Linguistic Legos 2016

Linguistic Legos: Building Proficiency by Scaffolding Language

Learning

http://scaffoldingwl.wikispaces.com

Image: Terry Eaton

Cherice Montgomery, Ph.D.Brigham Young University

cherice_montgomery@byu.edu

Who am I?

Images: Lindsey Frost & Dave Catchpole

Image: Teymur Madjderey

Stand if the statement applies to you.

Who are you?

Can Dos

Image: DammitKarissa

I can…1) Identify levels of proficiency.

2) Define and describe scaffolding.

3) Support students in extracting and interpreting information from culturally authentic texts.

4) Support students in exchanging information, ideas, and opinions in the interpersonal mode.

5) Support students in sharing information in the presentational mode.

Image: MissChristie1972

What do we mean by

“proficiency?”

“Proficiency is the ability to use language in real world situations in a spontaneous interaction and non-rehearsed

context and in a manner acceptable and appropriate to native speakers of the language”

(ACTFL Performance Descriptors, p. 4).

Novice: The Parrot

Image: Karen Roe

• Repeats

• Uses memorized/practiced words, phrases, and simple sentences (i.e., lists)

• Addresses only familiar (practiced) topics

• Asks & answers simple questions (with memorized responses)

Intermediate: The Tourist

Image: Ben Sutherland

• Participates in conversations

• Discusses a number of familiar topics

• Uses sentences and strings of sentences

• Asks & answers questions to meet basic needs

Advanced: The Storyteller

Image: David Farquhar

• Narrates

• Describes

• Uses various time frames

• Speaks with ease & confidence

• Handles unexpected complications

Superior: The Diplomat

Image: Simon Q.

• Discusses social and political issues, interests, and special fields of competence in formal and informal settings

• Explains complex matters in detail

• Provides structured arguments and hypotheses

• Participates fully and effectively

Novice Intermediate

Advanced Superior

Length of Output

Words & Phrases

Strings of Sentences(in any order)

Paragraphs(ideas clear,

ordered, sequenced)

Connected Paragraphs

(build logical

argument)Topic Scope (& Variety):

Immediate Personal Needs

Self, Family, & Community

Local or National Current Events

Global or Social

Issues & Personal Expertise

Level of Familiarity:

Personal, Familiar & Informal

Impersonal,Unfamiliar & Formal

Level of Complexity/ Abstraction:

Simple & Concrete

Complex & Abstract

LanguageFUNCTION

(What they can do with

language)

Formulaic, memorized responses

(Minimal transfer)

Ask & answer simple

questions

Create w/ lang.

(Recombine & repeat input)

Circumlocute

Compare & contrast

Narrate & Describe (w/

details)

State, support , justify, & defend

opinions

Hypothesize

Shifting Proficiency

Image: Do-Hyun Kim

Shifting Proficiency“Nothing motivates like success!” – Susan

Gross(Encouragement v. Feedback)

Image: Do-Hyun Kim

Image: Terry Eaton

Linguistic

The Case for Pedagogical Change

Goal of WL Study

Image: Cherice Montgomery

Create with language

in real world

settings for authentic

audiences & purposes

Assumption: Creative Language Use is a

Bottom-up Process

Image: Leo Reynolds

“Beginning learnersneed MORE pieces first!”

Image: Paul Wilkinson

VerbsAdjectives

Conjunctions

Prepositions

Really? What if learners just need DIFFERENT pieces?

Image: Woodleywonderworks

• Topics: Variety of themes & disciplines; social & political issues• Texts: Formal & informal; multiple perspectives• Tasks: Ask ?s, describe, narrate, state & support opinions,

hypothesize• Talk: Both concrete & abstract concepts; extended discourse• Tools: Strategic & sophisticated negotiation of meaning

Image: ACTFL.org

Content

Authentic Contexts

Critical

ThinkingProficienc

What if learners need opportunities to PLAY with the

pieces?

Image: Robert Lowe

What if learners need SUPPORT as they think through the tasks?

Image: Emram Kassim

What is “scaffolding?” (Wood, Bruner, Ross, 1976)

Images: Peter Ong & Andy Steele

Image: Trentretro

Think of scaffolding as a bridge that helps learners cross “the zone of proximal development”

(Vygotsky, 1978).

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal DevelopmentImage: The 240/365

“The distance between what the

learner can do alone and what the learner

can do with adult guidance or

collaboration with peers (Vygotsky,

Image: Phyllis Buchanan

Scaffolding: Supports that make successful task completion possible for learners who do not have the knowledge, confidence, or skills to succeed

autonomously.

Zone of Proximal Development

Image: Jaap Schuddeboom

Scaffolding is NOT…

Image: Peter Caulfield

Whose definition of “proximal”

are we using?

Image: Jimmy Lemon

How Teachers OftenThink About Scaffolding

Image: CMglee

To Scaffold, Teachers Try to “Explain” the Language

Image: Bram

How Learners Think About Scaffolding

Image: Deutsche Welle

The Lego Approach

to Scaffoldin

Image: Bill Toenjes

What do you notice about how Lego helps

learners complete a

project?Image: Bill Toenjes

“Bite-sized Chunks of Complexity”

(Spiro, 1991)

Image: Maureen Barlin

Lego & Scaffolding

Image: Bill Toenjes

• Visual →

• Colorful →

• Simple & Sequential →

• Step-by-step →

Access

Attention guided

Autonomy

Ability to perform complex tasks

What do we need to scaffold?Image: Moritz

Interpretive Communicatio

Interpersonal Communication Presentational

Communication

Acquiring Information

Sharing Learning

Processing & Applying Informatio

Image: Huladancer

Scaffolding Interpretive Inquiry

(Input Inquiry)

Image: Heidi Cody

RETAIL ALPHABET

This image can be viewed at: http://www.heidicody.com/images/art/alphabet/index.new.html

Image: Kristina Alexanderson

Novices don’t know where to look

Scaffold by formatting

• Arrows, Boxes, & Shapes

• Color-coding• Font, Size, Effects• Grouping

How could we scaffold this text?Image: Calamēo

9 CLAVES PARA TRIUNFAR EN UNA ENTREVISTA DE TRABAJO

(Article on job interviews)

This image can be viewed at: http://en.calameo.com/read/00144644103e97b0d74e9

How could we further scaffold this text?

Image: Calamēo

Scaffold by removing

distractions9 CLAVES PARA TRIUNFAR

(With extraneous material on the sides removed)

Scaffold by limiting the amount of

Image: Calamēo

9 CLAVES PARA TRIUNFAR (Cropped to show only one numbered point)

Scaffold by helping learners notice

patterns

Image: Bole Liu

Source: Liu, Bole. (2004). The Magical Seed. Shin Yi Foundation Publishers. ISBN 9789576429590

Scaffold by guiding attention

Developed by Cherice

Montgomery

Image: Gisela Giardino

Use tools like Prezi to focus attention

Scaffold by attending to genre

Image: Black Zack

“Occurs within a culture ♦ specific social purpose ♦ particular overall organizational

structure ♦ specific linguistic features” (Gibbons, 2015)

Прогноз погоды в Украине на 4 январяImage: Вероятно

Genre helps students predict content

Прогноз погоды в Украине на 4 января(Weather map in Russian)

This image can be viewed at: http://veroyatno.com.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ukraine-770x433.png

What is this?How do you know?Can you find…

Image: Jason Powers

• The date?• A headline?• A caption?• Any

characters you know?

Can you make predictions based on the pictures?

Genre Helps Us

Predict and Produce

Image: I-Ling Hsu

1) Speed read [for genre]

2) Close read (for main ideas)

3) Critical read (for details)

What are the key characteristics of fairy tales?

Image: Dave Catchpole

Image: David Farquhar

Fairy Tales in the U.S.Once upon a time…

Good v.

…And they all lived happily ever

Events in Threes

Moral Lesson

Repetition

Genre helps us predict

content.

What makes reading in the TL difficult?

Image: Alessia

Unclear

purposeLack of

Knowledge

Inadequate Genre AwarenessAcademic Language

Cultural Assumption

s & Allusions

Lack Base of

LanguageThe “Little” Words

No Scaffolding

Effective

Reading

Strategies

Learners Make Sense of Texts Through the Lens

Their Own Knowledge & Personal Experiences

Image: Rainer Schmidt

What cultural

knowledge is

necessary to

comprehend the

meaning of this text?

Image: Odhios.com

BIENVENDIOS A BOCA CERRADA(Cartoon that is difficult to

comprehend without cultural background knowledge)

This image can be viewed at:

http://www.ohdios.com/

Start with the Student

Activate prior knowledge & experiences

Build conceptual understanding

Connect learners to cultures, content, &

communities to make texts comprehensible & meaningful (schema)

Develop interactive tasks

Engage learners with meaningImage: Musgo Dumlo_Momlo

Interpretive Inquiry

Alasdair Howieson

Activate Prior Knowledge

Image: Abcdz2000, Michel Collot, Atif Gulzar,

Alasdair Howieson, Domantas Jankauskas,

Sabine Janssens, Jenny Rollo, Jenny Rollo,

Build Conceptual Understanding

. . .and that even if he were to take a whole herd of elephants with him, the herd would not be able to eat up one single baobab (St.

Exupéry, p. 24).

Max Handelsman

Austin Murrey

Connect to Create Schema: Infographics

Image: Alfredo Vela

¿Qué es la amistad? INFOGRAPHIC(Demonstrates how an infographic can be used to

actívate prior knowledge)

https://infografiasencastellano.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/amistad-infografia.png

Develop

Interactive

TasksInstructions:

1)Listen to the prompt.

2)Find a related word on your table.

3)Be the first to grab the word.

Grab a Word

Images: Nathalie Dulex, Cherice Montgomery, Kal Pat, & Gary Tamin

Article source: Muy Interesante

Scaffold with multiple passes through the text

¿Cuánto peso puede cargar una hormiga? ARTICLE

(Demonstrates how formatting and visual cues can be used to guide learners’ attention and improve

comprehension)

https://infografiasencastellano.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/amistad-infografia.png

Scaffold with multiple texts on the same topic from multiple perspectives

Photo: Cherice Montgomery

Image: Lola Dakota

Image: Jorge Roda

Image: Velika Fraisse

Image: Unknown

“La belleza está en todos lados pero no todo el mundo la ve” CONFUCIUS MEME

http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/d7/ac/70/d7ac70856f6a1851ecba1cae3dab9dd5.jpg

“La belleza comienza con la decision de ser uno mismo” COCO CHANEL MEME

http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/36/28/07/3628077f3f63e06d633ec360ff790d9a.jpg

Image: Enquique

Clarasó

“El que no lleva la belleza dentro del alma no la encontrará en ninguna parte” ENRIQUE CLARASÓ

http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/3b/b5/c8/3bb5c84b1729ac638417eccf49fed11e.jpg

Image: Kevin Aucoin

“No hay maquillaje en el mundo que pueda embellecer un corazón feo” KEVYN AUCOIN MEME

http://www.pinterest.com/pin/88312842665551426/

Image: El Tren de la Vida

“El tiempo no cambia a las personas…las desenmascara” EL TREN DE LA VIDA MEME

Image: Unknown

“Serás todo lo bonita que quieras, pero dime…Si el mundo fuera ciego, A cuanta gente

impresionarías?” MEME

Image: Verdadono.net

“Aunque la mona se vista de seda mona se queda” MEME FROM Verdadono.net

(Demonstrates importance of cultural background knowledge and use of images to help students

access meaning more easily)

http://www.verdadono.net/media/aunque-la-mona-se-vista-de-seda.jpg

Image: Vogue

“Frida Kahlo las apariencias engañan” VOGUE MAGAZINE COVER

Image: Soñador

“Para estos casos es mejor ser breve, busca en tu corazón lo que mas ames y llévalo siempre contigo,

la maldad se evapora ante la belleza, piensa en ello” MEME FROM SPANISH-QUOTES ON TUMBLR

Image: Unknown

“Con el tiempo, la belleza exterior de una mujer, se esfuma—como la niebla a los primeros rayos del

sol. Pero la belleza del corazón tiene el potencial de perdurar para siempre.” MEME

http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/5c/5b/f7/5c5bf79bbc3153cb4d7aca87780d681a.jpg

Engage Learners

with Meaning

(Say Something

)Article Excerpt: Elizabeth

Christine Lake (2005)

ABSTRACTDiscussing literature: Text-centered talk during group work and all-class

discussion in an undergraduate Spanish course

http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164536

Say Something: Sentence Stems

• Ask for clarification: – Could you explain…– Does this mean that…?– Is this saying…

• Comment: I think that…• Example: One example of this is…• Experience: A related experience I had was…• Prediction: I think that…will…because…• Question: I wonder

who/what/when/where/why/how… Document: Cherice Montgomery

Learners select items in the text & “attach…”

• Assertions about the text

• Connections to other “texts”

• Descriptions of images or context

• Evidence (pro or con) that supports the text

• Explanations of cultural products, practices, and perspectives

• Opinions about the arguments made in the text

Hyperreading

Image: El informador on Thinglink

ARTICLE FROM EL INFORMADOR

http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2013/453309/6/diputados-cobran-por-casas-fantasma.htm

ScaffoldingCritical

Reading & TextualAnalysis

Image: Oakdome

Analyzing an Argument

Image: Santiago Moll

Ejemplo de texto argumentativo. Proceso de creación

SCREENSHOT

http://justificaturespuesta.com/ejemplo-de-texto-argumentativo-proceso-de-creacion

". . . the set of words, grammar, and organizational strategies used to describe complex ideas, higher-order thinking processes, and abstract concepts"

(Jeff Zwiers, Building Academic Language, 2008, p. 20).

Academic Language

What Does Academic Language Look Like?

Image: Newsela

Image: Laurie Clarcq (2016)

For more information: http://www.embeddedreading.com

Image: Lee LeFever

Academic Language is

a Foundational Component

of High Levels of

Proficiency

Palabras transicionalesAgregar

información

adicionalmente

de igual manera

en cuanto a

en particular

en realidad

especiíficamente

no obstante

por ejemplo

según

también

Comparar

además

así que

de la misma manera del mismo

modo de igual

importancia

igualmente

lo siguiente

por lo general

por otra par

seguidamente

también

Concluir

a fin de cuentas

de lo anterior, se puede concluir que

en conclusión

en fin

en general

en resumen

en síntesis

finalmente

para resumir

por último

Contrastar

a la inversa

a pesar de (que)

al contrario

de otra manera

al mismo tiempo

aún así

aunque

en cambio

en contraste

en tanto que

de otro modo

no obstante

por desgracia

por el contrario

por otro lado

por otra parte

sin embargo

Mostrar un resultado

así que

como consecuencia

como resultado de

de esta manera

de hecho

en cualquier caso

es decir

obviamente

por consiguiente

por ese motivo

por eso

por lo tanto

Ordenar

después de

durante

en primer lugar

entonces

inicialmente

más tarde

para empezarpoco tiempo

despuéspor fin

primero, segundo, terceropronto

próximotan pronto

Lily Bueno4th Grade Portuguese

Dual Language Immersion

How does she

scaffold academic language

How does she

scaffold paired work & output?

Image: Sean Dreilinger

Interpersonal Cognitive Processing: Converse to Comprehend Content & Culture

• Communicate complex concepts in simple language• Invite analysis, evaluation, synthesis, and questions• Connect to other texts and personal experiences

Scaffolding

Communication,

Content,

Cognition, &

Collaboration

Image: Daniel Wildman

Actions

Communicati

onDecision

Breakdow

Consistent Routines & Procedures

Image: Chris Martin

Working in Pairs

Forming Groups

Holding Class

Discussions

Tracking Progress

Distributing Materials

Giving Feedbac

Give Clear Instructions(Montgomery, 2012)

Image: Dave Pickett

5Numbered

1 Step

Per Line7-10

Words Per Step

Image: Jimmy Liew

I see, I think, I wonder

Give Clear Instructions:1)Get a proficiency

2)Take out a cell phone.

3)Find a photo on it.

4)Find a partner.

5)Show your photo to your partner.

6)Use your assigned proficiency level to complete in your TL:

I see, I think, I wonder7) Notice language patterns.

Teach Rejoinders

Image: NASA HQ Photo

You’re kidding me!

I didn’t know that!

Really?Oh,

that’s interesti

Image: Jianna Chang

Scaffolding the Task: Sentence Building

Sentence Frame

Scaffolding the Task: Peer Surveys

Word Bank

Sentence Frames

Sharing Info.

Scaffold Language for…

Image: B.S.K.

Talk (Add,

Clarify, Interrupt)

Talk [Respond

: Rejoinde

Tools(Instructi

ons, Technolog

Topic(Disciplin

ary Content)

Tasks (Process)

Texts (Academi

c Languag

Story Vocabulary:

• Elf, girl, rich/poor, work/play, fly• Boy, plant, wash, eat, work, sleep, grow

Task Vocabulary for Sequencing:

• Yes/No• Right/Wrong• Before/After• First, Next, Then, After, Finally• Demonstratives (This, That, Those)• Ordinal Numbers Images: Fernando Krahn

& Jan Romero Stevens

Scaffolding: Language for the Task

Brainstorming• Concept Map• Examples• Picture Prompts• Question Prompts• Sentence Starters• Tools

当我们访问中国，我们要 ...

Images: AnswerGarden, Hiboo Hsu, Padlet, Popplet, Shilpin Patel, SXC, Cherice Montgomery, TitanPad

Comparing & Contrasting

Image: Rosa H. Zayas

Image: Teresa Marín

Image: Renee Dooly

Image: Danielle Kessie

Images: Cherice Montgomery, et. al,

Read, Write, Think

Image: Chad ManisProgressively Develops Proficiency Through

Iterative Interpersonal Communication, Critical Thinking, & Synthesis

Debriefing

Debating: Human Graphing

Images: Cherice Montgomery

Debating: Tricider

Image: Tricider

Debating: Tricider

Image: Tricider

Predicting

Images: Amazon, L.J. García Sánchez & M.A

. Pacheco

DRAWING BASED ON La niña invisible

http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/caidv/interedvisual/la_nina_invisible.htm

Images: Warren Chappell

Retelling

Scaffold Interpersonal Communication to Develop

Academic Language &

Interculturality

Presentational Output:Share Ideas, Information, &

Opinions

Image: Black Zack

Picture Walk (Idea by Heather Van Ohrtman, ID)Images: Nieves Knapp

instruments

singersguitar

CDsnoisy

talented

to play guitar

to sing

to payto talk

¡Pásamelo!: La escuela 1) Formen un grupo de cuatro.

2) Escuchen el tema.

3) Escriban una palabra relacionada al tema. O corrijan errores.

los estudiantes, leer, estudiar, la clase

4) Formen una oración de las palabras. Los estudiantes leen y estudian mucho en la clase de inglés. Les gustan las clases de arte y música.

5) Combinen las frases. Los estudiantes leen y estudian mucho en la clase de inglés, pero les gustan las clases de arte y música.

Build Language Progressively

Foldables

Image: Foldables

are Wonderful

Scaffolding Process/Sequence

Clone Poetry

(Support Production)

Text: Josefa Murillo (1898)Image: Cherice Montgomery

Guided Story Choice Web

Image: Krista Happ

Image: Jean-Louis Zimmerman

Scaffold Writing with Concept Maps

Scaffold Writing

GRAPHIC ORGANIZERLos textos argumentativos

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-textos-101118100842-phpapp01/95/textos-informativos-6-638.jpg?cb=1422662422

Image: Secretaria de educación Honduras

• Is it simple?

• Does it support progression?

• Is it scaffolded?

How good is it?

Scaffolding Progressive Development of Language: Rubrics

Image: Cherice Montgomery in The Language Educator

Image: Chris Christian

You broke

my brain!

The Power of Understanding

“In the absence of our clear intention, our willingness to consciously change the settings of the world we are creating, the default culture

is decisive” (Block, 2003, p. 143).Image: Gears Educational Systems

Build scaffolding into your practice like building with Legos…

one piece at a time!

Image: Alexas Fotos

Linguistic Legos: Building Proficiency by Scaffolding Language

Learning

http://scaffoldingwl.wikispaces.com

Image: Terry Eaton

Cherice Montgomery, Ph.D.Brigham Young University

cherice_montgomery@byu.edu

• Linguistic Legos by Cherice Montgomery is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

• To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

Credits• Start with 109• 36 – Retail Alphabet• 38 – 40 – 9 Claves para triunfar• 41 – Chinese slide• 45 – Berportho• 52 – Ohdios• 56 – Vela• 59 – Muy Interesante• 64 – Confucius• 65 – Chanel• 66 – Clarasó• 67 – Aucoin• 68 – El Tren de la Vida• 69 – • 70 – Verdadono.net• 71 – Vogue• 72 – Sonador• 73 – Unknown• 74 – Say Something• 76 – thinglink• 78 – Moll• 97 – Wordless• 101 – Read Write Think Graphic Organizer• 106 – Garcia• 118 - Chile• Abcdz2000. (2009, March 22). Street clock. Stock Xchng. Retrieved

July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1163415 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• ACTFL. (2012). ACTFL proficiency guidelines – Speaking: Superior. ACTFL.org. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://actflproficiencyguidelines2012.org/speaking#Superior

• Alessia. (2014, March 18). Lego project. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/60130166@N07/13383206424 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivatives License.

• Alexanderson, Kristina. (2011, Sept. 1). The new imperial web solution. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/kalexanderson/6101914287 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. (2012). Proficiency. ACTFL Performance Descriptors for Language Learners. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/PerformanceDescriptorsLanguageLearners.pdf

• AnswerGarden. (2016). AnswerGarden Logo. AnswerGarden. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.answergarden.ch/

• Aucoin, Kevyn. (n.d.). No hay maquillaje en el mundo que pueda embellecer un corazón feo. Pinterest. Retrieved from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/88312842665551426/

• Barlin, Maureen. (2014, Dec. 17). Hand. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/maureen_barlin/16056020495 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Вероятно. (2016, Янв 3). Прогноз погоды в Украине на 4 января. Вероятно. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from http://veroyatno.com.ua/news/prognoz-pogody/ Direct link: http://veroyatno.com.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ukraine-770x433.png

• Block, Peter. (2003). The answer to how is yes. NY: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, p. 143. ISBN 978-1576752715 https://www.amazon.com/Answer-How-Yes-Acting-Matters/dp/1576752712

• Bram. (2007, November 7). Hypo-tech! Flickr. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/bram/1899479308 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Buchanan, Phyllis. (2008, Jun. 21). Playing with 3 sizes of lego. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/pgautier/2598157781 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Bueno, Lily. (n.d.). Lilybbbracale_1463123995_140. Pinterest. Retrieved November 18, 2016, from https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/avatars/lilybbbracale_1463123995_140.jpg Used with permission.

• Calamēo. (2014, Junio). 9 claves para triunfar en una entrevista de trabajo. Calamēo. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://en.calameo.com/read/00144644103e97b0d74e9

• Case, Anny & Cherice Montgomery. (2012). Supporting opinions with evidence. Big Ideas in Small Packages.

• Catchpole, Dave. (2012, May 4). Legoland Windsor 04-05-12 [Fairy Tales]. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/yaketyyakyak/7272249868/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Catchpole, Dave. (2012, May 4). Legoland Windsor 04-05-12 Lego Rug. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/yaketyyakyak/7272116932/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Caulfield, Peter. (n.d.). Carefully does it 1407159. FreeImages.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/carefully-does-it-1407159 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

• Chanel, Coco. (n.d.). La belleza comienza con la decision de ser uno mismo. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/36/28/07/3628077f3f63e06d633ec360ff790d9a.jpg

• Chappell, Warren. (1960/1939). The Adventures of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

• Chiang, Janna. (2009). Sentence building in Chinese. Photo by Cherice Montgomery.

• Christian, Chris. (2012, April 1). Art of the brick. Flickr. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/wiredforsound23/6897005340/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License.

• Clarasó, Enrique. (n.d.). El que no lleva la belleza dentro del alma no la encontrará en ninguna parte. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/3b/b5/c8/3bb5c84b1729ac638417eccf49fed11e.jpg

• Clarcq, Laurie. (2013). What is an embedded reading? Embedded reading in Agen Part 2. Embedded Reading. Retrieved September 28, 2016, from https://embeddedreading.com/2016/07/25/agen-2016/embedding-reading-in-agen-part-2/ For more information, see: https://embeddedreading.com/2016/07/25/agen-2016/handout-for-embedded-reading-agen-16/ Used with written permission.

• Collot, Michel. (2006, September 4). Stop. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/609443 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Confucius. (n.d.). La belleza está en todos lados pero no todo el mundo la ve. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/d7/ac/70/d7ac70856f6a1851ecba1cae3dab9dd5.jpg

• CMglee. (2014, Apr. 27). Lego dimensions. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lego_dimensions.svg Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

• Cody, Heidi. (2000). American alphabet. Heidi Cody. Retrieved August 13, 2016, from http://www.heidicody.com/images/art/alphabet/index.new.html Answer key: http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0910/investigations/coursework2.shtml Alternative site: http://www.joeykatzen.com/alpha/

• Creative Commons. (n.d.). Creative commons logo. Retrieved from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

• Dakota, Lola. (2012, October 19). Belleza. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/88896860@N07/8103531636/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• DammitKarissa. (2010, October 3). Remi & Alyse. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/repoort/5052103702/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Dooly, Renee. (2015, September 26). Animal classification. Fantastic First Grade Froggies. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.fantasticfirstgradefroggies.com/2015/09/animal-classification.html Direct link: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g4HO_uUOMag/VgYW2tjAITI/AAAAAAABToc/ecDPqXsPFVk/s1600/animal-classification-venn.jpg Used with written permission.

• Dreilinger, Sean. (2010, October 23). Brothers poring over a lego catalog that arrived in today’s mail – MG 0037_JPG. Flickr. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandreilinger/5108446863/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Chicken basil 1509063. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/chicken-basil-1509063 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Fried pork and rice 1509081. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/fried-pork-and-rice-1509081 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Sweet sour chicken 1509087. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/sweet-sour-chicken-1509087 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Dumlo_Momlo, Musgo. (2011, Nov. 22). Lego librarian_bibliotecaria de lego. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/30976576@N07/6383264679 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Eaton, Terry. (2004, May 14). Legos. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/133388 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• El Tren de la Vida. (n.d.). El tiempo no cambia a las personas…las desenmascara.” Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/389139224022623198/

• Farquhar, David. (2011, September 24). Three little pigs. Flickr. Retrieved February 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/khaosproductions/6179137674/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Farquhar, David. (2011, September 24). Visiting grandma. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/khaosproductions/6178633351/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Foldables are wonderful. (n.d.). Foldables are wonderful. Wikispaces. Retrieved June 22, 2016, from https://foldables.wikispaces.com/

• Fotos, Alexas. (2016). Baby sitter children educator lego 1140892. Pixabay. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://pixabay.com/en/baby-sitter-children-educator-lego-1140892/ Used under a CC0 Public Domain License. Free for commercial use. No attribution required.

• Fraisse, Velika. (2007, April 13). La belleza bla bla bla. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/65086378@N00/457331895/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• Frost, Lindsey. (2012). Photo of Cherice Montgomery. Time is But a Moment Photography. Retrieved from http://timeisbutamomentphotography.com/lumen/ Used with permission.

• García Sánchez, J. L. y Pacheco, M. A. (1990). La nina invisible. Amazon. Retrieved October 4, 2012, from https://www.amazon.com/Nina-Invisible-Girl-Derechos-Nino/dp/0882720414/ Direct link: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41X4SHWMRSL._SL500_AA300_.jpg

• García Sánchez, J. L. y Pacheco, M. A. (1990). La nina invisible. Junta de Andalucia. Retrieved October 4, 2012, from http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/caidv/interedvisual/la_nina_invisible.htm

• Gears Educational Systems. (n.d.). Risk comparison with respect to knowledge and time. Gears Educational Systems. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http://www.gearseds.com/curriculum/images/figures/time%20and%20knowledge%20graph%20rev2.gif Used with written permission.

• Giardino, Gisela. (2005, October 24). Good news for alien workrs? Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/gi/55758571/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License.

• Grellet, Franḉois. (1996). Writing for Advanced Learners of English. Cambridge University Press.

• Gulzar, Atif. (2006, April 4). Calligraphy 2. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/500904 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Handelsman, Max. (2013, August 8). Elephants eating the bark off a baobab tree. Flickr. Retrieved August 5, 2014, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/maxh42/9595873798/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons, Share-Alike 2.0 license.

• Happ, Krista. (2014, December 28). Animal Teeth. The Second Grade Superkids. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from http://thesecondgradesuperkids.blogspot.com/ Direct link: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yopJLWiYOGg/UYW4WkmbDKI/AAAAAAAAC9Y/zIc0E2sHgtw/s1600/Slide3.jpg Used with written permission.

• Howieson, Alasdair. (2006, March 18). Duabi6_009. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/490067 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified and credited.)

• Hsu, Hiboo. (2010, October 26). Chinese papercut. Freeimages.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://www.sxc.com/150187_2572.jpg Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/chinese-paper-cut-1494579 Used under a Standard Freeimages.com Content License.

• Hsu, I-Ling. (2016). Project blueprint: Speed reading. Project-based Language Learning & Interculturality Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ZP8SM53YMgADnshG6cSB6cWKmPUj8851g8WtFqa3eH8/viewform?c=0&w=1 Used with permission.

• Huladancer. (2007, Jun. 4). Legos. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/huladancer22/530743543 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Jankauskas, Domantas. (2006, January 9). Street 8 (street sign in Abu Dhabi). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/443005 Used under a Stock Xchng standard

• License. (Photographer notified.)• Janssens, Sabine. (2008, July 29). Water jug (on a wall in a Bedouin

village in Egypt). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1050136 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• K, B.S. (2007, August 24). Talk bubble. Stock Xchng. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from http://www.sxc.hu/browse.phtml?f=view&id=856552 Used under a Standard Royalty-free Stock Xchng License.

• Kassim, Emram. (2009, February 15). Let’s lego. Flickr. Retrieved August 4, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/emrank/3287296980/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Kessie, Danielle. (2010). Navidad: Los Estados Unidos y Argentina. Used with permission.

• Kim, Do-Hyun. (2012, May 12). Lego custom iron man. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stickkim/7491816206 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivatives License.

• Knapp, Nieves. (2011). Tuna photos. Used with permission.• Krahn, Fernando. A flying saucer full of spaghetti. AntiQbook.

Retrieved October 3, 2012, from http://www.stellabooks.com/stockimages_sorted/721/721840.JPG

• Replace with copyright safe reading and add mouths and citation - Lake, E. C. (2014). Discussing literature: Text-centered talk during group work and all-class discussion in an undergraduate Spanish course. Retrieved from http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164536

• LeFever, Lee. (2010, August 11). LEGO Headquarters, Billund Denmark. Retrieved August 13, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/leelefever/5094826517/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial License.

• Lemon, Jimmy. (n.d.). Carleton stream. FreeImages.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/carleton-stream-2-1390226 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

• Liew, Jimmy. (2015, July 16). Are you ready for your #selfie? #lego #mysonstoy. Flickr. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimmyliew/19738041092/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Lowe, Robert. (2008, Nov. 25). Developer at work. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/rmlowe/3281353786 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Madjderey, Teymur. (2008, June 12). "so conan, eh?! schwarzis...“ Flickr. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/icedsoul/2573379493/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Manis, Chad. (2014). Super think, pair, share. Daily Teaching Tools. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.shop.tweduware.com/50-More-STUDYizers-for-Windows-and-Mac-119.htm Copyright Chad Manis. Used with written permission from the author. For additional, similar graphic organizers see: http://www.dailyteachingtools.com/free-graphic-organizers-studyizer2.html

• Marín, Teresa. (2012, March 24). Perifèries11/12. Flickr. Retrieved June 24, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/te_maga_lab/7068996973/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Martin, Chris. (2007, Jan. 22). Law class: Project visual aid. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/atomicbartbeans/366499457 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• MissChristie1972. (2012, February 9). Focus 52 week six (still life). Flickr. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/29960457@N08/6850028449/ Used under a Creative Commons, Attribution, No Derivatives License.

• Moll, Santiago. (2013, September 27). Ejemplo de texto argumentativo. Proceso de creación. Justifica tu respuesta. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://justificaturespuesta.com/ejemplo-de-texto-argumentativo-proceso-de-creacion/

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Building with Legos at Exploration Place. Photo taken in Lehi, UT.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2011). Chinese beef.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2011). Chinese curry.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Confiance. HSBC. Photo taken in Spain.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Developing academic language.

Designing Project-based Language Learning.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Giving clear instructions. Think

Thematic.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Human graphing in FLANG 276. Used

with permission.• Montgomery, Cherice. (n.d.). Index card foldable.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Palabras transicionales.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Paper cut store in China.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). ¡Pásamelo!: La escuela.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2008). Positive tú commands. Developed by

Cherice Montgomery.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Sample rubric for expressing and

justifying opinions. The transformative power of performance-based assessment. The Language Educator, 9(2), p. 45.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Say something: Sentence stems.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2009). Scaffolding an information gap activity.

Mentoring, Leadership, & Change for Chinese STARTALK Teachers.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Scaffolding grab-a-word. Planning for

Effective Language Learning.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Scaffolding interpersonal

communication to develop academic language and interculturality. Designing project-based language learning.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Shifting proficiency. Based on the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://actflproficiencyguidelines2012.org/speaking

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Why is reading in the TL so difficult?• Montgomery, C., Sederberg, B., Tyrol, M. R., & Stevenson, S. (1998). A

Standards-Based Thematic Unit. National K-12 Foreign Language Resource Center. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://wayback.archive-it.org/855/20101103145624/http://nflrc.iastate.edu/pubs/units/unitsList.html

• Moritz. (2010, Feb. 18). Jörn, Silke and Mo. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/nolnet/4368698058 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• Murrey, Austin. (n.d.). Los baobabs son…. Southeast High School, Wichita, KS. Used with permission.

• Murillo, Josefa. (1898). Definición. Homenaje a la inspirada poetisa tlacotalpeña Josefa Murillo. La reforma. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://archive.org/stream/homenajelainspir00unse/homenajelainspir00unse_djvu.txt

• Muy Interesante. (2014, June 25). ¿Cuánto peso puede cargar una hormiga? Muy Interesante. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.muyinteresante.es/naturaleza/preguntas-respuestas/cuanto-peso-puede-cargar-una-hormiga-451406274508

• Nasa HQ Photo. (2011, Apr. 7). Lego “build the future” activity (201104270004HQ). Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahqphoto/5663175062 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• Newsela. (2016). Spanish text sets. Newsela. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from https://newsela.com/text-sets/#/spanish

• Newsela. (Maron, Dina Fine). (2015, December 4). Los cientificos usan bacterias para contolar a los mosquitos. Newsela. Retrieved November 18, 2016, from https://newsela.com/articles/mosquitoes-fighting-spanish/id/13254/

• Oakdome. (2014). Graphic organizer ask and answer questions. K-5 Computer Lab. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://oakdome.com/k5/lesson-plans/word/images/common-core-asking-and-answering-questions-RL21-31-RI21-31.jpg Used under a Creative Commons, Attribution, Share Alike License in accordance with the following terms of use: http://oakdome.com/k5/lesson-plans/terms-of-use.php

• Ohdios.com. (n.d.). Bienvenidos a boca cerrada. Ohdios.com. Retrieved from http://www.ohdios.com/

• Ong, Peter. (2004, Apr. 14). More lego bricks. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/119221 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Padlet. (2016). Padlet Logo. Padlet. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.padlet.com/

• Pat, Kal. (n.d.). Rice noodle with mince pork 1634618. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/rice-noodle-with-mince-pork-1634618 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Patel, Shilpin. (2003, May 13). Post it. FreeImages.com. Retrieved July 27, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/post-it-1421810 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

• Pickett, Dave. (2014, July 20). 2x4 brick at different scales. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/fallentomato/14721819813/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Popplet. (2016). Popplet Logo. Popplet. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.popplet.com/

• Powers, Jason. (2007, April 17). Shenzhen newspaper with pictures on page 4. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/ashengrove/462980230/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives License.

• Q, Simon. (2012, August 21). Lego queen & corgi. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/simononly/7945186940/Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial License.

• Read, Write, Think. (2004). Compare and contrast chart graphic organizer. Read, Write, Think. Retrieved June 26, 2016, from http://effectiveinstructionalstrategies.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/2/3/7423204/3651229.png?317

• Reynolds, Leo. (2008, Jan. 17). Lego letters and numbers. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/2198763383 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Roda, Jorge. (2009, May 4). La belleza es tu cabeza. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jorgeroda/6363133153/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Roe, Karen. (2012, May 4). Legoland resort windsor 04-05-2012. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/karen_roe/7615906432/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Rollo, Jenny. (2007, January 17). Doha pedestrian crossing (in Qatar). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/700384 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Rollo, Jenny. (2007, April 3). Street sign in Qatar. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/753734 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Scheijen, Jean. (2006, Oct. 29). Blocks. FreeImages.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/648653 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Schmidt, Rainer. (2005, May 21). My view. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/297189 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license. Photographer notified and credited.

• Schuddeboom, Jaap. (2015, May 15). Step stones water brook 778885. Pixabay. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from https://pixabay.com/en/step-stones-water-brook-778885/ Used under a CC0 Public Domain License. Free for commercial use. No attribution required.

• Secretaria de educación Honduras. (July 5). Los textos argumentativos. Los Textos Informativos. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from http://www.edu.ucpse.org/recursos/edusitios/Alumnos/SitioFinal/alumno/niveles/6basico/5julio/lenguaje/alumno/recursos/Presentacion_tipos_de_textos.pdf Direct link to image: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-textos-101118100842-phpapp01/95/textos-informativos-6-638.jpg?cb=1422662422 Link to collection of slides like this: http://www.slideshare.net/ethelwifu/textos-informativos-5824515

• S. M. (2003, December 24). Kuka kula. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/79441 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified and credited.)

• Soñador. (n.d.). Para estos casos es mejor ser breve, busca en tu corazón lo que mas ames y llévalo siempre contigo, la maldad se evapora ante la belleza, piensa en ello. Spanish-quotes/Tumbler. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/89579480058237039/

• Spiro, R.J., Feltovich, P.J., Jacobson, M.J., & Coulson, R.L. (1991). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. Educational Technology, 11(5), 24-33.

• St. Exupéry, Antoine. (1995). The Little Prince. Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions, Ltd.

• Steele, Andy. (2004, Dec. 25). Scaffolding. Stock Xchng. Retrieved November 19, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/230159 Used under a standard, royalty free, Stock.xchng Image License Agreement.

• Stevens, Jan Romero. Carlos and the squash plant. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 3, 2012, from http://www.amazon.com/Carlos-Cornfield-milpa-Multilingual-Edition/dp/0873587359

• Sutherland, Ben. (2012, March 10). Lego tourist. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/bensutherland/6972172647 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Tamin, Gary. (2008, February 7). Lap cheong 2 1579259. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/lap-cheong-2-1579259 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• The 240/365. (2011, Aug. 28). Out searching. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/kalexanderson/6088362493 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Thinglink. (2013, April 25). El informador. Thinglink. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2013/453309/6/diputados-cobran-por-casas-fantasma.htm

• Thinglink. (2015). Thinglink. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.thinglink.com/signup?teacher=true&buttonSource=fpPricing

• TitanPad. (2016). TitanPad Logo. TitanPad. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.titanpad.com/

• Toenjes, Bill. (2010, September 9). LEGO MMMB - September '10 (Boy with Backpack) Instructions. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/4976072834/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Toenjes, Bill. (2010, Nov. 5). Lego MMMB – November ‘10 (Fireplace) instructions. Flickr. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/5148281622 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Toenjes, Bill. (2011, Jul. 7). Lego store MMMB – July ‘11 (lighthouse) instructions. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/5914351506/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Trentretro. (2005, January 1). 5th January. Flickr. Retrieved September 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/trentretro/15583620273 Copyright Trentretro. Used with written permission from the photographer.

• Tricider. (2012). Tricider screenshot. Tricider. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.tricider.com/

• Tricider. (2016). How do you think scaffolding helps students? Tricider. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.tricider.com/brainstorming/36UZtgnA7fR

• Unknown. (n.d.). Con el tiempo, la belleza exterior de una mujer, se esfuma—como la niebla a los primeros rayos del sol. Pero la belleza del corazón tiene el potencial de perdurar para siempre. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/5c/5b/f7/5c5bf79bbc3153cb4d7aca87780d681a.jpg

• Unknown. (n.d.). Serás todo lo bonita que quieras, pero dime…Si el mundo fuera ciego, A cuanta gente impresionarías? Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/426082814718051707/

• Van Ohrtman, Heather. (2012). Picture walk.• 56 - Vela, Alfredo. (n.d.). ¿Qué es la amistad? Infografías en castellano.

Social Media TICs & Training, S.L. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from https://infografiasencastellano.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/amistad-infografia.png

• Verdadono.net. (n.d.). Aunque la mona se vista de seda mona se queda. Verdadono.net. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.verdadono.net/media/aunque-la-mona-se-vista-de-seda.jpg

• Vogue. (n.d.). Frida Kahlo las apariencias engañan. Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/491807221777968789/

• Vygotsky, Lev S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

• Welle, Deutsche. (2010, July 19). Future engineers. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/deutschewelle/7313723932 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Wildman, Daniel. (2005, Jul. 20). ML_X4. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/338003 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Wilkinson, Paul. (2012, Jun. 17). Lego bricks. Flickr. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/eepaul/7396791752 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• 20 - Wood, Bruner, J., & Ross. (1976). • Woodleywonderworks. (2008, May 4). Lego workers fired from their

jobs. Flickr. Retrieved August 4, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/2473054502/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Zack, Black. (2014, March 20). Lego news. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/blackzack00/13307284214 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Zayas, Rosa H. (n.d.). Organizador comparar mito y leyenda. Google Docs. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-7Oowd7O_yqcDJQbnZ2UEJwT1U/edit Used with written permission.

• Zimmerman, Jean-Louis. (2008, Nov. 24). Concept_map_lrg. Flickr. Retrieved February 20, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeanlouis_zimmermann/3055800558 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Zwiers, Jeff. (2008). Building Academic Language: Essential Practices for Content Classrooms. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Credits• Abcdz2000. (2009, March 22). Street clock. Stock Xchng. Retrieved

• ACTFL. (2012). ACTFL proficiency guidelines – Speaking: Superior. ACTFL.org. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://actflproficiencyguidelines2012.org/speaking#Superior

• Alessia. (2014, March 18). Lego project. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/60130166@N07/13383206424 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivatives License.

• Alexanderson, Kristina. (2011, Sept. 1). The new imperial web solution. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/kalexanderson/6101914287 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. (2012). Proficiency. ACTFL Performance Descriptors for Language Learners. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/PerformanceDescriptorsLanguageLearners.pdf

• AnswerGarden. (2016). AnswerGarden Logo. AnswerGarden. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.answergarden.ch/

Credits• Aucoin, Kevyn. (n.d.). No hay maquillaje en el mundo que pueda

embellecer un corazón feo. Pinterest. Retrieved from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/88312842665551426/

• Barlin, Maureen. (2014, Dec. 17). Hand. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/maureen_barlin/16056020495 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Вероятно. (2016, Янв 3). Прогноз погоды в Украине на 4 января. Вероятно. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from http://veroyatno.com.ua/news/prognoz-pogody/ Direct link: http://veroyatno.com.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ukraine-770x433.png

• Block, Peter. (2003). The answer to how is yes. NY: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, p. 143. ISBN 978-1576752715 https://www.amazon.com/Answer-How-Yes-Acting-Matters/dp/1576752712

• Bram. (2007, November 7). Hypo-tech! Flickr. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/bram/1899479308 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Buchanan, Phyllis. (2008, Jun. 21). Playing with 3 sizes of lego. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/pgautier/2598157781 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

Credits• Bueno, Lily. (n.d.). Lilybbbracale_1463123995_140. Pinterest.

Retrieved November 18, 2016, from https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/avatars/lilybbbracale_1463123995_140.jpg Used with permission.

• Calamēo. (2014, Junio). 9 claves para triunfar en una entrevista de trabajo. Calamēo. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://en.calameo.com/read/00144644103e97b0d74e9

• Case, Anny & Cherice Montgomery. (2012). Supporting opinions with evidence. Big Ideas in Small Packages.

• Catchpole, Dave. (2012, May 4). Legoland Windsor 04-05-12 [Fairy Tales]. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/yaketyyakyak/7272249868/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Catchpole, Dave. (2012, May 4). Legoland Windsor 04-05-12 Lego Rug. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/yaketyyakyak/7272116932/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Caulfield, Peter. (n.d.). Carefully does it 1407159. FreeImages.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/carefully-does-it-1407159 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

Credits• Chanel, Coco. (n.d.). La belleza comienza con la decision de ser uno

mismo. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/36/28/07/3628077f3f63e06d633ec360ff790d9a.jpg

• Chappell, Warren. (1960/1939). The Adventures of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

• Chiang, Janna. (2009). Sentence building in Chinese. Photo by Cherice Montgomery.

• Christian, Chris. (2012, April 1). Art of the brick. Flickr. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/wiredforsound23/6897005340/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike License.

• Clarasó, Enrique. (n.d.). El que no lleva la belleza dentro del alma no la encontrará en ninguna parte. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/3b/b5/c8/3bb5c84b1729ac638417eccf49fed11e.jpg

• Clarcq, Laurie. (2013). What is an embedded reading? Embedded reading in Agen Part 2. Embedded Reading. Retrieved September 28, 2016, from https://embeddedreading.com/2016/07/25/agen-2016/embedding-reading-in-agen-part-2/ For more information, see: https://embeddedreading.com/2016/07/25/agen-2016/handout-for-embedded-reading-agen-16/ Used with written permission.

Credits• Collot, Michel. (2006, September 4). Stop. Stock Xchng. Retrieved

• Confucius. (n.d.). La belleza está en todos lados pero no todo el mundo la ve. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/d7/ac/70/d7ac70856f6a1851ecba1cae3dab9dd5.jpg

• CMglee. (2014, Apr. 27). Lego dimensions. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lego_dimensions.svg Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.

• Cody, Heidi. (2000). American alphabet. Heidi Cody. Retrieved August 13, 2016, from http://www.heidicody.com/images/art/alphabet/index.new.html Answer key: http://magazine.uchicago.edu/0910/investigations/coursework2.shtml Alternative site: http://www.joeykatzen.com/alpha/

• Creative Commons. (n.d.). Creative commons logo. Retrieved from http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

• Dakota, Lola. (2012, October 19). Belleza. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/88896860@N07/8103531636/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

Credits• DammitKarissa. (2010, October 3). Remi & Alyse. Flickr. Retrieved

August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/repoort/5052103702/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Dooly, Renee. (2015, September 26). Animal classification. Fantastic First Grade Froggies. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.fantasticfirstgradefroggies.com/2015/09/animal-classification.html Direct link: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g4HO_uUOMag/VgYW2tjAITI/AAAAAAABToc/ecDPqXsPFVk/s1600/animal-classification-venn.jpg Used with written permission.

• Dreilinger, Sean. (2010, October 23). Brothers poring over a lego catalog that arrived in today’s mail – MG 0037_JPG. Flickr. Retrieved March 13, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/seandreilinger/5108446863/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Chicken basil 1509063. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/chicken-basil-1509063 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Fried pork and rice 1509081. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/fried-pork-and-rice-1509081 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

Credits• Dulex, Nathalie. (2004, March 25). Sweet sour chicken 1509087.

Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/sweet-sour-chicken-1509087 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Dumlo_Momlo, Musgo. (2011, Nov. 22). Lego librarian_bibliotecaria de lego. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/30976576@N07/6383264679 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Eaton, Terry. (2004, May 14). Legos. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/133388 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• El Tren de la Vida. (n.d.). El tiempo no cambia a las personas…las desenmascara.” Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/389139224022623198/

• Farquhar, David. (2011, September 24). Three little pigs. Flickr. Retrieved February 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/khaosproductions/6179137674/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

Credits• Farquhar, David. (2011, September 24). Visiting grandma. Flickr.

Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/khaosproductions/6178633351/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Foldables are wonderful. (n.d.). Foldables are wonderful. Wikispaces. Retrieved June 22, 2016, from https://foldables.wikispaces.com/

• Fotos, Alexas. (2016). Baby sitter children educator lego 1140892. Pixabay. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://pixabay.com/en/baby-sitter-children-educator-lego-1140892/ Used under a CC0 Public Domain License. Free for commercial use. No attribution required.

• Fraisse, Velika. (2007, April 13). La belleza bla bla bla. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/65086378@N00/457331895/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• Frost, Lindsey. (2012). Photo of Cherice Montgomery. Time is But a Moment Photography. Retrieved from http://timeisbutamomentphotography.com/lumen/ Used with permission.

• García Sánchez, J. L. y Pacheco, M. A. (1990). La nina invisible. Amazon. Retrieved October 4, 2012, from https://www.amazon.com/Nina-Invisible-Girl-Derechos-Nino/dp/0882720414/ Direct link: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41X4SHWMRSL._SL500_AA300_.jpg

Credits• García Sánchez, J. L. y Pacheco, M. A. (1990). La nina invisible. Junta

de Andalucia. Retrieved October 4, 2012, from http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/caidv/interedvisual/la_nina_invisible.htm

• Gears Educational Systems. (n.d.). Risk comparison with respect to knowledge and time. Gears Educational Systems. Retrieved February 13, 2005, from http://www.gearseds.com/curriculum/images/figures/time%20and%20knowledge%20graph%20rev2.gif Used with written permission.

• Giardino, Gisela. (2005, October 24). Good news for alien workrs? Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/gi/55758571/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License.

• Grellet, Franḉois. (1996). Writing for Advanced Learners of English. Cambridge University Press.

• Gulzar, Atif. (2006, April 4). Calligraphy 2. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/500904 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Handelsman, Max. (2013, August 8). Elephants eating the bark off a baobab tree. Flickr. Retrieved August 5, 2014, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/maxh42/9595873798/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons, Share-Alike 2.0 license.

Credits• Happ, Krista. (2014, December 28). Animal Teeth. The Second Grade

Superkids. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from http://thesecondgradesuperkids.blogspot.com/ Direct link: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yopJLWiYOGg/UYW4WkmbDKI/AAAAAAAAC9Y/zIc0E2sHgtw/s1600/Slide3.jpg Used with written permission.

• Howieson, Alasdair. (2006, March 18). Duabi6_009. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/490067 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified and credited.)

• Hsu, Hiboo. (2010, October 26). Chinese papercut. Freeimages.com. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://www.sxc.com/150187_2572.jpg Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/chinese-paper-cut-1494579 Used under a Standard Freeimages.com Content License.

• Hsu, I-Ling. (2016). Project blueprint: Speed reading. Project-based Language Learning & Interculturality Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1ZP8SM53YMgADnshG6cSB6cWKmPUj8851g8WtFqa3eH8/viewform?c=0&w=1 Used with permission.

• Huladancer. (2007, Jun. 4). Legos. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/huladancer22/530743543 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

Credits• Jankauskas, Domantas. (2006, January 9). Street 8 (street sign in Abu

Dhabi). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/443005 Used under a Stock Xchng standard

• License. (Photographer notified.)• Janssens, Sabine. (2008, July 29). Water jug (on a wall in a Bedouin

village in Egypt). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1050136 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• K, B.S. (2007, August 24). Talk bubble. Stock Xchng. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from http://www.sxc.hu/browse.phtml?f=view&id=856552 Used under a Standard Royalty-free Stock Xchng License.

• Kassim, Emram. (2009, February 15). Let’s lego. Flickr. Retrieved August 4, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/emrank/3287296980/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Kessie, Danielle. (2010). Navidad: Los Estados Unidos y Argentina. Used with permission.

• Kim, Do-Hyun. (2012, May 12). Lego custom iron man. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stickkim/7491816206 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, No Derivatives License.

• Knapp, Nieves. (2011). Tuna photos. Used with permission.

Credits• Krahn, Fernando. A flying saucer full of spaghetti. AntiQbook.

Retrieved October 3, 2012, from http://www.stellabooks.com/stockimages_sorted/721/721840.JPG

• Replace with copyright safe reading and add mouths and citation - Lake, E. C. (2014). Discussing literature: Text-centered talk during group work and all-class discussion in an undergraduate Spanish course. Retrieved from http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/164536

• LeFever, Lee. (2010, August 11). LEGO Headquarters, Billund Denmark. Retrieved August 13, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/leelefever/5094826517/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial License.

• Lemon, Jimmy. (n.d.). Carleton stream. FreeImages.com. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/carleton-stream-2-1390226 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

• Liew, Jimmy. (2015, July 16). Are you ready for your #selfie? #lego #mysonstoy. Flickr. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimmyliew/19738041092/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Lowe, Robert. (2008, Nov. 25). Developer at work. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/rmlowe/3281353786 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

Credits• Madjderey, Teymur. (2008, June 12). "so conan, eh?! schwarzis...“

Flickr. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/icedsoul/2573379493/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Manis, Chad. (2014). Super think, pair, share. Daily Teaching Tools. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.shop.tweduware.com/50-More-STUDYizers-for-Windows-and-Mac-119.htm Copyright Chad Manis. Used with written permission from the author. For additional, similar graphic organizers see: http://www.dailyteachingtools.com/free-graphic-organizers-studyizer2.html

• Marín, Teresa. (2012, March 24). Perifèries11/12. Flickr. Retrieved June 24, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/te_maga_lab/7068996973/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Martin, Chris. (2007, Jan. 22). Law class: Project visual aid. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/atomicbartbeans/366499457 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• MissChristie1972. (2012, February 9). Focus 52 week six (still life). Flickr. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/29960457@N08/6850028449/ Used under a Creative Commons, Attribution, No Derivatives License.

Credits• Moll, Santiago. (2013, September 27). Ejemplo de texto argumentativo.

Proceso de creación. Justifica tu respuesta. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://justificaturespuesta.com/ejemplo-de-texto-argumentativo-proceso-de-creacion/

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Building with Legos at Exploration Place. Photo taken in Lehi, UT.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2011). Chinese beef.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2011). Chinese curry.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Confiance. HSBC. Photo taken in Spain.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Developing academic language.

Designing Project-based Language Learning.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Giving clear instructions. Think

Thematic.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Human graphing in FLANG 276. Used

with permission.• Montgomery, Cherice. (n.d.). Index card foldable.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Palabras transicionales.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2012). Paper cut store in China.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). ¡Pásamelo!: La escuela.

Credits• Montgomery, Cherice. (2008). Positive tú commands. Developed by

Cherice Montgomery.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Sample rubric for expressing and

justifying opinions. The transformative power of performance-based assessment. The Language Educator, 9(2), p. 45.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Say something: Sentence stems.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2009). Scaffolding an information gap activity.

Mentoring, Leadership, & Change for Chinese STARTALK Teachers.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Scaffolding grab-a-word. Planning for

Effective Language Learning.• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Scaffolding interpersonal

communication to develop academic language and interculturality. Designing project-based language learning.

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2016). Shifting proficiency. Based on the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://actflproficiencyguidelines2012.org/speaking

• Montgomery, Cherice. (2014). Why is reading in the TL so difficult?

Credits• Montgomery, C., Sederberg, B., Tyrol, M. R., & Stevenson, S. (1998). A

Standards-Based Thematic Unit. National K-12 Foreign Language Resource Center. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://wayback.archive-it.org/855/20101103145624/http://nflrc.iastate.edu/pubs/units/unitsList.html

• Moritz. (2010, Feb. 18). Jörn, Silke and Mo. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/nolnet/4368698058 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

• Murrey, Austin. (n.d.). Los baobabs son…. Southeast High School, Wichita, KS. Used with permission.

• Murillo, Josefa. (1898). Definición. Homenaje a la inspirada poetisa tlacotalpeña Josefa Murillo. La reforma. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://archive.org/stream/homenajelainspir00unse/homenajelainspir00unse_djvu.txt

• Muy Interesante. (2014, June 25). ¿Cuánto peso puede cargar una hormiga? Muy Interesante. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.muyinteresante.es/naturaleza/preguntas-respuestas/cuanto-peso-puede-cargar-una-hormiga-451406274508

• Nasa HQ Photo. (2011, Apr. 7). Lego “build the future” activity (201104270004HQ). Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahqphoto/5663175062 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial License.

Credits• Newsela. (2016). Spanish text sets. Newsela. Retrieved June 29,

2016, from https://newsela.com/text-sets/#/spanish• Newsela. (Maron, Dina Fine). (2015, December 4). Los cientificos usan

bacterias para contolar a los mosquitos. Newsela. Retrieved November 18, 2016, from https://newsela.com/articles/mosquitoes-fighting-spanish/id/13254/

• Oakdome. (2014). Graphic organizer ask and answer questions. K-5 Computer Lab. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://oakdome.com/k5/lesson-plans/word/images/common-core-asking-and-answering-questions-RL21-31-RI21-31.jpg Used under a Creative Commons, Attribution, Share Alike License in accordance with the following terms of use: http://oakdome.com/k5/lesson-plans/terms-of-use.php

• Ohdios.com. (n.d.). Bienvenidos a boca cerrada. Ohdios.com. Retrieved from http://www.ohdios.com/

Credits• Ong, Peter. (2004, Apr. 14). More lego bricks. FreeImages.com.

Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/119221 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Padlet. (2016). Padlet Logo. Padlet. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.padlet.com/

• Pat, Kal. (n.d.). Rice noodle with mince pork 1634618. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/rice-noodle-with-mince-pork-1634618 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• Patel, Shilpin. (2003, May 13). Post it. FreeImages.com. Retrieved July 27, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/post-it-1421810 Used under a FreeImages.com Content License.

• Pickett, Dave. (2014, July 20). 2x4 brick at different scales. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/fallentomato/14721819813/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Popplet. (2016). Popplet Logo. Popplet. Retrieved June 29, 2016, from http://www.popplet.com/

Credits• Powers, Jason. (2007, April 17). Shenzhen newspaper with pictures on

Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/ashengrove/462980230/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives License.

• Q, Simon. (2012, August 21). Lego queen & corgi. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/simononly/7945186940/Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial License.

• Read, Write, Think. (2004). Compare and contrast chart graphic organizer. Read, Write, Think. Retrieved June 26, 2016, from http://effectiveinstructionalstrategies.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/2/3/7423204/3651229.png?317 May be reproduced for educational purposes.

• Reynolds, Leo. (2008, Jan. 17). Lego letters and numbers. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/lwr/2198763383 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

• Roda, Jorge. (2009, May 4). La belleza es tu cabeza. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jorgeroda/6363133153/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

Credits• Roe, Karen. (2012, May 4). Legoland resort windsor 04-05-2012. Flickr.

Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/karen_roe/7615906432/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Rollo, Jenny. (2007, January 17). Doha pedestrian crossing (in Qatar). Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/700384 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Rollo, Jenny. (2007, April 3). Street sign in Qatar. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/753734 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified as a courtesy.)

• Scheijen, Jean. (2006, Oct. 29). Blocks. FreeImages.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/648653 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Schmidt, Rainer. (2005, May 21). My view. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/297189 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license. Photographer notified and credited.

• Schuddeboom, Jaap. (2015, May 15). Step stones water brook 778885. Pixabay. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from https://pixabay.com/en/step-stones-water-brook-778885/ Used under a CC0 Public Domain License. Free for commercial use. No attribution required.

Credits• Secretaria de educación Honduras. (July 5). Los textos argumentativos.

Los Textos Informativos. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from http://www.edu.ucpse.org/recursos/edusitios/Alumnos/SitioFinal/alumno/niveles/6basico/5julio/lenguaje/alumno/recursos/Presentacion_tipos_de_textos.pdf Direct link to image: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-textos-101118100842-phpapp01/95/textos-informativos-6-638.jpg?cb=1422662422 Link to collection of slides like this: http://www.slideshare.net/ethelwifu/textos-informativos-5824515

• S. M. (2003, December 24). Kuka kula. Stock Xchng. Retrieved July 6, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/79441 Used under a Stock Xchng standard license. (Photographer notified and credited.)

• Soñador. (n.d.). Para estos casos es mejor ser breve, busca en tu corazón lo que mas ames y llévalo siempre contigo, la maldad se evapora ante la belleza, piensa en ello. Spanish-quotes/Tumbler. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/89579480058237039/

• Spiro, R.J., Feltovich, P.J., Jacobson, M.J., & Coulson, R.L. (1991). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. Educational Technology, 11(5), 24-33.

• St. Exupéry, Antoine. (1995). The Little Prince. Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions, Ltd.

Credits• Steele, Andy. (2004, Dec. 25). Scaffolding. Stock Xchng. Retrieved

November 19, 2009, from http://www.sxc.hu/photo/230159 Used under a standard, royalty free, Stock.xchng Image License Agreement.

• Stevens, Jan Romero. Carlos and the squash plant. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 3, 2012, from http://www.amazon.com/Carlos-Cornfield-milpa-Multilingual-Edition/dp/0873587359

• Sutherland, Ben. (2012, March 10). Lego tourist. Flickr. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/bensutherland/6972172647 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Tamin, Gary. (2008, February 7). Lap cheong 2 1579259. Freeimages.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/lap-cheong-2-1579259 Used under a Freeimages.com Content License.

• The 240/365. (2011, Aug. 28). Out searching. Flickr. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/kalexanderson/6088362493 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Thinglink. (2013, April 25). El informador. Thinglink. Retrieved February 18, 2016, from http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2013/453309/6/diputados-cobran-por-casas-fantasma.htm

• Thinglink. (2015). Thinglink. Retrieved August 8, 2016, from https://www.thinglink.com/signup?teacher=true&buttonSource=fpPricing

Credits• TitanPad. (2016). TitanPad Logo. TitanPad. Retrieved June 29, 2016,

from http://www.titanpad.com/• Toenjes, Bill. (2010, September 9). LEGO MMMB - September '10 (Boy

with Backpack) Instructions. Flickr. Retrieved August 7, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/4976072834/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Toenjes, Bill. (2010, Nov. 5). Lego MMMB – November ‘10 (Fireplace) instructions. Flickr. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/5148281622 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Toenjes, Bill. (2011, Jul. 7). Lego store MMMB – July ‘11 (lighthouse) instructions. Flickr. Retrieved February 7, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/toomuchdew/5914351506/in/photostream/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Trentretro. (2005, January 1). 5th January. Flickr. Retrieved September 8, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/trentretro/15583620273 Copyright Trentretro. Used with written permission from the photographer.

• Tricider. (2012). Tricider screenshot. Tricider. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.tricider.com/

Credits• Tricider. (2016). How do you think scaffolding helps students? Tricider.

Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.tricider.com/brainstorming/36UZtgnA7fR

• Unknown. (n.d.). Con el tiempo, la belleza exterior de una mujer, se esfuma—como la niebla a los primeros rayos del sol. Pero la belleza del corazón tiene el potencial de perdurar para siempre. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/5c/5b/f7/5c5bf79bbc3153cb4d7aca87780d681a.jpg

• Unknown. (n.d.). Serás todo lo bonita que quieras, pero dime…Si el mundo fuera ciego, A cuanta gente impresionarías? Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/426082814718051707/

• Van Ohrtman, Heather. (2012). Picture walk.• 56 - Vela, Alfredo. (n.d.). ¿Qué es la amistad? Infografías en castellano.

Social Media TICs & Training, S.L. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from https://infografiasencastellano.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/amistad-infografia.png

• Verdadono.net. (n.d.). Aunque la mona se vista de seda mona se queda. Verdadono.net. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.verdadono.net/media/aunque-la-mona-se-vista-de-seda.jpg

• Vogue. (n.d.). Frida Kahlo las apariencias engañan. Pinterest. Retrieved September 15, 2016, from http://www.pinterest.com/pin/491807221777968789/

Credits• Vygotsky, Lev S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher

psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.• Welle, Deutsche. (2010, July 19). Future engineers. Flickr. Retrieved

February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/deutschewelle/7313723932 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, No Derivatives License.

• Wildman, Daniel. (2005, Jul. 20). ML_X4. FreeImages.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from http://www.freeimages.com/photo/338003 Used under a standard, royalty-free FreeImages.com license.

• Wilkinson, Paul. (2012, Jun. 17). Lego bricks. Flickr. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/eepaul/7396791752 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• 20 - Wood, Bruner, J., & Ross. (1976). • Woodleywonderworks. (2008, May 4). Lego workers fired from their

jobs. Flickr. Retrieved August 4, 2016, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/2473054502/ Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Zack, Black. (2014, March 20). Lego news. Flickr. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/blackzack00/13307284214 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share Alike License.

Credits• Zayas, Rosa H. (n.d.). Organizador comparar mito y leyenda. Google

Docs. Retrieved August 4, 2014, from https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-7Oowd7O_yqcDJQbnZ2UEJwT1U/edit Used with written permission.

• Zimmerman, Jean-Louis. (2008, Nov. 24). Concept_map_lrg. Flickr. Retrieved February 20, 2015, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/jeanlouis_zimmermann/3055800558 Used under a Creative Commons Attribution License.

• Zwiers, Jeff. (2008). Building Academic Language: Essential Practices for Content Classrooms. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Linguistic Legos 2016

Education

Transcript of Linguistic Legos 2016

Report linguistic

Corps espace legos

Rcp 1 - para legos version 2016

Linguistic A

AUSSOIS2005 Linguistic

Linguistic Universal

Chomsky Linguistic

Linguistic Trainer

Linguistic Pedagogy.pdf

3. Linguistic Essential

Linguistic Areas

Aphasia Linguistic

Linguistic Relativism

Linguistic Project Presentation

ARMANDO LEGOS

Equipe de géochimie marine du LEGOS GEOMAR Journées de Prospectives du LEGOS, 23 avril 2014.

Coleccion Legos Minifiguras Ult

Linguistic 06.08

Linguistic Ei

Linguistic Etiquette