Post on 14-Apr-2018
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MEDICAL ENGLISH
WORD BUILDING
TERMS PERTAINING TO THE BODY
AS A WHOLE
1ST
YEAR HANDOUTS
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BASIC WORD STRUCTURE OF A MEDICAL TERM
Yesterday morning, I woke up with cephalalgia and an onset oflaryngitis. I sent my boy
out to play, but soon he came bach lacrimating, with ambilateral abrasions on his
patellae, and a large hematoma on the frontal portion of his cranium.
1. CEPHALalgia2. LARYNGitis3. ambiLATERal4. abRASION5. HEMATomaPREFIX WORD ROOT SUFFIX
1. = head = pain
2. = voice box = inflammation
3. = both = side = adj. ending
4. = away from = scratch
5. = blood = tumor, mass
CYT + O + LOGY : cyt = cello = COMBINING VOWEL (necessary when the suffixstarts with a consonant)
logy = study of
word root + combining vowel = COMBINING FORM
BASIC RULES:
1. A word root provides the basic meaning of the term.2. A prefix appears before the word root to change/modify its meaning.3. A suffix appears at the end of the word providing some additional information.4. A combinig vowel usually an o connects a word root to a suffix.5. A combining form consists of a word root and a combining vowel.6. A combining vowel is not used before a suffix starting with a vowel, but it is used
between two roots in compound words (e.g. gastrointestinal).
7. The meaning of a medical term can usually be determined by starting with the suffixand moving back to the beginning of the word.
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COMBINING FORMS: BODY PARTS AND TISSUES
head = CEPHALO (cephalalgia, hydrocephalus)
skull = CRANIO (craniotomy)
brain = CEREBRO, ENCEPHALO (cerebral, electroencephalogram)mind = PSYCHO, PHRENO (psychology, schizophrenia)
eye = OPHTHALMO (ophthalmoscope), OCULO (periocular)
ear = OTO (otitis)
nose = RHINO (rhinoplasty), NASO (nasal, nasogastric)
mouth = ORO (oral)
tongue = GLOSSO, LINGUO (glossoscopy, sublingual)
lip = LABIO (nasolabial)
neck = CERVICO (cervical)
vertebra, spin. col. = SPONDYLO (spondylosis)breast = MAMMO, MASTO (mammography, mastectomy)
chest = THORACO (thoracic)abdomen = ABDOMINO, LAPARO (laparoscope)
heart = CARDIO (electrocardiogram)
lung = PULM(ON)O (pulmonal, pulmonary, pulmonic)
stomach = GASTRO (gastritis, gastralgia)
intestine (small) = ENTERO (enterovirus)
intestine (large) = COLO(NO) (colonoscopy, colostomy)liver = HEPATO (hepatitis)
kidney = RENO, NEPHRO (renal calculi, nephropathy)urinary bladder = CYSTO (cystitis, cystoscopy)
uterus = UTERO, HYSTERO, METRO (uterocervical, hysterectomy,
metrorrhagia)
arm = BRACHIO (brachiocephalic)
foot = PEDO (orthopedics) (also:PEDO= child pediatrics)
finger (toe) = DACTYLO (dactylospasm)
bone = OSTEO (osteoporosis)
joint = ARTHRO (arthritis)
vessel = ANGIO, VASO (angioplasty, angiography, vasodilation)
nerve = NEURO (neurology, neuralgia)
gland = ADENO (adenoneural, adenoma)cartilage = CHONDRO (chondroma)
muscle = MYO (myoma, myalgia)
skin = DERM(AT)O (dermatitis, dermatosis;
dermal/dermic=CUTANEOUS)
flesh = SARCO (sarcoma)
blood = HEM(AT)O (hematology, hemogram=CBC)
bile,gall = BILI, CHOLO/E (bilirubinemia, choledochus)
b. marr., sp. cord = MYELO (myeloma)
clot = THROMBO (thrombocyte)
cell = CYTO (cytology)
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ADDITIONAL COMBINING FORMS
cut = CISO, SECTIO, TOMO (incision, C-section,
tomography)
secrete = CRINO (endo-, exocrine)
tumor = ONCO (oncogenesis)
disease = PATHO (pathology, pathogenic)
nature = PHYSIO (physiology)
X-rays = RADIO (radiologist, radiographer)
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S U F F I X E S
1. SUFFIXES DENOTING STATES / DISORDERS / SYMPTOMS
-ALGIA, -DYNIA = pain (gastralgia, gastrodynia)
-CELE = hernia, protrusion (enterocele)
-ECTASIS = dilation, expansion (angiectasis)
-EMIA = pres. of subst. in blood (proteinemia,
hyperbilirubinemia)
-IASIS, -OSIS, -PATHY = diseased condition, formation (lithiasis, dermatosis,
nephropathy) (lith=stone)
-LYSIS = destruction, breaking down (hemolysis)
-MALACIA = softening (osteomalacia)
-MEGALY = enlargement (hepatomegaly,acromegaly)
-PENIA = deficiency, decrease (leukopenia)
-PHOBIA = fear (hydrophobia, acrophobia, xenophobia)
-PLEGIA = paralysis, stroke (paraplegia)
-PTOSIS = downward displacement (nephroptosis)
-RRHAGE/-RRHAGIA = abnormal/excessive flow (hemorrhage)
-RRHEA = flow, discharge (diarrhea, amenorrhea)
-RRHEXIS = rupture, break (angiorrhexis)
-SCLEROSIS = hardening (arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis)
-SPASM = involuntary contraction, convulsion, cramp
(enterospasm)
2. SUFFIXES DENOTING DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
-GRAM = record (angiogram)
-GRAPH = recording instrument (electroencephalograph)
-GRAPHY = recording procedure (electrocardiography)
-METER = measuring instrument (thermometer)
-METRY = measuring procedure ( spirometry)
-SCOPE = viewing/examining instrument (endo/cysto/laryngo/
ophthalmo/laparoscope)
-SCOPY = procedure of visual examination (endo/cysto/laryngo/ophthalmo/
laparoscopy)
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3. SUFFIXES DENOTING SURGICAL PROCEDURES
-CENTESIS = puncture (amniocentesis)
-CLASIA = to break (osteoclasia)
-DESIS = binding, fusion (arthrodesis)
-ECTOMY = surgical removal (tonsill-,nephr-, hyster-, gastr-, mastectomy)
-PEXY = surgical fixation/fastening in position ( nephropexy,
orchidopexy)
-PLASTY = surg. reconstruction ( mastoplasty, osteoplasty, rhinoplasty,
labioplasty)
-RRHAPHY = suture, stitching ( ureterorrhaphy, colorrhaphy)
-TRIPSY = crushing, friction (lithotripsy)
-STOMY = creating an artif. opening ( tracheostomy, colostomy)
-TOMY = cutting, incision (craniotomy, tracheotomy)
4. SUFFIXES DENOTING DIMINUTIVE FORMS (noun endings)
-ICLE e.g. particle, ventricle, testicle, auricle, ossicle, vesicle
-OLE e.g. arteriole
-ULE/-ULA e.g. venule, venula
5. SUFFIXES DENOTING ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS ( pertaining to / resembling)
-AC e.g. cardiac -TIC e.g. asthmatic
-AL e.g. dorsal -EAL e.g. laryngeal
-AR e.g. lumbar (lumbo=loins) -OSE e.g. adipose (adipo=fat)-ARY e.g. mammary -OUS e.g. mucous (muco=mucus)
-IC e.g. hepatic
-OID e.g. lipoid (lipo= fat)
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P R E F I X E S
1. PREFIXES DENOTING POSITION - LOCATION - DIRECTION (place &
time)
before, in front after, behind
ANTE(RO): antenatal, anterolateral POST(ERO): postmortal,
posterolateral
PRE: precancerous, preaortic RETRO: retroflexion, retropharyngeal
PRO: prodrome, procurvation
outside inside, within
EC(TO): ectocytic, ectocardia ENDO: endocrine, endoscope
EXTRA: extracellular, extrahepatic INTRA: intravenous, intracranialEXO: exocrine
above, over, excessive under, beneath
EPI: epinephrine, epigastric INFRA: infracolic, infracostal
SUPER: superacidity, supercilia SUB: subpatellar, subcutaneous
SUPRA: suprarenal
ULTRA: ultrasonic
(away) from to(ward)
AB: abnormal, abscess AD: adrenal, admedial
EX: excision
right left
DEXTRO: dextrocardia SINISTRO: sinistrocerebral
surrounding, around - PERI: periarterial, perinatal
CIRCUM: circumocular, circumcision
between - INTER: intercostal, intercerebral
middle - MEDI: medial
MESO: mesonasal
near, beside, beyond, apart, abnormal -PARA: paracellular, pararenal,parapsychology
through, across - DIA: diameter, diarrhea
TRANS: transcutaneous, transmucosal
(on) both (sides) - AMBI: ambilateral
AMPHI: amphicranial
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2. PREFIXES DENOTING COLOR
white = ALB-, ALBUMINO- (albinism, albuminuria)
= LEUKO- (leukocyte, leukoderma, leukoplakia)
yellow = CIRRHO- (cirrhosis)= XANTHO- (xanthocyte)
= LUTEO- (corpus luteum, macula lutea)
= FLAVO- (flavobacterium)
red = ERYTHRO- (erythrocyte, erythema)
= RUBEO- ( rubeosis= redness, rubeola=measles/morbilli, rubella)
(= ospice) (=rubeola)
purple = PURPURO- (purpura)
green = CHLORO- (chloroma)
blue = CYANO- (cyanosis)
gray = GLAUCO- (glaucoma)
= POLIO- (poliomylelitis)
black = MELANO- (melanoma)
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3. MISCELLANEOUS PREFIXES
ANTI- = against, opposite (antibiotic, antiseptic, anticoagulant)
CONTRA- = (contraindication, contraceptive)
BRADY- = slow (bradycardia, bradypnea) TACHY- = fast, rapid
DYS- = poor, bad (dyspepsia, dysfunction) EU- = good, easy
MAL- = (malformation, malnutrition)
HETERO- = different (heterogeneous) HOMO- = same (homogeneous)
HIDRO- = sweat (hidrosis)
HYDRO- = water (hydrophobia, hydrocephalus)
JUXTA- = near, adjoining (juxtaposition)
META- = after, beyond, change (metastasis, metacarpals, metatarsals)
PSEUDO- = false (pseudomeningitis)
SYM- = together, union (symbiosis, symphysis)
SYN- = (syndactyly, synchondrosis)
CON- = (congenital, contact, contamination)
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4. PREFIXES DENOTING NEGATION / NUMBER / MEASUREMENT / SIZE
0 = A- (apnea, aphasia, aphagia, arrhythmia)
= AN- (anesthesia)
= IM- (immature, imbalance, immobilize, immedicable)
= IN- (insomnia, inactivity, incurable)
= HEMI- (hemiplegia, hemicolectomy)
= SEMI- (semiflexion, semicomatose)
1 = MONO- (mononuclear, monobrachia, monocardian)
= UNI- (unilateral, uniceps, uninephric)
1st
= PRIMI- (primipara)
2 = BI- (biarticular, bipolar)
= DI- (diplegia, diovulatory)
3 = TRI- (trigone, triceps, trigeminus)
4 = QUAD(RI)- (quadriceps, quadrisection, quadrant)
= TETRA- (tetraplegic,tetradactyly)
many = MULTI- (multipara, multiple)
= POLY- (polyphobia, polymenorrhea)
all = PAN- (pancytopenia, panarthritis)
large = MACRO- (macrocephaly, macrophage, macrorhinia)
small = MICRO- (microgastria, microdontia, microglia)
over, = HYPER- (hypertension, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperglycemia)
above, excessive
under, = HYPO- (hypothyroidism, hypodermic)
below, deficient
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TERMS PERTAINING TO THE BODY AS A WHOLE
1. Structural organization of the body
CELLS
key words: membrane mitochondria
nucleus endoplasmic reticulum
chromosomes ribosomes
genes catabolism
DNA anabolism
karyotype metabolism
cytoplasm
TISSUES
key words: histologyparenchymal vs stromal tissue
ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
key words: viscus / viscera
integumentary system respiratorymusculoskeletal lymphatic
gastrointestinal (digestive / alimentary) cardiovascular
urinary endocrine
female reproductive nervous
male reproductive sense organs
(see MEDICAL ENGLISH WORKBOOK pp 10-12)
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2. Body cavities
key words: cranial
thoracic (mediastinum, pleural)
diaphragm
spinal
abdominal (peritoneum)pelvic
3. Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
key words: hypochondriac (left and right) RUQ
epigastric LUQ
lumbar (left and right) RLQ
umbilical LLQ
inguinal (left and right)
hypogastric
4. Anatomical division of the back
key words: spinal / vertebral column (backbone)
vertebra, -ae
spinal cord
intervertebral spaces
disk / cartilage pad slipped disk (discus hernia)
division: cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)lumbar (L1-L5)
sacral (S 5 fused bones)
coccygeal (coccyx - 4 fused bones)
5. Positional and directional terms
key words: anterior (ventral) superior (cephalic)posterior (dorsal) medialdeep lateral
superficial supine
proximal prone
distal afferent
inferior (caudal) efferent
6. Planes of the body
key words: frontal (coronal) anatomical positionsagittal (lateral)
transverse (cross-sectional)