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Profa. Léia Bernardi Bagesteiro (CECS) E-mail: leia.bagesteiro@ufabc.edu.br

Instrumentação Biomédica

•! Sensores e Transdutores •! Posição, Deslocamento, Temperatura •! Exemplos

LabVIEW

Principais Transdutores Resistivos

Exemplos:

Fornecem uma resistência em resposta ao estímulo Extensômetros:

•! Deformação linear

Extensômetros:

•! Circuitos em ponte •! Compensação para efeitos de temperatura •! Conveniente para pequenas variações de temperatura

Fotoresistores:

•! Intensidade luminosa

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Transdutor Potenciométrico

•! Fornecem uma resistência em resposta a posição do cursor

Transdutor Potenciométrico

•! Função de Transferência Teórica

Potenciômetros rotativos:

•! Respondem a posição angular do cursor

Potenciômetros lineares:

•! Respondem a posição linear do cursor

Tipos de Potenciômetros: Exemplos aplicações:

•! Goniômetro para medição de posição articular

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TRANSDUTORES

•! Transdutores de Temperatura –!Termopares

–!Resistance-Temperature Detectors (RTD)

–!Termistores

Termopares - Princípio

Conexão (ou soldagem) de 2 fios

Operação normal, junção fria colocada em “banho frio” Termopares

•! Type K : Chromel-Alumel

•! Type J : Iron-Constantan

•! Type E : Chromel-Constantan

•! Type N : Nicros-Nisil

•! Type T : Copper-Constantan

•! É importante notar que termopares medem a diferença de temperatura entre dois pontos, e não a temperatura absoluta.

Termopares Termopares

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Termopares – aplicações

•! Para medições de temperatura em intervalos grandes, até 1800 K.

Exemplo: Type K : Chromel-Alumel (-190!"#$%#1260!") Type J : Iron-Constantan (-190!"#$%#760!") Type E : Chromel-Constantan (-100!"#$%#1260!") •! Para medições em intervalos de temperatura entre 0-100ºC

com alta precisão (0.1ºC), mais indicado RTD e termitores.

Magnitude da E térmica

Onde: c e k = constantes dos materiais do termopar

T1 = temperatura da junção “quente”

T2 = temperatura da junção “fria” ou junção de “referência”

)()( 2

2

2

121 TTkTTcE !+!=

Exemplo Termopar (E2):

UTI Neonatal Tincubadora = 35°C T UTINeo = 23°C Termopar tipo K

Exemplo Termopar (E2):

Exemplo Termopar (E2): Exemplo Termopar (E2):

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Termoresistivos:

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

Termistores (PTC e NTC)

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

Considerações importantes:

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

PT100 (Platina 100! a 0ºC) •! Função de Transferência Simplificada

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

Resistance temperature detector (RTD)

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), também chamados termômetros de resistência, são sensores de temperatura que apresentam mudança de resistência elétrica conhecida de acordo com a temperatura.

Temperatura Resistência Metal

Idealmente a resistência varia linearmente com a temperatura.

Resistance temperature detector (RTD)

Uma reta aproxima os pontos da curva que representa as temperaturas, T1 e T2, e T0 representa o ponto médio de temperatura.

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Equação da reta:

R(T) = aproximação da resistência na temperatura T R(T0) = resistência em T0

!o = fração de mudança na resistência por grau de temperatura em T0

!T = T - T0

!

R(T) = R(To)[1+"

o#T] T

1< T < T

2

Resistance temperature detector (RTD) Sensor de temperatura (thin-film gold)

Sensor micro-fabricado

RTD - Exemplos de "

Equação da reta

R2 = resistência em T2

R1 = resistência em T1

)()(

1

12

12

0 TT

RR

TRo

!

!="

Resistance temperature detector (RTD)

RTD – aproximação quadrática

•! Maior precisão na representação da curva R-T em alguns intervalos de temperatura.

R(T) = aproximação quadrática da resistência em T

R(T0) = resistência na temperatura T0

!1 = fração linear de mudança de resistência com temperatura

!2 = fração quadrática de mudança de resistência com temperatura

!T = T - T0

21

2

21 ])(1)[()( TTTTTTRTRo

<<!+!+= ""Platinum

Copper

Tungsten Nickel

Platinum: >> repetitividade, sensibilidade, alto custo Nickel: << repetitividade, sensibilidade, menor custo

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RTD – sensibilidade

•! Sensibilidade é dada pelo valor de !o –! Platinum – 0.004/ °C

–! Nickel – 0.005/ °C

•! Então, para 100! platinum RTD, uma variação de 0.4 ! ocorreria caso a temperatura tivesse variação de 1°C

RTD – tempo de resposta

•! Geralmente entre 0.5 to 5 segundos

•! O tempo de resposta é devido principalmente a condutividade térmica para trazer o sistema para o equilibrio térmico com o ambiente.

Termistor

•! Sensor de resistência Semicondutora

•! Diferente dos metais, termistores respondem negativamente a temperatura e seu coeficiente de resistência é da ordem de 10 vezes mais que a platina ou o cobre.

•! Temperatura resistência semicondutora

•! Símbolo

Termistor

•! Sensor de resistência Semicondutora

Termistor: resistência vs temperatura Termistor: resistência vs temperatura

Coeficiente ~ 5%/°C na temperatura corporal (37°C)

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Termistor: resistência vs temperatura

COMPARATIVO Exemplo Termistor

(E5):

Fig.6.6a

Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC

Considerações importantes:

Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC

•! Não são lineares;

•! Sensibilidade elevada (típica 3% a 5% por ºC) com faixa de operação típica de -100ºC a +300ºC;

•! Disponibilidade variada de tamanhos (0,005’’ a 0,05’’ de diâmetro) e formas;

•! Faixa de tolerância de fabricação também varia (tipicamente de 5 a 20%)

Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC

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Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC

•! Função de Transferência para o NTC

Modelo de 2 ou 3 parâmetros

Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC

•! Linearidade – ganho – custo – faixa de operação

Termistores (Thermally Sensitive Resistor) – PTC e NTC Temperatura por Efeitos Mecânicos (não resistivo)

•! Efeitos Mecânicos:

Termômetros de expansão de líquidos em bulbo de vidro

Termômetros

Expansão de líquidos em bulbo de vidro

Termômetros Bimetálicos

Princípio: duas tiras de metal com coeficiente de dilatação térmica diferentes.

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TRANSDUTORES

•! Resistivo de posição

•! Deslocamento

•! Resistivo sensível a força

Transdutor Resistivo - posição

Distância

Sinal Elétrico

Transdutor Resistivo posição

ToV

RR

RV

21

2

+=

2R

1R

Transdutor Resistivo - posição

Exemplo Transdutor Resistivo (E6A):

Encontrar a resolução de um transdutor de resistência variável em que: RT = 1000! Nº voltas = 100

Exemplo Transdutor Resistivo (E6):

Fig.6.8b

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Transdutor Resistivo – circuito em ponte TRANSDUTORES

•! Resistivo de posição

•! Deslocamento

•! Resistivo sensível a força

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

•! Princípio: modulação do sinal de excitação.

•! Consiste na variação de sinal entre primário e secundário dependendo do posicionamento no tubo (núcleo).

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

Eixo no centro

V1 = V2

Vo = 0

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

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Eixo movendo

em direção a S1

V1 > V2

Vo aumenta

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

Eixo movendo

em direção a S2

V2 > V1

Vo diminui

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

LVDT – Linear Variable Displacement Transducer

LVDT

LVDT Linear Variable

Differential Transformer

http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~pyo22/mem351-2004/lecture04/pp062-073lvdt.pdf

An LVDT is used as a sensitive displacement sensor: for example, in a cardiac assist device or a basic research project to study displacement produced by a contracting muscle.

TRANSDUTORES

•! Resistivo de posição

•! Deslocamento

•! Resistivo sensível a força

FRS – Resistor Sensor de Força (Force Sensitive Resistors )

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FSRs – o que são? •! Force Sensitive Resistors ou Pressure Sensors

•! Tipo de resistor no qual a resistência muda quando uma força ou pressão é aplicada

•! A resistência é inversamente proporcional a força aplicada

[ 1. Resistance (Ohms) vs. Force (g) for an Interlink FSR ]

O limiar, ou ”ponto limite de força", que modifica R encontra-se entre 1M e 50-100 K

FSRs – como funcionam:

•! Partícula do tamanho na escala de microns

•! Formulado para reduzir dependência a temperatura, e melhorar propriedades mecânicas

•! Força na superfície causa o contato das partículas no eletrodo de condução modificando a resistência

•! FSRs consistem de polímero condutivo piezoresistivo, que modifica a resistência de maneira conhecida de acordo com a aplicação de força na sua superfície

•! Usualmente disponível entre filmes sensitivos

•! Filme: 1) condutor elétrico e 2) não-condutor de partículas suspensas na matriz.

FSRs – como funcionam:

FSRs Características •! Fabricado em camada simples, arrays 2D e outras

diversas formas

•! Detecta pequenas forças. Reconhece a magnitude da força e também diferenças na maneira de tocar

•! 3 componentes principais da montagem do FSR: –! Substrato para conexão

–! FSR

–! Microcontrolador

•! Não é sensivel a vibração ou calor

FSRs Características •! Resposta na ordem de 0-2kg, com aplicações

comuns na interface humana.

force vs. conductance (1/resistance)

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FSRs Características Simple FSRs and Arrays

Parameter

Value

Conditions

Size Range

Max = 20" x 30" (51 x 76 cm) Min = 0.2" x 0.2" (0.5 x 0.5

cm)

Any shape

Device Thickness

0.008" to 0.050" (0.20 to 1.25 mm)

Force Sensitivity Range

30g to 10kg

Pressure Sensitivity Range

0.45psi to 150psi (0.03 kg/cm2 to 10 kg kg/cm2)

30g to 10kg 1 cm2 actuator

Part to Part Force Repeatability

± 15% full scale

For typical part with consistent actuation

Single Part Force Repeatability

± 2% full scale

FSRs Características Force Resolution

Better than 0.5% full scale

Break Force

30 to 100g (1 to 3.5 oz) typical

Dependent on probe size/shape

Stand-Off Resistance

> 1M

Switch Characteristic

Essentially zero travel

Device Rise Time

1-2msec (mechanical)

Lifetime

>10 million actuations

Use Temperature

-30ºC to 170ºC

High temperature adhesives

Maximum Current

1 mA/cm2 of applied force

Sensitivity to Noise/Vibration

Not significantly affected

EMI/ESD

Passive device -- not damaged by EMI or ESD

Lead Attachment

Standard flex circuit techniques

See TechNote

!

FSRs Tipos: •! Sensor Básico – ponto simples (circular)

•! Array Simples – Dois ou mais PS3s em um substrato com uma linha de condução comum, e linhas separadas para cada sensor

•! Matriz – linhas ou colunas

•! Tira Contínua – até 15m.

FSR - Fornecedores – Fabricantes:

•! Interlink electronics, http://www.interlinkelec.com/

•! IEE (UK), http://www.steadlands.com/

•! Tekscan, http://www.tekscan.com/index.html

Referências Bibliográficas

* Instrumentação e Fundamentos de Medidas. V.1 (e V.2). Balbinot e Brusamarello. LTC. 2006 e 2007. * Instrumentation Reference Book. 3rd Ed. – W. Boyes (Ed.) Butterworth and Heinemann. 2003. * Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook. J.G.Webster (Ed.) - CRC Press. 1999.

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