What is International Politics?Review & Preview東洋大学 国際政治基礎 B

LECTURE 1, PART I September 21, 2015

グリーン・ H ・スティーブン法学部・准教授H. Steven GreenAssociate ProfessorFaculty of Law

学び LIVEJune 22, 2014

I. Quiz II. What is international politics (IP)?III. 5 Basic Concepts （概念）

I. QUIZ Part 1Please write “T” if the sentence is true or “F” if it is false.

1. _____ The United Nations is the world’s government. 2. _____ There are almost 200 countries in the world.3. _____ International organizations are important because they are places where leaders can talk and get information. 4. _____ Free trade creates more global wealth.5. _____ Values and beliefs are NOT useful for IP because they do not have direct power.

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS VOCABULARYWords are our friends!

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS VOCABULARY

State = country

We talk about “states” the way we talk about people: “States do…” “States want…”

• “Japan trades with China.”• “The USA wants to cooperate with the UK.”

States are controlled by their own governments• “The government of Japan” （日本政府）

II. What is international politics (IP)?

International politics is the politics of the international system.

What is the international system?

The international system is based on countries and their relationships with each other.

II. What is international politics?International politics is what happens among the

world’s states: – Trade 貿易– Help 援助– Cooperation 協力– War 　戦争

The Study of International Politics国際政治学

People who study IP try to analyze* all of these international relationships systematically.

*analyze: 分析する

The Study of International Politics国際政治学

People who study IP try to analyze all of these international relationships systematically.

We do not just study what one country does: We study what it does as part of the international system.

Without analysis, IP looks very complicated.

With the right analysis,IP looks less complicated

and becomes easier tounderstand.

III. 5 Basic Concepts

for understanding International Politics

3 LEVEL CHESS TOP BOARD (2 concepts)

MIDDLE BOARD (2 concepts) BOTTOM BOARD (1 concept)

TOP BOARD 　　The ONE most importantthing to know about the international system is at this level.

What is the most important thing to know about international politics?

In a nutshell （簡単に言うと）：There is no world government.

No ruler( 主義者 )exists above countries.

1. AnarchyThe international system has

no government.

What is international politics (IP)?

IP is politics without a government that controls or makes decisions for states.

「国際政治とは、共通の主義者の存在しない状況において、自らより上位の支配者を持たない政治体の間で行われる政治である」 -Joseph Nye

There are almost 200 countries, so…

there are almost 200 governments.

The United Nations (UN) is NOT a world government.

• The UN cannot make laws.• It is a place where governments can talk and

debate.

Countries cannot call 1-1-9• Countries must protect themselves• Sometimes they cooperate• Sometimes they help other countries

BUT• The international system is unpredictable and

dangerous （予測不可能で危険だ） , so…• Countries worry most about security & power

EVERY country has its own military ( 軍隊 ), including Japan. (The 自衛隊 is one of the most

powerful militaries in the world.)

TOP BOARD 　　1. Anarchy2. Balance of Power

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2. Balance of Power

Because of anarchy, states worry about who is becoming stronger or weaker.

• No state wants to become weaker.• States make alliances （連盟） with other states US – Japan- Australia Canada - India

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2. Balance of Power

Many states do not want certain kinds of states to become more powerful, so they cooperate to fight or contain

them.• In WWII 　（第二次世界大戦） , the UK and US

cooperated with the USSR (even though they opposed communism( 共和主義 )).

• The EU and the US try to contain Iran’s power.• The EU, the US, China, Japan and South Korea cooperate

to contain North Korea’s power.

TOP BOARD 1. Anarchy2. Balance of Power

MIDDLE BOARD3. IOs (International Oganizations)• States are members of IOS• Private citizens and companies are NOT members of IOs

3. IOs: International Organizations

IOs: International Organizations

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　東南アジア諸国連合Association of Southeast

Asian Nations

IOsInternational Organizations

世界貿易機関

国際通貨基金協定　

Talking is better than fighting.IOs are useful places for leaders to get more information about other states.

TOP BOARD 1. Anarchy2. Balance of Power

MIDDLE BOARD3. IOs (International Oganizations)4. Free Trade （自由貿易）

We buy and sell things around the world.

4. Free TradeWhy do almost all countries trade?

• Trade is the easiest way to get what your country needs • Japan, like most countries in the world, does not have natural

resources such as oil or natural gas.• Trade creates wealth • National economies cannot make everything consumers （消費者） want .• Trading creates more wealth because demand （需要）

creates innovation.

Free TradeEast Asia & Pacific Region, 1970-2006

As trade increases, national wealth also increases.

http://www.oecd.org/trade/whyopenmarketsmatter.htm

Free TradeEven after the 2008 financial crisis （金融危機） , trade

creates wealth.

http://www.zerohedge.com/article/detailed-look-global-wealth-distribution

TOP BOARD 1. Anarchy2. Balance of Power MIDDLE BOARD3. IOs4. Free Trade

BOTTOM BOARD5. Values and beliefs

Human ideas about “right” and “wrong” change.Slavery （奴隷制度） used to be normal.

5. Values and Beliefs

States used to attack civilians during war.Now it is a war crime （戦争犯罪）

Values and beliefs change

• Even states that do not respect human rights or democracy say they do.

• Democratic states make mistakes, but usually protect most people’s human rights.

Human rights （人権） & Democracy

International exchange changes us, too.

NGOs: Non-governmental OrganizationsUseful for creating and spreading values.

Private citizens (regular people) can participate in NGOs. Governments may NOT participate in NGOs. Members of one

NGO often come from many different countries.

TOP BOARD 1. Anarchy2. Balance of Power

MIDDLE BOARD3. IOs4. Free Trade

BOTTOM BOARD5. Values and beliefs

TOP BOARD REALISM: States are most powerful actors and all

their actions try to either increase power or security (or both.)

MIDDLE BOARDLIBERALISM: International society changes states’

interests and can persuade them to cooperate b/c states worry about more than just power or security.

BOTTOM BOARDCONSTRUCTIVISM: Ideas, values, culture

determine states’ values, ultimately.

POWER OF STATES

POWER OF COOPERATION POWER OF IDEAS

DIRECT POWER

INDIRECT POWER

Power = the ability to get others to do what you want them to do. - Carrots (rewards) - Sticks (punishments) States have the most power in the international system.

Power usually means HARD POWER - Economic

- Military

Power of attraction = Getting others to want what you want - attraction of ideas, institutions, values, culture SOFT POWER: The power to persuade

DIRECT POWER: Hard Power

INDIRECT POWER: Soft Power

IP Scholars argue about which of these levels is most important.

I. QUIZ Part 1 - ANSWERSPlease write “T” if the sentence is true or “F” if it is false.

1. __F__ The United Nations is the world’s government. 2. __T__ There are almost 200 countries in the world.3. __T__ International organizations are important because they are places where leaders can talk and get information. 4. __T__ Free trade creates more global wealth.5. __F__ Values and beliefs are NOT useful for IP because they do not have direct power.

END OF LECTURE 1, PART 1