Post on 26-Dec-2015
June 20 2005 Antigonish, Nova ScotiaRainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
The Swiss Army Knife
for Waste Management
Zeroing In On Waste
2 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Context of waste management in Switzerland Principles Legislation
Tools for managing waste non-economic economic
Results Conclusions
Agenda
3 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Priciples of Waste Management in Switzerland
• Environment• Limit environmental pollution due to waste
• Incineration plants: - fluegas scrubbers
- flyash and slag treatment
• Landfills:- strict regulation on construction of landfills - restriction of waste to be deposited (organic content etc.)
- rehabilitation of old landfills
4 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Priciples of Waste Management in Switzerland
• Closed Material Cycles• Recover materials, if the impact is smaller than
elimination and production of new material
• Resonsability of the private sector for recovering or elimina-tion of their products (EPR)
• Technologies must be technically feasible and economically justifiable
• Separated collection of waste
• Public - Private Partnerships
• Agreements and sectoral solutions instead of state regula-tions, if the goal can be reached
5 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Legal Context for Waste Management in Switzerland
• Disposal fee has to include the whole disposal chain until reuse or final disposal
• Mission Statement for Waste Management in Switzerland (1986)
• Disposal fees should be included in retail prices• No subventions for waste treatment facilities (private or
public)
• Environmental Protection Law• Polluter - pays principle• 3RV-E• Encouragement of public - private partnerships
6 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Legal Context for Waste Management (cont.)
• Ordinance on Beverage Container
• Obligation for Separate Collection of Waste• Technical Ordinance on Waste
• Obligation for Thermal Treatment of Residual Waste
• Technical Specifications for Waste Treatment Plants
• Mandatory deposit for reusable packaging in glass, PET etc.
• Mandatory deposit for disposable packaging in PVC• Mandatory prepaid disposal fee for glass containers• Obligation for seller of packaging in metal or PET to take all
similar packaging back free of charge• Minimal recovery rate of 75% for containers in glass, alu
and PET
• Ban for landfilling wastes with organic carbon content > 5 %
• Obligation to draw up Waste Managemenet Plans
7 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Legal Context for Waste Management (cont.)
• Ordinance on the Return, the Taking back and the Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Appliances• Obligation for customers to return used appliances to
point of sale• Obligation for sellers to take back all appliances similar to
those that are sold at this point of sale• Specification of standards for recovery and disposal
technologies• Obligation for autorisation of recovery and disposal facilities
8 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Non Economic Tools for Waste Management• Information Campains
• Separate Collection of Wastes• Action Plans
• Curbside collection of recyclable materials- Organic waste- Paper & cardboard
• Collection of recyclable materials at points of sale- Electronic and electric appliances- PET beverage containers
• Unattended collecting points- Glass containers- Used Oils (mineral & vegetable)
• Eco-Centers- Hazardous waste- Metals
9 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Economic Tools for Waste Management
• Prepaid Disposal Fee
• Deposit
• Prepaid Recycling Fee
• Polluter - Pays Principle (Pay-as-you-throw)
10 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Mandatory Instruments in Switzerland
Mandatory deposit (min. 30 cts.) for:
Mandatory prepaid disposal fee for :
all reusable packaging for beverages (Glass, PET etc.)
disposable packaging for beverages in PVC
Batteries and accumulators3.20$ per kg, included in the retail price
Glass bottles2 - 6 cts. per bottle, depending on the size of the bottle, included in the retail price
11 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Financing System of Battery Recycling in Switzerland
12 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Voluntary Instruments in Switzerland
• Voluntary Prepaid Recycling Fee for:• Aluminium Beverage Cans
3 cts. per can paid by fillers and importers/manufacturers of cans
• PET Beverage Containers4 cts. per container sold by members of PRS (PET Recycling Switzerland)
• Electric and Electronic Appliancesaccording to type of appliance: 1$ Hairdryer, 40$ Fridge
• Tin Cans1 ct. per can paid by fillers and importers/manufacturers of cans
13 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Recovery Rate, Switzerland(all type of beverages and containers)
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003
PET Alu Glass
requested recovery rate
14 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Recovery Rate for Paper & Cardboard
0%
10%20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%
1960 1970 1980 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003
15 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Pay-as-you-throw enhances Separation of Waste
Canton Zug, Switzerland
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1985
1989
1990
1993
1997
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
kg/p
ers.
/yea
r
Incineration Organic wastes Paper & cardboard Glass
Metals Elect. appliances Divers
Introductionpay-as-you-
throw
16 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Pay-as-you-throw enhances Separation of Waste
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
kg
/pe
rs./y
1992 2002
Residual Waste from Households in Switzerland
without pay-as-you-throw
with pay-as-you-throw
17 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Waste Generation is strongly dependent on Taxation Systems
without user-pays tax
with user-pays tax
Paper 35.5 52.0 26.0 50%Cardboard 8.7 11.7 7.1 39%Organic Waste 60.3 81.2 48.3 41%Glass 9.0 14.5 5.8 60%Ferrous Metals 3.3 5.0 2.4 52%Minerals 11.1 13.2 9.9 25%Plastic containers 4.9 6.4 4.0 38%other plastics 25.5 29.8 23.1 22%other materials* 53.4 55.6 52.0 6%
211.7 269.4 178.6 34%
* sum of the residual fractions
munincipalities
Waste generation according to taxation system
differences between mediansall municipalities
typical value (median) kg/pers./year
18 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Financial Incentives cannot cause Miracles but .....
• are a strong instrument to support diversion of waste
• push customers and producers alike to take responsibility for their behaviour
• they may have a negative impact on the quality of separate collected waste
• help municipalities to reduce costs for waste management
• Introduction should not increase the tax burden
19 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
GDP and Waste Generation in Switzerland
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
140%
150%
160%
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
GDP Generation Elimination Population
20 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Economic Tools a MUST for a succesful Waste Management Strategy
• Tailored to meet the needs of a specific country/region
• Combination of voluntary and mandatory instruments• Including financial incentives
• Public-Private Partnerships• Easy to use
21 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Questions ?
22 Rainer Kistler, Senior Advisor Environment, Health & Safety
Zeroing In On Waste
Polluter - Pays Principle (Pay-as-you-throw)
• History• Introduced by the first swiss municipalities in the 80’ (residential &
ICI)
• Polluter-pays principle is widly accepted in Switzerland (>80%)
• Introduced for the first time by all municipalities of a Canton in 1990• Taxation by volume or weight ist now very common for more than
75% of the population of Switzerland
• Results
• Taxation by volume/weight sensitises and motivates people• Polluter-pays principle enhances waste separation• Leads to a significant decrease in waste from housholds to
incinerate• Separate collection systems have to be optimised (organic waste, paper & cardboard, glass)
• Littering is a problem with or without taxation of waste, but taxation tends to increase littering