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Female Reproductive System
Histology Department
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Introduction
Enam besar fungsi:
Produksi gamet betina, ova yangPenerimaan dari gamet laki-laki,
spermatozoa yang
Penyediaan lingkungan yang sesuai
untuk fertilisasi ovum olehspermatozoa
Penyediaan lingkungan untuk
perkembangan janin
Sebuah alat untuk pengusiran janin
dikembangkan untuk lingkungan
eksternal
Gizi bayi yang baru lahir
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Tiga unit struktural
berdasarkan
fungsi:
Indung telurSaluran kelamin
Payudara
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Introduction INTERNAL PARTS :
OVARIES OVIDUCT
UTERUS
VAGINA
EXTERNAL PARTS : OPENING OF THE VAGINA
LABIA (MAJORA & MINORA)
VESTIBULE
CLITORIS
CATATAN: WALAUPUN TIDAK organ kelamin,kelenjar susu aksesori ADALAH ORGAN PENTINGDARI saluran reproduksi wanita.
Anatomi INTEGRASI UNTUK REPRODUKSI
ANATOMICAL INTEGRATION FOR
REPRODUCTION
PembuahanDAN PENGEMBANGAN
MEMBERIKAN DAN EXIT
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Picture taken from Basic
Histology Text & Atlas , 10th
edition, L. Carlos Junquira MD,
Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O.
Kelley PhD, Lange Medical
Books, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003.
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Ovary KOTOR ANATOMI
APROXIMATION CLOSE ATAS saluran telurBADAN dipasangkan Oval YANG LIE ONSETIAP SISI ATAS DARI RAHIMDiadakan di POTITION ATAS RAHIM olehligamen
2 .anatomi yang berbeda DAERAHDIJAMIN OLEH mesotelium YANGBERKELANJUTAN DENGAN YANG DARIMESOVARIUM ATAS, ATAS sel skuamosaMENJADI CUBOIDAL DAN BENTUK epitel
permukaan ovarium epitel germinal = (JANGKALAMA)Meduler-sangat vaskular, CT, limfatik dan sarafKorteks-folikel, CT, DAN BEBERAPA OTOTHALUS
Tunica albuginea UNTUK MEMISAHKAN DARI
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Histology of
Ovary
Bagian dari indung telur
dengan korteks &
meduler daerah.
H & E noda.
Pembesaran rendah
Picture taken from Basic Histology
Text & Atlas , 10th edition, L.
Carlos Junquira MD, Jose
Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley
PhD, Lange Medical Books, Mc
Graw-Hill , 2003.
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Daerah kortikal dari indung telur1.Ovary dikelilingi oleh epitelgerminal & oleh tunika albuginea2.Groups folikel primordial, masing-masing dibentuk oleh oosit dikelilingioleh lapisan sel
3.follicular datar, yang hadir dalamjaringan ikat indung telur (stroma).Giemsa stain. Pembesaran rendah.
Picture taken from Basic Histology Text &
Atlas , 10th edition, L. Carlos Junquira MD,
Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD,Lange Medical Books, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003.
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Perkembangan folikel
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Ovarian follicle
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Primordial
fol l ic les
1.Located di korteks hanya di bawahtunika albuginea.2.One lapisan sel folikel rata mengelilingioosit (sekitar 30 m diameter).3.the inti oosit diposisikan eksentrik dalam
sel.Tampaknya sangat ringan dan berisiNukleolus terkemuka.Sebagian besar dari agregat organel oositdi tengah sel, di mana mereka
membentuk tubuh vitelline (mungkin tidakterlihat dalam salah satu persiapan yangtersedia).
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Pararosanilinetoluidine blue (PT)stain.
Low magnification.
Picture taken
from Basic
Histology Text &
Atlas, 10th
edition, L. CarlosJunquira MD,
Jose Carneiro
MD, Robert O.
Kelley PhD,
Lange Medical
Books, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003.
Dibentuk oleh:
sebuah oosit &
satu lapisan
dari cuboidal
sel granulosa
Formed by:An Oocyte &
flatfollicular
cells
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The primary fo l l ic le
Morfologi Tahap pertama yang menandai awal pematanganfolikelSel oosit sebelumnya rata sekitar sekarang membentukepitel cuboidal atau kolumnar sekitar oosit.
Sitoplasma mungkin memiliki penampilan granular (selgranulosa).Perkembangan lanjutan dari sel-sel akan menghasilkanpembentukan epitel berlapis (dengan membran basalberbeda) yang mengelilingi oosit.The zona pellucida (glikoprotein antara proses interdigitatingdari oosit dan sel granulosa) menjadi terlihat.sel parenkim dari ovarium sekitar folikel tumbuh menjaditerorganisir di bungkus konsentris, yang folliculi teka.
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Secondary fo l l ic le
ruang kecil berisi cairan menjadi terlihat antara sel granulosa sebagaifolikel mencapai diameter sekitar 400 m.Memperbesar ruang tersebut dan sekering untuk membentuk antrum
folikuler (fitur mendefinisikan dari folikel sekunder).oosit ini sekarang terletak eksentrik di folikel di oophorus kumulus, manadikelilingi oleh sel granulosa.The teka folliculi membedakan dengan pertumbuhan lanjutan dari folikelmenjadi teka internasional dan teka eksterna.
_Vascularization Dari teka internasional meningkatkan
_The sel berbentuk gelendong atau polyhedral dalam lapisan ini mulaimemproduksi estrogen._The Teka eksterna mempertahankan karakteristik dari jaringan ikat yangsangat seluler dengan sel otot polos.Oosit sekunder dari folikel mencapai diameter sekitar 125 m.Folikel sendiri mencapai diameter sekitar 10-15 mm.
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An antral follicle:
Oocyte surrounded by granulosa cellsof corona radiata & supported bycumulus oophorus.
The remaining granulosa cells formwall of follicle & surround large antrum.
A theca surrounds the whole follicle.
A small part of wall of
antral follicle:
Antrum
Granulosa cells
Thecasinterna & externaA basement membrane
separates the granulosa
layer from the theca interna.
PT stain. High magnification.
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Mature or tert iary or preovulatory o r
Graafian fo l l ic le
Increases further in size (in particular in
the last 12h before ovulation). The Graafian follicle forms a small
"bump" on the surface of the ovary, thestigma(or macula pellucida). The stigma is characterised by a thinning of
the capsule and a progressive restriction of theblood flow to it.
Prior to ovulation the cumulus oophorusseparates from the follicular wall.
The oocyte : floating freely in the follicularantrum. It is still surrounded by granulosa cells which
form the corona radiata.
The follicle finally ruptures at the stigma
and the oocyte is released from the ovary
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Atresia Atresia adalah nama untuk proses degeneratif
dimana oosit (dan folikel) binasa tanpa telah diusiroleh ovulasi.
Hanya sekitar 400 oosit ovulasi - sekitar 99,9% darioosit yang mana hadir pada saat pubertasmengalami atresia.
Atresia mungkin efek oosit pada semua tahap dari"hidup mereka" - baik sebelum lahir dan postnatally.Pada bulan keenam kehamilan sekitar 7 juta oosit
dan oogonium yang hadir dalam ovarium.Pada saat lahir jumlah ini berkurang menjadi sekitar2 juta. Dari jumlah tersebut hanya sekitar 400,000bertahan hingga pubertas.
Atresia juga modus penghancuran pematanganfolikel yang dimulai selama Siklus (10-15) tetapi yangtidak berovulasi.
Atresia adalah operasi sebelum pubertas untukmenghilangkan folikel yang mulai jatuh temposelama periode ini (tidak ada yang berovulasi).Mengingat bahwa atresia folikel mempengaruhi padaberbagai tahap perkembangan mereka jelas bahwaproses tersebut dapat mengambil cukup beragampenampilan histologik
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Characteristic ofFOLLICLE TRESI
1. Loss of cells of corona radiata
2. Oocyte floating freewithin antrum
3. Death of granulosa cells,
many of which are seen
loose in antrum
PT stain.Medium magnification
Picture taken from Basic Histology Text &
Atlas , 10th edition, L. Carlos Junquira MD,
Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O. Kelley PhD,
Lange Medical Books, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003.
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The Corpus luteumThe wall of the follicle collapses into a folded structure(characteristic for the corpus luteum).
Vascularization increases
Connective tissue network is formed.
Theca interna cells and granulosa cells triple in sizeand start accumulating lutein within a few hours afterovulation (granulosa lutein cellsand theca lutein cellsand produceprogesteroneand oestrogens)
Hormone secretion in the corpus luteum ceases within
14 days after ovulation if the oocyte is not fertilised (thecorpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans-whitish scar tissue within the ovaries).
Hormone secretion continues for 2-3 month afterovulation if fertilisation occurs.
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Corpus luteum
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Corpus Luteum
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Corpus Luteum Corpus albicans
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Corpus albicans
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Oviduct -Fungsi: sebagai sarana bagi oosit,
dari ovarium ke rahim.
-Histologis:
_the saluran telur terdiri dari:1 a mukosa dan muskularis.
2 peritoneal Permukaan saluran
telur dibatasi oleh serosa dan
jaringan ikat yg terletak di bawah.
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Oviductmukosa yangDibentuk oleh epitel silia dan sekresi
beristirahat pada lamina propria yang sangatselular.Jumlah sel silia dan sel sekretori bervariasi disepanjang saluran telur (lihat di bawah).
Aktivitas Sekretori bervariasi selama siklusmenstruasi, dan beristirahat sel sekretori juga
disebut sebagai pasak-sel.Beberapa substansi yang dikeluarkandiperkirakan memelihara oosit dan embriosangat awal.The muskularis
Terdiri dari lapisan otot dalam lingkaran danlapisan longitudinal luar.Lapisan longitudinal dalam hadir di tanahgenting dan bagian intramural (lihat di bawah)saluran telur.tindakan otot peristaltik tampaknya lebih
penting untuk pengangkutan sperma dan oosit
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Oviduct 1 infundibulum: berbentuk corong (hingga 10 mm diameter) akhir saluran
telur.
- Finger ekstensi seperti margin nya, fimbriae, adalah erat diterapkanpada ovarium.- Sel berbulu mata yang sering. silia mengalahkan mereka ke arah2 ampula saluran telur.- Lipatan mukosa, atau plicae, dan lipatan sekunder yang timbul dariplicae yang membagi lumen ampula ke dalam bentuk yang sangatkompleks.- Pemupukan biasanya terjadi di ampula tersebut.3 tanah genting ini adalah bagian sempit (2-3 mm) dari bagian-bagiansaluran telur yang terletak dalam rongga peritoneal.- Mukosa lipatan kurang kompleks dan muskularis yang tebal. Lapisan,dalam otot longitudinal hadir di tanah genting dan4 intramural bagian dari saluran telur, yang menembus dinding rahim.
mukosa adalah halus, dan diameter bagian dalam saluran sangat kecil.
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Uterine Tube
Three layers:
Mucosa
Muskularis
Serosa
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Wall of an oviduct
Sangat melipat
mukosamenunjukkan
bahwa daerah ini
dekat dengan
ovarium. PT stain
Pembesaran
rendah.
Oviduct Epithelial
sel berbulu mata
berkontribusi
terhadap
pergerakan oositatau konsepsi ke
uterus
PT noda.
Pembesaran tinggi.
Picture taken from Basic
Histology Text & Atlas , 10th
edition, L. Carlos Junquira MD,
Jose Carneiro MD, Robert O.
Kelley PhD, Lange MedicalBooks, Mc Graw-Hill , 2003.
O id t
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Oviduct
Th Ut
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The Uterus
The uterus is divided into
1. Body(upper two-thirds) and
2. Cervix
The walls of the uterus are composed of
a Mucosal layer (the endometrium)
A fibromuscular layer (the myometrium).
The peritoneal surface of the uterus iscovered by a serosa
Ph M t l C l
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Phases on Menstrual Cycle
UTERUS
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Myometr iumThe muscle fibres of the uterus form
layers with preferred orientations of
fibres (actually 4), but this is verydifficult to see in most preparations.
The muscular tissue hypertrophies
during pregnancy, and GAP-junctionsbetween cells become more frequent.
The Uterus
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Endometr iumConsists of a simple columnar epithelium(ciliated cells and secretory cells) and anunderlying thick connective tissue stroma.
The mucosa is invaginated to form many
simple tubular uterine glands.The glands extend through the entirethickness of the stroma.
The stromal cells of the endometrium are
embedded in a network of reticular fibres.The endometrium is subject to cyclicchanges that result in menstruation. Only themucosa of the body of the uterus takes partin the menstrual cycle
The Uterus
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The Uterus Endometr ium
The endometrium can be divided into two zonesbased on their involvement in the changes duringthe menstrual cycle: the basalisand thefunct ional is.
The basalis is not sloughed off during
menstruation but functions as a regenerativezone for the functionalis after its rejection.
The functionalis is the luminal part of theendometrium. It is sloughed off during everymenstruation and it is the site of cyclic changes inthe endometrium. These cyclic changes aredivided into a number of phases:proliferative(orfollicular), secretory(or luteal), and menstrual.
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The surface epithelium & uterine glands are
embedded in a lamina propria made of very
loose connective tissue.
PT stain. Medium magnification.
Straight uterine glands in deep endometriumduring proliferative phase. Smooth muscle of
myometrium is also seen. H&E stain. Medium
magnification
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Uterine glands during luteal phase
uterine glands become tortuous and their
lumen is filled with secretions. Some
edema is present in the connective tissue.
H&E stain. Medium magnification.
Inset:High magnification.
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Cervix
TRANTITIONAL EPITHELIUM (T zone) GOES FROM SQUAMOUS (ectocervix)TO SECRETING (UTERINE GLANDS) COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM (endocervix).
VISCOUS OF MUCUS GLANDS CHANGES WITH MENSTRUAL CYCLE
CERVIX TO VESTIBULE
MULTILAYERED
MUCOSAL
FOLDS OF STRATIFIED EPITH NOT KERATINIZED BUT KERATOHYALIN GRANULES MAY
BE VISIBLE
NO GLANDS BUT CELLS ARE HIGH IN GLYCOGEN
MUCUS COMES FROM CERVICAL GLANDS
MUSCULARIS-SMOOTH MUSCLE ADVENTITIAL
C i
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Cervix
Normal endocervix:epithelium
composed of one layer of mucin
secreting cells with few reserve
cells (arrow).
Structure of the ectocervix:
CT=connective tissue, BM=basement
membrane, L1=basal cells (1 layer),
L2=parabasal cells (2 layers),
L3=intermediate cells (around 8 layers),
L4=superficial cells (5 or 6 layers) andL5=exfoliating cells
E t i
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Ectocervix
Structure of th e ectocerv ix- details of
basal, parabasal & intermediate layers:
connective tissue, basal cells (one layer),
parabasal cells (two layers), intermediate
cells (some layers) with inter-cellular
bridges. The N/C ratio of basal & parabasalcells is high
Structu re of the ectocervix:
details of the superficial layers :
superficial cells (5 or 6 layers). The
N/C ratio is very low and the axis of
cells is parallel to the basement
membrane
T f ti Z
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Transformation Zone
Transform ation zone: normal
squamous epithelium (red star),
squamous metaplasia (green star) with
some remaining endocervical cells (blue
arrow)
Transform ation zone: squamous
epithelium islet in the endocervix
area.
All cervix pictures downloaded from :
http://screening.iarc.fr/atlasglossdef.php?key=Normal+endocervix&img
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Different types of squamous cells - A: superficial cells
(arrows); B: intermediate cells; C: parabasal cells; D:metaplastic cells. (obj. 20x)
ervix ells & paps smear
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Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular tube with a wall consisting of three layers:
Mucosa
The stratified squamous epithelium (deep stratum basalis, intermediatestratum spinosum, superficial layers of flat eosinophilic cells which docontain keratin but which do not normally form a true horny layer) rests ona very cellular lamina propria (many leukocytes). Towards the muscularis
some vascular cavernous spacesmay be seen (typical erectile tissue). Muscularis
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle are present.Inferiorly, the striated, voluntary bulbospongiosus muscle forms asphincter around the vagina.
Adventitia
The part of the adventitia bordering the muscularis is fairly dense and
contains many elastic fibres. Loose connective tissue with a prominentvenous plexus forms the outer part of the adventitia.
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Stratified squamous epithelium of
vaginasupported by a dense connective
tissue. The cytoplasm of these epithelial
cells is clear because of accumulated
glycogen.
PSH stain. Medium magnification.
Vagina
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Female Accessory Reproductive Glands -
Mammary Glands
The mammary glands are modified glands of the skin (resembles that of sweatglands).
Compound branched alveolar glands, which consist of 15-25 lobes separated bydense interlobar connective tissue and fat (Each lobe contains an individual gland)
The excretory duct of each lobe, also called lactiferous duct, has its own opening onthe nipple.
The lactiferous duct has a two layered epithelium- basal cells are cuboidal whereasthe superficial cells are columnar.
Beneath the nipple, the dilated lactiferous duct forms a lactiferous sinus, whichfunctions as a reservoir for the milk.
Branches of the lactiferous duct are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium.
The secretory units are alveoli, which are lined by a cuboidal or columnarepithelium.
A layer of myoepithelial cells is always present between the epithelium and thebasement membrane of the branches of the lactiferous duct and the alveoli.
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Breast
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Breast
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Mammary Gland
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Pregnancy
Pl t
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Placenta
Pl t
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Placenta
Pl t
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Placenta
Pl t
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Placenta The placentamay be usefully understood as
a "parasite" feeding on blood from theendometrium(Imagine scooping out a portionof the endometrium).
The resulting bowl will fill with blood frombroken vessels in the endometrial stroma.
Now lay a cover over the bowl, and imaginemany "roots" extending down from the coverinto the blood-filled hollow (the roots canabsorb oxygen and nutrients from the bloodin which they are bathed).
Placenta
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The coveris the chorionic plateof the placenta.
The "roots"are the chorionic villi.
Both the placenta and the chorionic villi are entirely fetal tissue (orange in the
diagram above). "Anchoring villi" attach the placenta to the endometrium.
Smaller branching villi extend out into the intervillous space.
Fetal circulationpasses down the umbilical cord, though vessels in the villi,and back up the umbilical cord.
Maternal blood"spills" from open endometrial arteries (the spiral arteries) intothe intervillous space (pink in the diagram above), and returns into endometrial
veins. The chorionic villi are surrounded and bathed by "lakes" of maternal blood.
Within the intervillous space, maternal blood is not contained by blood vessels
The surface of the chorionic villi is an epithelial layer, the fetalsyncytiotrophoblast, which has the ability to grow invasivelyinto the maternalendometrium. The syncytiotrophoblast also has microvilli on the surface forabsorbing nutrients from maternal blood.
Beneath the syncytiotrophoblast (i.e., toward the core of the villus), is thecytotrophoblast, a layer of cuboidal cells which eventually disappear. (Thecytotrophoblast also forms trophoblast columns, masses of cells filling the endsof anchoring villi.)
Maternal endometrial stromal tissue adjacent to the placenta differentiates intolarge decidual cells(so named because the outer layer of the endometrium isshed at birth along with the placenta). Decidual cells may intermix with fetal cellsin the cytotrophoblast. The boundary between maternal and fetal tissue isimmunologically interesting.
Umbilical Cord
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Umbilical Cord The umbilical cord is simply a conduit carrying fetal blood
between the fetus and the placenta. It normally containstwo arteries and one vein, surrounded by extensivemesenchymal tissue ("Wharton's jelly").
Consists of so-called "mucous" or mesenchymalconnective tissue, also called Wharton's jelly (widelyscattered mesenchymal fibroblasts within soft, jelly-like
ground substance of hyaluronic acid and chondroitinsulfate)
Surrounded by a thin stratified squamous epithelium andincluding typically two arteries and one vein. [Thesecond vein in this image presumably represents one
portion of a double U-shaped bend in this singlevein.] The arteries lack internal and external elasticlayers.
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Umbilical Cord
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