirvelad tyis da bunebis dacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb jer kidev me-12
saukunis dokumentebSi moixsenieba. bunebis dacviTi saqmianoba, im
formiT, romelic dResdReobiT iTvleba misaRebad, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs saTaves, am dros iqmneba
pirveli nakrZalebi. am process met-naklebad permanentuli xasiaTi
hqonda sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSic da, miuxedavad seriozuli
naklovanebebisa, mainc viTardeboda.
arsebobis mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi, adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi sistemis, formireba ori
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT mimdinar
kanonmdeblobis“ farglebSi.
dargis ganviTarebis pirveli etapi 1917-1968 wlebs moicavs. 1958 wels
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mier miRebul iqna
kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb209, romelic bunebas, rogorc
socialisturi respublikis dacvis obieqts acxadebda da mis xelyofas
maSindeli konstituciis 144-e muxlis darRvevad miiCnevda. 1969-1980-ian
wlebSi miRebul iqna ukve konkretuli kanonebi, romlebic ekologiuri
samarTlisgan mijnavda tyis, wylis, mTis dacvis kanonmdeblobas.
209 ,,kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, sssr umaRlesi sabWos uwyebani, 1958 w. #5.
- 127 -
i saqarTvelos axali
i
iv, miiReboda dargis konkretuli
damoukidebloba moipova, miRebul iqna dargis maregulirebeli
sxvadasxva normatiuli aqti, damoukidebel
konstitucia da kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“210.
ganviTarebis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos ssr kanonmdebloba bunebis
dacvis sakiTxebs aqtualurs xdida imdenad, ramdenadac, mas miiCnevda
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umTavres faqtorad. saubari iyo
bunebrivi resursebis dacvaze mxolod im mxriv, rom maTi moxmarebiT
qveynis mrewveloba mogebas iRebda.
Semdgom periodSi, ssrk 1936 wlis konstituciis miRebis Semdeg,
bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da MmaT
kvlavwarmoebis sakiTxmac garkveuli aqtualuroba SeiZina. amgvari
moTxovna TavisTavad aRmocenda qveyanaSi (da mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi) im
dros gaCaRebuli qveynis industrializaciisa da soflis meurneobis
gaZlierebuli ganviTarebis fonze. 60-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi da
mTel danarCen sabWoTa kavSirSi SeimCneoda bunebis dacvis sferoSi
arsebuli masalis erTgvari Tavmoyra, xolo 70-iani wlebidan miRebul
iqna dargis TiToeuli institutis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebi,
rogorc saerTo sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis, aseve damoukideblad wevri
saxelmwifoebis doneze. ase magaliTad, miRebul iqna sabWoTa kavSirisa
da mokavSire respublikebis miwis, wylis, wiaRis, tyis kanonmdebloba,
romlebic erTdroulad adgendnen am bunebrivi obieqtebis marTvisa da
dacvis samarTlebriv reJimebs.
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi ekologiuri samarTlis sistema viTardeboda ori
mimarTulebiT: erTi mxr
mimarTulebebis maregulebeli normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic MmaT
samarTlebriv statuss adgenda da meore mxriv, miiReboda imgvari
normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic bunebrivi resursebis racionalur
gamoyenebas aregulirebda211. ase miRebul iqna 1981 wels kanoni
,,cxovelTa samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb“212, 1968 wels
saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba saqarTvelos
uwyebebi, 1981 w. 132-e muxli.
210 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani #1-2, 1997 w. 211 Г. Полянcкая, Правовые Вопроcы Охраны Природы в CCCР, 1963, 98. 212 saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos
- 128 -
resursebis,
sferos farglebSi
qveynebis garemosdacvTi
saxelmwifo nakrZalebis movla-dacvis mdgomareobis Semdgomi
gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb da sxva213.
pirvelad, dargis maregulirebeli specializebuli kanonmdebloba yvela
mokavSire saxelmwifoSi miRebul iqna 1957-1963 wlebSi. es kanonmdebloba
sakmaod novaciuri xasiaTis iyo, kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis axal
etaps ganekuTvneboda da miznad bunebis dacvas isaxavda. saqarTveloSi
miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi miwis, wiaRis, wylis
florisa da faunis, atmosferuli haerisa da nakrZalebis dacvis
Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad sanqciebic ganisazRvra am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
debulebebis darRvevisaTvis maSindel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi.214
80-iani wlebSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis
formirebam im etaps miaRwia, rodesac sabolood Camoyalibda samarTlis
damoukidebeli dargi garemos dacvis sferoSi. kanonmdeblobis
ganviTarebis es etapi sakmaod gansxvavdeboda dargis konkretuli
sferos maregulirebeli normatiuli bazisgan imiT, rom igi
mizanmimarTuli iyo sferos kompleqsuri marTvis, ekologiuri da
bunebaTsargeblobis saqmianobebis, sameurneo saqmianobebiT gamowveuli
safrTxis aRkveTis RonisZiebebis Catarebis da
warmoqmnili sxva samarTalurTierTobebis regulirebisaken. amgvarad,
ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis meore etapze 1968-1988 wlebSi
garemosdacviTma samarTalma iuridiul mecnierebaSi Tavisi adgili
daikava, radgan Camoyalibda ekologiuri samarTlis calkeuli
mimarTuleblebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi sistemebi, romlebic
erT safuZvels eyrdnoboda.
Tumca, sazRvargareTis ganviTarebuli
gamocdilebis gaziarebasa da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvaze
sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekologiur kanonmdeblobaSi naxsenebi, ra Tqma
unda, araferi iyo. iTvleboda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri uswrebda
mecnierebisa Tu ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mxriv yvela sxva
saxelmwifoebs da MmaTi mxridan sabWoTa qveynebs araferi eswavlebodaT.
saqarTvelos ssr mTavrobis dadgenilebaTa krebuli, 1968 w., me-17 muxli.
214 saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 1960 w., saqarTvelos ssr.
213
umaRlesi sabWos uwyebebi, 1961w. #1.
- 129 -
antropogenuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad dgeba.
bebia, romlebic
obas uzrunvelyofda sxvadasxva moqmedebebis Sesrulebis
dasabuTebulad da racionalurad dacvis mizniT, sufTa haeris
magram, samwuxarod, sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda imgvari ekologiuri
katastrofebi, romlebmac sazogadoebas daanaxa is safrTxe, rac
bunebrivi resursebis gadametebul eqspluatacias da garemoze adamianis
mavne zemoqmedebas sdevs Tan: Cernobilis katastrofa, aralis zRvis
ekologiuri katastrofa, ladoJis zRvis ekologiuri katastrofa da
sxva. am katastrofebma naTlad aCvena is saSiSroeba, rac garemoze
gadametebuli
saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakonstitucio
garantiebma Seqmna is safuZveli, rac saSualebas iZleva regulirebul
iqnes garemos xarisxobrivi mdgomareoba adamianis janmrTelobisa da
keTildReobis dacvis mizniT. Tumca, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
konstituciuri dacvis sakiTxmac ganviTarebis sakmaod didi istoriuli
gza ganvlo, romlis mixedviTac, es uflebebi adamianis bunebrivi
uflebebis kategoriaSi erTiandeba. anu es imgvari ufle
warmoiSveba adamianis gaCenasTan erTad da wydeba misi sicocxlis
mospobis momentSi. sabWoTa kavSiris 1977 wlis konstitucia pirdapir ar
aregulirebda admianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs, Tumca
garkveulwilad exeboda mas da 42 muxlSi adgenda:
,,ssrk moqalaqeebs janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba aqvT. am uflebis
ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofilia ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT...
garemos gajansaRebis RonisZiebebiT, amasTan bavSvTa Sromis akrZalvis
gziT, rac dakavSirebuli ar aris aRmzrdelobiT da saganmanaTleblo
saqmianobebTan; samecniero kvlevebis Catarebis gziT, romlebic
mimarTulia daavadebaTa aRkveTasa da Semcirebaze adamianis xangrZlivi
aqtiuri sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis mizniT“.
zemoaRniSnuli muxlidan irkveva, rom ssrk konstitucia adamianis
janmrTel
gziT. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve amave konstituciis me-18 muxlic, romelic
adgens: ,,axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
sabWoTa kavSirSi tardeba mTeli rigi aucilebeli RonisZiebebi wiaRis,
wylis resursebis, florisa da faunis samecniero doneze
- 130 -
a da sakmao zegavlenas ganicdis
ekologiuri samarTlis saxeliT aris cnobili215. profesori a.
labaryava Tavis naSromSi ekologiur samarTals ganmartavs, rogorc
,,eko
SenarCunebis, aseve bunebrivi resursebis kvavwarmoebis da adamianis
garesamyaros gaumjobesebis mizniT.“ Tumca, muxlSi saubaria ara
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakonstitucio garantiebze, aramed
saxelmwifo valdebulebaze garemos dacvis sferoSi. saqarTvelos ssr
konstituciac swored amgvar debulebebs iTvaliswinebda da
konkretulad ar aregulirebda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxebs.
dResdReobiT qarTuli ekologiuri samarTali erTgvari
transformaciis procesSi imyofeb
rogorc Sida, aseve gare faqtorebisgan. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelo
mniSvnelovan politikur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs ganicdis, meore mxriv,
ki qveyanaSi yoveldRiurad Zlierdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da igi
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad principebze dayrdnobiT cdilobs
integrirdes msoflios demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi ekologiur samarTals mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia. saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopovebis pirveli
wlebidanve aqtiuri muSaoba mimdinareobda erovnuli da imavdroulad
saerTaSoriso samarTalTan adaptirebuli ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis
SeqmnisaTvis. es moZraoba gansakuTrebiT 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
gaZlierda, rodesac qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier
miRebuli iqna mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi garemos dacvisa da
bunabaTsargeblobis sferoSi. garemos dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli principebi gamyarebulia 1996
wels miRebul kanonebSi ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, ,,cxovelTa samyaros
Sesaxeb“, rom araferi iTqvas saqarTvelos konstituciaze da am
sferoSi arsebul sxva sakanonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare normatiul
aqtebze.
qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi garemos dacvis samarTlis mecniereba
l ormaTa sistemas, romelic ogiur da ekologizebul samarTlebriv n
- 131 -
warmoebis, MmaTi da mTlianad garemos
aregulirebs ekologiur-sameurneo urTierTobebs bunebrivi resursebis
racionalurad gamoyenebis, aR
dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT“.216 am sakiTxs exeba profesori
l.Wanturiac, romelic aRniSnavs: ,,Camoyalibda saxelmwifos mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebis mTeli sistema, romelmac unda moawesrigos
urTierTobebi bunebis obieqtebiT sargeblobisa da garemos dacvis
sferoSi. am qcevis wesebis gamoyenebis Sedegad warmoiSva samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebi. maTi erToblioba gvaZlevs samarTlis gansakuTrebul
dargs - ekologiur samarTals“217.
rogorc aRiniSna, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi, saqarTveloSi
arsebobda mTeli rigi normatiuli aqtebi, romelTa saSualebiT
regulirdeboda bunebis dacviTi da bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba218, iseTebi, rogoricaa: 1958 wlis saqarTvelos
ssr kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb; 1972 wlis ssrk ministrTa sabWos
dadgenileba bunebis dacviTi RonisZiebebisa da bunebaTsargeblobis
gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb; 1977 wlis ssrk kanonmdebloba satyeo meurneobis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; ssrk kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros resursebis
dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb“; 1982 wels gamocemuli saqarTvelos
wiTeli wigni da sxva. am periodSi saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc mTel
sabWoTa kavSirSi) mTeli resursebi da maTi moxmareba saxelmwifos
xelSi iyo. arsebuli sistema iTvaliswinebda bunebaTsargeblobis ufaso
princips da, samwuxarod, ar iTvaliswinebda mdgradi ganviTarebis
elementebs. aRniSnvis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa
kanonmdeblobisTvis, erTi mxriv damaxasiaTebeli iyo bunebisdacviTi
saqmianobis sakmaod mkacri da efeqtiani RonisZiebebi, xolo meore mxriv
ugulvebelyofili iyo biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mTeli rigi
mniSvnelovani principebi, iseTi rogoricaa ucxo saxeobebis xelovnuri
invazia da ricxovnobis regulireba. piriqiT, aseTi qmedebebi
215 T. uruSaZe, v. loria, ekologiuri samarTali, 2003; a. labartyava. ekologiuri samarTali, 1999.
a. labartyava, ekologiuri samarTali. 2003, gv 17. 217 l. Wanturia, globaluri ekologiuri problemebi da samarTali, Jurnal
216
i
,,samarTali“ 1992, #4, g. 45. 218 i. miqaZe, ekologia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv. 228.
- 132 -
eblobasTan mimarTebiT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini ar
vian da mxareebs
eblobas.219
stimulirdeboda kidevac (arsebobda premialuri sistema ,,mavne
saxeobebis“ gamoxSirvisaTvis).
saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis periodSi adgili hqonda sabWoTa
kanonmdeblobis TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas axali normatiuli aqtebiT.
Camoyalibda garkveuli sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic SemuSavebulia
evrokavSiris mier miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis, saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1992 wlis rio-de-
Janeiros garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis mier miRebuli
,,garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis rios deklaraciis“, ,,21-e saukunis
globaluri ganviTarebis programis“ – ,,21-e dRis wesrigis“ daskvniTi
dokumentis safuZvelze. marto 1995-1999 wlebSi saqarTvelos
parlamentis mier garemos dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi
miRebuli iqna or aTeulze meti sakanonmdeblo aqti. axali
kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebSi Cadebulia axali principi, romlis
mixedviTac saqarTveloSi yovelgvari bunebaTsargebloba fasiania:
aqedan gamomdinare, SemoRebulia sxvadasxva mosakreblebi, xolo
bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saqmianoba
regulirdeba licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis sistemiT. amgvari
sistemis SemoRebas minimumamde dahyavs saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi
bunebrivi resursebis ukanono mopoveba da eqspluatacia. sayuradReboa
is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis da ,,normatiuli aqtebis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs,
memorandumebs da konvenciebs, MmaT Soris, bunebis dacvisa da
biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis sferoSi, eniWebaT prioriteti
erovnul kanonmd
ewinaaRmdegebian saqarTvelos konstitucias. es ukanaskneli
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rameTu, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis
(romlebic ZiriTadad zogadi miTiTebebs iZle
moqmedebis minimalur standartebs usazRvraven) erovnul samarTalSi
inkorporacia maTi efeqtianobis xarisxs zrdis da warmoqmnis
Sesabamisi erovnuli normatiuli bazis SemuSavebis aucil
219 J.Ebbesson, Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law, 205 (1996).
- 133 -
lobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos
lebaTa
ri stimulirebis meqanizmebis,
erTiani sistema.
ada
aRiniSna, saqarTve
mux
,,3.
gar
valdebulia gaufrTxildes bunebriv da kulturul garemos.
dResdReobiT saqarTvelos ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis umniSvnelovanes
sayrden normatiul aqts Seadgens saqarTvelos konstitucia, romlis 37-
e muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebis Tanxmad yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes
janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi, xolo saxelmwifo valdebulia
uzrunvelyofs adamianis janmrTe
SenarCuneba axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.220 saqarTvelos konstituciis am debu
ganxorcielebis mizniT miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos
dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1996 wlis dekemberi)221. am kanonis ZiriTadi mizani
saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisi debulebebis ganxorcielebaa.
imavdroulad, igi qmnis sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebis samarTlebriv
safuZvels garemos dacvis sferoSi, riTac uzrunvelyofs: garemos
dacvas mavne zemoqmedebisagan; garemos xarisxis gaumjobesebas; mdgrad
ganviTarebasa da bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas; biologiuri
mravalferovnebisa da ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebas;
unikaluri landSaftebisa da ekosistemebis dacvas; globaluri
ekologiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad garkveuli Zalisxmevis
warmarTvas; garemos dacvis sferoSi moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da
movaleobebis gansazRvras; garemosdacviT ganaTlebas. garemos dacvis
kanoni Seicavs debulebebs ekonomiku
licenziebis sistemisa da ekologiuri standartebis Sesaxeb. igi agreTve
adgens garemosdacviT moTxovnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iqnes yvela tipis sawarmos Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. am
debulebaTa Sesabamisad unda Camoyalibdes garemos dacvis marTvis
mianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis realuri berketi, rogorc
los 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciaa, romelic 37-e
lSi Sesabamis muxlobriv ganmartebebsac iZleva:
yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel
emoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi. yvela
220 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1995 w. #31-33.
- 134 -
bebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelsayofad,
sazogadoebis ekologiuri da ekonomikuri interesebis Sesabamisad,
axlandeli da momavali Tao
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs garemos dacvasa da racionalur
bunebaTsargeblobas.
adamians ufleba aqvs miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia
misi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. “222
aRniSnuli muxli metad sainteresoa Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom misi me-5
punqti adgens moqalaqis uflebas garemos Sesaxeb informaciis
daubrkoleblad miRebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli debuleba ganmtkicebul iqna
saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2000 wlis 11 Tebervals ,,garemosdacviT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am
sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“ q.
orhusis (dania) konvenciis ratificirebiT. konvencia ganixileba rogorc
garemos dacvis, ise demokratiis berketad. konvencias didi globaluri
mniSvneloba aqvs da, rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna, efuZneba
sazogadoebis monawileobis sam princips, romelTac xSirad sam sayrdens
uwodeben: informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, sazogadoebis monawileoba da
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba. 223
amgvarad, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon nebismieris
garemosdacviTi informacia saxelmwifosgan, garda saelmwifo da
komerciuli saidumloebisa. r. oksinis azriT, informacia dabinZurebis
Sesaxeb: ,,es aris cnobierebis gasaRebi im saSiSroebis winaSe, rac
221 222 saqarTvelos konstitucia 1995 w. 24 agvisto, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1995, 31-33, 668-e muxli.223 1992 wlis 3-14 ivniss, rio-de-JaneiroSi Catarebuli gaeros konferenciaze
,,garemo da ganviTareba“ miRebuli deklaracia. misi me-10 principi ase JRers:
saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 w. #1-2.
NN
,,garemos dacvis sakiTxebi ukeT mogvardeba yvela dainteresebuli moqalaqis saTanado doneze monawileobis SemTxvevaSi. erovnul doneze TiToeul adamians xeli unda moiwvdebodes mTavrobis xelT arsebul mTel informaciaze, romelic Seexeba garemos, maT gaermocvaSi arsebul saSiS masalebsa da saqmianobebze informaciis CaTvliT, da SesaZlebloba unda hqondes monawileoba miiRos gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. qveynebma xeli unda Seuwyon sazogadoebis
nobierebasa da mgac onawileobas informaciis farTo gavrcelebis gziT.
- 135 -
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
elmisawvdomia sazogadoebisaTvis225.
ekologiuri kriziss SeiZleba moyves. es informacia aucilebelia
efeqtiani monitoringis regulirebis ganxorcielebisa, dabinZurebis
aRkveTisa da SemcirebisaTvis.“224
ekologiuri informaciis sakonstitucio garantiebi, rogorc aRiniSna,
ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanonSi ,,garemos dacvis
Sesaxeb.“ es kanoni aregulirebs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs
Soris saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze garemos dacvisa da
bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi. misi mizania daicvas garemos dacvis
sferoSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa konstituciiT dadgenili ufleba,
cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi. saerTaSoriso
gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT kanoniT dadgenilia garemos dacvis
ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia informaciia
xelmisawvdomobis principi, rac imas niSnavs, rom informacia garemos
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da x
kanonis me-6 muxli kidev ufro naTels xdis saxelmwifo politikasa da
miznebs adamianis ekologiur uflebebTan mimarTebiT da adgens
moqalaqeTa ufleba_movaleobebs garemos dacvis sferoSi. kerZod,
moqalaqes ufleba aqvs cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel
garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi garemoTi, miiRos sruli, drouli da
obieqturi informacia Tavisi da samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, miiRos ekologiuri ganaTleba, aimaRlos
ekologiuri cnobierebis done, gaerTiandes garemosdacviT
organizaciebSi, monawileoba miiRos garemos dacvis sferoSi
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvisa da miRebis procesSi,
miiRos anazRaureba misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis, romelic
gamoiwvia garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam,
uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes sasamarTlosa da administraciuli procesebis
efeqtiani xelmisawvdomoba, gamosworebisa da aRdgenis RonisZiebebis CaTvliT.“
velos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb,“ saqarTvelos parlamentis yebani #1-2, 1996, me-5 muxli.
224 Р.Оcтин, Информация о Загрязнении Окружающей Среды, Право окружающей cреды в CCCР и Великобритании, 1988, 127. 225 saqarTuw
- 136 -
uqciisa da eqspluataciis
sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxovos ekologiurad saSiSi obieqtebis
ganTavsebis proeqtebis, mSeneblobis, rekonstr
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa Secvla.
garda zemoaRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa, dResdReobiT qarTuli
ekologiuri samarTali moicavs aTeulobiT sxva samarTlebriv aqts (maT
Soris, sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtebs,
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs da SeTanxmebebs), romlebic efuZneba da
iziarebs saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebs da adgens ekologiuri
samarTalurTierTobebis maregulirebel debulebebs, MmaT Soris,
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisa da garemoSi mavne
nivTierebebis emisiisa da mikroorganizmebiT garemos dabinZurebis
zRvrulad dasaSvebi normebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ qmnis ZiriTad
sakanonmdeblo bazas garemos dacvis sferoSi, icavs axlandeli da
momavali Taobebis ekologiur usafrTxoebas da gansazRvravs qveynis
mdgradi ganviTarebis principebs.
garemos mavne zemoqmedebisagan dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
principia nebarTvis gacemis wesis SemoReba im sawarmoo an sxva
saqmianobaze, romelsac SeuZlia safrTxe Seuqmnas mosaxleobas an
garemos. saqarTvelos kanonebi ,,ekologiuri nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.)
da ,,saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) miznad
isaxaven maqsimalurad gamoricxon garemosa da adamianis janmrTelobaze
samewarmeo da sxva saxis saqmianobis SesaZlo mavne zemoqmedeba
saqmianobis dagegmvis, daproeqtebisa da ganxorcielebis adreul
etapebze. Tumca, 2005 wels miRebulma kanonma ,,licenziebisa da
nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ garkveuli problemebi Seuqmna arsebul praqtikas
da Secvala ,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ kanonis moqmedebis
sfero226. gauqmda saqmianobaTa oTx kategoriad dayofis samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi da ganisazRvra im saqmianobaTa erTi CamonaTvali, romelic
226 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba 2005 wlis 1 seqtemberi, ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis wesisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis
Taobaze“.
- 137 -
Si asaxulia cxovelTa
Tvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli
os parlamentma miiRo kanoni ,,kolxeTis daculi
saWiroebs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas. aseve SeizRuda ekologiuri
nebarTvis gacemis vadebi 3 Tvidan 20 dRemde.
,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) saqarTvelos kanonis miRebam xeli
Seuwyo saqarTveloSi cxovelTa samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis
civilizebuli sistemis Camoyalibebas. mas
samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis
mier aRiarebuli Tanamedrove principebi, midgomebi da moTxovnebi.
cxovelTa samyaros, gansakuTrebiT, gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi
saxeobebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovania kanoni
,,saqarTvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli wignis“ Sesaxeb“ (2003 w.),
romelic gansazRvravs saqar
wignis“ Sedgenisa da aRniSnuli saxeobebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis
samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi saxeobrivi
mravalferovnebisa da genetikuri resursebis SenarCunebas da pirobebis
Seqmnas mowyvladi saxeobebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. saqarTvelos
unikaluri bunebis SenarCunebisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs
daculi teritoriebis sistemis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos kanonma ,,daculi
teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) Seqmna saqarTveloSi daculi
teritoriebis Seqmnis, marTvis, dacvis, teritoriul-funqcionaluri
organizaciis, MmaTi teritoriebis farglebSi saqmianobis warmoebis
samarTlebrivi baza. xsenebuli kanonis samarTlebrivi normebidan da
saqarTvelos mier aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan
gamomdinare, saqarTvel
teritoriebis Seqmnisa da marTvis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.). daculi
teritoriebis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 44 313 heqtars. aRniSnul
farglebSi GgaCnda kolxeTis, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkebi,
qobuleTis saxelmwifo nakrZali, qobuleTis aRkveTili, kolxeTisa da
qobuleTis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis teritoriebi da a.S.. kanoni
uzrunvelyofs biologiuri mravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli, kolxeTis
bunebrivi an saxeSecvlili Warbteniani teritoriebis dacvasa da
aRdgenas.
- 138 -
sferoSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi
proeqtebis
is obieqtebis
saqarTvelos kanoniT ,,wylis Sesaxeb“ (1997 w.) regulirdeba wylis
resursebisa da wyalsargeblobis
speqtri Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo realiebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. kanonis me-17 muxli gansazRvravs Savi zRvisa da misi
resursebis dacvis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs.
saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi miRebul iqna 1999 wels, romelSic aisaxa
tyis marTvisa da tyiTsargeblobis dagegmvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi.
ganisazRvra aRniSnul sferoSi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa
uflebebic. gaTvaliswinebul iqna tyeTmowyobis
savaldebulo wesiT gamoqveynebis, sajarod ganxilvisa da moqalaqeTa
winadadebebis ganxilvis wesi.
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,mSeneblobis proeqtebis saxelmwifo kompleqsuri
eqspertizisa da damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ (1999 w.) aregulirebs saxelmwifo
biujetidan dafinansebuli da saxelmwifo mniSvnelob
mSeneblobis proeqtebis saxelmwifo kompleqsuri eqspertizis Catarebis,
MmaTi ganxilvisa da damtkicebis wesebsa da normebs. gamomdinare kanonis
erT-erTi muxlidan, romlis Tanaxmadac proeqtis ganxorcielebis
procesSi aucilebelia adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebeli
sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmnis procesis Tanmimdevruli srulyofa da
bunebrivi garemos dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba, ekologiuri
eqspertiza, romelsac axorcielebs garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi
resursebis saministro, ganisazRvra kompleqsuri eqspertizis organul
Semadgenel nawilad.
Savi zRvis dabinZurebisgan dacvis garkveuli sakiTxebi regulirdeba
saqarTvelos kanoniT ,,sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.), romelic
krZalavs saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiroze da mdinareTa napirebze
ganlagebuli dabinZurebis wyaroebidan saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrcisa
da sanapiros dabinZurebas, aseve awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs
saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrceSi miwis masis Cayraze da fskeruli
danaleqis zRvidan amoRebaze. saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi (1997 w.)
gansazRvravs sazRvao navsadguris administraciis kompetencias
- 139 -
deklaracia -
erovnuli
xmeleTze ganlagebuli wyaroebidan da gemebidan sazRvao akvatoriis
dabinZurebisagan dacvis sferoSi.
saqarTvelos 2000 wlis kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa
napirebis regulirebisa da sainJinro dacvis Sesaxeb“ adgens
saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa sanapiro zonis gamoyenebis
samarTlebriv normebs da uzrunvelyofs sanapiro zonis mdgradobas.
kanoni gansazRvravs zRvisa da mdinareTa sanapiro zonebis sainJinro
dacvas daqvemdebarebul teritoriebs da awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs
aRniSnul teritoriebze mimdinare saqmianobebTan mimarTebiT.
,,saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.) saqarTvelos kanonis
mTavari mizania adamianis janmrTelobisa da garemos dacva saSiSi
qimiuri nivTierebebis usafrTxo warmoebis, SefuTvis, transportirebis,
moxmarebis, gadamuSavebis, gauvnebelyofis, saboloo ganTavsebis
xelSewyobis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze.
garda erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa, saqarTvelo aris mravali
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri xelSekrulebis wevri saxelmwifo, rogorc
amas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxli. rogorc
winamdebare kvlevidan Cans, saqarTvelo, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciis wevri (13.07.1999 w.), ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebisas mTlianad eyrdnoba 1972 wlis stokholmisa da 1992
wlis rio-de-Janeiros deklaraciebis principebs. garda am ori
umniSvnelovanesi dokumentisa, arsebobs kidev erTi
mdgradi ganviTarebis msoflio samiti, romelic 2002 wlis 26 agvistodan
4 seqtembramde gaeros egidiT Catarda qalaq iohanesburgSi. aRniSnul
samitze, saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT227 gagzavnil iqna
Sesabamisi komisia, romelmac samitze mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli
Sefasebis angariSi waradgina. mdgradi ganviTarebis
strategiaSi mokled aris mimoxiluli is umniSvnelovanesi faqtorebi,
romlebic aferxeben qveynis stabilur politikur da ekonomikur
ganviTarebas da romelTa aRmofxvrac mniSvnelovan winapirobas qmnis
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. kerZod, TavSi saubaria imgvar
227 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 23 maisis gankarguleba.
- 140 -
ri kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi. mdgradi
arisxi
laraciis miRma,
arTliT
nobierebis amaRlebis sakiTxs,
rac TavisTavad adamianis, MmaT Soris saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis umTavresi garantiaa. samwuxarod,
faqtorebze, rogoricaa saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebuli eTno-
teritoriuli konfliqtebi Tu konfliqtis potenciuri wyaroebi,
siRaribe da masTan dakavSirebuli migraciis problema da sxva. erovnul
strategiaSi aRwerilia ekologiuri dagegmvis procesi, is Tu ra
adgili uWiravs mas da ramdenad aris integrirebuli qveynis socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis indikaturi dagegmvis sistemaSi. aRniSnulia,
rom saqarTveloSi ekologiuri instituciuri potenciali Zalian mwiria,
politikosebis mxridan arsebobs formaluri mxardaWera garemos
dacvisadmi, Tumca, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ama Tu im
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri aspeqtebi xSirad ukana planze
aRmoCndeba. amJamad garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTveloSi moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi mTavari naklovanebaa is, rom am sferos
maregulirebeli kanonebi ZiriTadad adgenen zogad samarTlebriv
normebs da MmaT Sesasruleblad umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris miRebuli
ufro detalu
ganviTarebis erovnuli Sefasebis angariSSi saubaria saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebazec da imaze, rom energiis warmeba-moxmarebisas
garemoze da adamianis janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis x
saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia. dasasruls, warmodgenilia
rekomendaciebi saqarTveloSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis sistemis
srulyofisa da am sistemis qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi integrirebis
uzrunvelsayofad gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Taobaze.
zemoaRniSnuli sami umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSariso dek
momdevno TavSi mimoixileba ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
konvencia, romelTa wevri saxelmwifoa saqarTveloc da romlebic,
marTalia, xSirad iribad, magram mainc did rols TamaSoben adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiTa da saerTaSoriso sam
garantirebuli normebis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba
ar daeTmos sazogadoebis ekologiuri c
- 141 -
i iyo garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis
is da mosaxleobis azris gaTvaliswinebiT.
ebebis Camoyalibebasa da
aqeebis
saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT ekologiuri cnobiereba Zalian dabalia da
mxolod axla iwyebs amaRlebas. sabWoTa periodSi, saqarTveloSi
saerTod ignorirebul
informirebisa da mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis sakiTxebi.
gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeboda unificirebuli kanonmdeblobis,
normativebisa da standartebis safuZvelze, sabWoTa kavSiris erTiani
miznebidan gamomdinare, da ara realuri lokaluri situaciis,
respublikebis intereseb
mosaxleobis garemosdacviT cnobierebaze `zrunva“ Semoifargleboda
mxolod im sakiTxebis propagandiT, rac erTiani sabWoTa politikiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba garemosdacviT ganaTlebas, es procesi
mxolod zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis
swavlebaSi aisaxeboda da ver uzrunvelyofda sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi ekologiuri Rirebul
ganmtkicebas.
bolo wlebSi miRebuli ekologiuri kanonmdeblobiT, sazogadoebas
mieniWa garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb drouli, sando informaciis da
garemosdacviT gadawyvetilebebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba.
1999 wels miRebuli iqna `saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsi~, romlis me-3 TavSi `informaciis Tavisufleba~ detalurad aris
mocemuli saxelmwifo struqturebis movaleobebi sazogadoebis, misTvis
saintereso informaciiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi da moqal
uflebebi am informaciis moTxovnis da miRebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2000 wlis 10 Tebervals ratificirebuli iqna
`garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobisa da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb~ konvencia (e.w. `orhusis konvencia~).
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis
uflebebs ganapirobebs Semdegi kanonebi:
- 142 -
warmomadgenlebs ufleba aqvT,
(1996 w.).
siuli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
lferovnebis sferoSi momuSave profesiuli sazogadoebrivi
`daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~, 22-e muxli: ,,mosaxleobisa da
sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis
monawileoba miiRon:
daculi teritoriebis daarsebis, ganviTarebis, Semcirebisa da gauqmebis
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi; menejmentis gegmebis, debulebebisa da sxva
dokumentebis ganxilvaSi; buferuli zonebis marTvis saqmianobaSi;
sakonsultacio sabWoebis muSaobaSi; arasabiujeto finansebis xarjvis
regulirebaSi da sxva~;
`tyis kodeqsi~, me-10 Tavi: ,,mosaxleobisa da sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs ufleba aqvT: monawileoba miiRon tyis
fondis marTvis dagegmvis RonisZiebebSi; gamoTqvan SeniSvnebi da
waradginon winadadebebi tyis fondis marTvis uflebis mqone
organoebSi; miiRon drouli da sruli informacia saxelmwifo tyis
fondis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da sxva.~
rac Seexeba garemosdacviT ganaTlebas, misi roli, mniSvneloba da
statusi gansazRvrulia CarCo kanoniT `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~
am kanonis me-3 Tavis me-8 da me-9 muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom
aucilebelia GgaCndes ekologiuri ganaTlebis erTiani sistema, romelic
`moicavs saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebis, kadrebis momzadebisa da
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis dawesebulebaTa qsels~, agreTve `skolamdeli,
dawyebiTi, sabazo, saSualo, profe
etapebs~, anu daculi unda iqnes swavlebis uwyvetobis principi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom „mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis saxelmwifo
programaSi“ didi adgili eTmoba araformalur ganaTlebas (pirovnebis
ekologiuri codnis da unaris mudmivi ganaxleba da daxvewa formaluri
saswavlo sistemis gareT arsebuli organizaciebis meSveobiT, mag:
treningisa da gadamzadebis centrebi, skolis gareSe dawesebulebebi,
bavSvTa da mozardTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi, ekologiuri
banakebi, erovnuli parkebi da sxv.).228 am kuTxiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biomrava
228 damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 18 dekembris brZanebulebiT.
- 143 -
gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia: a)
fakultetebs
organizaciebis aqtiurobas. aseTi organizaciebi regionebSi Zalian
cotaa, bevrgan saerTod ar aris.
saqarTveloSi moqmed erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi mkafiodaa
Camoyalibebuli yvela is moTxovna, romlebic unda uzrunvelyofdnen
iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, romelic Tavisi
saqmianobiT damatebiT safrTxes ar Seuqmnis saarsebo garemos.
miuxedavad amisa, urTulesi ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare,
mTavrobac da sazogadoebac xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos
xelyofis faqtebs, ris gamoc yvelaze ufro zaraldeba adgilobrivi
flora, fauna da bunebrivi landSaftebi. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mxridan garemos dazianeba da
bunebrivi resursebis aramarTebuli
arasakmarisi ekologiuri cnobierebiT; b) saqarTveloSi moqmedi
ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis arcodniT; g) saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv
da biznes seqtorebs Soris arasakmarisi koordinaciiT. garda amisa,
garkveul problemebs qmnis aRsrulebis meqanizmebis uqonloba.
dabalia Jurnalistebis daintereseba ekologiuri TematikiT.
Jurnalistikis fakultetebi (rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo
institutebSi) ar amzadeben kadrebs eko-Jurnalistikis ganxriT. amdenad,
sazogadoebis informirebis jaWvis yvelaze mZlavri rgoli mas-media am
kuTxiT praqtikulad araefeqtiania.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ekologiuri informaciis arapopularulobas
misi arakomerciuli mxare ganapirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, televiziiTa
da presis saSualebiT garemosdaciTi informaciis gavrceleba
fragmentulia. rac Seexeba analitikur gadacemebs, isini mxolod
damkveTis gadamxdelunarianobazea damokidebuli, xolo is saxelmwifo
uwyebebi, romlebic uSualod arian dakavSirebulni
biomravalferovnebis problemebis gadawyvetasTan, qveyanaSi arsebuli
mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, praqtikulad aragadamxdelunarianni
arian.
msgavsi situaciaa Seqmnili ekologiuri samarTlis sferoSic. arc erT
saxelmwifo da kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblis iuridiul
- 144 -
sabiujeto organizaciebs, qveyanaSi
sebuli mZime ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, sareklamo
qmianobisaTvis ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi Tanxebi (mcire gamonaklisia
erTaSoriso programebis biujetidan dafinansebuli reklamebi da
deo klipebi); saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT (kanoni `reklamis
esaxeb~, me-12 muxli - `socialuri reklama~), socialuri reklamis
faso ganTavseba Tavisi wliuri sareklamo drois aranakleb xuTi
ocentis farglebSi, evaleba reklamis gamavrcelebel im
rganizaciebs, romelTa saqmianoba nawilobriv an mTlianad finansdeba
xelmwifo biujetidan (mag. saxelmwifo teleradiomauwyebloba).
anonis es moTxovna, cxadia, ar vrceldeba kerZo kompaniebze da
socialuri reklamis ganTavseba mxolod MmaT keTil nebazea
damokidebuli; socialuri reklama moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa
`mosaxleobis sicocxlis, janmrTelobis da qonebis, agreTve garemos
dacva~ (kanoni `reklamis Sesaxeb~, me-12 muxli - socialuri reklama~).
aqedan gamomdinare, 5%-iani limiti sakmaod zRudavs sareklamo kampaniis
warmoebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi reklamis gamavrcelebeli
organizaciebidan uaris Tqmis sababia im motiviT, rom socialuri
rek
ar gaaCniaT garemos dacvis kaTedra, ar arsebobs garemos dacvis
(ekologiuri) samarTlis saxelmwifo saswavlo programa, Sesabamisad, ar
aris damtkicebuli konkretuli saswavlo programebi da ar arsebobs
saxelmZRvanelo (bibliografiuli) bazac. marTalia, saxelmwifo
universitetis samoqalaqo samarTlis kaTedraze ikiTxeba ekologiuri
samarTlis kursi, magram es mxolod calkeuli leqtorebis iniciativaze
da fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis keTil nebazea damokidebuli, romelic
xelmZRvanelobis cvlasTan erTad praqtikulad yovelwliurad icvleba.
swored aqedan gamomdinare, problemebia garemosdacviT
samarTalwarmoebaSi (ekologiuri samarTlis specialistebis mwvave
deficiti), rac orhusis konvenciis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT,
kidev ufro did sirTuleebs Seqmnis.
aseve sirTuleebia garemosdacviT sareklamo saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebiT, kerZod: saxelmwifo
ar
sa
sa
vi
S
u
pr
o
sa
k
lamisaTvis gankuTvnili drois limiti amowurulia.
- 145 -
saqarTveloSi ekologiuri informaciis
lmisawvdomobisa da cnobierebis amaRlebis sferoSi ikveTeba:
s da
amdenad, zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze, identificirebulia
is problemebi, romlebic
xe
mosaxleobaSi ekologiuri cnobierebisa da ganaTlebis dabali done;
moqalaqisadmi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTliT miniWebuli
ufleba-movaleobebis arcodna da, aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis sruli pasiuroba; araformaluri
ganaTlebis sferoSi qmedebebis fragmentuli xasiaTi; mas-mediis
saSualebebis dabali interesi da araprofesionalizmi garemosdacviT
sakiTxebSi; regionebSi biomravalferovnebis sferoSi moRvawe
profesiuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simcire; garemos dacvis
samarTlis profesionali kadrebis nakleboba; saxelmwifo, bizne
sazogadoebriv organizaciebs Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTo
interesebis gaucnobierebloba.229
229 saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis dacvis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 19 Tebervlis #27 dadgenileba.
- 146 -
aod sustia da Sesabamisad
rveles yovlisa, saWiroa erovnuli ekologiuri
Sekrulebebi qarTuli samarTlebrivi
ida
4.1. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi
samwuxarod, miuxedavad sakanonmdeblo garantiebisa, dResdReobiT
saqarTvelos ekologiuri sistema sakm
naklebad aqtualuria230, Tumca kanonmdeblobiT deklarirebulia
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos
ekologiuri kanonmdebloba moiTxovs Semdgom daxvewas da Tanamedrove
msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiur standartebTan
adaptirebas. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samomavlod realurad
realizaciis mizniT, upi
kanonmdeblobis optimizacia da evropul samarTalTan integracia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso
samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da normebi da
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xel
sistemis nawilia. amasTanave, Tuki saqarTvelos mier dadebuli
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis pirobebi ewinaaRmdegeba S
kanonmdeblobas, upiratesoba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis debulebebs
eniWebaT (Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian konstitucias, konstituciur
SeTanxmebas).
amJamad, saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi da bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebis sferoSi dadebuli sam aTeulamde saerTaSoriso
mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis da MaTi ZiriTadi oqmebis monawilea. am
sferoSi ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi saqarTvelos yvela mezobel
saxelmwifosTan aqvs gaformebuli.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso garemosdacviT TanamSromlobaSi aqtiuri
monawileoba misi axali ekologiuri politikis erT-erT elements
Seadgens. saqarTvelo gaeros ,,ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis
230 bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi SeimCneva adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxis
aRsruleba, mag. britanuli kompania ,,briTiS petroliumi“ baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis procesSi mudmivad iyenebda sazogadoebis informirebisa da gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvis procesSi maTi CarTvis
aqtualizacia da, am mxriv sakanonmdeblo valdebulebebis srulyofilad
saSualebebs.
- 147 -
is da faunis saxeobebiT vaWrobis da sxva sakiTxebTan
obis Warbteniani, wylis
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis“ (1992 weli) gadawyvetilebebis
CarCoebSi mimdinare msoflio procesis monawilea. miRebulia erovnuli
ekologiuri samoqmedo programa (2000 wlis 20 maisi), romelic
,,ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis“
gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze SemuSavda.
saqarTvelo aqtiurad monawileobs biomravalferovnebis, klimatis
cvlilebebis, ozonis Sris dacvis, did manZilebze haeris
transsasazRvro dabinZurebis, gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe mdgari
gareuli flor
dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ganxorcielebaSi da aris
maTi wevri saxelmwifo.
unda aRiniSnos, rom wina aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dadebuli
xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi, rixcxovnobis
mixedviT, bevrad CamorCebian imave drois monakveTSi miRebul
garemosadacviT xelSekrulebebs.
im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan, romelTa wevri saxelmwifo
saqarTveloa, mniSvnelovania mimoxilul iqnes ramdenime, maT Soris:
ramsaris konvencia ,,saerTaSoriso mniSvnel
frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi teritoriebis Sesaxeb“ (1971). konvencia
atarebs ramsaris saxelwodebas misi miRebis adgilis gamo (ramsari,
irani). ZalaSi 1975 wels Sevida da dRemde 81 saxelmwifos mier iqna
ratificirebuli. mxareTa konferencias iwveven sam weliwadSi erTxel.
konvenciis samdivno - ,,ramsaris konvenciis biuro“ - mdebareobs qalaq
glandSi (Sveicaria). konvenciis fondi arsebobs 1992 wlidan. ramsaris
konvencia aris erT-erTi globaluri saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba,
romelic iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas Waobiani
adgilebis SenarCunebisa da dacvis sferoSi. Waobebi Zalian
mniSvnelovani wylis ekosistemebia, romlebic iTvleba saerTaSoriso
binadrobis adgilebad. isini did rols asruleben mcenareuli da
cxoveluri samyaros, migraciuli saxeobebis SenarCunebaSi, gavlenas
axdenen ekologiur procesebze, amJamad Waobebis efeqtiani dacvisaTvis
aucilebelia saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. konvenciaSi Sedian
- 148 -
iebi da wylis frinvelebi,
SeTanxmebuli mxareebi msoflios yvela regionidan, rogorc
ganviTarebuli, ise ganviTarebadi qveynebidan (mag. aSS, iaponia, italia,
safrangeTi, Sveicaria, germania, aseve poloneTi, bulgareTi, alJiri,
vietnami, zambia, Sri lanka da sxva;) konvenciis daxmarebiT ganisazRvra
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani teritoriebis nusxa. konvencia
Tavisi miznebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aiZulebs wevr
saxelmwifoebs daicvan Warbteniani teritor
rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bunebrivi nakrZalebis Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT.
konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi iSviaTi saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis Sesaxeb (CITES) miRebuli iqna vaSingtonSi, 1973 wels.
konvenciis samdivno mdebareobs lozanaSi. konvenciis mizania
gadaarCinos cxovelebis zogierTi saxeoba zedmeti eqspluataciisa da
antropogenuli zemoqmedebisagan nebarTvis import-eqsportis sistemis
meSveobiT da amgvarad daareguliros veluri faunisa da floris
saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba. konvenciiT dadgenili nebarTvebi
gaicema sertifikatebis saxiT, romelTa wardgena xdeba cxovelebis
gadayvanisas wevri saxelmwifos sazRvrebze.
rio-de-JaneiroSi msoflio samitze mxareebi SeTanxmdnen SeemuSavebinaT
konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis dacvis Sesaxeb, rac miRebul
da xelmoweril iqna gaero-s generaluri asambleis mier rio-de-
JaneiroSi 1992 wlis 5 ivniss. konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis
dekemberSi. xelmowerilia evrogaerTianebisa da 162 saxelmwifos mier.
ratificirebulia 56 saxelmwifos mier. konvenciis samdivno
ganlagebulia monrealSi. msoflioSi daaxloebiT 3-dan 100 milionamde
saxeobaa biomravalferovnebis dargSi da swored am saxeobebis
globalur mniSvnelobas, prioritetul xasiaTs, MmaTs SenarCunebasa da
mdgrad gamoyenebas mieZRvna aRniSnuli konvencia, romelic aregulirebs
biomravalferovnebis dargSi saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebs.
biomravalferovnebis dacvis konvencia ganixilavs ra
biomravalferovnebis dacvis problemas, rogorc kacobriobis saerTo
sazrunavs, amave dros gulisxmobs TiToeuli saxelmwifos
- 149 -
avalferovnebis konvenciis egidiT SemuSavda biousafrTxoebis
pasuxismgeblobas am sferoSi. konvencia iTvaliswinebs - daculi
teritoriebis sistemis Seqmnas, ekosistemebisa da bunebriv sabinadro
pirobebSi saxeobaTa populaciebis dacvas; gadaSenebis piras myofi
saxeobebis xelovnurad Seqmnil pirobebSi aRdgenas; biologiuri
resursebis gamoyenebis regulirebas biomravalferovnebaze uaryofiTi
gavlenis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT; Sesabamis sferoebSi kadrebis
momzadebas da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas.
biologiuri mravalferovnebis kartaxenas oqmi biousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb
- biomr
oqmi (e.w. kartaxenis oqmi), SeTanxmeba, romelmac unda daareguliros
saerTaSoriso vaWroba, marTva da gamoyeneba nebismieri genuri
inJineriis saSualebiT miRebuli organizmisa romelmac ,,SesaZloa
araxelsayreli zegavlena moaxdinos biomravalferovnebis konservaciasa
da Tanazomier gamoyenebaze, agreTve safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianis
janmrTelobas“ (biousafrTxoebis oqmi, pirveli muxli).
biousafrTxoebis oqmis Seqmnaze eqspertTa specialuri jgufi 1995
wlidan muSaobda. oqmis proeqtis momzadeba 1998 wlis bolosaTvis
dasrulda da 1999 wlis TebervalSi kartaxenaSi, kolumbia,
molaparakebisa da biousafrTxoebis oqmze saboloo SeTanxmebisaTvis 135
qveynis warmomadgeneli Seikriba. miuxedavad konsensusisa delegatTa
umravlesobas Soris, molaparakeba CaiSala marcvleulis eqsportiori
qveynebis blokis, e.w. maiamis jgufis mier, romelSic Semdegi qveynebi
Sedian: aSS, kanada, avstralia, argentina, Cile da urugvai. es qveynebi
winaaRmdegi iyvnen SemuSavebuliyo biousafrTxoebis oqmi, romelic,
cxadia, gavlenas moaxdenda MmaTs saeqsporto bazarze. amotom iyo
zewola, raTa biousafrTxoebis problemis daregulireba msoflio
savaWro organizaciisaTvis gadaelocaT da iq Seqmniliyo e.w.
,,bioteqnologiis samuSao jgufi“. magram es wamowyeba CaiSala sietlSi,
msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sexvedraze 1999 wlis noemberSi. da,
sabolood, 4 dReRamis intensiuri molaparakebebis Semdeg 2000 wlis 29
ianvars biousafrTxoebis oqmze SeTanxmebas miaRwia 133-ma qveyanam. am
oqmis mixedviT, yvela monawile mxare valdebulia ,,uzrunvelyos, rom
- 150 -
o organos
etanis Sesaxeb. samdivno (gaerTianebuli erebis
kologiuri programis egidiT) ganlagebulia qalaq bonSi. konvenciis
xelSemkvreli mxareebi aRiareben da acnobiereben migrirebadi
saxeobebis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas da gamoxataven mzadyofnas
ganaxorcielon garkveuli qmedebebi am mimarTulebiT, kerZod, saWiro da
misaRebi nabijebi aseTi saxeobebisa da habitatebis dasacavad. konvencia
gansazRvravs im saxeobebisa da MmaTi sabinadro teritoriebis sruli
dacvis aucileblobas, romlebsac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT. igi mouwodebs
monawile qveynebis mTavrobebs dadon mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi,
mimarTuli im calkeuli saxeobebisa da taqsonomiuri jgufebis
dacvisaken, romlebic migraciis procesSi regularulad xvdebian am
saxelmwifoTa teritoriebze da dacvis koordinirebul zomebs
moiTxoven. konvencia aseve iTvaliswinebs mxareTa TanamSromlobas am
saxeobaTa gamokvlevis da MmaTi dacvis saswrafo RonisZiebebis
nebismieri cocxali modificirebuli organizmis miReba, gadacema,
transportireba, gamoyeneba da gamoTavisufleba xorcieldebodes ise,
rom ar Seeqmnas safrTxe biologiur mravalferovnebas an es safrTxe
minimumamde iyos dayvanili, adamianis janmrTelobis usafrTxoebis
gaTvaliswinebiT“ (biousafrTxoebis oqmi, me-2 muxli, me-2 punqti). 2004
wlis 11 seqtembers oqmi sabolod Sevida ZalaSi. samwuxarod, aRniSnuli
oqmi jer ar aris ratificirebuli saqarTvelos parlamentis mier,
Tumca saratifikaciod wargenilia umaRlesi sakanonmdebl
winaSe.
adamianis garemosadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze miRebul moqmedebaTa
gegmis 32-e rekomendaciis Sedegad (stokholmi, 1972), romelic agreTve
mowodebul iqna gaeros generaluri asambleis 27-e sesiaze, SemuSavebul
iqna konvencia gareul cxovelTa migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb,
romelic xelmowerili iqna q. bonSi 1979 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1983
wels. ratificirebulia 44 saxelmwifos mier. mxareTa konferencias
iwveven sam weliwadSi erTxel. konferenciis muSaobas uzrunvelyofs
konvenciis samecniero sabWo, romelic amuSavebs rekomendaciebs
migrirebad saxeobaTa dacvis Taobaze da winadadebebs ama Tu im
saxeobis danarTSi S
e
- 151 -
dacvis sxva zomebTan erTad,
valiswinebs mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadebas konkretuli
ganxorcielebis sferoSi. bonis konvencia,
iT
saxeobebis dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis garda,
konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebulia egreT wodebuli ,,urTierTgagebis
memorandumis“ (Memorandum of understanding) xelmowera, rac ufro
swrafmoqmedi zomaa, vidre SeTanxmeba. urTierTgagebis memorandumis
xelmoweris Semdeg muSaoba da TanamSromloba uSualod xelisuflebis
doneze mimdinareobs, zedmeti formalobebis gverdis avliT.
adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas axlo da megobar
saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromloba iZens. am mxriv mniSvnelovania xazi
gaesvas saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da azerbaijanis mTavrobas Soris
dadebul SeTanxmebas garemos dacvis sferoSi (18. 02. 1997 w.); ukrainis
mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris dadebuli memorandumi
garemos dacvis dargSi (13. 04. 1993 w.); saqarTvelosa da aSS Soris
dadebuli SeTanxmeba kavkasiis regionuli ekologiuri centris Seqmnis
Sesaxeb (8.10.2000 w.); aseve SeTanxmebebi evropis sxva saxelmwifoebTan,
romlebic finansur mxardaWerasac iTvaliswineben (daniasTan,
germaniasTan da a.S.).
- 152 -
doneze, saTanadod uzrunvelyon
i da Tavad qarTuli garemosdacviT
romlis yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofazec
eCerebis gareSe231, sasurvelia xazi gaesvas im
iZens adamianis
is aseTi Semobrunebis
gamo, aucilebelia ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis gadaxedvac,
4.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
samarTlis zrunvis seriozuli obieqtia. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas,
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis normebma unda Seqmnan iseTi
pirobebi, rom saxelmwifoebma erovnul
TiToeuli individis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis realizeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis adgili
samarTlis erovnuli sistemaSi swored erovnuli ekologiuri
samarTlis CarCoebSi jdeba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, am problemis
gadaWris sqema konstituciis me-6 muxlSia dafiqsirebuli. masSi
naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvels
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da
normebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi Seadgenen. am muxlis
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli normebi qarTuli ekologiuri samarTlis nawilia. amrigad,
saqarTvelos ekologiuri samarTali Sedgeba saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
kanonmdeblobaSi Sesuli normebisagan. amgvarad Camoyalibebuli
qarTuli ekologiuri samarTlis SemadgenlobaSi jansaR garemoSi
cxovrebis ufleba ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebaa (saqarTvelos
konstituciis 37-e muxli),
zrunavs ekologiuri samarTlis yvela norma.
ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis da socialuri daniSnulebis
problemaze detaluri S
faqts, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos da adamianis uflebebisTvis
prioritetuli mniSvnelobis miniWebis pirobebSi icvleba saqarTvelos
mTeli samarTlebrivi sistemis orientacia: igi
uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas.
saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sistemis daniSnuleb
231 М. Бринчук , Экологическое Право, Учебник. 1998, 83-95.
- 153 -
bis sakonstitucio garantias
ulebiT vlindeba: ufleba
li, drouli da obieqturi
afexurze imyofebian, advilia
irobebis dacvis ufleba (30-e muxli),
radganac igi sul ufro gamoeyofa bunebriv resursebze orientirebul
samarTals da axdens erT-erTi ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebis,
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofas.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis gageba, misi
adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis amocanis
normebTan mibmis gareSe, SeuZlebelia.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufle
saqarTveloSi konstituciis 37-e muxli qmnis, romelSic saubaria
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis konsituciur ekologiur uflebebze,
romlebic, konstituciis Tanaxmad, sami mimarT
cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi; ufleba sargeblobde
bunebrivi garemoTi; ufleba miiRo sru
informacia sakuTari samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb. garemosdacviTi uflebebis sakonstitucio aRiarebas uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. konstitucia samarTlebrivi sistemis saTaveSi
dgas, yvela sxva norma mis Sesabamisad unda gamoices,232 rameTu isini
samarTlebrivi ierarqiis ufro dabal s
maTi Secvla, an, Tundac gauqmeba.233
konstituciiT pirdapir garantirebuli uflebebis garda, saqarTvelos
konstituciiT daculia imgvari uflebebi, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebis realizaciasTan. amgvari
uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneba:
sicocxlis ufleba (me-15 muxli), romelsac SesaZloa didi safrTxe
Seuqmnan ekologiurma katastrofebma, avariebma da qronikuli mavne
dabinZurebis wyaroebma;
adamianis pativis da Rirsebis xelSeuvalobis ufleba (me-17 muxli),
romelic krZalavs Rirsebis Semlaxlvel mopyrobas, rac SesaZloa
sxvadasxva ekologiuri faqtorebiT iyos gamowveuli;
Sromis usafrTxo da jansaRi p
jansaRi ekologiuri pirobebis gaTvalsiwinebiT;
Brandl, Ernst and Bungert, Hartwin, Constitutional Entrenchment of Environmental Protection: A
Comparative Analysis of Experiences Abroad, 4 (1992). 232
233 G. Witzsch, The Right to a Healthy and Decent Environment in New Lesotho Constitution?, 10 (1992).
- 154 -
amarTlo wesiT da saxelmwifo
flebis garantiebi
matiul aqtebSi Tanabradaa
unda xasiaTdebodes. meore mxriv,
. magram, es, isev da isev, Rrmad subieqturi
lebrivi moTxovnebis da qcevis
sakanonmdeblo da Semdgomi aRsrulebiTi praqtikis procesebSi
gansakuTrebul adgils im terminebis da cnebebis gamoyeneba ikavebs,
rom eblis azrebs da
adamianis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli, oficialur CanawerebSi
arsebuli informaciis konfidencialurobis ufleba (41-e muxli), mavne
ekologiuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli janmrTelobis Seryevis SemTxvevebi;
saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan
ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis sas
saxsrebidan sruli anazRaurebis ufleba (42-e muxli), ekologiuri
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevebSi;
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi ufaso samedicino
daxmarebis ufleba (37-e muxli), mavne ekologiuri faqtorebiT
gamowveuli daavadebebis SemTxvevaSi.
informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis da gavrcelebis ufleva (24-e muxli),
ekologiur informaciasTan dakavSirebiT;
amgvarad, naTelia, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis u
saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT sakmaod mravalferovania da, garda
pirdapir dadgenili konstituciuri uflebebisa, konstituciiT
garantirebulia sxva uflebebic, romlebic uSualo kavSirSia
ekologiuri uflebebis realizaciasTan.
amasTan, metad sainteresoa Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis analizi, rac
naTlad gviCvenebs qarTuli sakanonmdeblo cnebebis ganuzRvrelobas
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan mimarTebiT. qarTuli ekologiuri
sakanonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare nor
gamoyenebuli sityvebi ,,jansaRi“, ,,xelsayreli“. cxadia, rom am cnebebs
msgavsi niSnebi gaaCniaT, magram ara gansazRvrulobis im doneze,
romliTac sakanonmdeblo norma
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom, miuxedavad sxvadasxva terminebis
gamoyenebisa, kanonmdeblebi pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSic ersa da imave
cnebebs gulisxmobdnen
daskvnebis sferoa da ar jdeba samarT
mkafiod gansazRvrul CarCoebSi.
lebic zedmiwevniT zustad gadmoscemen kanonmd
- 155 -
i mniSvneloba m. brinCukis SromebSi
nebebis da MmaTi Sinaarsis sakiTxebs gansakuTrebuli
Seusabamobebi
oiyofa:
amocanebs. garemosdacviT kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi cnebebis gamoyenebis
problematikas gansakuTrebul
eTmoba. igi araerTxel aqcevs yuradRebas imas, rom ,,samarTalSi
gamoyenebuli c
iuridiuli mniSvneloba gaaCniaT“234.
qarTuli kanonSemoqmedebis pratqikam ekologiuri samarTlis sferoSic
ver SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina 90-iani wlebis damaxasiaTebeli, farTo
axsnis mqone terminebis da cnebebis gamoyenebis negatiuri tendencia.
kerZod, etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, cnebebs ,,xelsayreli“ da
,,janmrTeli“ (garemosTan mimarTebiT) mniSvnelovani
axasiaTebT. magaliTad, s. oJegovis leqsikonSi cneba ,,xelsayreli“
ganimarteba rogorc raimesTvis xelis Semwyobi, kargi, xolo
,,janmrTeli“, janmrTelobis mqone, ara daavadebuli.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania terminis, ,,bunebrivi“ garemos
gamoyeneba, rac ganimarteba, rogorc ,,bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad
momxdari, MmaTze, da ara gareSe Carevaze damokidebuli“235. Tumca
qarTuli kanonmdebloba da, MmaT Soris, kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“,
me-4 muxlSi bunebrivi garemos sul sxvagvar ganmartebas iZleva:
,,bunebrivi garemo, garemos Semadgeneli nawili, romelic moicavs
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi myof bunebriv elementebsa da MmaT mier
Camoyalibebul bunebriv landSaftebs.“236
amdenad, realuri mdgomareoba terminologiis ganuzRvrelobiT
xasiaTdeba da xelsayrel garemoSi arsebobis uflebis ufro bundovani
ganmartebis SesaZleblobas qmnis.
rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli gagebiT, MmaT Soris, qarTuli
kanonmdeblebis gagebiT, ekologiuri uflebis Semdegi Semadgeneli
elementebi gam
janmrTel garemoSi arsebobis ufleba;
garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb realuri informacis miRebis ufleba;
234 М. Бринчук, О аппарате Экологичеcкого Права, Гоcударство и Право, 1998, 20.
94. 235 C. Ожегов, Н. Шведова, Толковый Cловарь Руccкого Языка, 1997,236 saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, 1996, me-4 muxli.
- 156 -
an mimarTebiT, im parametrebTan, romlebis raime teqnogenuri
siamovnebis miRebis mizniT238. metic, m. brinCukis azriT,
qarTuli kanonmdebloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
garemos dabinZurebis gamo janmrTelobisTvis miyenebuli zianis
kompensaciis miRebis ufleba;
sazogadoebrivi ekologiuri gaerTianebebis Seqmnis ufleba da zogierTi
sxva uflebebi.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis Sinaarsis axsnisas unda aRiniSnos,
rom janmrTeli garemo uamravi faqtoris arsebobiT xasiaTdeba: garemo
unda iyos resurstevadi, daubinZurebeli, ekologiurad mdgradi da a.S..
amasTan, TiToeuli zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTebeli garkveul
parametrebs unda Seesabamebodes da es parametrebi erToblivad garemos
xarisxis Sefasebis mrvalganStoebian sistemas qmnian237.
cxadia, rom garemos xarisxis Sefasebis aseTi sistema, pirvel rigSi
sanitariul-higienuri da sxva normirebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. maS,
rogor moviqceT sxva arsebul da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan
parametrebT
an sxva CarCoebis farglebSi Casma SeuZlebelia? magaliTad, garemos
xarisxis erT-erTi aucilebeli maxasiaTebeli niSania misi esTeturoba.
marTlac, adamianebs surT xelsayrel pirobebSi arseboba, tyeSi
seirnoba, gareul cxovelebze bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirveba, dedamiwis
floris da faunis mravalferovnebiT datkboba. amasTan, yovelive es
xorcieldeba ara janmrTelobis SenarCunebis an sxva raime, magaliTad,
ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed bunebasTan urTierTobisgan
esTetikuri
,,garemo iTvleba xelsayrelad, Tuki misi mdgomareoba Seesabameba
garemosdacviT kanonmdeblobaSi gansazRvrul kriteriumebs, standartebs
da normativebs, romlebic exebian mis sisufTaves, resurstevadobas,
ekologiur mdgradobas, saxeobriv mravalferovnebas da esTetikur
simdidres“239.
cxadia, rom Tanamedrove
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis mimarT erTgulebis deklarirebas
axdens, ar ganixilavs samarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtad adamianis uflebas
Э. Равилова. Законодательcтво о Нормативах Реализации Экологичеcких Прав Граждан, 1996, 149.
238 А. Голуб, Е. Труковаб, Экономика Природопользования, 1995, 67. 237
239 М. Бринчук, О Аппарате Экологического Права, Государство и Право, 1998, 23.
- 157 -
mde gaucnobierebeli momxmarebluri
miyenebuli ziani or kategoriad iyofa: ekonomikuri da
esTetikurad mdidar, biologiurad mravalferovan garemoSi iarsebos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis mTeli rigi
Seicavs debulebebs tyeebis, cxovelTa samyaros, mcenareuli safaris da
a.S. dacvis Sesaxeb, ufro metic, saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxli
adgens, rom ,,yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis
uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi.“
magram qarTuli kanonmdeblobis analizidan mainc naTlad Cans, rom
qarTveli kanonmdeblebis ZiriTad motivacias ara moralur-esTetikuri,
aramed did wilad, bolo
mosazrebebi warmoadgenen. am TvalsazrisiT, dRevandeli mdgomareoba
Zalian axlos dgas me-18 saukunis arqaul garemosdacviT
kanonmdeblobasTan, romelic anZebis dasamzadeblad gamosadegi tyeebis
gaCexvas krZalavda, radgan misi gamoyeneba gemTmSeneblobaSi iyo
dagegmili.
jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebasTan mWidro kavSirSia garemosTvis
miyenebuli ziani, kompensaciis sakiTxic. dRevandeli midgomiT
garemosTvis
ekologiuri. gansaxilveli ziani ekologiur an, ufro zustad,
antropologiur tips (safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas da
sicocxles) ganekuTvneba. aseTi tipis zianis gamovlinebebia adamianis
janmrTelobis gauareseba, sikvdili an adamianis genetikuri programis
cvlileba.
arasasurveli zegavlenis wyaro adamianis saarsebo garemoa.
adamianisTvis sawarmoo-sameurneo da socialur-kulturul sferoebSi
miyenebuli ziani ar ganekuTvneba ekologiur tips. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
adamianisTvis miyenebuli zianis kompensaciis sakiTxebi sanitariuli
kanonmdeblobiT da adamianebis Sromis da janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb
kanonebiT regulirdeba.
garkveul interess iwvevs SemTxvevebi, rodesac ziani miyenebulia
stiqiuri movlenebis an antropogenuli qmedebebis Sedegad. stiqiuri
movlenebi, xolo xandaxan ubederebebi, bunebrivi samyaros obieqtur
procesebs asaxaven. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi iTvleba, rom
- 158 -
evaleba uzrunvelyos Tavisi moqalaqeebis janmrTelobis
acva (saqarTvelos konstitucia, 37-e muxli), valdebulia miiRos zomebi
anmrTelobisa an qonebisTvis miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad.
Tumca, am sakiTxebSi Seqmnili administraciuli urTierTobebis
iuridiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, zianis an zaralis anazRaurebis
sakiTxebi specialuri, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisTvis gamocemuli
dadgenilebebiT regulirdeba.
amasTanave mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi 2004 wels
miRebulma axalma sagadasaxado kodeqsma gaauqma gadasaxadi garemos
dabinZurebisaTvis da faqtobrivad, amiT dairRva garemos dacvis
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi principi da aman saqarTvelos mier nakisri
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas Seuwyo xeli. (Tumca
saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ isev ganmartavs
princips ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“, magram igi aRniSnuli koliziis gamo
umoqmedoa).
am problematikis analizis dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul
kanonmdeblobaSi jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganmartebis
araerTgvarovneba, am uflebis realizaciis meqanizmisTvis sagrZnob
sirTuleebs warmoqmnis. magaliTad, aravisaTvis saidumlo ar aris, rom
qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika ar moicavs esTetikurad mdidar garemoSi
arsebobis uflebis dacvis praqtikulad arcerT magaliTs. qarTul
samarTlebriv sistemaSi jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis amsaxveli
normebi gafantulia sxvadasxva samarTlebriv instrumentebSi, MmaT
Soris, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normebSi da saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebSi, MmaTi erToblivi aRqma sakmaod garTulebulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZlebelia moxdes jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis
uflebebis normatiuli Sinaarsis garkveulwilad sistematizireba.
SesaZlebelia specialuri kanonis miReba, romelic saqarTvelos
konstituciis 37-e muxlis debulebebis konkretizirebisa da
ganviTarebisken iqneba mimarTuli. aseTi kanonis miReba saqarTveloSi
SesaZlebelia MmaTi provocireba adamianis mier, magram zogadad isini
sazogadeobriv kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo,
romelsac
d
j
- 159 -
gaZlierebas xels
euwyobda.
misi moqalaqeebis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis
uzrunvelyofisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis
S
- 160 -
240
4.3. ekologiuri informaciis sajarooba da gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileoba
informaciis gamWvirvaloba demokratiuli saxelwifos mTavar moTxovnaa
da amdenad, am institutis ganviTareba dRevandeli qarTuli
samarTlebrivi sistemebisaTvis metad aqtualuria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
evropul samarTlebriv sistemaSi saqarTvelos integraciis amJamad
mimdinare process.
informaciis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo organoebSi daculi
informaciis xelmisawvdomobasa da xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis
Riaobas. sruli gamWvirvaleobis pirobebSi sazogadoebaSi aRar Cndeba
eWvi sajaro moxeleTa arakeTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb. informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna vrceldeba nebismier sajaro
dawesebulebaze da, agreTve, saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi biujetis
saxsrebidan dafinansebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze am
dafinansebis farglebSi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis, garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis
saministros, raionuli, saqalaqo, dasaxlebebis da soflebis
mmarTvelobiTi organoebis kompetenciaSi mosaxleobisTvis obieqturi
ekologiuri informaciis miwodeba Sedis. am sakiTxebs dRes
saqarTveloSi, garda erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa, orhusis konvencia
aregulirebs. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi vrceldeba
yvela sajaro dawesebulebaze, yvela tipis sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis sawarmosa (maT Soris, municipalur, satransporto da sxva)
da MmaTi kontrolis qveS myof nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirze.
orhusis konvencia sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs
aniWebs uflebebsa da realur SesaZleblobebs: informaciis
xelmisawvdomobisaTvis; konkretul Tu strategiul gadawyvetilebebSi
religiuri gaerTianebebisa), agreTve nebismieri sxva piri, romelic kanonmdeblobis
240 anu administraciul organoebsa da saxelmwifo Tu adgilobrivi biujetidan dafinansebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze (saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 27-e muxli). administraciuli organo aris yvela saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis organo da dawesebuleba, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (garda politikuri da
- 161 -
ocesis Sesaxeb cnobierebis
monawileobis misaRebad; axdens MmaT aRWurvas sasamarTlo dacvis
saSualebebiTa da marTlmsajulebaze gamartivebuli xelmisawvdomobiT.
mTavrobebze am sferoSi mkafio valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT, konvencia
uzrunvelyofs informaciis met gamWvirvalobas, mis ufro efeqtian
xelmisawvdomobasa da gavrcelebas, rac sazogadoebasa da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saSualebas aZlevs, realuri gavlena
iqonion garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze. garemosdacviT sferoSi sazogadoebis monawileobiT miRebuli
gadawyvetileba yovelTvis ufro efeqtiania, ufro mdgradi da
gawonasworebulia, rac TavisTavad ufro misaRebia sazogadoebisaTvis.
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdili SesaZleblobebi
sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT
gaerkvnen da meti codna miiRon garemos potenciur riskebsa da
saSiSroebebze, romlebic MmaT, MmaTs ojaxebsa Tu adgilobriv Tems
emuqreba. am procesSi MmaTi monawileoba uzrunvelyofs
gadawyvetilebebisa da politikis Sesabamisobas adgilobriv pirobebTan
da adgilobrivi codnisa da gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas proeqtebis
Camoyalibebisa Tu ganxorcielebisas. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis mier
mowodebuli informacia da wvlili gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc dagegmili saqmianobis garemoze potenciuri
zemoqmedebis areSi cxovrobs, yovelTvis fasdaudebeli SenaZenia
gadawyvetilebis mimRebTaTvis. sxvadasxva azrTa, faseulobaTa, ideaTa
gaTvaliswineba da sazogadoebis wevrebisagan garemos mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb uSualo informaciis miReba ufro gaazrebuli da dasabuTebuli
gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. informaciaze meti
xelmisawvdomobisa da monawileobis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofiT,
konvencia iZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis pr
amaRlebis saSualebas. amgvarad, igi safuZvels uyris sazogadoebis met
monawileobas saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi da amiT wvlili Seaqvs
demokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi. amas garda, konvencia xels
uwyobs kargi urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis damyarebas
flebamosilebas (saqarTvelos safuZvelze asrulebs sajaro samarTlebriv u
- 162 -
bis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas.
xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva dainteresebul jgufebs
Soris, momxmareblebis, sazogadoebis liderebis, zogadad, sazogadoebis,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da mediis CaTvliT. sazogadoebisa da
arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis informaciis meti xelmisawvdomobisa
da monawileobis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa aZlierebs MmaT, aseve
exmareba qveynisa Tu adgilis cxovrebis konkretul pirobebze MmaTi
dadebiTi zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobis gacnobierebaSi. es ki aZlierebs
sazogadoebis Segnebulobas, socialuri erTobisa da pasuxismgeblobis
grZnobas, rac ukeTesi da ufro mdgradi garemos SenarCunebis
sawindaria. saxelmwifo moxeleTaTvis konvencia adgens valdebulebebsa
da uflebebs, procesebsa da procedurebs garemosTan dakavSirebuli
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
sazogadoebis monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebisadmi
xelmisawvdomobisaTvis. igi aseve karg xelmZRvanelobas uwevs sajaro
dawesebulebebs am sakiTxTa praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisTvis. es
gansakuTrebiT saWiroa im qveynebis sajaro moxeleTaTvis, romlebSic
erovnuli kanonmdebloba zogad uflebebsa da valdebulebebs adgens,
magram ar moicavs regulaciebs, procedurebsa da debulebebs. aseT
qveynebSi SesaZlebelia konvenciaSi mocemul procedurebze dayrdnoba.
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, sazogadoebis monawileobisa da
marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda da meti efeqtianoba,
sajaro moxeleebs saSualebas aZlevs ufro efeqtiani da gamWvirvale
gaxadon gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. amgvarad, konvencia aZlierebs
garemos dacvaze pasuxismgebel sajaro dawesebulebaTa pozicias sxva
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebTan da saministroebTan mimarTebiT da
sazogadoebis mxardaWeris safuZvelze, xels uwyobs garemosa da
janmrTelo
konvencia samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aZlevs xmis uflebas yvela im
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, romelmac SesaZloa zemoqmedeba iqonios
garemoze. sazogadoebis wevrebs mniSvnelovani uflebebi da
SesaZleblobebi aqvT informaciis mosapoveblad, monawileobis
administraciuli kodeqsi, me-2 muxli). zogadi
- 163 -
unda gamoiyenon es SesaZlebloba.
vaSi, Tu gaecnobian gansaxilvelad gaxsnil dokumentebs,
ajaro
la ganacxadeben maTs
akisria
241
rulyos da ganaviTaros sakuTari ekologiuri
kanonmdebloba saerSoraSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, miT umetes,
rom orhusis konvencia pirdapir exmaureba saqarTvelos konstituciis
misaRebad da marTlmsajulebis misaRwevad. magram ar aris sakmarisi
uflebebis mxolod qaRaldze arseboba. konvenciis amoqmedebaSi
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom MmaTi uflebebi
ar darCes qaRaldze, rom MmaT
samoqalaqo sazogadoebam unda gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba da
SeSfoTeba garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze da darwmundes, rom
isini gadawyvetilebebSi saTanadodaa gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad,
dainteresebuli sazogadoebis wevrebs ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon
dagegmili saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis
ganxilvis procesSi. gadawyvetilebaze isini gavlenas moaxdenen mxolod
im SemTxve
waradgenen MmaT komentarebs, daeswrebian gamocxadebul s
ganxilvebs, sadac moiTxoven sityvas da xmamaR
mosazrebasa Tu SeSfoTebas, daukavSirdebian sxva dainteresebul pirebs,
erToblivad imoqmedeben da a.S. am mxriv, sazogadoebasac
valdebuleba _ iyos aqtiuri da reagirebdes movlenebze. sazogadoebis
wevrebi pasiurad ar unda elodnen pirad mowvevebs ama Tu im
ganxilvaze. moqalaqe valdebulia dainteresdes, Tu ra xdeba mis
garSemo. man Tvali unda adevnos gamoqveynebul informacias dagegmil
saqmianobaTa Sesaxeb, gaecnos mis vadebs, monawileobis SesaZleblobebs,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovos damatebiTi informacia da
dokumentebi. rodesac irRveva maTi monawileobisa Tu informaciaze
xelmisawvdomobis uflebebi, ar unda daizaron sarCelis aRZvra da
samarTlianobis aRdgenis miRweva. orhusis konvenciis cxovrebaSi
gatareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba iyenebs
misTvis miniWebul uflebebs da axorcielebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlil
nabijs.
zemoaRniSnuli konvencia aris araCveulberivi saSualeba, raTa
saqarTvelom s
241 ba. saxelmZRvanelo saqarTvelos sajaro orhusis konvenciis ganxorciele
- 164 -
aqarTvelos moqalaqeebis konstituciur ekologiur
procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis
37-e muxls da ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxls,
romlebic pirdapir adgenen mosaxleobis uflebas ,,miiRos sruli,
obieqturi da drouli informacia Tavisi sacxovrebeli da samuSao
garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“.
garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis erovnul samarTlebriv
garantiebze msjelobisas, upirveles yovlisa, saTanado yuradReba unda
daeTmos saqarTvelos konstitucias, romelic ufro adre iqna miRebuli
(1995 w.), vidre orhusis konvencia. saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e
muxlSi saubaria s
uflebebze, romlebic konstituciis Tanaxmad, sami mimarTulebiT
vlindeba:
• ufleba cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi;
• ufleba sargeblobde bunebrivi garemoTi;
• ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia sakuTari
samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
garemosdacvis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
sazogadoebis monawileobis princips, orhusis konvenciis debulebebis
msgavsad erovnuli kanonmdeblobac gansazRvravs amgvar vadebulebas.
kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ gansazRvravs imgvar debulebebs,
romlebic xelisuflebis organoebs, fizikur da iuridiul pirebs,
saqmianobis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis dros, avaldebulebs
ixelmZRvanelon garemos dacvis ZiriTadi principebiT, maT Soris
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
principiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
aucilebelia sazogadoebis CarTva, radgan swored
urTierTTanamSromloba da SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba am mimarTulebiT
sabolood uzrunvelyofs administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas.
moxeleTaTvis, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 57.
- 165 -
ianis aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvebebisagan dacvis
zemoaRniSnul uflebaTa Selaxvis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad individebi uflebamosilni arian mimarTon
marTlmsajulebas, rac saqarTvelos konstituciiT aris garantirebuli.
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis Tanaxmad, nebismier
fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos sajaro
dawesebulebaSi daculi yvela informacia, Tu igi ar ganekuTvneba
saxelmwifo, komerciul, profesiul da pirad saidumloebas. informaciis
moTxovnisas piri valdebuli ar aris, miuTiTos informaciis miRebis
motivi an mizani.242
saqarTvelos, rogorc Tanamedrove msoflios ganuyofeli nawilis,
samarTlebriv da socialur-politikur sistemaSi adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis aqtualizaciis faqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad iCens
Tavs, rac adam
meqanizmebis gaZlierebis aucileblobas iwvevs. konstituciis miRma
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ me-6 muxlSi Zalze
zogadad adgens moqalaqis uflebas ,,cxovrobdes misi
janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel jansaR garemoSi“ da ,,miiRos anazRaureba
misTvis miyenebli zaralisaTvis, romelic gamoiwvia saqarTvelos
garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam“. Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari zogadi debulebebi ver akmayofilebs im
moTxovnebs, romlebic ekologiuri samarTalurTierTobebisas SesaZloa
warmoiSvan, isini abstraqtul-aRwerilobiT formas atareben da ufro
deklaracias Seesabamebian.
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi awesebs sajaro
informaciis gacemis konkretul wessa da vadebs.243 imisaTvis, rom pirma
miiRos sasurveli sajaro informacia, man unda waradginos werilobiTi
gancxadeba Sesabamis sajaro dawesebulebaSi. zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia,
sajaro informacia gasces dauyovnebliv an, konkretuli garemoebebis
arsebobisas, araugvianes 10 dRisa.
242 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 37-e muxli, 1999 w. 243 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, me-3 Tavi, 1999 w.
- 166 -
avia, rom yvela sajaro
, oRond
xlis manZilze. aRniSnuli debuleba
ia informaciis
Seferxebis gareSe, miiRos informacia sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi
wyar
kon
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
komponentia informaciis gacvla, amitom informacia sajaro
dawesebulebam unda gasces dauyovnebliv, rac, iuridiuli literaturis
Tanaxmad, niSnavs informaciis gacemas moTxovnisTanave, anu gancxadeba
registraciis dResve unda moxvdes sajaro informaciis gacemaze
pasuxismgebel pirTan, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT uzrunvelyofs
moTxovnili informaciis gacemas. aRsaniSn
dawesebuleba valdebulia daniSnos sajaro informaciis gacemaze
pasuxismgebeli piri. Tu sajaro informaciis gacema SeuZlebelia
dauyovnebliv misi moculobisa da da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva
mizezebis gamo, dawesebulebas SeuZlia gamoiyenos 10-dRiani vada
amis Sesaxeb, agreTve, dauyovnebliv werilobiT unda ecnobos
ganmcxadebels.244
sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsi 50-e muxlSi Riad acxadebs 1990 wlis 28 oqtombramde arsebul
sajaro informacias, garda komerciuli, profesiuli da piradi
saidumloebisa, am informaciaSi moxseniebuli pirebis identifikaciis
gamomricxavi formiT maTi sicoc
iZleva bevr SesaZleblobas da aris sabWoTa saqarTvelos monacemTa
bazaSi daculi da amJamad arasaidumleobrivi informaciis sajarod
gavrcelebis saSualeba biurokratiuli meqanizmebis gverdis avlis gziT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebuli wesebi imperatiulia da savaldebuloa
yvela sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxliT aRiarebul
Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi ufleba ,,yovel adamians aqvs ufleba
Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia.“245 am uflebis ZiriTadi
komponentia informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis garantia. ufro
konkretulad, yvelas aqvs ufleba, yovelgvari dabrkolebisa da
oebidan. TiTqmis yvela demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, romelTa
stituciebic aRiareben informaciis Tavisuflebas, maT Soris,
244 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 40-e muxli, 1999 w.
- 167 -
a satelevizio sadgurebidan.
ve, saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlis pirveli
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
Tu isini ar Seicaven
bis sfero moicavs ara marto
saxelmwifo an pirad saidumloebas. aRniSnuli debuleba pirdapir
saqarTveloSic, es ZiriTadi ufleba im periodis Sedegia, roca
sxvadsxva totalitaruli reJimis dros akrZaluli iyo informaciis
miReba ucxo qveynebis presidan, radio d
yoveli moqalaqis, rogorc Tavisufali da damoukidebeli pirovnebis,
ganviTarebisa da demokratiuli weswyobilebis ganmtkicebisaTvis
informaciis Tavisufleba aranaleb mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT azrisa
da masobrivi informaciis Tavisuflebebi.246
garemosdacviTi informaciis miRebis realuri berketi saqarTvelos
konstituciaa, romelic 37-e muxlSi Sesabamis ganmartebasac iZleva: ,,5.
adamians ufleba aqvs, miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia
misi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.“247
amgvarad, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon nebismier garemosdacviT
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informacia saxelmwifosgan, garda
saelmwifo da komerciuli saidumloebisa. realurad garemosdacviTi
informaciis floba es aris berketi im saSiSroebis winaSe, rac
ekologiuri krizis SeiZleba moyves. es informacia aucilebelia
efeqtiani monitoringis, regulirebis ganxorcielebisa, dabinZurebis
aRkveTisa da SemcirebisaTvis248.
sainteresoa agreT
punqti, romelic agreTve informaciis sajaroobas exeba da adgens:
,,saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs
gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi masze arsebul informacias,
agreTve iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs,
saxelmwifo, profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas“.
zemoaRniSnuli muxlis moqmede
moqalaqeebze arsebul informacias, aramed saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
arsebul ofiacilur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven komerciul,
245 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 24-e muxli, 1995 w. 246 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
31-33. 1995 w.
Tavisuflebani, l.izoria, k.korkelia, k.kublaSvili, g.xubua, 2005 w., gv. 192. 247 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto, 37-e muxli, saqarTvelos
lamentis uwyebebi, NNpar
- 168 -
tkicebulia kanonSi ,,garemos dacvis
emos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da xelmisawvdomia
aTleba, aimaRlos
kavSirSia konstituciis 37-e muxlis me-5 punqtTan, romelic adamianis
sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqturi
informaciis miRebis saSualebas iZleva.
garda konstituciisa, garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis
sakiTxebi, rogorc aRiniSna, ganm
Sesaxeb“, romelic aregulirebs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organoebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs Soris
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze garemos dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis
sferoSi. misi mizania daicvas garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa konstituciiT dadgenili, janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel
garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT kanoniT
dadgenilia garemos dacvis ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia informaciis xelmisawvdomobis principi - rac imas niSnavs,
rom informacia gar
sazogadoebisaTvis249. kanononis me-6 muxli kidev ufro naTels xdis
saxelmwifo politikasa da miznebs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebTan
mimarTebiT da adgens moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobebs garemos dacvis
sferoSi, kerZod:
• moqalaqes ufleba aqvs cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel
garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi garemoTi;
• miiRos sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Tavisi samuSao
da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;
• miiRos garemosdacviTi da ekologiuri gan
garemosdacviTi cnobierebis done;
• gaerTiandes garemosdacviT organizaciebSi;
• monawileoba miiRos garemos dacvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvisa da miRebis procesSi;
248 Р. Остин Информация о Загрязнении Окружающей Среды, Право Окружающей Среды в СССР и Великобритании, 1988, 127.
saqarTvelos parlamentis 249 saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, uwyebani #1-2 1996, me-5 muxli.
- 169 -
uflebas, miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli
ifo biujetidan.
resursTdamzogveli da saukeTeso teqnologiiTa da teqnikiT.251
• miiRos anazRaureba misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis, romelic
gamoiwvia garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam;
• sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxovos ekologiurad saSiSi obieqtebis
ganTavsebis proeqtebis, mSeneblobis, rekonstruqciisa da eqspluataciis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa Secvla.
metad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos konstituciiT
ganmtkicebuli sayovelTao ufleba - cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis
uvnebel garemoSi da sargeblobde bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi250
organuladaa dakavSirebuli amave muxlis me-5 punqtTan, romelic
aniWebs adamians
informacia Tavisi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos Sesaxeb. zemoT
xsenebuli uflebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi principi gadmocemulia
,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
informacia garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da xelmisawvdomia
sazogadoebisaTvis.
am mizniT, ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-14 muxlis
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis informirebisaTvis saqarTvelos garemos
dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro yovelwliurad warudgens
saqarTvelos prezidents garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb erovnul
moxsenebas, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifo organoebi da saxelmwifo
iuridiuli pirebi valdebulebi arian, moTxovnidan ara ugvianes 2 Tvisa
usasyidlod miawodon saministros maT xelT arsebuli informacia.
erovnuli moxsenebis gamoqveynebasa da gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebis dafinanseba xdeba saxelmw
garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb momxmarebelTa ukeT orientirebis mizniT,
saxelmwifo saqarTveloSi warmoebul ekologiurad sufTa produqcias,
,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ aniWebs ekomarkas, romelic miuTiTebs, rom
produqcia damzadebulia ekologiurad sufTa nedleulisgan,
250 saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis mesame punqti. 251 kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, me-19 muxli.
- 170 -
aciis miwodeba produqciis Sesaxeb,
emis wesisa da
254
mxriv, ar moxda
amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom ekomarkireba aris nebayoflobiTi
RonisZieba, rac gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis saministros brZanebaSi ,,ekomarkirebis Sesaxeb“ debulebis
damtkicebis Taobaze.252 niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli brZaneba
kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtia da gamocemulia kanonis
Sesasruleblad. amdenad, sasurvelia, rom ekomarkirebis
nebayoflobiTobis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanonSic iqnes gansazRvruli, raTa sazogadoebis am mxriv
informirebis sakiTxebi, uSualod sakanonmdeblo aqtiT iqnes
daregulirebuli.
informaciis gavrcelebis sakiTxis samarTlebrivi daregulirebis
mizniT miRebulia kanonebi ,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“
da ,,sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb“253, romlebmac unda
uzrunvelyon riskis Sefasebis safuZvelze momxmarebelTa
janmrTelobisa da sicocxlis dacva, momxmareblisaTvis drouli,
miukerZoebeli da obieqturi inform
raTa mas mieces arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, 2005 wels
miRebuli kanonma ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“, Sesabamisad
gamocemulma saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 1 seqtembris
dadgenilebam ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gac
pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze“, kvebis mrewveloba,
romelic sakmaod mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens adamianis
janmrTelobaze, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas daqvemdebarebul
saqmianobad aRar ganisazRvreba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis
miRebis Semdeg garkveulwilad samarTlebrivi vakuumi gaCnda garemoze
zemoqmedebis nebraTvebis gacemis sferoSi. erTi
,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 15
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros 15.01.99. #3 brZaneba
,,ekomarkirebis Sesaxeb“ debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze, 1-li muxli. 252
253saqarTvelos kanoni ,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, 20.03.96 da arisxis Sesaxeb“, 27.12.05.
254 garemosdacviTi mmarTeloba saqarTveloSi da evrokavSiris roli mis gaZlierebaSi, ,,mwvane alternativa“, 2006 w., gv. 14.
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sursaTisa uvneblobisa da x
- 171 -
mis wesisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis
iuli aqtebi. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli
emos uzrunvelyofis
• adamianis janmTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis
mizniT, monawileoba miiRos saxelmwifo organos mier gadawyvetilebebis
ganx ba-ganxilvaSi256.
naTelia, rom garemosdacviTi informaciis miRebis orhusis
konv
mixe
noembris kanonis gauqmeba, romelic dResdReobiT mkvdari normaa da am
kanoniT daregulirebuli samarTalurTierTobebi dRes regulirdeba
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 1 seqtembris dadgenilebiT, ,,garemoze
zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gace
damtkicebis Taobaze“. meore mxriv, es ukanaskneli SemuSavebulia
,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-40 muxlis
safuZvelze, romelic adgens, rom Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi
cvlilebebis Setanamde moqmedebs mTavrobis dadgenilebebi, anu
kanonqvemdebare normat
ewinaaRmdegeba ,,normatiuli aqtebis“ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 36-e
muxls, sadac aRniSnulia, rom normatiul aqtSi cvlilebebisa da
damatebebis Setana SesaZlebelia mxolod imave saxis normatiuli aqtiT.
am SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu ratom ar moxda garemosdacviTi
nebarTvebis sferoSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtis Secvla an gauqmeba da
ratom moxda imave samarTalurTierToebebis daregulireba
kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtiT.
garemosdacviTi informaciis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT
aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos sanitariuli kodeqsic, romlis Tanaxmad,
adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo gar
sferoSi fizikur an/da iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs255:
• saxelmwifo organosagan miiRos informacia sanitarul-higienuri
mdgomareobisa da epidemiuri situaciiT, mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze
garemo faqtorebis SesaZlo mavne zegavlenais, agreTve moqmedi
sanitariuli normebis Sesaxeb;
ilvasa da programebis SemuSave
enciiseburi formirebis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
dviT, sakmaod mravalferovania da, garda pirdapir dadgenili
255 saqarTvelos sanitariuli kodeqsi, me-5 muxli.
- 172 -
veloSi praqtikulad Camoyalibebulia erTiani
konstituciuri uflebebisa, kanonmdeblobiT garantirebulia sxva
uflebebic (samwuxarod, zog SemTxvevaSi adre arsebuli uflebebi aRar
aris kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli), romlebic uSualo kavSirSia am
uflebebis realizaciasTan.
dResdReobiT, saqarT
samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic moqalaqes aZlevs saSualebas miiRis
misTvis saintereso informacia. orhusis konvenciis, saqarTvelos zogadi
administraciuli kodeqsisa da ,,sajaro informaciis aslis gadaRebis
mosakreblis Sesaxeb.“257
garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis principTan pirdapir kavSirSia
garemosdacviTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobis principi. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ me-
5 muxlis ,,l“ qvepunqtiT garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
principebze dayrdnobiT adgens saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa da
fizikur da iuridiul pirTa valdebulebas saqmianobis dagegmvisa da
ganxorcielebisas ixelmZRvanelon ,,gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi
sazogadoebis monawileobis principiT“, rac niSnavs saqmianobis
ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobas.258
zemoaRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqti CarCo kanonia da Sesabamisad
samarTalurTierTobebi misi normebis dacvis Sesabamisad unda
regulirdebodes, miT umetes, rom aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi saqme
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv principTan gvaqvs, rac ara erTi
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, maT Soris, orhusis
256
komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv.321-322 . saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sajar
Sesaxeb“, 13.05.05.
l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis
257 o informaciis aslis gadaRebis mosakreblis
258 amave kanonis me-4 muxlis ,,z“ qvepunqtSi ,,saqmianoba“ ganmartebulia, rogorc: ,,samewarmeo, sameurneo da yvela sxvagvari saqmianoba, gansaxlebisa da ganviTarebis
da proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, infrastruqturuli proeqtebis, a
nebrivi resursebis dacvis, gamoyenebisa da
bis xarisxze.“
gegmebisagan Senianebisa da seqtoruli ganviTarebis gegmebis, saqarTvelos teritoriaze wylis, tyis, miwis, wiaRisa da sxva busargeblobis proeqtebisa da programebis ganxorcielebis CaTvliT, aseve arsebuli sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani rekonstruqcia da teqnikuri ganaxleba, romlebic axdenen an SeuZliaT moaxdinon gavlena garemos mdgomareo
- 173 -
iwvevs. erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos akisria saerTaSoriso
maSin, roca gauqmebuli ar aris am sferos
konvenciiT aris garantirebuli.259 zemoaRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom, saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs
ierarqiulad upiratesoba eniWebaT Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiuli
aqtebTan mimarTebiT.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT mZime sakanonmdeblo vakuumia
Seqmnili am mimarTulebiT, rac ZiriTadad 2005 wels ,,licenziebisa da
nebarTvebis“ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis miRebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am kanonis safuZvelze miRebulma mTavrobis
dadgenilebam ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis wesisa da
pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze“ uamravi
sakanonmdeblo xarvezi warmoqmna, maT Soris, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis miRebis mxriv. aRniSnul
dadgenilebaSi, saerTod ar aris gansazRvruli amgvari valdebuleba,
rac gaugebrobas
xelSekrulebebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis valdebuleba260 (maT
Soris, orhusis konvenciisa, romelic pirdapir avaldebulebs
saxelmwifoebs uzrunvelyon sazogadoebis monawileoba garemosdacviTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi), romelTa Seusrulebloba
saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs. meore mxriv, garda
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisa, saxelmwifo valdebulia Seasrulos
,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis moTxovnebi da
kanondarRvevaa maTi ugulebelyofa kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtze
dayrdnobiT da Tan
maregulirebeli specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqti ,,garemosdacviTi
nebarTvis Sesaxeb,“ romlis me-16 muxli amgvar valdebulebas
iTvaliswinebs da romlis moqmedebac SezRudulia mTavrobis
zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebiT.
259
cvlilebis Sesaxeb, me-4 muxli da a.S. 1970 wlis gaeros deklaracia ,,saerTaSoriso samarTlis proncipebis da
saxlmwifoTa Soris megobruli urTierTobebis da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb“ da
konvencia biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, me-14 muxli; konvencia klimatis
260
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 103-e muxli.
- 174 -
RniSnos, rom am dadgenilebis Sesabamisad gzS-s
tarebas aRar eqvemdebareba iseTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobebis
nxorcieleba, romlebmac SesaZloa sakmaod mniSvnelovani zegavlena
axdinon garemoze, maT Soris, wiaRis mopoveba, soflis meurneobisa da
ebis mrewveloba, xe-tyis gadamuSaveba, qaRaldis, tyavisa da safeiqro
warmoeba, zogierTi saxis infrastruqturuli proeqti da a.S. Tumca,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amgvar valdebulebas adgens saqarTvelos
kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, rac kidev erTi samarTlebrivi
koliziis magaliTia.
sainteresoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli dadgenileba kidev sxva problemasac
qmnis orhusis konvenciis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod
dadgenilebis me-6 muxlSi dadgenilia, rom saqmianoba SeiZleba
gaTavisufldes garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisgan (rac TavisTavad
sazogadoebis monawileobis komponentis ganxorcielebis pirdapiri
saSualebaa), Tu saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi moiTxovs, rom
saqmianoba daiwyos da gadawyvetileba amis Sesaxeb droulad iqnes
miRebuli. aRniSnuli Canaweri ewinaaRmdegeba orhusis konvenciiT nakisr
mTavrobis zemoaRniSnul dadgenilebaSi Setanilma cvlilebam, 31-e
muxlSi daadgina garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis sajaro
ganxilvis valdebuleba, isic saqmianobis ganmaxorcieleblisaTvis da
ara saxelmwifo organoTaTvis, rac kidev damatebiT gaugebrobas iwvevs.
am muxlis Tanaxmad, saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli valdebulia moawyos
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis (gzS) sajaro ganxilva gzS-is angariSis
nebarTvis gamcemi administraciuli organosaTvis gansaxilvelad
wardgenamde an mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemis meore stadiis
proceduris dawyebamde. amasTanave, sajaro ganxilvis mowyobis mizniT,
saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli valdebulia gamoaqveynos informacia mis
mier dagegmili saqmianobis Sesaxeb. informacia unda gamoqveyndes
rogorc centralur periodul beWdviT organoSi, ise im raionis
administraciuli teritoriis farglebSi arsebul periodul beWdviT
organoSi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), sadac dagegmilia saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba.
amasTanave, unda a
Ca
ga
mo
kv
- 175 -
bas mniSvnelovani garemosdacviTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
ocesi gaxadon sajaro da uzrunvelyon sazogadoebis dainteresebuli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dawyebis
valdebulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi kisruloben
valdebule
pr
warmomadgenlebis CarTva im gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi,
romlebic zegavlenas axdens an savaraudoa, rom moaxdens garemos
Semadgenel elementebze da adamianis janmrTelobaze. konvencia aseve
adgens amgvari qmedebebisgan xelisuflebis organoebis gaTavisuflebis
pirobebs, romelTa Soris saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisgan saqmianobis
gaTavisufleba miTiTebuli ar aris. mTavrobis dadgenilebis amgvari
midgoma realurad iZleva
SesaZleblobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis nebarTvis aRebis gareSe.
yovelive zemoaRniSnlidan gamomdinare, sakmaod gaugebaria qarTveli
kanonmdeblis motivacia, rasac safuZvlad, faqtiurad saerTaSoriso
valdebulebebisa da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis
ignorireba udevs.
- 176 -
4.4. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis
mixedviT
saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod, ekologiuri cnobierebis dabali xarisxisa,
Tu zogadad mosaxleobis marTlmsajulebisadmi undoblobis gamo,
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT sasamarTloebisadmi wardgenili
sarCelebis ricxvi Zalian mcirea. mxlod bolo wlebSi, isic
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri organizaciebisa Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris
aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad, dafiqsirda ramdenime saCivari jansaR
garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis dacvisa da ekologiuri informaciis
sajaroobis dacvis moTxovniT.
saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi
arsebuli praqtikis ganxilvamde unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli
sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani
dadgenileba gamoitana saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumma261
bunebis (garemos) dacvis Sesaxeb. plenumma ganixila sakiTxi bunebis
dacvaze kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb da
aRniSna, rom:
,,bunebadacviTi kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa sasamarTloebis mier wyalsacavebisa da haeris
gabinZurebis, miwis waxdenis, tyis ukanono Cexvis (kafvis) da
ganadgurebis ,ukanono TevzWeris da nadirobis Sesaxeb saqmeTa swori
ganxilva, am moqmedebebiT miyenebuli materialuri zaralis anazRaureba.
sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bunebis
dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan
dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlisa da samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisas
sasamarTloebi jerovan yuradRebas ar uTmoben am problemas, iCenen
pasiurobas bunebis obieqtebze miyenebuli vnebisaTvis konkretuli
pirebisa Tu organizaciebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxSi.
261
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumis dadgenileba 1995 wlis 3 agvisto.
- 177 -
e. yovelTvis sworad ar
s gansazRvra florasa da
ari
miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikaSi uaresdeba ekologiuri mdgomareoba,
statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, saqmeTa isedac umniSvnelo
raodenoba wlidan wlamde mcirdeba. ukanaskneli oTxi wlis manZilze
bunebrivi resursebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
darRveviT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli
sarCelebis ricxvi TiTqmis ori mesamediT Semcirda, xolo sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsis muxlebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben
pasuxismgeblobas aseTi darRvevebisaTvis, faqtobrivad umoqmedoa.
sasamarTloebi uSveben Secdomebs materialuri zaralis anazRaurebis
wesisa da odenobis gansazRvris dros, xolo zogjer, saerTod ar
msjeloben Mmaterialuri zaralis anazRaurebaz
wydeba ukanonod mopovebuli produqciis bedis sakiTxi. rogorc wesi,
sasamarTloebi ukanonod mopovebul Tevzs, nanadirevs, agreTve ukanonod
moWril xe-tyes utoveben braleul pirs simbolur fasebSi da ar xdeba
ekologiuri faseulobis zianis odenobi
faunasaTvis miyenebuli vnebis mixedviT. bunebis dacvaze kanonmdeblobis
gamoyenebaSi arsebuli darRvevebis aRmofxvris mizniT plenumi adgens:
,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesruleba, bunebrivi
resursebis momWirne, racionaluri gamoyeneba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
saxelmwifo amocanaa, romlis gadawyvetaze didad aris damokidebuli
adamianebis janmrTeloba da keTildReoba, qveynis ekonomikuri da
socialuri ganviTarebis amocanebis gadawyveta. aqedan gamomdinare,
sasamarTloebi mTeli seriozulobiT moekidon konkretuli sisxlis
samarTlisa Tu samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvas. bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb
kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa
ganxilvisas jerovnad Seamowmon, icaven Tu ara mokvlevisa da winasw
gamoZiebis organoebi kanonis moTxovnas saqmis garemoebebis yovelmxrivi,
sruli da obieqturi gamokvlevis Sesaxeb miiRon zomebi, raTa
danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile yvela piri micemuli iqnes pasuxisgebaSi
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.“
amasTanave, plenumis amave dadgenilebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos
respublikis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsze dayrdnobiT daadgina, rom
- 178 -
Saulis
,,danaSauli damTavrebulad iTvleba adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis an
zRvis cocxali resursebisaTvis mavne nivTierebebis, narCenebis da
masalebis zRvaSi ukanonod Cayris momentidan. am dana
damTavrebulad cnobisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli, rom realuri ziani
miadges dasvenebis zonebs, an xeli SeeSalos zRvis gamoyenebis sxva
kanonier saxeobebs. sakmarisia, aseTi safrTxe Seeqmnas xsenebul
obieqtebs. adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis mniSvnelovani zianis
miyenebisaTvis, rac am muxlis meore nawilis makvalificirebeli niSania,
pasuxismgebloba dadgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mohyva adamianebis
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadeba, an MmaTi Sromisunarianobis myari
dakargva, an janmrTelobis xangrZlivi moSla.“
zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis me-18 punqtis mixedviT, uzenaesi
sasamarTlos plenumma daavala sasamarTloebs, sistematiurad
ganezogadebinaT sasamarTlo praqtika mocemul saqmeebze da mieRoT
zomebi SecdomaTa Tavidan acilebisaTvis.
am dadgenilebidan naTelia, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
xelmZRvanelobas kargad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli adamianis ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis mniSvneloba da
aucilebloba. magram, miuxedavad aRniSnuli dadgenilebisa, cota ram Tu
gakeTda saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ekologiuri sakiTxebis,
MmaT Soris, saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, mxlod bolo wlebSi, isic saerTaSoriso ekologiuri
organizaciebisa Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad
dafiqsirda ramdenime saCivari jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis
dacvisa da ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis dacvis moTxovniT.
erT-erTi pirveli saqme wamowyebul iqna saqarTvelos strategiuli
kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris programis ,,moqalaqeebi
ekologiurad mdgradi da usafrTxo garemosaTvis“ farglebSi, romelmac
2002 wels mosaxleobis mier sasamarTlos gziT sakuTari ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis dadebiTi precedentebis Seqmnis mizniT, momzadda
sarCeli, Temqis dasaxlebaSi, xevZmaris xevSi arsebuli sakanalizacio
- 179 -
mxardamWeriT moqalaqeebma
MmaT ufleba hqondaT ecxovraT maTi
koleqtorTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlo ganxilvis Catarebamde
Sesabamisma uwyebebma uzrunvelyves adekvaturi RonisZiebebis gatareba
da Sesabamisad sarCelis Semdgomma aqtualizaciam azri dakarga.
2002 wels zemoaRniSnuli organizaciis
(lilos dasaxlebaSi mcxovreblebma) - t. beriZem, n.gobejiSvilma da
sxvebma mimarTes Tbilisis krwanisi-mTawmindis raionul sasamarTlos
MmaTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis moTxovniT. sarCelSi mosarCeleebi
ganmartaven, rom Tbilisis saxalxo deputatTa saqalaqo sabWos
aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1989 wlis 3 noembris #1499 gankargulebiT im
dros saqarxno raionis teritoriaze unda mowyobiliyo droebiTi
nagavsayreli samSeneblo kombinatsa da lilos dasaxlebidan 1000
metris dacilebiT. amave gankargulebis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad,
dizainisa da keTilmowyobis sammarTvelos saproeqto kantoras unda
daemuSavebina mosawyobi nagavsayrelis teqnikuri dokumentacia, romlis
safuZvelzec moewyoboda nagavsayreli. gankargulebis me-6 punqtis
Sesabamisad, saqarxno raisabWos aRmaskoms unda Caetarebina gamoyofili
miwis rekultivacia-regeneracia. sarCelis Setanis dRisTvis (2002 w.)
nagavsayreli kvlav funqcionirebda, Tumca ar iricxeboda Tbilisis
meriis keTilmowyobis sammarTvelos balansze da mosarCeleebis
araerTgzisi moTxovnis Sesabamisad, MmaT ar miewodaT nagavsayrelis
Sesaxeb arsebuli teqnikuri da sxva saxis dokumentacia. mosarCele
mxaris mtkicebiT, nagavsayrelze ar iyo daculi elementaruli
sanitariul-higienuri da usafrTxoebis normebi, rac xelsayrel
pirobebs qmnida sxvadasvxa epidemiebisa Tu daavadebebis
gasavrceleblad. mosarCeleebma sakuTari sarCelis Sedgenisas
ixelmZRvaneles saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxliT, orhusis
konvenciiTa da ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 da
34-e muxlebiT da ganacxades, rom
janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemoSi da mieRoT sruli, drouli da
obieqturi informacia MmaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli sarCeli sasamarTlos mier dakmayofilebul iqna da miRebul
iqna gadawyvetileba nagavsayrelis gonivrul da urTierTSeTanxmebis
- 180 -
mo organizaciam daxmareba sTxoves
lilos SemTxvevaSi ki nagavsayrelis daxurva
Sedegad dadgenil vadaSi daxurvis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, mosamarTlis
mier gadawyvetilebaSi ar iqna miTiTebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis
37-e, ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb kanonis“ Sesabamisi muxlebis da orhusis
konvenciis debulebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom dadebiTi gadawyvetileba
gamoitana, igi ar aRsrulebula. revoluciis Semdgom periodSi
ganxorcielda mravali reorganizacia Tbilisis municipalitetsa da
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi, informaciis
nawili daikarga da municipalitetis mier Tavis Tavze aRebuli
valdebulebebi ar Sesrulda. 2004 wels lilos dasaxlebis
mcxovreblebma da adgilobrivma saTe
centrs, radgan nagavsayreli kvlav funqcionirebda. atexili xmauris
gamo axalma xelisuflebam gadawyvita procesis daCqareba da
nagavsayrelis konservacia savaldebulo procedurebis dacvis gareSe
(rac gulisxmobda specialuri komisiis Seqmnas, romelic SeimuSavebda
konservaciis proeqts, Semdeg unda gamocxadebuliyo tenderi
konservaciis ganmaxorcielebeli kompaniis SesarCevad). municipalurma
samsaxurma gadawyvita ubralod daefara nagavsayreli miwis Txeli
feniT. eqspertTa azriT, msgavsi qmedeba safrTxes Seuqmnis adgilobriv
mosaxleobas. narCenebis wvis Sedegad gamoyofilma airma SesaZloa 500-
800 metrSi mdebare sacxovrebeli korpusebis sardafebSi povos
gamosavali da afeTqebis saSiSroeba warmoSvas. analogiuri SemTxvevebi
sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSic dafiqsirebula. garda amisa,
nagavsayrelis daxurva, iseve rogorc ganTavseba, pirveli kategoriis
saqmianoba ,,ekologiuri nebraTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis
mixedviT, anu daxurvis procesi garkveuli procedurebis dacviT unda
mimdinareobdes.
samarTlebrivi darRveviT daiwyo.
2001 wlis 28 Tebervals axalcixis 425-ma dazaralebulma pirma
axalcixis sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitana. sarCelis
safuZveli 2001 wlis bolos axalcixis r-Si virusuli ,,A“ hepatitis
epidemiis gavrceleba gaxda, romelmac piks oqtomber-noembris TveSi
- 181 -
monawileobis procedurebi da rom milsadenis mSenebloba
miaRwia. hepatitis mizezi sasmeli wylis fekaluri masebiT dabinZureba
gaxda. epidemiis gavrcelebas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
umoqmedeobamac Seuwyo xeli, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebda
sanepidsadguris mier mowodebul informacias epidemiis saSiSroebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, adgilobrivma xelisuflebis organoebma
saWirod ar CaTvales mosaxleobis gafrTxileba SesaZlo safrTxis
Sesaxeb. dazaralebulebi saxelmwifosagan miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebas iTxovdnen, erT dazaralebulze, daaxloebiT, 600 laris
odenobiT. mopasuxeebad dasaxelebulia axalcixis raionis gamgeoba.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dava axalcixis raionul
sasamarTloSi ganxilvis procesSia.
2003 wlis 17 maiss, asociacia „mwvane alternativam“ sarCeli aRZra
mopasuxeebis: garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosa da
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis kompaniis mimarT, 2002 wlis 30
noembers saministros mier kompaniaze gacemuli navTobis
transportirebis ekologiuri nebarTvis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT.
moTxovnis safuZveli iyo is, rom ekologiuri nebarTvis gacemisas,
srulad ar iyo daculi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sazogadoebis
im saxiT, ra saxiTac masze nebarTva gasca saministrom, safrTxes uqmnis
garemos. am saqmeSi asociacia Tavis saproceso uflebaunarianobas
asabuTebda orhusis konvenciis 2.5 muxlze miTiTebiT, romlis
mixedviTac, ekologiuri arasamTavrobo organizacia miiCneva
„dainteresebul sazogadoebad.“ 2003 wlis 24 ivniss, asociaciis mier
damatebiTi moTxovnis Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tbilisis saolqo
sasamarTlom saqme warmoebaSi miiRo, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, sarCeli man
ar daakmayofila.
2004 wlis 1 aprils dasrulda saqarTveloSi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi
sasamarTlo saqme. Tbilisis krwanisi-mTawmindis raionulma sasamarTlom
daakmayofila asociacia ,,mwvane alternativa“-s sasarCelo gancxadeba
,,saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis respublikasa da TurqeTis respublikas
- 182 -
nakveTze da mis
Soris azerbaijanis respublikis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis
respublikis teritoriebis gavliT baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis ZiriTadi
saeqsporto milsadeniT navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb“
xelSekrulebis (samTavroboTaSoriso xelSekruleba) da misi danarTebis
oficialurad gamoqveynebis Taobaze. sasamarTlom saqarTvelos
parlaments daakisra xelSekrulebisa da misi danarTebis oficialurad
gamoqveynebis uzrunvelyofa. krwanisi-mTawmindis raionul sasamarTloSi
mopasuxeebs warmoadgendnen saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro da
saqarTvelos parlamenti, mesame pirad ki warmodgenilni iyvnen
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro, baqo-
Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis kompania da saqarTvelos navTobis
saerTaSoriso korporacia. zemoaRniSnuli samTavroboTaSoriso
xelSekruleba da misi danarTebi ratificirebul iqna saqarTvelos
parlamentis mier jer kidev 2000 wlis 31 maiss, Tumca es dokumentebi
dRemde ar gamoqveynebula oficialurad da amdenad, saqarTvelos farTo
sazogadoebisTvis maTi Sinaarsi dRemde ucnobia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
swored es xelSekrulebebi gansazRvraven saqarTveloSi baqo-Tbilisi-
jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv
moTxovnebs.
2004 wlis 17 seqtembers Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloSi gaimarTa
mosamzadebeli sxdoma saqmeze: asociacia ,,mwvane alternativa“
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosa da
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (bTj) milsadenis kompaniis kontraqtori, Sps ,,spi
kapag petrofag interneiSenalis“ winaaRmdeg (mesame mxareebi:
saqarTvelos navTobis saerTaSoriso korporacia da bTj milsadenis
kompania). saqme exeboda saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis saministros mier 2003 wlis 24 dekembers Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag
interneiSenalisTvis“ gacemul garemosdacviT nebarTvas proeqtze,
romelic gulisxmobs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis
procesSi muSaTa banakebsa da samSeneblo moednebze warmoqmnili
narCenebis ganTavsebas specialur saTavsebSi q. marneulis SesasvlelTan
mdebare mSenebelTa banakis gverdiT gamoyofil miwis
- 183 -
Seasrula saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
moTxovna ,,garemoze
sasamarTlosTvis dazustebuli sarCelis warsadgenad.
gadatanas Semdgomi dawvis mizniT gardabnis raionis sof. jandaris
mimdebared ganTavsebul e.w ,,insiniratorSi“. mosarCele ,,mwvane
alternativa“ amtkicebda, rom aRniSnul saqmianobaze ekologiuri
nebarTvis gacemisas garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministrom ar
gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi sazogadoebisaTvis ekologiuri
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. saministrom aseve
daarRvia ,,ekologiuri nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis
moTxovnebi, ar mosTxova ra proeqtis investors saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli ekologiuri nebarTvis misaRebad saWiro
dokumentaciis wardgena. garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministrom, samwuxarod, gaiTvaliswina ,,spi kapag petrofag
interneiSenalis“ absoluturad usafuZvlo
zemoqmedebis Sefasebis“ Catarebis valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis
Sesaxeb da amasTan, erTpirovnulad miiRo gadawyvetileba saqmianobis
,,garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis“ Catarebisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb,
risi uflebac mas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar hqonda. 2004 wlis 17
seqtembers Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloSi gamarTul sxdomaze
mopasuxis (garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros)
warmomadgenelma sasamarTlos warudgina saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa
da bunebrivi resursebis imdroindeli ministris qalbaton Tamar
lebaniZis brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad, saministro baTilad cnobs
saministros mier 2003 wlis 24 dekembers Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag
interneiSenalisTvis“ gacemul garemosdacviT nebarTvas. amave brZanebiT
Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag interneiSenals“ eZleva ufleba ganagrZos
baTilad cnobili ekologiuri nebarTviT nebadarTuli saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
mier 2002 wlis 30 noembers bTj milsadenis kompaniisTvis gacemuli
ekologiuri nebarTvis farglebSi. mosarCele ,,mwvane alternativam“,
axalaRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo, iTxova damatebiTi vada
- 184 -
is kaTedris daskvna, romlis Tanaxmad,
uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis efeqts da iwvevs mTel rig fsiqosomatur da
sxva
,,Tb
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs sarCeli, romelmac ukve amowura
marTlmsajulebis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualeba da adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis moTxovnaTa dacviT
gansaxilvelad wardgenil iqna adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli
sasamarTlos winaSe262.
aRniSnuli saqme exeba adamianis eklogiuri uflebebis dacvas xmaurisa
da haeris dabinZurebisagan. moqalaqeebma T. qamuSaZem, a. wulukianma, g.
goCaSvilma, o. gureSiZem, l. alaviZem da v. juRelma 2001 wlis 25
oqtombers sasarCelo gancxadebiT mimarTes Tbilisis saolqo
sasamarTlos. mopasuxeebad aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
gamodiodnen: saerTaSoriso energetikuli kompania ,,itera“, ss ,,saqgazi“,
ss ,,ei-es-Telasi“, ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentrali“, q.Tbilisis meria,
saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministro da saqarTvelos garemos
dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro.
mosarCeleebi sasarCelo moTxovnebs afuZnebdnen im garemoebaze, rom
maTi sacxovrebeli korpusi mdebareobda ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“
teritoriis siaxloves, romlis funqcionirebisas ar iyo daculi
elementaruli sanitruli pirobebi da axlomdebare mosaxleobisaTvis
aranormaluri pirobebi iqmneboda. maTi mtkicebiT, ss
,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ sakvamuridan amofrqveuli Savi mtveri, misi
eleqtrogeneratorebi da axlos gamavali maRali Zabvis xazebi
damagrevlad moqmedeben mosarCeleebis janmrTelobaze. mosarCeleebis
mier warmodgenil iqna Tsu qimiuri teqnologiis laboratoriis daskvna,
romlis mixedviT, mavne nivTierebaTa Semcveloba haerSi zogjer aTjer
da metad aRemateba dasaSveb normas. agreTve, maT mier warmodgenil iqna
Tsu Sromis da fsiqologi
sacxovrebel saxlSi xmauri mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs xmauris gamomwvevi
talRebis intensivobis dasaSveb normebs, rac TavisTavad zrdis
daavadebebs. mosarCeleebi acxadebdnen, rom ss
oeleqtrocentrali“ moixmars dasaSvebze meti odenobiT Jangbads da
262 dResdReobiT saqme evropul sasamarTloSi saqmis daSvebis stadiaSia.
- 185 -
-1000265 muxlebs.
Sesaxeb“ da
mis nacvlad gamoafrqvevs didi odenobiT mavne nivTierebebs, romelTa
koncentraciis metobas aqvs adgili. zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebidan
gamomdinare, mosarCeleebi moiTxovdnen qonebrivi da araqonebrivi zianis
kompensacias da eyrdnobodnen saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 318-e263,
408-e264 da me
Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos administraciuli samarTlisa da
sagadasaxado saqmeTa kolegiis 2004 wlis 12 martis gadawyvetilebiT,
sarCeli dakmayofilda nawilobriv. Ggarda materialuri zianis
kompensaciisa, rac ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ teritoriidan wylis
CadinebiT sacxovrebeli saxlis sardafis kedlis dangreviT iyo
gamowveuli, saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis
saminsitrosa da ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ solidarulad daekisraT
pasuxismgebloba a. wulukianisa da T. qamuSaZis sasargeblod
janmrTelobis vnebiT miyenebuli moraluri zianis sakompensaciod
TiToeulisaTvis 5000 laris gadaxdis saxiT. kolegiam miiCnia, rom
zianis gamomwvevi mizezebia Tbilisis meriis, saministrosa da ss
,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ braleuli qmedebebi. kolegiam daadastura, rom
a. wulukianisa da T. qamuSaZis janmrTelobas ziani miadga ss
,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ funqcionirebiT gamowveuli xmauriTa da
gamonabolqviT. gadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas sasamarTlo kolegia
daeyrdno ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“
organul kanons, kanons ,,saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis
saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros
debulebas, rac zemoaRniSnul uwyebebs avaldebulebda gaetarebinaT
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi garemos dacvisa da am mxriv adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis dacvis sferoSi.
mosarCeleebma Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiis gadawyvetilebis
gauqmeba moiTxoves da kasaciiT mimarTes saqarTvelos uzenaes
263 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 318-e muxli, informaciis gacemis
264 saqarTvelos samovaldebuleba.
qalaqo kodeqsis 408-e muxli, pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenis movaleoba. 265 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-1000 muxli, pasuxismgebloba nagebobidan gamomdinare mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis.
- 186 -
sasamarTlos. kasatorebi iTxovdnen sasarCelo moTxovnebis srul
dakmayofilebas. sakasacio saCivarSi isini ukve ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“,
,,wylis Sesaxeb“ da ,,atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos
kanonebs eyrdnobodnen da acxadebdnen, rom irRveoda maTi ekologiuri
uflebebi.
aRniSnuli sakasacio sarCeli gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa, rameTu
pirvelad qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, mosarCeleebis mxridan
maTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mozniT miTiTeba iyo gakeTebuli
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalze,
kerZod, saqmeze lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain),
romliTac evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevis gamo espaneTis
mTavrobas mosarCelis sasargeblod daekisra 4 000 000 pesetis gadaxdis
valdebuleba. Tumca, kolegiam es garemoeba ar gaiTvalisiwina im
mizeziT, rom lopez ostras saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, am saqmeSi
kasatorebma icodnen ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentrali“-s saqmianobis Sesaxeb
da maTi am teritoriaze dasaxleba da TviT saxlis aSeneba ufro gvian
moxda, vidre ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralisa“. am nawilSi kolegia daeyrdno
kanons ,,saSiSi nivTierebebiT gamowveuli zianis kompensaciis Sesaxeb“,
kanonis me-6 muxls. saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom dadgina
mxolod qamuSaZisa da wulukianisaTvis araqonebrivi zianis
asanzRaurebis sakiTxi, maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
rac xmauriTa da mavne gamonabolqviT iyo gamowveuli266.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom kasatorebi ar dakmayofildnen uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT da saCivriT mimarTes adamianis uflebaTa
evropul sasamarTlos (i. juReli da sxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg).
miuxedavad imisa, rom saCivari jer ganxilvaSi miRebuli ar aris da
saqmis daSvebis Sesaxeb mimdinareobs Sesabamisi procedurebi, igi qmnis
pirvel da qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis fasdaudebel
precedents, roca xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis
motiviT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa saCivris wardgena evropuli
sasamarTlos winaSe.
- 187 -
266 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 21 aprilis gadawyvetileba #bs-586-507-k-04.
- 188 -
arebas saqarTveloSi:
safuZvelzec erovnul sasamarTloebs da
ministraciul organoebs SeuZliaT maTi pirdapiri gamoyeneba,
daskvna
naSromis dasasruls SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime daskvna da gamoiTqvas
rekomendaciebi saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi ZiriTadad exeba adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis warmoSobisa da dacvis sakiTxebs, mravali
daskvna, mosazreba da rekomendacia aseve exeba zogadad ekologiuri
samarTlis ganviT
1. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mkafiod gansazRvravs saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moqmed
normatiul aqtebs Soris. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs,
maT Soris, orhusis konvencias eniWeba sakmaod maRali ierarqiuli
adgili. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs aqvT upiratesi
iuridiuli Zala saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis mimarT, garda
saqarTvelos konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa. miuxedavad
imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mkafiod gansazRvravs
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moqmed
normatiul aqtebs Soris, praqtikaSi sasamarTlo da administraciuli
organoebi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen sirTuleebis winaSe, rac dakavSirebulia
samarTlebriv koliziebTan saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa
da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebs Soris. xsenebulidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom
saqarTvelos mier aRiarebuli TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso
xelSekruleba, maT Soris, orhusis konvenciac "TviTSemsrulebadi"
xasiaTisaa, ris
ad
sasurvelia erovnuli kanonmdebloba maqsimalurad moyvanil iqnes
SesabamisobaSi orhusis konvenciasTan, rac mis erovnul doneze ukeT
gamoyenebas da praqtikaSi danergvas Seuwyobs xels;
- 189 -
istemaSi saerTaSoriso samarTliT garantirebuli
ologiuri uflebebis amsaxveli normebi gafantulia sxvadasxva
idasaxelmwifoebrivi procedura, risi ignorirebac saqarTvelos mier
rhusis konvenciiT nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas niSnavs.
gadadgmac, rac
riTadad arsebuli kanonmdeblobis saTanado aRsrulebas, orhusis
konvenciiseburi midgomebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis cnobierebis
2. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTul
samarTlebriv s
ek
samarTlebriv instrumentebSi da maTi erToblivi aRqma sakmaod
garTulebulia, SesaZlebelia moxdes ekologiuri uflebebis
normatiuli Sinaarsis garkveulwilad sistematizeba da specialuri
kanonis miReba, romelic saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis da
orhusis konvenciis debulebebis dakonkretebasa da ganviTarebaze iqneba
orientirebuli;
3. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar moxdeba specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtis
miReba orhusis konvenciis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv sistemaSi
ukeT harmonizirebis mizniT (rac TavisTavad gamomdinare sakanonmdeblo
paketis momzadebas moiTxovs), saWiroa SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili
arsebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi,
rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise orhusis konvenciasTan. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi,
sasurvelia aRmoifxvras da Seivsos is xarvezebi, rac garemosdacviTi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis CarTvis sakiTxs
Seexeba da sakanonmdeblo doneze iqnes garantirebuli am principis
S
o
amasTanave, mniSvnelovania, rom garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis
procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli informaciis sajaroobis principi axali
sakanonmdeblo aqtiT ganisazRvros, rameTu, am principis mxolod
kanonqvemdebare aqtiT gansazRvra, ,,normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenil normaTa ierarqiis moTxovnebis
darRvevas iwvevs;
4. erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis srulyofisa da ganmtkicebis garda,
sasurvelia saxelmwifos mxridan qmediTi nabijebis
Zi
- 190 -
ebulia: a) dabali ekologiuri
nobierebiT; b) saqarTveloSi moqmedi ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis
arakomerciuli mxarec
napirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, televiziiTa da presis saSualebiT
garemosdaciTi informaciis gavrceleba fragmentulia;
amaRlebasa da maTi am mxriv ndobis ganmtkicebas maqsimalurad unda
uwyobdes xels;
5. saqarTveloSi moqmed erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv
normebSi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli yvela is moTxovna, romlebic unda
uzrunvelyofdnen iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas,
romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT damatebiT safrTxes ar Seuqmnis saarsebo
garemos da Sesabamisad daculi iqneba TiToeuli moqalaqisa da Tavad
sazogadoebis ekologiuri uflebebic. miuxedavad amisa, urTulesi
ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, mTavrobac da sazogadoebac
xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos xelyofis faqtebs, ris gamoc
yvelaze ufro zaraldeba adgilobrivi flora, fauna da bunebrivi
landSaftebi. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi
sazogadoebis mxridan garemos dazianeba da bunebrivi resursebis
aramarTebuli gamoyeneba ganpirob
c
arcodniT; g) saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da biznes seqtorebs Soris
arasakmarisi koordinaciiT. garda amisa, garkveul problemebs qmnis
aRsrulebis meqanizmebis sisuste da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, MmaTi uqonloba;
6. dabalia Jurnalistebis daintereseba ekologiuri samarTlis
TematikiT da kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebis xarvezebiT. Jurnalistikis
fakultetebi (rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo institutebSi) ar
amzadeben kadrebs eko-Jurnalistikis ganxriT. amdenad, sazogadoebis
informirebis jaWvis yvelaze mZlavri rgoli, mas-media am kuTxiT
praqtikulad araefeqtiania. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ekologiuri
informaciis arapopularulobas misi
ga
- 191 -
ra,
arsebobs garemos dacvis (ekologiuri) samarTlis saxelmwifo
e
eficiti), rac, orhusis konvenciis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT,
ebidan, Sesabamisi dazRvevis ganxorcielebisaTvis umjobesia
afuZndes savaldebulo ekologiuri dazRvevis saxelmwifo kompania,
7. msgavsi situaciaa Seqmnili ekologiuri samarTlis swavlebis
sferoSic. arcerT saxelmwifo da kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblis
iuridiul fakultetebs ar gaaCnia garemos dacvis samarTlis kaTed
ar
saswavlo programa, Sesabamisad ar aris damtkicebuli konkretuli
saswavlo programebi da ar arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo (bibliografiuli)
bazac. marTalia, saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultetze
SesaZlebelia wakiTxul iqnes ekologiuri samarTlis kursi, magram es
mxolod calkeuli leqtorebis iniciativaze da fakultetis
xelmZRvanelobis keTil nebazea damokidebuli, romelic
xelmZRvanelobis cvlasTan erTad praqtikulad yovelwliurad icvleba.
swored aqedan gamomdinare, problemebia garemosdacviT
samarTalwarmoebaSi (ekologiuri samarTlis specialistebis mwvav
d
kidev ufro did sirTuleebs qmnis;
8. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos kanoni `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~
moklebulia myar finansur meqanizms. dRemde ver xorcieldeba am kanonis
me-17 muxlSi moxseniebuli gansakuTrebiT saSiSi saqmianobis obieqtebis
savaldebulo ekologiuri dazRveva, romlis saSualebiTac Semosuli
Tanxebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes ekologiuri avariisa da katastrofis
Sedegebis aRmofxvrisa da MmaTi profilaqtikisaTvis, rac adamianis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. gamomdinare
saqarTvelos Taviseburebebidan da bolo wlebis sadazRvevo
gamocdil
Gd
romelic realurad ganaxorcielebs garemosadmi miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebisa da prevenciul RonisZiebebs;
- 192 -
. erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs garemos dabinZurebisaTvis
9. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs ekologiuri sakiTxebis menejmentis meTodi
da gamocdileba. saqarTvelos sawarmoebSi ar arsebobs ekologiuri
samsaxurebi, ar moqmedebs saerTaSoriso ekologiuri standartebi267;
10
gadasaxadis ganakveTis arsebobas, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
ekologiuri principis ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“ seriozuli darRvevaa da
erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebs Soris
kolizias warmoSobs. aucilebelia Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setana
saqarTvelos moqmed sagadasaxado kodeqsSi da ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“
principis aRdgena, miT umetes, rom am principis arsebobas iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, romelic
normaTa droSi moqmedebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT dRes umoqmedoa;
11. garda sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis aRmofxvrisa da mosaxleobis
ekologiuri cnobierebis amaRlebisa, sasurvelia moxdes Sesamabisi
administraciuli organoebis da sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis kadrebis
gadamzadeba uSualod MmaTi ekologiuri ganaTlebisa da cnobierebis
amaRlebis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT meti aqtiurobiT da ufro
efeqtianad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli is dafinanseba, rac sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan eZleva saqarTvelos garemos
dacvis sferoSi. sasurvelia Gdaarsdes axali an ukeT dafinansdes ukve
arsebuli saxlmwifo samsaxurebi sajaro mosamsaxureTa da
mosamarTleTaTvis ekologiuri treningebisa da mecadineobebis Catarebis
mizniT;
12. garemosdacvis sferoSi profesionalTa codnis amaRlebis sferoSi
win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba sajaro moxeleebis (ra Tqma unda, am
sferoSi momuSave adamianebis), mosamarTleebis, advokatebis da
267
standartebis moTxovnebs. nawarms unda gaaCndes ekologiuri sertifikati ISO 14000 dasavleTSi sawarmoebis ekologiuri saqmianoba emyareba saerTaSoriso
(garemos dacvis marTvis serTifikati). gamoiyeneba agreTve emasi-s standarti, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ISO 14001 saxelwodebiT _ ,,garemos dacvis marTvis sistemebi, moTxovnebi da xelmZRvaneloba~.
- 193 -
bis gaTvaliswineba. radgan, swored am pirebs eniWebaT
niSvnelovanesi roli saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi, sasamarTlom
lomde ver gaaTviTcnobiera garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos
erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da erovnuli
prokurorebis SesarCevi konkursebis sagamocdo sakiTxebSi ekologiuri
kanonmdeblo
um
dacvis praqtikul uzrunvelyofaSi;
13. dResdReobiT msoflioSi precedentuli samarTlis ganviTarebam
cxadyo, rom msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro da ufro
xSirad xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacviT sasamarTlo
procesebis warmarTva, rac xSirad ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT
sxva uflebebis SezRudvas iwvevs. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi, evropuli
da sxva ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis motiviT sasamarTloebis winaSe wardgenil sarCelTa
ricxvi Zalze mcirea, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTze CamosaTvlelia. yovelive es
gamowveulia mosaxleobis dabali cnobierebiT da qveynis ekonomikuri
mdgomareobiT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlam
daadastura, rom, Tu erT-erT pirvel sasamarTlo saqmeSi, romelSic
warmoiSva adamianis
bo
sa
kanonmdeblobisYgamoyenebis aucilebloba, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis
momdevno gadawyvetilebaTa analizi cxadyofs, rom nel-nela mkvidrdeba
adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis praqtika. Tumca, isic aSkaraa,
rom saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikikisTvis jer kidec Zalian axali
da ucxo sferoa adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva, Tumca amas
albaT aqvs Tavisi logikuri axsnac, kerZod, is, rom dResdReobiT
saqarTveloSi sazogadoeba da xelisuflebis organoebi ekologiuri
cnobierebis dabali xarisxis gamo bolomde ver acnobiereben im
faqtorebs, romlebic adamianis ekologiuri uflebebs arRveven.
garemosdacviTi problemebis sirTulidan gamomdinare sasamarTloebi
xSirad SeiZleba problemebis winaSec aRmoCndnen. amdenad, saqmeTa
ganxilvisa da gadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas, mowveul eqsertTa
- 194 -
Revandel msoflioSi
niWeba umniSvnelovanesi adgili adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis
amarTlos saqmianobis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo
sebiT ganxilvazec ar uSvebda ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan
zRvari SesaZlo da
amdgar ekologiur safrTxesa da demokratiuli sazogadoebis
Cvenebebis gamoyenebis praqtika marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi farTod unda
dainergos;
14. adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias d
e
dacvis sferoSi, rac saqarTvelosTvis samagaliTo da misabaZi unda
gaxdes. evropuli konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi ekologiuri
uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxi aqtualuri ar iyo. im droisaTvis
msoflioSi jer kidev ar arsebobda realuri ekologiuri safrTxe, rac
mTeli kacobriobis keTildReobas safrTxes uqmnida. me-20 saukunis meore
naxevarSi dawyebulma aqtiurma ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma
daadastura, rom ekonomikuri zrda ekologiuri wonasworobis
SenarCunebis xarjze unda mimdinareobdes, rac sazogadoebis
demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da jansaRi momavlis umTavresi atributia.
winamdebare naSromis Sedegad, ekologiur uflebebTan da adamianis
uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan mimarTebiT SesaZlebelia gakeTdes
ramdenime daskvna:
14.1. msoflio ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma sakmaod didi
zegavlena moaxdina evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis
ganviTarebaze. Tu sas
ar
dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Semdgom periodSi amgvari uflebebis realizacia
sasamarTlos mier egreT wodebuli par richochet - is principis gamoyenebiT
xorcieldeboda. sasamarTlom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
muxlebis mravalmxrivi interpretaciis da ganmartebis safuZvelze
SeZlo arapirdapiri gziT daecva jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis
ufleba, rac demokratiis ganviTarebis metad aqtualuri faqtoria.
sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis dabalansebis principis
dacviT, evropulma sasamrTlom SeZlo gaevlo
d
- 195 -
mimarTulebaSi gamoixateba: sasamarTlo
tiurobaSi da sasamarTlo pasiurobaSi. sasamarTlo aqtiuroba
rda me-8 da me-10 muxlisa). Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia,
om sasamarTlo did yuradRebas uTmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis
diskreciul uflebas ekologiuri safrTxis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT,
ramac didi roli iTamaSa sasamarTlos mier aqamde gamotanil Sesabamis
gadawyvetilebebze;
14.3. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTali ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis met-nakleb
saSualebas iZleva da evropuli konvencia ,,cocxal dokumentad“
miiCneva, romlis muxlebis interpretacia cnobierebis ganviTarebas Tan
sdevs, aucilebelia, rom realizirebul iqnes evropis sabWos
saparlamento asambleis rekomendacia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
uSualod adamianis ekologiur uflebebs Seexeba;
aRmSeneblobas Soris. dResdReobiT evropuli konvenciis me-8 da me-10
muxlebi warmoadgenen evropuli sasamarTlos mier ekologiuri
uflebebis dacvis realur berkets, romelTa ganmarteba sasamarTlo
praqtikidan gamomdinare, metad mravalferovania;
14.2. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan naTlad
Cans, rom sasamarTlos midgoma ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis
saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT or
aq
vlindeba sasamarTlos swrafvaSi moaxdinos konvenciiT garantirebuli
uflebebis mravalmxrivi interpretacia, rac mas ekologiuri uflebebis
arapirdapiri gziT dacvaSi exmareba. am mizniT sasamarTlo ZiriTadad
konvenciis me-8 da me-10 muxlebis ganmartebebs eyrdnoba. rac Seexeba
sasamarTlo pasiurobas, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia sasamarTlos Taviseburi
midgoma konvenciis sxva muxlebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixateba
sasamarTlos aSkara TavSekavebulobaSi. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tavs
ikavebs ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT ganmartos konvenciis
zogierTi muxli (ga
r
- 196 -
a, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobam aRiara evropuli
kanonmdeblobis nawilad, misi aseTad aRiarebis faqti
avisTavad ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom damkvidrdes konvenciis
moyenebis praqtika saqarTveloSi. sakanonmdeblo doneze gatarebuli
a gadaidgas praqtikuli nabijebi
samarTloTa saqmeTa ganxilvis dros saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
a, MmaT Soris, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebis
a aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobisa da moxeleebis
Si
bas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis efeqtiani dacvis
14.4. miuxedavad imis
konvencia qveynis
T
ga
RonisZiebebis garda, aucilebeli
sa
d
praqtikis dasamkvidreblad;
15. da bolos, und
ekologiuri cnobierebis da codnis amaRleba, ekologiuri saxelmwifo
programebis ukeT dafinanseba da efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, am sfero
arsebuli sakanonmdeblo vakuumis amovseba, saerTaSoriso gremosdacviTi
da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebuli saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba
saqarTvelos miscems erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis daxvewis
SesaZleblo
uzrunvelsayofad.
- 197 -
gamoyenebuli
literatura
1. qarTulenovani literatura
iTaZe m., saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis
riso
giuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
mixedviT, statiaTa krebuli,
k.korkelia, Tbilisi
standartebi da maTi
isi, 2005 weli;
k a g.,
va
evrokavSiris saxelmZRvanelo, 2002 weli;
arTali,
b
istoria adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tbilisi, 2003 weli;
biTaZe m., adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxebi saerTaSo
xelSekrulebebSi, Jur. saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli;
biTaZe m., ekolo
sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red.
2006 weli;
giviaSvili i., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva,
statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtkiaze, red. k.korkelia,
Tbil
izoria l., kor elia k., kublaSvili k., xubu saqarTvelos
konstituciis komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005 weli;
korkelia k., qurdaZe i., adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tbilisi, 2004 weli;
labartya a., ekologiuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2003 weli;
leonardi dik,
malanCukis p., akerharstis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sam
Tbilisi, 2005 weli;
miqaZe i., ekologia, Tbilisi, 2005 weli;
uruSaZe T., loria v., ekologiuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 1999 weli;
- 198 -
samarTali,
and Environmental Protection in the
r R., Norman J. Vig., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Global
жающей Среды, Жур.
al Entrenchment of Environmental
ксте развития
ское Право. 1998;
uman Rights Treaties in Boyle &
8;
988;
ник. Под ред, М.
1997;
Wanturia l., globaluri ekologiuri problemebi da
Tbilisi, 1992 weli;
2. ucxoenovani literatura
Acevedo T. Mariana, The Intersection of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights, 2001;
Anderson Michael R., Human Rights Approaches To Environmental Protection, 1996;
Axeldo
Environment), 1996;
Bell S. and D.McGillivary, Environmental Law, 2000;
Битадзе М.., Права Человека, Здоровье и Защита Окру
Международное Право и Проблемы Интеграции, Баку, 2005 г;
Boyle A., Anderson M., Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, 1998;
Brandl, Ernst and Bungert, Hartwin, Constitution
Protection: A Comparative Analysis of Experiences Abroad, 1992;
Бринчук М.М., О понятийном аппарате экологического права, Государство и право
1998;
Бринчук М.М., Экологические права граждан в конте
природоохранительного законодательства. Вестник МГУ, серия 11. Право. 1996;
Бринчук М.М., Экологиче
Churchill Robin, Environmental Rights in Existing H
Anderson, 1999;
Васильева М.И., Закон и право граждан на здоровую окружающую среду - Серия
,,Право“ - 198
Витрук Н. В., Прававой статус личности в СССР. М., 1985;
Голуб А.А., Струкова Е.Б. Экономика природопользования. – М., 1995;
Грижмек Б.С, Экологические очерки о природе и человеке -M. 1
Ермакова В.Д., Сухарева А.Я., Экологическое право России. Учеб
- 199 -
nmental Values and Human Rights in Europe, 89 AJIL. 1995;
emocracy Or
ion. Edited by Alan
and National Environmental Law, 1996;
us de Geus (eds.), Democracy and Green Political Thought, 1996;
right Allen Press, 1971;
6;
uman Rights,
., The right to a safe and decent environment, 1989;
peans - Magazine of
006;
he Environment: A Mildly Revisionist View, in
nment, San Jose de Costa Rica and Brasilia. 1992;
alzman J., Zaelke D., - International Environmental Law and Policy - NY, 1999;
to environment, 1991;
man and People’s Rights/
-право. М., 1976;
тор. М. 1996;
Dejeant-Pons M., M. Pallemaerts, Human rights and the environment, 2002;
Desgagne, Enviro
Douglas-Scott S. Environmental Rights In the European Union - Participatory D
Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protect
Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996;
Ebbesson J., Compatibility of International
Eckersley R, Greening Liberal Democracy: The Rights Discourage Revisited, in Brian Doherty
and Mari
Forrester J., World Dynamics. W
Fitzmaurice M., Environmental Protection and International Court of Justice, 199
Garcia San Jose D., Environmental protection and the European Convention on H
2005;
Gormley W
Green Week Session: Your Environmental Rights. Environment for Euro
the Directorate-General for the Environment. Issue - 17. 2
Handl G., Human Rights and the Protection of t
Antonio Augusto Cancado Trindade (ed.), Human Rights, Sustainable Development and the
Enviro
Harper, C.L. Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues. 1996;
Hunter D., S
Кабалкин А.Ю., Социально-экономические права советских граждан, М., 1986;
Kiss Alexandre, An introductory note on human right
Kiwanuka R., The Meaning of people in the Africa Charter on Hu
Amer J. Intern. Law. 1988;
Колбасов О.С., Экология: политика
Колбасова О.С., Социализм и охрана окружающей среды - Под ред . М. 1979;
Кравченко С.Н., Психологические аспекты прававой охраны окружающей среды.
Львов, 1998;
Kramer, Focus on European Environmental Law. London, 1992;
Лукашева. Е.А., Общая теория прав человека. Ответственный редак
Лукашева Е.А., Социалистическое право и личность. М., 1987;
Лукашева Е.А., Конституционный статус личности с СССР, М., 1980;
- 200 -
ts. London, 1985;
ws D., The Limits to Growth, 1999;
., а
итании. М. 1998;
997;
athak R.S., The Human rights system as a conceptual framework for environmental law,
охраны природы в СССР ,1963;
етров В.В., Правовая охрана природы СССР 1988;
ые ресурси СССР.
ав граждан.
мы. – Этнографическое обозрение, 1995;
;
реду. Советское
странах». Этнографическое обозрение, 1995;
Tomuschat. Ch., Human Rights in a Worldwide Framework: Some Current Issues/Leitschrift
fur auslandisches offentfliches Recht and Volkerrecht. Heidelberg, 1985;
Трофимов В.Н., Военная и экологическая безопасность. М., 1991;
Федоров Е.К., Экологический кризис и социальный прогресс. М. 1977;
Лукашук И.И., Курс международного права. Основные принципы международного
права. М. 1989;
Lowe V., Fitzmaurice M., Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice, 1996;
Macfarlane L., The Theory and Practice of Human Righ
Мюллерсон Р.А., Права человека: идей, нормы, реальность. М., 1991;
Meado
Остин Р.К Информация о загрязнении окружающей среды. Право окруж ющей среды в
СССР и
Великобритании. М. 1988;
Остин Р.К., Право окружающей среды в СССР и Великобр
Ожегов С.И., Шведова Н.Ю., Толковый словарь русского языка. М., 1
P
1991;
Полянский Г.Н., Правовые вопросы
П
Rauschning D., Lac Lanoux Arbitration, 1981;
Рябов А.А., Охрана права государственной собственности на природн
1982;
Равилова Э.И., Законодательство о нормативах реализации экологических пр
Уфа, 1996;
Соколова З.П., Новикова Н.И., Сорин-Чайков Н.В., Этнографы пишут закон: контекст
и пробле
Сулея М., Уилкоса Б., Биология охраны природы. М., 1983
Тарнавский А.Г., Право граждан на благоприятную окружающую с
государство и право. 1990;
Ткаченко А.А., Корюхина А.В., К проблеме ратификации Российской Федерацией
Конвенции «О Коренных народах и народах, ведущих племенной образ жизни в
независимых
- 201 -
ds.), 2003;
gle/UNESCO Courier. 1977;
n?
ую окружающую среду. В кн.: Теоретические основы формирования
л Гор, Земля на чаше весов. Экология и человеческий дух. М., 1993.
i
ovnuli normatiuli aqtebi
,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, 1996 weli;
6 weli;
o
kologiuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb“, 1996
,,wylis Sesaxeb“, 1997 weli;
velos kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb“, 1998 weli;
8 weli;
a
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,mSeneblobis proeqtebis saxelmwifo kompleqsuri
eqspertizisa da damtkicebis Sesaxeb“, 1999 weli;
Shelton D., The Environmental Jurisprudence of International Human Rights Tribunals in:
Linking Human Rights and Environment, R.Picolotti and J.D. Traillant (E
Shelton D., Environmental Rights in the European Community, 16 Hastings ICLR;
Vasak K., A 30-year strug
Witzsch G., The Right to a Healthy and Decent Environment in New Lesotho Constitutio
1992;
Хабиров Р.Ф., Международно-правовое регулирование права человека на
благоприятн
экологического, аграрного, земельного, предпринимательского законодательства в
субъектах РФ. Сборник научных трудов. Оренбург, 1997;
Э
3. gamoyenebuli ZiriTad
er
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“, 1996 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“, 199
saqarTvel s kanoni ,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb“, 1996 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saxelmwifo e
weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb“, 1998 weli;
saqarT
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb“, 199
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi“,
1999 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,kolxeTis daculi teritoriebis Seqmnisa d
marTvis Sesaxeb“, 1999 weli;
saqarTvelos ,,tyis kodeqsi“, 1999 weli;
- 202 -
ignis“
xeb“, 1958 weli;
dacvisa da gamoyenebis
elos kanonmdeblobis
b“, 1997 weli.
ZiriTadi
nis da floris dacvis
eroSi bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1940 weli;
s konvencia adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi
Soriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa
so paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, 1966
Sesaxeb, 1969 weli;
teritoriebis Sesaxeb,
da faunis gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe
e
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa napirebis
regulirebisa da sainJinro dacvis Sesaxeb“, 2000 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli w
Sesaxeb“, 2003 weli;
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“, 2005 weli;
s.s.r. kanoni ,,bunebis dacvis Sesa
s.s.r.k. kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros resursebis
Sesaxeb“;
saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba ,,saqarTv
evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxe
4. gamoyenebuli
saerTaSoriso dokumentebi
konvencia zRvis goWebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1911 weli;
konvencia bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi fau
Sesaxeb, 1933 weli;
konvencia dasavleT naxevarsf
veSapebis rewvis saerTaSoriso konvencia, 1946 weli;
evropi
Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb 1950 weli;
saerTa
Sesaxeb, 1966 weli;
saerTaSori
weli;
konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani
1971 weli;
stokholmis deklaracia adamianis saarsebo garemos Sesaxeb, 1972 weli;
konvencia gareuli floris
mdgari sax obebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb, 1972 weli;
- 203 -
oriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb, 1973 weli;
ia xmelTaSua zRvis dabinZurebisgan dacvis Sesaxeb, 1976 weli;
axeb. 1985 weli;
is
we
nebis transsasazRvro gadazidvebze kontrolis
onvencia damoukidebel qveynebSi ZirZveli xalxebis da Temuri
obilebis mqone xalxebis Sesaxeb, 1989 weli;
giuri zemoqmedebeis
efasebis Sesaxeb, 1991 weli;
ebisa da transasazRvro mdinareebis
da mdgradi gamoyenebis sferoSi
Si) Sesaxeb, 1994 weli;
konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri florisa da faunis
saxeobebiT saerTaS
SeTanxmeba polaruli (TeTri) daTvebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1973 weli;
konvenc
konvencia Sor manZilebze atmosferuli haeris transsasazRvro
dabinZurebis Sesaxeb, 1979 weli;
bunebis dacvis msoflio strategia, 1980 weli;
bunebis msoflio qartia, 1982 weli;
konvencia ozonis Sris dacvis Ses
konvencia atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb, 1985 weli;
konvencia birTvuli avariis SemTxvevaSi operatiuli Setyobineb
Sesaxeb, 1986 li;
konvencia saxifaTo narCe
Taobaze, 1989 weli;
k
wy
konvencia transsasazRvro konteqstSi ekolo
S
konvencia sawarmoo avariebis transsasazRvro zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, 1992
weli;
konvencia baltiis zRvis raionis sazRvao garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, 1992
weli;
rio-de-Janeiros deklaracia garemos dacvis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,
1992 weli;
konvencia saerTaSoriso tb
gamoyenebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;
konvencia klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;
konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;
konvencia mdinare danubis dacvisa
TanamSromlobis, 1994 weli;
konvencia gaudabnoebasTan brZolis (gansakuTrebiT gvalvian, mag.
afrikis qveyneb
- 204 -
narCenebis da daRvrili sawvavis marTvis
mdgradi organuli dambinureblebis, 2001 weli;
on the environment (1987 to 1992);
ironment of the north-east Atlantic Convention for the protection of the marine
ork for Community action in the field of water policy;
konvencia saerTaSoriso wylebis arasanavigacio mizniT gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb, 1997 weli;
konvencia sanaosno gzebis arasanaosno miznebiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, 1997
weli;
konvencia radiaqtiuli
usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, 1997 weli;
konvencia garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobis Sesaxeb, 1998 weli;
konvencia saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebiTa da pesticidebiT vaWrobisas
winaswardasabuTebuli Tanxmobis proceduris gamoyenebis, 1998 weli;
kartaxenas oqmi biologiuri mravalferovnebis usafrTxoebis
konvenciis, 2000 weli;
konvencia
4.1. evropis gaerTianebis normatiuli dokumentebi
Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158,
23 June 1990);
Council Regulation of 19 October 1987 on the continuation and implementation of a European
Community policy and action programme
Council Decision of 7 October 1997 on the conclusion of the Convention for the protection of
the marine env
environment of the north-east Atlantic;
Council Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October
2000 establishing a framew
Council Directive 80/68/EEC of 17 December 1979 on the protection of groundwater against
pollution caused by certain dangerous substances;
Council Decision of 4 April 2001 on the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of
the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy
Metals 2001/379;
- 205 -
minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers
ning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (Official Journal of the European
ean Parliament and of the Council of 6 February
ombustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 146,
cil of 29
cision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a
2/EEC on waste and Council
hazardous waste (OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, p. 3);
d to
ouncil Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from
89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage
9/618/Euratom of
mber 1989 on informing the general public about health protection measures to be
applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency;
Corrigendum to Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29
April 2004 on the
to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive
within the mea
Union L 159 of 30 April 2004);
Council Directive 2003/10/EC of the Europ
2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the
risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning
of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC);
Corrigendum to Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21
April 2004 amending Directive 97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from
internal c
30.4.2004);
Council Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Coun
April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC;
Commission De
list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/44
Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council
Directive 91/689/EEC on
Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water;
82/501/EEC;
Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities;
83/477/EEC;
Council Directive of 19 September 1983 on the protection of workers from the risks relate
exposure to asbestos at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of
Directive 80/1107/EEC);
C
industrial plants;
Council Directive
improvements in the safety and health of workers at work; Council Directive 8
27 Nove
- 206 -
osure to carcinogens at work;
Council Directive risks
related to exposure to carcinogens
ctive 89/391/EEC);
Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European
ation and Observation Network;
Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award
schem
Council Regulation llowing voluntary participation by
nvironment (OJ L158,
Impact Assessment;
nis
evropis Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 1957 wels e.w.
ba atomuri energiis evropuli Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis
tis SeTanxmeba evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;
saxeb
qtika
Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified
micro-organisms;
Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the
environment;
Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks
related to exp
90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the
at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of
Article 16 (1) of Dire
Environment Agency and the European Environment Inform
e;
(EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 a
companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme;
Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the E
23 June 1990);
Council Directive 85/337 on Environmental
xelSekruleba qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis Seqm
Sesaxeb, 1951 weli;
xelSekruleba
romis SeTanxmeba;
xelSekrule
Sesaxeb, 1957 weli.
maastrix
amsterdamis SeTanxmeba evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Se
xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb, 1997 weli.
5. sasamarTlo pra
5.1. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganCinebebi
- 207 -
y);
l Rupublic of Germany);
United
ges v. the United Kingdom);
nd others v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany);
(X v. France);
zander SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden);
hakasoni da sturesoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Hakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden);
g (Fredin v. Sweden);
osteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Coster v. the United Kingdom);
apastavrou da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Papastavrou and others v.
uli samefos winaaRmdeg (Muriel Herrick v. the United
ingdom);
nroth v. Sweden);
aueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.
ra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain);
adeeva ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg (Fadeyeva v. the Russian Federation);
doq. s. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Dr S. v. the Federal
Rupublic of German
qs. da i. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (X and Y v. the
Federa
arondeili gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Arrondelle v. the
Kingdom);
bagzsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Bag
paueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.
the United Kingdom);
vearnkombi da sxvebi germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg
(Vearncombe a
qs. safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
fredini SvedeTis winaaRmde
,,pain valley developments ltd“ da sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Pine Valley
Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland);
k
zvolski da zvolski CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg (Zvolsky and Zvolsy v.
Czech Republic);
p
Greece);
muriel heriki gaerTianeb
K
gilou gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gillow v. the United Kingdom);
sporongi da lonnroTi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Sporrong and Lon
f
the United Kingdom);
lopez ost
f
- 208 -
hers v.
aly);
oglou da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Athanassoglou and others v.
itzerland).
li sakanalizacio
biT, 2002 weli;
sarCeli - axalcixeSi sasmeli wylis fekaluri masebiT dabinZurebasTan
dakavSire
sarCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ ,,bTj milsadenis kompaniis“ winaaRmdeg
orhusis konvenciis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, 2003 weli;
,bTj milsadenis kompaniis“ winaaRmdeg,
hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Hatton and Others v. the
United Kingdom);
ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and ot
It
l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom);
tauria safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Tauria v. France);
zanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden);
balmer SafroTi da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and
Others v. Switzerland);
aTanas
Sw
5.2. sarCelebi wardgenili saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis winaSe
da dadgenilebebi
sarCeli - Temqis dasaxlebaSi, xevZmaris xevSi arsebu
koleqtorTan dakavSirebiT, 2002 weli;
sarCeli - lilos dasaxlebaSi nagavsayrelTis eqspluataciasTan
dakavSire
biT, 2001 weli;
sarCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ ,
2004 weli;
- 209 -
rCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag
terneiSenalis“ winaaRmdeg (mesame mxareebi: saqarTvelos navTobis
nis kompania), 2004 weli;
i, o. gureSiZe, l. alaviZe
tikuli kompania ,,iteras“, ss
eleqtrocentralis“, q.Tbilisis
eriis, saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministrosa da saqarTvelos
bunebrivi resursebis saministros winaaRmdeg, 2004
li;
rCeli - T. qamuSaZe, a. wulukiani, g. goCaSvili, o. gureSiZe, l. alaviZe
eli saerTaSoriso energetikuli kompania ,,iteras“, ss
aqgazis“, ss ,,ei-es-Telasis“, ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“, q.Tbilisis
os
aremos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros winaaRmdeg, 2005
weli (sakasacio saCivari uzenaes sasamarTloSi);
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumis dadgenileba 3 agvistos
1995 wlis bunebis (garemos) dacvis Sesaxeb.
5.3. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
ungreTi slovakeTis winaaRmdeg (Hungary v. Slovakia), 1977 weli.
5.4. evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo
Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A.., Case 152/84, ECR (1986);
Faccini Dori v. RECREB Srl., Case 91/92;
Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy. Case 679/90, 1993;
R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Joined Cases 4678/93;
Brasserie du Pecheur S.A v. Federal Republic of Germany Joined Cases 4678/93.
sa
in
saerTaSoriso korporacia da bTj milsade
sarCeli - T. qamuSaZe, a. wulukiani, g. goCaSvil
da v. juReli saerTaSoriso energe
,,saqgazis“, ss ,,ei-es-Telasis“, ss ,,Tbo
m
garemos dacvisa da
we
sa
da v. juR
,,s
meriis, saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministrosa da saqarTvel
g
- 210 -
5.5. saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo ganCinebebi
Trail Smelter Arbitration, (United States v. Canada) (1941);
Lac Lanoux Arbitration, (France v. Spain) (1957);
Gut Dam Claims, (United States v. Canada), (1968).
5.6. didi britaneTi
„frinvelTa dacvis samefo sazogadoebis“ sarCeli 1996 weli.
5.7. ukraina
q. lvovis mosaxleoba da advokatTa sazogadoebis sarCeli 1982 weli.