Post on 03-Apr-2018
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Impacts from Sustainable Land
Management Investments
Case Study - Kyrgyzstan
UNCCDCRIC - 5
Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMarch 2007
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Outline
Introduction
Desertification and Land Degradation Processes
Kyrgyzstan Water Resources and Irrigation
Water User Associations in the Kyrgyz Republic
Case Study WUA Performance in Orok Village
Conclusions
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Objectives
What are Impacts from investments in Sustainable Land and
Water Management (SLM)? Linkages between SLM, economic growth, poverty
reduction, and good governance?
Do investments in Natural Resources Management Improve peoples livelihoods? Decrease land degradation rates?
Strengthen local environmental governance?
Do Water User Associations (WUAs) Achieve positive results in SLM?
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Desertification and LandDegradation
Desertificationis land degradation
Reduces ecosystem integrity Productivity, biodiversity, and resilience
Causes Multiple, complex, and varied
Over-exploitation of natural resources Poor agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, etc.
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UNCCD in Central Asia
National Action Programs (NAPs)
Subregional Action Plan (SAP) Monitoring and evaluation of
processes Drought early warning system Improving water use in agriculture Combating land degradation
Cooperation Water-saving technologies in
agriculture Enterprises for agricultural
technology Water Users Associations
(federations) Best practices Principles of free-market-oriented
agricultural systems
Country
Area
Arable
land
Irrigated
land
millionha
millionha
millionha
Kazakhstan 271.7 22.5 3.6
Kyrgyzstan 19.8 1.3 1.1
Tajikistan 14.3 0.9 0.7
Turkmenistan 48.8 2.2 1.8Uzbekistan 44.7 4.7 4.3
Central Asia 399.4 51.4 11.4
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CACILMCentral Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management
ADB supported program to Promote sustainable land
management
Build capacity in land and water
resource management
National ProgrammingFramework (2006 2016)
Capacity building Agriculture, Forestry, Pastures Research
Integrated resource management
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UNCCD in Kyrgyz Republic
Joined 1997, ratified 1999 Coordination Council - Leads in implementing UNCCD National Action Plan
Natural resources management Public awareness
Combat land degradation Land productivity Improve economy Promote rural tourism Restore pastures
Reforestation Monitoring
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Kyrgyz Land & WaterResources
Area Total land - 19.85 million ha
Arable land - 1.3 million ha
Irrigated land - 1.1 million ha 2003
Highly saline 14,900 ha
Moderately saline 31,600 ha
Slightly saline 65,200 ha Waterlogged 114,100 ha
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Kyrgyz Economy
Mountainous country Ave. elevation 2,750 m
Population - 5 million
Agriculture 34% of GDP 43% of work force 20% of exports
Water Use Agricultural
9.4 billion m3
Domestic and industrial 0.3 billion m3
Kyrgyz GDP per capita 1995-2004
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Kyrgyz Land Reforms
Transition
From Large, collective
and state farms
Centrally plannedeconomy
To Many small-scale
producers in amarket economy
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
AgriculturalProduction(%)
State (%)
Private (%)
Kyrgyz Agricultural Output, 1990 2005
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Kyrgyz Farm Management
Shortage of Support services
Microfinance
Inputs
Infrastructure Marketing outlets
Small size of farms Initial land distribution
Un-economic units
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Yield(1
00kg/ha)
Grains
Cotton
Kyrgyz Agricultural Yields, 1990 2005
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Kyrgyz Arable Lands
Problems Soil erosion
Salinity
Waterlogging
Loss of vegetative cover
Weed cover
Caused by Abandonment of farms
Unsustainable agricultural practices Weak linkage between land users and state agencies and
private sector
Decreased land reclamation
Poverty of rural population
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Kyrgyz Irrigation Systems
Problems Secondary salinization
Lack of Drainage
Waterlogging
Erosion
Caused by
low efficiency of irrigation networks due to poormaintenance
low efficiency of water use at the farm level
deterioration of drainage network
lack of financial and technical resources
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Payment for Water
Farmers pay $0.75/1000 m3
Parliament wont
increase to $2.50/1000 m3
Cost of irrigationsystem andservice $58/ha 6 x more than
expendituresIrrigation fee for different regions of Kyrgyzstan
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Water User Associations
Land privatization Land Code
Law on Farming1999
WUAs 1995 2002
On-farm irrigationsystems transferred toWUAs
Development of Kyrgyz WUAs 1999 2007
2005
Water rights based onhydrological basins
Tariffs reflects irrigationand drainage systemO&M costs
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IMT in Kyrgyzstan
IMT to WUAs 1991
504 irrigation systems 1 million irrigated ha
2005
430 WUAs 708 thousand irrigatedha
Successful where cash crops are grown
favorable economicconditions
water-short areas Improvements expected Rule of law Financial management Water user awareness Farmer participation
Irrigated land under Kyrgyz WUAs
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WUA Sustainability
Establish & collect fees Cover O&M, and
administrative costs Water service fees
In kind payments Allowed up to 30% Running 50% - 80%
ISF Collection Rates in of Kyrgyzstan
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Case Study: Orok Village
Orok Village Administration Jantai Tush WUA
Irrigated land 1,247 ha
Water use 8,500,000 m3
Debt $3,108
6833 inhabitants 1931 families
1867 have no conveniences 210 Poor Families ($186/person/year) 65 Moderately Poor ($124/person/year) 28 Extremely Poor ($44/person/year)
Livestock has increased inn last 4years
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WUA State & Activities
Established 2002
Canal network 65 km
50 km unlined
Net value $55,334
O&M $907 - $1,295
Staff Director
Accountant
Hydraulic technician
Ditch riders (seasonal)
Farmers: Where can we get good seeds?
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WUA Water Supply Interfarm irrigation system
Ala-Archa river Kirovsky canal
Jantai main canal
Canals P-1 and P-2
Some flumes are damaged
Water delivery difficult
Water Intake andSupply (thousands
m3
)
Irrigation for seedling emergence
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Irrigation Systems Water Use in Irrigation & WUA
Effectiveness ~100% using furrow and border strip
irrigation
65% measured volume with a weir
35% measured volume "by eye
~100% water distributed appropriately
Irrigation ServicePayments
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Crop Yields
Farmers have 7 tractors
2 harvesters
3 balers
6 trucks
Crop Yields (% of 2003)
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Farm Animals
(2004 as % of 2002)
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Farm Microcredit
Some farmers obtained loans ($958 - $5,180) Some farmers did not
High rates (up to 30%)
Difficult document preparation
Repayment difficulty Length of loan period
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Some Problems Shortages of
Funds (farmers, village, WUA) Maintenance of machinery, irrigation systems and structures. New machinery and equipment
Processing and storage facilities Markets Pastures
Shortcomings of land and agrarian reform Break-up of large enterprises Reduction of
Management services Technical knowledge Seed farming
Lack of knowledge about Farming Effective use of water
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Conclusions
Problems of WUAs
Tariffs for irrigation services are too low
Excessive "in kind" payment of irrigation service fees
WUAs Passive Lack physical infrastructure Management not aware of authority and responsibility Incomplete managerial functions Lack management transparency Poor auditing conditions
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Conclusions
Benefits of WUAs Water users
Use irrigation water more responsibly Understand that excessive use of water for irrigation has a cost Participate in water management Undertake mutually agreed activities for resource management
Participate in establishing tariffs for irrigation water supply Control operation and maintenance of irrigation systems Take responsibility for decision making and implementation Reduction of moisture-loving crops
WUAs New institutions have demonstrated potential and vitality
Set example of proper management of local associations Provide input to water sector reform Assist in restructuring water resources management Improve water distribution Advise on irrigation methods