Matter

Mixtures

Solutions

Matter and Energy

The Big Bang

Formation of Matter• Big Bang Time, Space, Energy – Light• Quarks and Gluons (E=MC2)• 10-6 seconds Hadrons – Protons, Neutrons• 105 years Atoms - Hydrogen, Helium• Billions of years – Stars, Heavier Elements,

Molecules (Carbon, Oxygen, Water)• 1010 years Substances – Our Sun, Earth,

Rocks• DNA, Proteins• Life – Plants , Animals• 13,500,000,000 years - Us

Four States of Matter

Solid Liquid

Gas Plasma

Solid

A solid has a definite shape and volume. Examples of solids include ice (solid water), a bar of steel, and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).

Liquid

A liquid has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container.

Examples of liquids include water and oil.

Gas

A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Examples of gases are air, oxygen, and helium.

PlasmaPlasma has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. Plasma often is seen in ionized gases. Plasma is distinct from a gas because it possesses unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms or ions) cause plasma to be electrically conductive. Plasma may be formed by heating and ionizing a gas.

Stars are made of plasma. Lightning is plasma. You can find plasma inside fluorescent lights and neon signs.

Microscopic PropertiesDifferent States of Water

• Solid: Ice

• Liquid: Water

• Gas: Water Vapor

Mixtures

• Combination of two or more substances in which the individual substances do not lose their physical or chemical properties.

• Individual components can be physically separated.

Solutions

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these.

Homogeneous: of uniform structure or composition throughout

Solution Components

Solute: Substance dissolved in a given solution

Solvent: Substance that dissolves a solute

Sodium Chloride (Salt) Crystal

Water Molecule

Solubility

• The amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent.

• Exothermic process: Gives of heat

• Endothermic process: Requires heat input

Solubility As A Function of Temperature

Solutions – Separation of Solute from Solvent