Post on 13-Feb-2017
© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2
Federalism: National and State Sovereignty
Three types of systems that apportion governmental power1. Unitary: national government is sovereign2. Confederacy: states are sovereign3. Federal system: national government and states share
power
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Federalism: National and State Sovereignty
The argument for federalismAuthority divided into two levels: national and stateProtects libertyModerates government power by sharingStrengthens the unionPromotes more responsive government
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Federalism: National and State Sovereignty
The powers of the nation and statesNational: enumerated powers
Seventeen powers, including measures for secure defense and stable commerce
Supremacy clauseNational: implied powers
“Necessary and proper” = “elastic” clause: make laws in support of enumerated powers
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Federalism: National and State Sovereignty
The powers of the nation and statesTenth Amendment established reserved powers: powers
not delegated to the national government are reserved for the states
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Federalism in Historical PerspectiveAn indestructible union (1789–1865)
The nationalist view: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); clear ruling in favor of national power and the supremacy clause
The states’ rights view: the Dred Scott decision (1857); ruling for states rights in conflict over legality of slavery
The Civil War settled the issue in favor of national authority
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Federalism in Historical PerspectiveDual federalism and laissez-faire capitalism (1865–1937)
Dual federalism: separation of national from state powerThe Fourteenth Amendment interpreted to give states much
discretionJudicial protection of business: Supreme Court limited
national power to regulate business and industryNational authority prevails as the Supreme Court eventually
approves Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal economic and social programs
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Contemporary FederalismInterdependency and intergovernmental relations
Cooperative federalism: shared policy responsibilitiesNational, state, and local levels work togetherJoint funding, administration, and determination of
programs
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Federal, State, and Local Shares of Government Tax Revenue
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Contemporary FederalismGovernment revenues and intergovernmental relations
Fiscal federalism: federal funds used for state programsGrants-in-aid: cash payments to states and localitiesCategorical grants: federal funds restricted to certain state
programsBlock grants: federal funds for state programs addressed to
a general concern
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Contemporary FederalismDevolution: the idea that American federalism can be
strengthened by a partial shift of power from national government to states
Belief held more strongly by Republicans than DemocratsDramatically increased with Republican Revolution of 1994Supreme Court has advanced devolution, especially in latter
decades of twentieth centuryDevolution movement ended with presidency of George W.
Bush: education and security policy
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The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries of Federal-State Power
Roosevelt’s “New Deal”—jobs during the Great Depression
Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society”—increased social services in 1960s
Republican Revolution—rolled back federal authority in 1990s