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Qin Shi Huangdi秦始皇帝
King of Qin
Reign 7 May 247 – 220 BC
Predecessor King Zhuangxiang
Emperor of China
Reign 220 BC – 10 September 210 BC
Successor Qin Er Shi
Issue Crown Prince FusuQin Er ShiPrince Gao
Full nameAncestral name: Ying (嬴)Clan name: Zhao (趙)Given name: Zheng (政)
House Qin dynasty
Father King Zhuangxiang
Mother Lady Zhao
Born 7 February 260 BC
Died 10 August 210 BC (age 50[2])
Shi Huangdi
Qin Shi HuangFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC[3]), personal nameYing Zheng, was the King of the state of Qin (r. 246–221 BC[4]) who conquered all other Warring Statesand united China in 221 BC.[4] Rather than maintainthe title of king borne by the Shang and Zhou rulers,he ruled as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty from220 to 210 BC. The title emperor (huangdi) wouldcontinue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the nexttwo millennia.
During his reign, his generals greatly expanded thesize of the Chinese state: campaigns south of Chupermanently added the Yue lands of Hunan andGuangdong to the Chinese cultural orbit; campaignsin Central Asia conquered the Ordos Loop from thenomad Xiongnu, although eventually causing theirconfederation under Modu Chanyu. Qin Shi Huangalso worked with his minister Li Si to enact majoreconomic and politic reforms aimed at thestandardization of the diverse practices of the earlierChinese states.[4] This process also led to the banningand burning of many books and the execution ofrecalcitrant scholars.[1] His public works projectsincluded the unification of diverse state walls into asingle Great Wall of China and a massive newnational road system, as well as the citysizedmausoleum guarded by the lifesized TerracottaArmy. He ruled until his death in 210 BC after a futilesearch for an elixir of immortality.[1]
Contents
1 Names and titles2 Life
2.1 Birth2.2 King of Qin2.3 Emperor of Qin2.4 Death2.5 Family2.6 Second Emperor conspiracy
3 Legacy3.1 Mausoleum3.2 Tomb3.3 Historiography
4 Cultural references
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Shi Huangdi in small seal script (220 BC)
Chinese 始皇帝
Literal meaning First Emperor
Transcriptions
Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Shǐ Huángdì
Wade–Giles Shih Huangti
Qin Shi Huang
Chinese 秦始皇
Literal meaning First Emperor of the Qin
Transcriptions
Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Qín Shǐhuáng
Wade–Giles Ch‘in Shihhuang
IPA [tɕʰǐn ʂxwɑŋ]
Min
Hokkien POJ Tsîn Síhông
Cantonese
Jyutping Ceon4 Ci2wong4
Yale Romanization Chèuhn Chíwòhng
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese Dzin SiBHwang
King Zheng of Qin
Chinese 秦王政
Transcriptions
Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Qínwáng Zhèng
4 Cultural references4.1 Literature4.2 Films4.3 Television4.4 Music4.5 Video games
5 See also6 References7 Further reading8 External links
Names and titles
Modern Chinese sources often give the personal nameof Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with Ying (嬴)taken as the surname and Zheng (政) the given name.In ancient China however the naming conventiondiffered, and Zhao (趙) may be used as the surname.Unlike modern Chinese names, the nobles of ancientChina had two distinct surnames: the ancestral name(姓) comprised a larger group descended from aprominent ancestor, usually said to have lived duringthe time of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperorsof Chinese legend, and the clan name (氏) compriseda smaller group that showed a branch's current fief orrecent title. The ancient practice was to list men'snames separately—in Sima Qian's "Basic Annals ofthe First Emperor of Qin" introduces him as "giventhe name Zheng and the surname Zhao"[5][7]—or tocombine the clan surname with the personal name:Sima's account of Chu describes the sixteenth year ofthe reign of King Kaolie as the time whenZhao Zheng was enthroned as King of Qin".[8]However, since modern Chinese surnames (despiteusually descending from clan names) use the samecharacter as the old ancestral names, it is much morecommon in modern Chinese sources to see theemperor's personal name written as Ying Zheng,[9]using the ancestral name of the Ying family.
The rulers of Qin had styled themselves kings fromthe time of King Huiwen in 325 BC. Upon hisascension, Zheng became known as the King ofQin[5][6] or King Zheng of Qin.[10][11] This title madehim the nominal equal of the rulers of Shang and ofZhou, the last of whose kings had been deposed byKing Zhaoxiang of Qin in 256 BC.
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Wade–Giles Ch‘in Wang Cheng
Zhao Zheng
Traditional Chinese 趙政
Simplified Chinese 赵政
Transcriptions
Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Zhèng
Wade–Giles Chao Cheng
Cantonese
Jyutping Ziu6 Zing3
Ying Zheng
Chinese 嬴政
Transcriptions
Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Yíng Zhèng
Following the surrender of Qi in 221 BC, King Zhenghad reunited all of the lands of the former Kingdom ofZhou. Rather than maintain his rank as king,however,[12] he created a new title of huángdì(emperor) for himself. This new title combined twotitles huáng of the mythical Three Sovereigns (三皇,Sān Huáng) and the dì of the legendary FiveEmperors (五帝, Wŭ Dì) of Chinese prehistory.[13]The title was intended to appropriate some of theprestige of the Yellow Emperor,[14] whose cult waspopular in the later Warring States period and whowas considered to be a founder of the Chinese people.King Zheng chose the new regnal name ofFirst Emperor (Shǐ Huángdì, formerly transcribed asShih Huangti)[15] on the understanding that hissuccessors would be successively titled the "SecondEmperor", "Third Emperor", and so on through thegenerations. (In fact, the scheme lasted only as long ashis immediate heir, the Second Emperor.)[16] The newtitle carried religious overtones. For that reason,Sinologists—starting with Peter Boodberg[17] orEdward Schafer[18]—sometimes translate it as "thearch" and the First Emperor as the First Thearch.[19]
The First Emperor intended that his realm would remain intact through the ages but, following itsoverthrow and replacement by Han after his death, it became customary to prefix his title with Qin.Thus:
秦, Qín or Ch‘in, "of Qin"始, Shǐ or Shih, "first"[3]
皇帝, Huángdì or Huangti, "emperor", a new term[21] coined from皇, Huáng or Huang, literally "shining" or "splendid" and formerly most usually applied "asan epithet of Heaven",[22] the high god of the Zhou[20]
帝, Dì or Ti, the high god of the Shang, possibly composed of their divine ancestors,[23] andused by the Zhou as a title of the legendary Five Emperors, particularly the Yellow Emperor
As early as Sima Qian, it was common to shorten the resulting fourcharacter Qin Shi Huangdi to秦始皇,[24] variously transcribed as Qin Shihuang or Qin Shi Huang.
Following his elevation as emperor, both Zheng's personal name 政 and possibly its homophone 正[26]
became taboo.[27] The First Emperor also arrogated the firstperson Chinese pronoun 朕 (OC *lrәm’,[28]
mod. zhèn) for his exclusive use[30] and in 212 BC began calling himself The Immortal (真人, OC *Tinniŋ,[28] mod. Zhēnrén, lit. "True Man").[12] Others were to address him as "Your Majesty" (陛下,mod. Bìxià, lit. "Beneath the Palace[31] Steps") in person and "Your Highness" (上) in writing.[12]
Life
Birth
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Lü Buwei, a rich merchant from the State of Wey, met the Qin prince Yiren, who resided at the court ofZhao as a hostage to guarantee the armistice between the two states.[32] Lü Buwei's manipulation helpedYiren become King Zhuangxiang of Qin.[1]
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the first emperor was born in 259 BC as Yiren's eldestson.[3][33] Prince Yiren had fallen in love at first sight with a concubine belonging to Lü Buwei and Lühad consented to provide her to his protegé. The Lady Zhao bore the child on 18 February, but he wasnamed Zheng (正) from his birth during the first month (正月, Zhengyue) of the Chinese lunarcalendar.[33] His clan name of Zhao came from his father's lineage and was unrelated both to hismother's surname and the location of his birth.
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian during the next dynasty, the firstemperor was not the actual son of Prince Yiren. By the time Lü Buwei introduced the dancing girl ZhaoJi to the prince, she was allegedly Lü Buwei's concubine and had already become pregnant by him.[32]According to translations of the Annals of Lü Buwei, the woman gave birth to the future emperor in thecity of Handan in 259 BC, the first month of the 48th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin.[34]
The idea that the emperor was an illegitimate child was widely believed throughout Chinese history andcontributed to the generally negative view of the First Emperor.[3] However, modern analysis hasconcluded that the sentence in the Records of the Grand Historian describing Qin Shi Huang's unusualbirth is probably a later interpolation added in order to slander him.[35] John Knoblock and JeffreyRiegel, in their translation of Lü Buwei's Spring and Autumn Annals, call the story "patently false, meantboth to libel Lü and to cast aspersions on the First Emperor."[36] Claiming Lü Buwei – a merchant – asthe First Emperor's biological father was meant to be especially disparaging, since later Confuciansociety held merchants to be the lowest of all social classes.[37]
King of Qin
Regency
In 246 BC, when King Zhuangxiang died after a short reign of just three years, he was succeeded on thethrone by his 13yearold son.[38] At the time, Zhao Zheng was still young, so Lü Buwei acted as theregent prime minister of the State of Qin, which was still waging war against the other six states.[3]
Chengjiao, the Lord Chang'an (长安君),[39] was Zhao Zheng's legitimate halfbrother, by the samefather but from a different mother. After Zhao Zheng inherited the throne, Chengjiao rebelled at Tunliuand surrendered to the state of Zhao. Chengjiao's remaining retainers and families were executed byZhao Zheng.[40]
Lao Ai's attempted coup
As King Zheng grew older, Lü Buwei became fearful that the boy king would discover his liaison withhis mother Lady Zhao. He decided to distance himself and look for a replacement for the queendowager. He found a man named Lao Ai.[41] According to the Record of Grand Historian, Lao Ai wasdisguised as a eunuch by plucking his beard. Later Lao Ai and queen Zhao Ji got along so well theysecretly had two sons together.[41] Lao Ai then became ennobled as Marquis Lào Ǎi, and was showeredwith riches. Lao Ai's plot was supposed to replace King Zheng with one of the hidden sons. But during adinner party drunken Lào Ǎi was heard bragging about being the young king's step father.[41] In 238 BC
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the king was traveling to the ancient capital of Yōng (雍). Lao Ai seized the queen mother's seal andmobilized an army in an attempt to start a coup and rebel.[41] When King Zheng found out this fact, heordered Lü Buwei to let Lord Changping and Lord Changwen attack Lao Ai and their army killedhundreds of the rebels at the capital, although Lao Ai succeeded in fleeing from this battle.[42]
A price of 1 million copper coins was placed on Lao Ai's head if he was taken alive or half a million ifdead.[41] Lao Ai's supporters were captured and beheaded; then Lao Ai was tied up and torn to fivepieces by horse carriages, while his entire family was executed to the third degree.[41] The two hiddensons were also killed, while mother Zhao Ji was placed under house arrest until her death many yearslater. Lü Buwei drank a cup of poison wine and committed suicide in 235 BC.[3][41] Ying Zheng thenassumed full power as the King of the Qin state. Replacing Lü Buwei, Li Si became the new chancellor.
First attempted assassination
King Zheng and his troops continued to take over different states. The state of Yan was small, weak andfrequently harassed by soldiers. It was no match for the Qin state.[43] So Crown Prince Dan of Yanplotted an assassination attempt to get rid of King Zheng, begging Jing Ke to go on the mission in 227BC.[1][43] Jing Ke was accompanied by Qin Wuyang in the plot. Each was supposed to present a gift toKing Zheng, a map of Dukang and the decapitated head of Fan Wuji.[43]
Qin Wuyang first tried to present the map case gift, but trembled in fear and moved no further towardsthe king. Jing Ke continued to advance toward the king, while explaining that his partner "has never seteyes on the Son of Heaven", which is why he is trembling. Jing Ke had to present both gifts byhimself.[43] While unrolling the map, a dagger was revealed. The king drew back, stood on his feet, butstruggled to draw the sword to defend himself.[43] At the time, other palace officials were not allowed tocarry weapons. Jing Ke pursued the king, attempting to stab him, but missed. King Zheng drew out hissword and cut Jing Ke's thigh. Jing Ke then threw the dagger, but missed again. Suffering eight woundsfrom the king's sword, Jing Ke realized his attempt had failed and knew that both of them would bekilled afterwards.[43] The Yan state was conquered by the Qin state five years later.[43]
Second attempted assassination
Gao Jianli was a close friend of Jing Ke, who wanted to avenge his death.[44] As a famous lute player,one day he was summoned by King Zheng to play the instrument. Someone in the palace who hadknown him in the past exclaimed, "This is Gao Jianli".[45] Unable to bring himself to kill such a skilledmusician, the emperor ordered his eyes put out.[45] But the king allowed Gao Jianli to play in hispresence.[45] He praised the playing and even allowed Gao Jianli to get closer. As part of the plot, thelute was fastened with a heavy piece of lead. He raised the lute and struck at the king. He missed, and hisassassination attempt failed. Gao Jianli was later executed.[45]
Unification of China
In 230 BC, King Zheng unleashed the final campaigns of the Warring States period, setting out toconquer the remaining independent kingdoms, one by one.
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Imperial tours of Qin Shi Huang
The first state to fall was Hán (韓; sometimes called Hann to distinguish it from the Hàn 漢 of Handynasty), in 230 BC. Then Qin took advantage of natural disasters in 229 BC to invade and conquerZhào, where Qin Shi Huang had been born.[46][47] He now avenged his poor treatment as a child hostagethere, seeking out and killing his enemies.
Qin armies conquered the state of Zhao in 228 BC, thenorthern country of Yan in 226 BC, the small state of Wei in225 BC, and the largest state and greatest challenge, Chu, in223 BC.[48]
In 222 BC, the last remnants of Yan and the royal family werecaptured in Liaodong in the northeast. The only independentcountry left was now state of Qi, in the far east, what is nowthe Shandong peninsula. Terrified, the young king of Qi sent200,000 people to defend his western borders. In 221 BC, theQin armies invaded from the north, captured the king, andannexed Qi.
For the first time, all of China was unified under one powerfulruler. In that same year, King Zheng proclaimed himself the"First Emperor" (始皇帝, Shǐ Huángdì), no longer a king inthe old sense and now far surpassing the achievements of theold Zhou Dynasty rulers.[49] The emperor made the He Shi Biinto the Imperial Seal, known as the "Heirloom Seal of the Realm". The words, "Having received theMandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life." (受命於天,既壽永昌)were written by Prime Minister Li Si, and carved onto the seal by Sun Shou. The Seal was later passedfrom emperor to emperor for generations to come.
In the South, military expansion in the form of campaigns against the Yue tribes continued during hisreign, with various regions being annexed to what is now Guangdong province and part of today'sVietnam.[47]
Emperor of Qin
Administrative reforms
In an attempt to avoid a recurrence of the political chaos of early imperial China, the conquered stateswere not allowed to be referred to as independent nations.[50] The empire was then divided into 36commanderies (郡, Jùn), later more than 40 commanderies.[47] The whole of China was now dividedinto administrative units: first commanderies, then districts (縣, Xiàn), counties (鄉, Xiāng) andhundredfamily units (里, Li).[51] This system was different from the previous dynasties, which hadloose alliances and federations.[52] People could no longer be identified by their native region or formerfeudal state, as when a person from Chu was called "Chu person" (楚人, Chu rén).[51][53] Appointmentswere now based on merit instead of hereditary rights.[51]
Economic reforms
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A 5catty weight inscribed with adescription of Qin Shi Huang's edictto standardize weights and measures,221 BC
Qin Shi Huang and Li Si unified China economically by standardizing the Chinese units ofmeasurements such as weights and measures, the currency, the length of the axles of carts to facilitatetransport on the road system.[52] The emperor also developed anextensive network of roads and canals connecting the provincesto improve trade between them.[52] The currency of the differentstates were also standardized to the Ban liang coin (半兩, BànLiǎng).[51] Perhaps most importantly, the Chinese script wasunified. Under Li Si, the seal script of the state of Qin wasstandardized through removal of variant forms within the Qinscript itself. This newly standardized script was then madeofficial throughout all the conquered regions, thus doing awaywith all the regional scripts to form one language, onecommunication system for all of China.[51]
Philosophy
Qin Shi Huang also followed the school of the five elements, earth, wood, metal, fire and water.(五德終始說) Zhao Zheng's birth element is water, which is connected with the colour black. It was alsobelieved that the royal house of the previous dynasty Zhou had ruled by the power of fire, which was thecolor red. The new Qin dynasty must be ruled by the next element on the list, which is water,represented by the color black. Black became the color for garments, flags, pennants.[3] Otherassociations include north as the cardinal direction, winter season and the number six.[54] Tallies andofficial hats were six inches long, carriages six feet wide, one pace (步, Bù) was 6 ft (1.8 m).[3]
While the previous Warring States era was one of constant warfare, it was also considered the goldenage of free thought.[55] Qin Shi Huang eliminated the Hundred Schools of Thought which incorporatedConfucianism and other philosophies.[55][56] After the unification of China, with all other schools ofthought banned, legalism became the endorsed ideology of the Qin dynasty,[51] which was basically asystem that required the people to follow the laws or be punished accordingly.
Beginning in 213 BC, at the instigation of Li Si and to avoid scholars' comparisons of his reign with thepast, Qin Shi Huang ordered most existing books to be burned with the exception of those on astrology,agriculture, medicine, divination, and the history of the State of Qin.[57] This would also serve thepurpose of furthering the ongoing reformation of the writing system by removing examples of obsoletescripts.[58] Owning the Book of Songs or the Classic of History was to be punished especially severely.According to the later Records of the Grand Historian, the following year Qin Shi Huang had some 460scholars buried alive for owning the forbidden books.[3][57] The emperor's oldest son Fusu criticised himfor this act.[59] However, according to recent research, the “burying of the Confucian scholars alive” is aConfucian martyrs’ legend. In fact, the emperor had ordered the killing (坑 kēng) of a group ofalchemists, after he found out that they had fooled him. In Han times, the Confucian scholars, who hadserved the Qin loyally, used that incident to distance themselves from the failed dynasty. Kong Anguo(孔安國 ca. 165 ca. 74 BC), a descendant of Confucius, turned the alchemists (方士 fāngshì) intoConfucianists (儒 rú) and entwined the martyrs´ legend with the strange story of the rediscovery of thelost Confucian books behind a demolished wall in the house of his ancestors. [60] The emperor's ownlibrary still had copies of the forbidden books but most of these were destroyed later when Xiang Yuburned the palaces of Xianyang in 206 BC.[61]
Third attempted assassination
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Portrait of Epang palace
In 230 BC, the state of Qin had defeated the state of Han. A Hanaristocrat named Zhang Liang swore revenge on the Qin emperor. Hesold all his valuables and in 218 BC, he hired a strongman assassin andbuilt him a heavy metal cone weighing 120 jin (roughly 160 lb or97 kg).[41] The two men hid among the bushes along the emperor's routeover a mountain. At a signal, the muscular assassin hurled the cone at thefirst carriage and shattered it. However, the emperor was actually in thesecond carriage, as he was traveling with two identical carriages for thisvery reason. Thus the attempt failed.[62] Both men were able to escape inspite of a huge manhunt.[41]
Public Works
Great Wall
The Qin fought nomadic tribes to the north and northwest. The Xiongnutribes were not defeated and subdued, thus the campaign was tiring andunsuccessful, and to prevent the Xiongnu from encroaching on thenorthern frontier any longer, the emperor ordered the construction of animmense defensive wall.[47][63] This wall, for whose constructionhundreds of thousands of men were mobilized, and an unknown number died, is a precursor to thecurrent Great Wall of China. It connected numerous state walls which had been built during the previousfour centuries, a network of small walls linking river defenses to impassable cliffs. A great monument ofChina to this day, the Great Wall still stands, open to the public to challenge its million steps.[64][65]
Lingqu Canal
A famous South China quotation was "In the North there is the Great wall, in the South there is theLingqu canal" (北有長城、南有靈渠, Běiyǒu chángchéng, nányǒu língqú).[66] In 214 BC the Emperorbegan the project of a major canal to transport supplies to the army.[67] The canal allows water transportbetween north and south China.[67] The canal, 34 kilometers in length, links the Xiang River whichflows into the Yangtze and the Li Jiang, which flows into the Pearl River.[67] The canal connected twoof China's major waterways and aided Qin's expansion into the southwest.[67] The construction isconsidered one of the three great feats of Ancient Chinese engineering, the others being the Great Walland the Sichuan Dujiangyan Irrigation System.[67]
Elixir of Life
Later in his life, Qin Shi Huang feared death and desperately sought the fabled elixir of life, whichwould supposedly allow him to live forever. He was obsessed with acquiring immortality and fell preyto many who offered him supposed elixirs.[68] He visited Zhifu Island three times in order to achieveimmortality.[69]
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Xu Fu's ships set sail in 219 BC in search of the medicine for immortality.
In one case he sent Xu Fu, a Zhifu islander, with ships carrying hundreds of young men and women insearch of the mystical Penglai mountain.[62] They were sent to find Anqi Sheng, a 1,000yearoldmagician whom Qin Shi Huang had supposedly met in his travels and who had invited him to seek himthere.[70] These people never returned, perhaps because they knew that if they returned without thepromised elixir, they would surely be executed. Legends claim that they reached Japan and colonizedit.[68] It is also possible that the book burning, a purge on what could be seen as wasteful and uselessliterature, was, in part, an attempt to focus the minds of the Emperor's best scholars on the alchemicalquest. Some of the executed scholars were those who had been unable to offer any evidence of theirsupernatural schemes. This may have been the ultimate means of testing their abilities: if any of themhad magic powers, then they would surely come back to life when they were let out again.[71] Since thegreat emperor was afraid of death and "evil spirits", he had workers build a series of tunnels and passageways to each of his palaces (he owned over 200), because traveling unseen would supposedly keep himsafe from the evil spirits.
Death
In 211 BC a large meteor is said to have fallen in Dōngjùn (東郡) in the lower reaches of the YellowRiver. On it, an unknown person inscribed the words "The First Emperor will die and his land will bedivided" (始皇死而地分).[72] When the emperor heard of this, he sent an imperial secretary toinvestigate this prophecy. No one would confess to the deed, so all the people living nearby were put todeath. The stone was then burned and pulverized.[33]
The Emperor died during one of his tours of Eastern China, on September 10, 210 BC (Julian Calendar)at the palace in Shaqiu prefecture (沙丘平台, Shāqiū Píngtái), about two months away by road from thecapital Xianyang.[43][43][73][74] Reportedly, he died due to ingesting mercury pills, made by hisalchemists and court physicians.[75] Ironically, these pills were meant to make Qin Shi Huangimmortal.[75]
After the Emperor's death, Prime Minister Li Si, who accompanied him, became extremely worried thatthe news of his death could trigger a general uprising in the Empire.[43] It would take two months for thegovernment to reach the capital, and it would not be possible to stop the uprising. Li Si decided to hidethe death of the Emperor, and return to Xianyang.[43] Most of the Imperial entourage accompanying theEmperor was left ignorant of the Emperor's death; only a younger son, Ying Huhai, who was travelingwith his father, the eunuch Zhao Gao, Li Si, and five or six favorite eunuchs knew of the death.[43] Li Si
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also ordered that two carts containing rotten fish be carried immediately before and after the wagon ofthe Emperor. The idea behind this was to prevent people from noticing the foul smell emanating fromthe wagon of the Emperor, where his body was starting to decompose severely as it was summertime.[43]They also pulled down the shade so no one could see his face, changed his clothes daily, brought foodand when he had to have important conversations, they would act as if he wanted to send them amessage.[43]
Family
The following are some family members of Qin Shi Huang:
ParentsKing Zhuangxiang of QinQueen Dowager Zhao
Half siblings:Chengjiao,[76] Lord of Chang'an[39]Two halfbrothers born to Queen Dowager Zhao and Lao Ai
Children:Fusu, Crown Prince (17th son)[77]GaoJianglüHuhai, later Qin Er Shi (18th son)[77]
Qin Shi Huang had about 50 children, sons about 30, daughters about 15, but most of their names areunknown. He had numerous concubines but never seemed to name an empress.[78]
Second Emperor conspiracy
Eventually, after about two months, Li Si and the imperial court reached Xianyang, where the news ofthe death of the emperor was announced.[43] Qin Shi Huang did not like to talk about his own death andhe had never written a will. After his death, the eldest son Fusu would normally become the nextemperor.[79]
Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu because Fusu's favorite general was MengTian, whom they disliked[79] and feared; Meng Tian's brother, a senior minister, had once punished ZhaoGao.[80] They believed that if Fusu was enthroned, they would lose their power.[79] Li Si and Zhao Gaoforged a letter from Qin Shi Huang saying that both Fusu and General Meng must commit suicide.[79]The plan worked, and the younger son Huhai became the Second Emperor, later known as Qin Er Shi or"Second Generation Qin."[43]
Qin Er Shi, however, was not as capable as his father. Revolts quickly erupted. His reign was a time ofextreme civil unrest, and everything built by the First Emperor crumbled away within a short period.[47]One of the immediate revolt attempts was the 209 BC Daze Village Uprising led by Chen Sheng and WuGuang.[72]
Legacy
Mausoleum
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A modern statue of Qin ShiHuang, located near the site ofthe Terracotta Army
The Chinese historian Sima Qian, writing a century after the First Emperor's death, wrote that it took700,000 men to construct the emperor's mausoleum. The British historian John Man points out that thisfigure is larger than any city of the world at that time and calculates that the foundations could have beenbuilt by 16,000 men in two years.[81] While Sima Qian never mentioned the terracotta army, the statueswere discovered by a group of farmers digging wells on March 29, 1974.[82] The soldiers were createdwith a series of mixandmatch clay molds and then further individualized by the artists' hand. HanPurple was also used on some of the warriors.[83] There are around 6,000 Terracotta Warriors and theirpurpose was to protect the Emperor in the afterlife from evil spirits. Also among the army are chariotsand 40,000 real bronze weapons.[84]
Tomb
One of the first projects the young king accomplished while he was alive was the construction of hisown tomb. In 215 BC Qin Shi Huang ordered General Meng Tian with 300,000 men to beginconstruction.[3] Other sources suggested he ordered 720,000 unpaid laborers to build his tomb tospecification.[38] Again, given John Man's observation regarding populations of the time (see paragraphabove), these historical estimates are debatable. The main tomb (located at
) containing the emperor has yet to be opened and there is evidencesuggesting that it remains relatively intact.[85] Sima Qian's description of the tomb includes replicas ofpalaces and scenic towers, "rare utensils and wonderful objects", 100 rivers made with mercury,representations of "the heavenly bodies", and crossbows rigged to shoot anyone who tried to break in.[86]The tomb was built at the foot of Li Mountain, and is only 30 kilometers away from Xi'an. Modernarchaeologists have located the tomb, and have inserted probes deep into it. The probes revealedabnormally high quantities of mercury, some 100 times the naturally occurring rate, suggesting thatsome parts of the legend are credible.[75] Secrets were maintained, as most of the workmen who built thetomb were killed.[75][87]
Historiography
In traditional Chinese historiography, the First Emperor of theChinese unified states was almost always portrayed as a brutal tyrantwho had an obsessive fear of assassination. Ideological antipathytowards the Legalist State of Qin was established as early as 266 BC,when Confucian philosopher Xunzi disparaged it. Later Confucianhistorians condemned the emperor who had burned the classics andburied Confucian scholars alive. They eventually compiled a list ofthe Ten Crimes of Qin to highlight his tyrannical actions.
The famous Han poet and statesman Jia Yi concluded his essay TheFaults of Qin (過秦論, Guò Qín Lùn) with what was to become thestandard Confucian judgment of the reasons for Qin's collapse. JiaYi's essay, admired as a masterpiece of rhetoric and reasoning, wascopied into two great Han histories and has had a farreachinginfluence on Chinese political thought as a classic illustration ofConfucian theory.[88] He attributed Qin's disintegration to its internalfailures.[89] Jia Yi wrote that:
34°22′52.75″N 109°15′13.06″E
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A modern statue of the First Emperor and hisattendants
Qin, from a tiny base, had become a great power, ruling the land and receiving homagefrom all quarters for a hundred odd years. Yet after they unified the land and securedthemselves within the pass, a single common rustic could nevertheless challenge thisempire... Why? Because the ruler lacked humaneness and rightness; because preservingpower differs fundamentally from seizing power.[90]
In more modern times, historical assessment of the First Emperor different from traditional Chinesehistoriography began to emerge. The reassessment was spurred on by weakness of China in the latterhalf of 19th century and early 20th century, and Confucian traditions at that time began to be seen bysome as an impediment to China's entry into the modern world, opening the way for changingperspectives.
At a time when Chinese territory was encroached upon by foreign nations, leading Kuomintang historianXiao Yishan emphasized the role of Qin Shi Huang in repulsing the northern barbarians, particularly inthe construction of the Great Wall.
Another historian, Ma Feibai (馬非百), published in 1941 a fulllength revisionist biography of the FirstEmperor entitled Qín Shǐ Huángdì Zhuàn (秦始皇帝傳), calling him "one of the great heroes of Chinesehistory". Ma compared him with the contemporary leader Chiang Kaishek and saw many parallels inthe careers and policies of the two men, both of whom he admired. Chiang's Northern Expedition of thelate 1920s, which directly preceded the new Nationalist government at Nanjing was compared to theunification brought about by Qin Shi Huang.
With the coming of the Communist Revolution in1949, new interpretations again surfaced. Theestablishment of the new, revolutionary regimeprompted another reevaluation of the First Emperor,this time in accordance with Maoist thought. Thenew interpretation given of Qin Shi Huang wasgenerally a combination of traditional and modernviews, but essentially critical. This is exemplified inthe Complete History of China, which was compiledin September 1955 as an official survey of Chinesehistory. The work described the First Emperor'smajor steps toward unification and standardisation ascorresponding to the interests of the ruling group andthe merchant class, not the nation or the people, and the subsequent fall of his dynasty as a manifestationof the class struggle. The perennial debate about the fall of the Qin Dynasty was also explained inMarxist terms, the peasant rebellions being a revolt against oppression – a revolt which undermined thedynasty, but which was bound to fail because of a compromise with "landlord class elements".
Since 1972, however, a radically different official view of Qin Shi Huang has been given prominencethroughout China. The reevaluation was initiated by Hong Shidi's biography Qin Shi Huang. The workwas published by the state press as a mass popular history, and it sold 1.85 million copies within twoyears. In the new era, Qin Shi Huang was seen as a farsighted ruler who destroyed the forces of divisionand established the first unified, centralized state in Chinese history by rejecting the past. Personalattributes, such as his quest for immortality, so emphasized in traditional historiography, were scarcelymentioned. The new evaluations described approvingly how, in his time (an era of great political andsocial change), he had no compunctions against using violent methods to crush counterrevolutionaries,such as the "industrial and commercial slave owner" chancellor Lü Buwei. However, he was criticized
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Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Qin Shi Huang
for not being as thorough as he should have been, and as a result, after his death, hidden subversivesunder the leadership of the chief eunuch Zhao Gao were able to seize power and use it to restore the oldfeudal order.
To round out this reevaluation, a new interpretation of the precipitous collapse of the Qin Dynasty wasput forward in an article entitled "On the Class Struggle During the Period Between Qin and Han" byLuo Siding, in a 1974 issue of Red Flag, to replace the old explanation. The new theory claimed that thecause of the fall of Qin lay in the lack of thoroughness of Qin Shi Huang's "dictatorship over thereactionaries, even to the extent of permitting them to worm their way into organs of political authorityand usurp important posts."
Mao Zedong, chairman of the People's Republic of China, was reviled for his persecution ofintellectuals. On being compared to the First Emperor, Mao responded: "He buried 460 scholars alive;we have buried fortysix thousand scholars alive... You [intellectuals] revile us for being Qin ShiHuangs. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundredfold. When you berate us forimitating his despotism, we are happy to agree! Your mistake was that you did not say so enough."[91]
Cultural references
Literature
Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), the Argentine writer,wrote an acclaimed essay on Qin Shi Huang, "The Wall and the Books" ("La muralla y los libros")in the 1952 collection Other Inquisitions (Otras Inquisiciones).[92]The 1984 book Bridge of Birds (by Barry Hughart) portrays Qin Shi Huang as a powerhungrymegalomaniac who achieved immortality by having his heart removed by an "Old Man of themountain".The Chinese Emperor, by Jean Levi, appeared in 1985.In the 1985 novel Contact (by Carl Sagan), the character Xi Qiaomu—who had been involved inexcavations of the tomb of Emperor Qin during the Cultural Revolution—is visited by apersonified alien in the form of the Emperor Qin.[93]In the Area 51 book series, Qin Shi Huang is revealed to be an alien exile stranded on Earth duringan interstellar civil war.In Terry Pratchett's Interesting Times, the wizard, Rincewind, discovers a suit of armor owned bya previous emperor which gives him control of a terracotta army. As with most of Pratchett'sDiscworld series, this book is a play on a realworld concept. In this case, the model is EmperorQin Shi Huang's cultural impact on modernday China.In Hydra's Ring, the 39th novel in the Outlanders series, Qin Shi Huang is revealed to be stillalive in the early 23rd century through extraterrestrial nanotechnology that has bestowed a formof immortality.
Films
Shin No Shikoutei (1962) The film portrays Qin Shi Huang as a battlehardened emperor with hisroots in the military.[94]Big Trouble in Little China (1986) Qin Shi Huang is mentioned as having defeated the film'smain villain, Lo Pan, in battle, and subsequently cursing him to live as a ghost. The events of thefilm revolve around Lo Pan's attempts to break the curse.[95]The Emperor's Shadow (1996) The film focuses on Qin Shi Huang's relationship with themusician Gao Jianli, a friend of the assassin Jing Ke.[96]The Emperor and the Assassin (1999) The film centers on the identity of Qin Shi Huang's father,
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his supposed heartless treatment of his officials, and a betrayal by his childhood lover, paving theway for Jing Ke's assassination attempt.[97]Hero (2002) The film starred Jet Li, a nameless assassin who plans an assassination attempt onthe King of Qin (Chen Daoming). The film is a fictional reimagining of the assassination attemptby Jing Ke on Qin Shi Huang.[98]The Myth (2005) The film starred Jackie Chan as Meng Yi, a military general serving under QinShi Huang. Meng is reincarnated into the presentday as an archaeologist. Kim Heesun costarredas a Korean princess who was forced to marry the emperor.[99]The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008) Third installment in the Mummy film series.Jet Li plays Qin Shi Huang, resurrected from the dead along with his Terracotta Army.
Television
Rise of the Great Wall (1986) a 63 episode TV series chronicling the events from the emperor'sbirth until his death.[100]The NotSoGreat Wall Of China (1999) one of the episodes of History Bites. Bob Bainboroughplayed Qin Shi Huang.A Step into the Past (2001) a Hong Kong TVB production based on a science fiction novel byHuang Yi.[101]Qin Shi Huang (2002) a mainland Chinese TV series production. It features a semifictionalizedstory of the emperor's life, from his childhood until his death. Zhang Fengyi starred as Qin ShiHuang.[102]First Emperor: The Man Who Made China (2006) a dramadocumentary special about Qin ShiHuang. James Pax played the emperor. It was shown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in2006.[103]Secrets of China's First Emperor, Tyrant and Visionary (2006) a documentary by NationalGeographic. It provided an indepth look at the magnificent and controversial ruler.[104]China's First Emperor (2008) a special threehour documentary by The History Channel. XuPengkai played Qin Shi Huang.[105]Kingdom (2012) An anime featured during the Warring States Period (475221BC) portrayingQin Shi Huang before he became emperor Shi Huangdi, and his legacy of uniting China.
Music
Qin Shi Huang is the protagonist in the opera The First Emperor.
Video games
The 1995 video game Qin: Tomb of the Middle Kingdom depicts a fictional archaeologicalmission to explore the First Emperor's burial site. The emperor is featured in several voiceoversin Standard Chinese.
The 2003 video game Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb portrays Indiana Jones entering thetomb of Qin Shi Huang to recover "The Heart of the Dragon".In the 2005 video game Civilization IV, Qin Shi Huang is one of the two playable leaders ofChina.[106]In the computer game Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom, the Qin Dynasty campaign has theplayer as the head architect of Qin Shi Huang, in charge of overseeing the construction of thecapital, the Lingqu canal, the Great Wall, as well as his tomb and the terracotta army.Qin Shi Huang is also revealed to be the final boss of the video game Shin Sangoku Musou: MultiRaid 2.
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Qin Shi Huang appears in Koei game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI under his birth name,Ying Zheng.World of Warcraft's heavily Chinese culture inspired expansion Mists of Pandaria, the raid boss"QinXi Emperor's Closed Fist" in the MoguShan Vaults, is a clear reference to QinShi.
See also
Burning of books and burying of scholarsYíng (Chinese surname)Qin Wuyang of Yan (state)Qin (surname)Jin (Korean name)Hata clanHe Shi BiLady Meng Jiang
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26. That both were forbidden has been the general understanding of historians but Beck cites numerous sourcesfrom the era employing the latter character in support of the argument that it was not forbidden until the reignof the Second Emperor.[25]
27. His father's name 子楚 also became taboo, prompting references to Chu to be replaced by its original name"Jing" (荆).[25]
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留,军吏皆斩死,迁其 民於临洮。将军壁死,卒屯留、蒲鶮反,戮其尸。河鱼大上,轻车重马东就食。 《史记 秦始皇》
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Further reading
Bodde, Derk (1987). "The State and Empire of Ch‘in". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael. TheCambridge history of China 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 20–103. ISBN 0521214475.Clements, Jonathan (2006). The First Emperor of China. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 9780750939607.Cotterell, Arthur (1981). The first emperor of China: the greatest archeological find of our time.New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 0030598893.Guisso, R.W.L.; Pagani, Catherine; Miller, David (1989). The first emperor of China. New York:Birch Lane Press. ISBN 1559720166.Yuning, Li, ed. (1975). The First Emperor of China. White Plains, N.Y.: International Arts andSciences Press. ISBN 0873320670.Portal, Jane (2007). The First Emperor, China's Terracotta Army. British Museum Press.ISBN 9781932543261.Qian, Sima (1961). Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty. Burton Watson, trans. NewYork: Columbia Univ. Press.Yap, Joseph P (2009). Wars With the Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse.ISBN 9781449006044.
External links
History of China (http://www.chinawikipedia.com/chinahistory.html)"What's Inside Qin Shi Huang's Tomb?" (http://heritagekey.com/china/whatsinsideqinshihuangstomb)
First Emperor of QinHouse of Ying
Born: 260 BC Died: 210 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byKing Zhuangxiang
King of Qin246–221 BC
with Lü Buwei (246–235 BC)
RecreatedTitle next held byQin San Shi
New titleEmperor of China
Qin221–210 BC
Succeeded byQin Er Shi
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qin_Shi_Huang&oldid=660895286"
Categories: Qin dynasty emperors Child rulers from Asia 260 BC births 210 BC deaths3rdcentury BC rulers People from Handan
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