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7/28/2019 Ginzburg, Carlo - El hilo y las huellas.pdf
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S E C C I O N D E O B R A S D E H I S T O R I A
E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A S
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4 9 2 p . ; 2 1 x l 4 c m . -
( H i s t o r i a )
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a d i l l a L o p e z ,
L u c i a n o , t r a d . I I . T i t u l o
C D D 9 0 7 . 2
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F o t o d e s o l a p a : L u i s a C i a m m i t t i
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I S B N d e l a e d i c i o n o r i g i n a l : 8 8 - 0 7 - 1 0 3 9 5 - 8
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D . R . ©
2 0 1 0 , F O N D O D E C u r s r u m E C O N O M I C A D E A R G E N T I N A , S . A .
E l S a l v a d o r 5 6 6 5 ; 1 4 1 4 B u e n
o s A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a
f o n d o @ f c e . c o m . a r / w w w . f c e . c o m . a r
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8 M é x i c o D . F .
I S B N : 9 7 8 - 9 5 0 - 5 5 7 - 8 3 7 - 5
C o m e n t a r i o s y s u g e r e n c i a s :
e d i t o r i a l @ f c e . c o m . a r
F o t o c o p i a r l i b r o s e s t a p e n a d o p o r l a l e y .
P r o h i b i d a s u r e p r o d u c c i o n t o t a l o p a r c i a l p o r c u a l q u i e r
m e d i o d e i m p r e s s i o n o d i g i t a l , e n f o r m
a i d é n t i c a , e x t r a c t a d a
U m o d i h c a d a , e n e s p a n o l o e n c u a l q u i e r o t r o i d i o m a ,
s i n a u t o r i z a c i o n c x p r c s a d e l a e d i t o r i a l .
I m r m a s o I C N A u ¢ ; u N T 1 N A - P R I N T E D n v A k r : m
v 1 ‘ u v A
l l ( f ( . l 1 ¢ ) l ' l d v p o s i l u q u e p r e v i e n c I a l e y 1 1 . 7 2 3
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I I . L a c 0 r i v e r s i 6 r z d e l 0 s j u d i o s
d e M e n
o r c a ( 4 1 7 - 4 1 8 )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I V P a r i s , 1 6 4
7 : u r i d i a l 0 g 0 a c e r c a
d e f i c c i é r z e h i s t o r i a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V L 0 s e u r 0 p e 0 s d e s c u b r e r z ( 0 r e d e s c u b r e n )
a l 0 s c h a
m a r z e s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V I . T o l e r a r z c
i a y c 0 m e r c i 0 . A u e r b a c h l e e
a V o l t a i r
e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. A r z a c h a
r s i s i r z t e r r o g a a l 0 s i r z d i g e n a s .
1 0 9 1 3 3
U n a r z u e v a l e c t u r a d e u n v i e j 0 b e s t s e l l e r . . . . . . . . .
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I . T r a s l a s h u e l l a s d e I s r a e l B e r t u c c i 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I X . L a a s p e r a
v e r d a d . U r i d e s a ] 7 0 d e S t e r z d h a l
a l 0 s h i s t o r i a d o r e s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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f r a r z c e s a d e l 0 s P r 0 t 0 c 0 l 0 s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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l e x t e r r n i r z i o d e l 0 s j u d i 0 s
2 4 1 2 6 7
y e l p r i r z c i p i o d e r e a l i d a d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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X I I . D e t a l l e s
, p r i m e r o s p l a n o s , m i c r o a r z a l i s i s .
N 0 t a s m a r g i n a l e s a u n l i b r 0
d e S i e g
f r i e d K r a c a u e r
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X I I I . M i c r 0 h i s t 0 r i a . ·
d 0 s 0 t r e s c 0 s a s
q u e s é d e e l l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 2 7 3 5 1
Z E l i n q u i s i d o r c 0 r n 0 a r z t r 0 p 6 l 0 g 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9 5
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4 1 3
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E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A S
A p é n d i c e . P r u e b a s y p o s i b i l i d a d e s ( P 0 s f a c i 0
N o t a
a N a t a l i e Z e m o n D a v i s , I l r
i t o r n o d i M a r t i n G u e r r a .
U n c a s o d i d o p p i a i d e n t i t é n c l l a F r a n c i a
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d e l C i n q u c c c n t o 1 9 8 4 )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I n d i c e d e n o m b r e s y o b r a s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 3 3 4 6 7
4 6 9
I N T R O D U C C I O N
1 . L O S G R I E G O S C U E N T A N q u e T e s e o r e
c i b i o , c o m o r e g a l o d e
A r i a d n a , u n h i l o . C o n e s e h i l o s e o r i e n t o e n e l l a b e r i n t o , e n
c o n t r o a l M
i n o t a u r o y l e d i o m u e r t e . D e l a s h u e l l a s q u e T e
s e o d e j o a l v
a g a r p o r e l l a b e r i n t o , e
l m i t o n o h a b l a .
L o q u e m a n t i e n e u n i d o s l o s c a p i t u l o s d e e s t e l i b r
o , d e
d i c a d o s a t e m a s m u y h e t e r o g é n e o s , e s l a r e l a c i o n e
n t r e e l
h i l o - e l h i l o
d e l r e l a t o , q u e n o s a y u d a a o r i e n t a m o s
e n e l l a
b e r i n t o d e l a r e a l i d a d — y l a s h u e l l a s } H a c e m u c h o t i e m p o
q u e t r a b a j o d
e h i s t o r i a d o r : i n t e n t o r e l a t a x g v a l i é n d o m e d e
h u e l l a s , h i s t o r i a s v e r d a d e r a s ( q u e a l g u n a s v e c e s t i e n e n p o r
o b j e t o l o f a l s o ) . E n n u e s t r o s d i a s , n i n g u n o d e l o s t é r m i n o s
d e e s t a d e f i n i c i o n ( r e l a t a r , h u e l l a s , h i s t o r i a , v e r d a d e r o ,
f a l s o ) m e p a r e c e i n d i s c u t i b l e . C u a n d o e m p e c é a a p r e
n d e r
e s t e o i i c i o , h a c i a f i n a l e s d e l o s a n o s c i n c u e n t a , l a a c t i t u d
p r e v a l e n t e e n
l a c o r p o r a c i o n e r a c o m p l e t a m e n t e d i s t i n t a .
E s c r i b i r , c o n t a r l a h i s t o r i a , n o e r a c o n s i d e r a d o u n t e m a d e
r e f l e x i o n s e r i o . R e c u e r d o u n a u n i c a e x c e p c i o n z A r s e n i o
F r u
g o n i , q u e p o r m o m e n t o s e n s u s s e m i n a r i o s p i s a n o s r e g r e
s a b a , c o m o m a s t a r d e c o m p r e n d i , a l t e m a d e l c a r a c t e
r s u b
j e t i v o d e l a s
F u e n t e s n a r r a t i v a s q u e h a b i a a f r o n t a d o
p o c o s
‘ F . d e
L a M o t h e L e V a y e r ; D i s c o u r s s u r l ' H i s t 0 i r e , e n G
u v r e s , 1 5 v o l s . ,
v o l . H , P a r i s , 1
6 6 9 , p . 1 5 2 : " C ' e s t l e t e m p s q u i c o m p o s e c e q u ' o n n o m m e
p r o p r e m e n t l e
f i l d e l ' H i s t o i r e . C a r l a C h r o n o l o g i e e s t u n f i l e t p l u s n e c e s
s a i r e a s e d é m e
l l e r d ' u n e n a r r a t i o n h i s t o r i q u e , q u e n e f u t i a m a i s a T h e s é e
c e l u y q u i l e L
i r a d e t o u s l e s d é t o u r s d u L a b y r i n t h e [ E l t i e m p o c o n f o r m a l o
q u e e n s e n t i d o e s t r i c t o d a m o s e n l l a m a r H i s t o r i a . E n e f e c t o , l a
C r o n o l o g i a
e s u n h i l a d o m
a s n e c e s a r i o p a r a s a l i r a i r o s o d e u n a n a r r a c i o n h i s t o r i c a q u e
c u a n t o f u e r a v e z a l g u n a a T e s c o a q u e l q u e l o s a c o d e t o
d o s l o s m e a n d r o s
d e l L a b e r i n t o ] " .
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1 8
E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A S
a q u e l l o q u e p o d r i a h a b e r s i d o ( l o p o s i b l e )
. P e r o d e s d e l u e g o ,
l o v e
r d a d e r o e s u n p u n t o d e l l e g a d a , n o u n p u n t o d e p a r
t i d a .
L o s h i s t o r i a d o r e s ( y , d e u n m o d o d i s t i n t o , l o s p o e t a s )
h a c e n p o r o i i c i o a l g o p r o p i o d e l a v i d a d e
t o d o s : d e s e n r e d a r
e l e n t r a m a d o d e l o v e r d a d e r o , l o
f a l s o y l o H c t i c i o q u e e s l a
u r d i m b r e d e n u e s t r o e s t a r e n e l m u n d o .
B o l o n i a , d i c
i e m b r e d e 2 0 0 5
A | , { | L
1 ( l ( ' l ( ` U Z I I U L I U S l ( ) S l ` ) l l ` ) l l ( ) l L ‘ C
Z 1 I ` l ( ) S Q U C C O I ] S ( ) l V C H C l l I y
g C
K a n n s | | l V l ' S l | g i l ( ` l U I l l ‘ S Q d c m o d n c s p c c i u l , l o s d c l A r c h i g i n n a s i o ( B o l o n i a ) y
I m d a - I n f I n n | I 1 · ~ . l i Y
¤ n 1 n g l { c s c a u ‘ c l 1 l . i | > | ‘ : u y ( I , 0 s A n g e l e s ) .
A A m a l d
o M o m i g l i a n o
1 . H o y E N D I A t é r m i n o s c o m o v e r d a d 0 r e a l i d a d s e v 0 l v i e r 0 n
p a r a a l g u n a
s p e r s o n a s , i m p r o n u n c i a b l e s a m e n o s
q u e e s t é n
e n c e r r a d o s e n t r e c o m i l l a s , e s c r i t a s 0 m i m a d a s } E s t e g e s t o
r i t u a l , d i f u n d i d o e n 1 0 s a m b i t o s a c a d é m i c o s e s t a d o u n i d e n
s e s , a n t e s d e
v o l v e r s e u n a m o d a e s p o n t a n e a e i n v o l u n
t a r i a
[ i r r i f l e s s a ] f
i n g i a e x o r c i z a r e l e s p e c t r o d e l p o s i t i v i s m o i n g e
n u 0 : l a a c t i t u d d e q u i e n c o n s i d e r a p o s i b l e c 0 n 0 c e r d e
m a
n e r a d i r e c t a , s
i n m e d i a c i o n e s , l a r e a l i d a d . P 0 r d e t r a s d e e s t a
p o l é m i c a p r e
v i s i b l e s 0 l i a a s 0 m a r u n a p o s i c i o n e s c é p t i c a , d i
v e r s a m e n t e a
r g u m e n t a d a . C o n t r a e l l a s e f o r m u l a r o n —
t a m
b i é n I 0 h i z o q u i e n e s t o e s c r i b e — o b j e c i o n e s m o r a l e s , p o l i t i c a s
e i n t e l e c t u a l e
s . P e r o m a n t e n e r s e v i r t u o s a m e n t e a l e j a d o s d e
l a s e x a g e r a c i o n e s d e l o s p o s i t i v i s t a s y d e 1 0 s e s c é p t i c
o s n o
l l e v a r i a a n i n g u n l a d o . C o m o d i j o u n a v e z B e r t o l t B
r e c h t a s u
a m i g o W a l t e r B e n j a m i n , “ n
0 e m p i e c e s p o r l a s v i e j a
s c o s a s
b u e n a s , s
i n o
p o r l a s m a l a s n u e v a s " . 2 E s c é p t i c o s y d e c o n s
t r u c t i v i s t a s r e s p o n d e n , c a s i s i e m p r e d e m o d o c l a m o r o s a
m e n t e i n a d e c u a d o , a
d e m a n d a s r e a l e s . E n 0 t r 0 s i t i o p o l e
' A l r e s p e c t o , r e m i t o a l c a p i t u l o X I ( " U n u s t e s t i s . E l e
x t e r m i n i o d e l o s
j u d i o s y e l p x
i n c i p i o d e r e a l i d a d " ) , e n e s p e c i a l a l a s a c o t a c i o n e s m a r g i n a l e s
a l e s c r i t o d e R e
n a t o S e r r a ( p p . 3 2 2 - 3 2 5 ) .
2 W . B e n
j a m i n , A v a n g u a r d i a e r i v o l u z i o n e . S a g g i s u l l a l e t t e r a t u r a , t r a d . i t .
d e A . M a r i e t t j , T u r i n , 1 9 7 3 , p . 2 3 3 ( p e r o s i g o l a t r a d u c c i o n
f r a n c e s a : E s s a i s
s u r B e n o l t B r
e c h t , P a r i s , 1 9 6 9 , p . 1 4 9 [ t r a d . e s p . : T e n t a t i v
a s s o b r e B r e c h t .
I l u m i n a c i o n e s l l l , M a d r i d , T a u r u s , l 9 9 0 ] ) .
1 9
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O N T A I G N E , L
O S C A N I B A L E S Y L A S G R U
T A S 9 3
E n s u e n s a y o a c e r c a d e l o s c a n i b a l e s , M o n t a i g n e c i t a u n o a
c o n t m u a c i o n
d e o t r o , c o m o a u t o r i d a d e s , u n e s c r i t o a t r i b u i d o
d e m o d o i n c i e r t o a A r i s t o t e l e s — e l D e r n i r a b i l i b u s a u d i t i s
[ A c e r c a d e l a s m a r a v i l l a s e s c u c h a d a
s ] — y a u n “ h o m b r e
' y t o s c o . P
e r o s e j u z g a m a s a t e n d i b l e a l s e g u n d o , p o r q u e h a b i a
v i v i d o d i e z o
d o c e a f x o s e n e l N u e v o M u n d o : “ E s t e r e l a t o d
e
A r i s t o t e l e s y
a n o s e c o n d i c e c o n n u e s t r a s n u e v a s t i e r r a s . E s t e
h o m b r e q u e
e s t a b a c o n m i g o e r a u n h o m b r e s i m p l e
y t o s c o ,
q u e e s c o n d i c i o n a p t a p a r a v o l v e r v e r a z u n t e s t i m o n i o "
3 7
L o s l e c t o r e s d e l a p r i m e r a e d i c i o n d e l o s E n s a y o s ( B u r
d e o s , 1 5 8 0 ) s
e e n c o n t r a r o n a n t e u n t e x t o c o m o é s t e , e n e l
q u e s e h a b i a
i m p r e s o c a d a e n s a y o s i n i n d i c a c i o n d e c o r t e d e
p a r r a f o s . 3 B
L o s e d i t o r e s m o d e m o s q u e p a r t i e r o n e l f r a g m e n t o
c o n u n " p u n t o y a p a r t e " y s a n g r i a a t e n u a r o n s u r u d o s a b o r
o r i g i n a r i o , a
u n q u e n o l o h i c i e r o n d e s a p a r e c e r d e l t o d o
.
5 . " U n e m a r q u e t e r i e m a l j o i n t e " , u n a t a r a c e a m a l e n s
a m —
b l a d a : m a s a
l l a d e l a u s u a l c o q u e t e r i a , e s t a d e i i n i c i o n
q u e
M o n t a i g n e
d i o d e s u s p r o p i o s e s c r i t o s t e s t i m o n i a ( c o m o l a
o t r a a c e r c a
d e l a s g r o t e s c a s ) u n a f u e r t e c o n c i e n c i a l i t e r a r i a .
M o n t a i g n e
a l u d i a a l a s u p e r f i c i e e s t i l i s t i c a m e n t e n
o u n i
f o r m e d e l o
s E n s a y o s , a c e n t u a d a c o n l o s a g r e g a d o
s d e v a
r i a s d i m e n s i o n e s q u e c o n f l u y e r o n e n l a s r e i m p r e s i o n e s .
3 9
P o c o s 3 1 7 1 0 8 d e s p u é s d e l a m u e r t e d e M o n t a i g n e , u n a f r a s e
s i d e u n s o l o m o d o h a d e h a c e r s e l a m e z c l a : a l r e p r e s e n t a r e n
p a r t e o b r a d e
n a t u r a l e z a , y
e n p a r t e o b r a d e a r t i f i c e ] "
7 M o n t a i g n e , S a g g i , o p . c
i t . , p . 2 7 1 [ 1 , 3 1 , p . 2 4 2 ] .
C f . M . E y q u e m d e M o n t a i g n e , E s s a i s , r
é p r o d u c t i v n p h o t o g r a p h i q u e
d e l ' é d i t i 0 n o r i g i n a l e d e 1 5 8 0 , e d . a l c u i d a d o d e D . M a r
t i n , G
i n e b r a y P a r i s ,
1 9 7 6 , p . 3 0 3 v .
9 C f . M o n t a i g n e , S a g g i , o p . c
i t . , p . 1 2 8 3 [ 1 1 1 , 9 ,
p . 1 0 7 8 ] : " H a g o a g r e g a d o s ,
p e r o n o c o r r i j o " . C f . A . C
h a s t e l , " L e f r a g m e n t a i r e , l ' h y
b r i d e , l ' i n a c h e v é " , e n
F a b l e s , f o r m e s , f i g u r e s , v o l . r i , P a r i s , 1 9 7 8 , p p . 3 3 -
4 5 ; J . L a f o n d , " A c h e v e m e n t l
i n a c h e v e m e n t d a n s l e s E s s a i s " y A . T r i p e t , " P r o j e t , d é v e l o p p m e n t , a c h e v e
m e n t d a n s l e s E s s a i s " , a m b o s e n B u l l e t i n d e l a S o c i é t é d e s
A m i s d e M o n t a i g n e ,
s é p t i m a s e r i e , j u
l i o - d i c i e m b r e d e 1 9 8 8 / e n e r o - j u n i o
d e 1 9 8 9 , n u m s . 1 3 - 1 6 .
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• • • . • • s • • s • • s • • \ • \ s • \ \ \ • • · b \ · • • • s • \ l • \ \ · 6 \ \ \ » \ L . L
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g e n d e l V w g i l i u s R m n a n u s ( V a t . L a t . 3 8 6 7 ) .
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V
L O S E U R O P E O S D E S C U B R E N
( O R E
D E S C U B R E N ) A L O S C H A M A N
E S
1 . E N U N 1 . 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 = · u B L 1 c A 1 > o E N V E N 1
a c 1 A e l a n o 1 5 6 5 , y l u e g o
r e e d i t a d o y t r a d u c i d o m u c h i s i m a s v e c e s — L a h i s t o r i a
d e l
m o n d o n u o v
o [ H i s t o r i a d e l n u e v o m u n d o ] - , e
l m i l a n é
s G i r o
l a m o B e n z o
n i d e s c r i b i é l o q u e h a b i a v i s t o d u r a n t e u n a s e r i e
d e v i a j e s q u
e d u r o 1 4 3 1 7 1 0 5 , e n l a s " i s l a s y m a r e s r e c i e n t e ·
m e n t e h a l l a d
o s [ i s o l e e t m a r i n u o v a m e n t e r i t r o v a t i ] " m
a s
a l l a d e l O c é a n o . E n l a i s l a d e H i s p a n i o l a , r e l a t o ,
t a l c o m o
e n c i e r t a s o t r a s p r o v i n c i a s d e e s t o s n u e v o s
p a i s e s ,
d o n d e h a y c i e r t o s a r b u s t o s n o d e m a s i a d o g r a n d e s , a g u i s a d e
c a n a s , q u
e p r o d u c e n u n a h o j a d e f o r m a s i m i l a r a l a d e l
n o g a l ,
p e r o d e t a m a f n o m a s b i e n m a y o r ; l a c u a l ( d o n d e s e a c o
s t u m
b r a ) e s t e
n i d a p o r l o s p o b l a d o r e s e n e n o r m e e s t i m a , y
m u y
p r e c i a d a p o r l o s e s c l a v o s q u e l o s e s p a f i o l e s h a n t r a s l a d a
d o
d e s d e E t i o p i a . C u a n d o l l e g a l a e s t a c i o n d e e s t a s h o j a s , l a s r e
c o g e n , y a t a d a s e n r a c i m o s l a s c u e l g a n d o n d e p r e n d e n f u e g o ,
h a s t a q u e
e s t a n b i e n s e c a s . C u a n d o q u i e r e n u s a r l a s , t o m a n
u n a c h a l a d e s u g r a n o , c o l o c a n d o e n s u i n t e r i o r u n a d e e
s a s
o t r a s , l a s
e n v u e l v e n j u n t a s e n f o r m a c i l i n d r i c a ; l u e g o d a n
f u e g o a u n o d e l o s l a d o s y s o s t i e n e n l a o t r a p a r t e c o n s u b o c a a
l a v e z q u
e t o m a n u n a b o c a n a d a d e a i r e d e e l l a s , p o r l o
c u a l e s e
h u m o v a
a l a b o c a , a
l a g a r g a n t a y a l a c a b e z a . L o s o p o r t a n
t a n t o c u a
n t o p u e d e n t o l e r a n d e r i v a n d e e l l o p l a c e i j y t a
n t o s e
c o l m a n d
e e s e h u m o c r u e l q u e s e e n a j e n a n d e s u c o n c i e n c i a .
H a y a l g u n o s q u e c o n t a n t a f u e r z a l o t o m a n q u e c a e
n a l s u e l o
c o m o s i e s t u v i e r a n m u e r t o s , y p e r m a n e c e n a l l i , a b o t a g a d o s , l a
m a y o r p a r t e d e l d i a , 0
b i e n d e l a n o c h e . [ . . . ]
V e d c u a n p e s t i
f e r o y m
a l v a d o v e n e n o d e l d i a b l o e s é s t e . C o n g r a n
f r e c u e n c i a
1 3 3
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V I I I . T R A S L A S H U E L L A S
D E I S R A E L B E R T U C C I O
1 . E r . C A P I T U L O D E L A A U r o B 1 o o R A 1 = i A d e E r i c H o b s b a w m t i t u
l a d o " E n t r e
l o s h i s t o r i a d o r e s " c o m i e n z a c o n e s t a p r e g u n t a :
" g C o m o c a m b i o l a h i s t o r i o g r a f i a a l o l a r g o d e m i v i d a ? " . L a
r e s p u e s t a t r a z a u n c u a d r o l l e n o d e l u c e s y s o m b r a s . S e e m
p i e z a c o n u n a l a r g a b a t a l l a e n t r e i n n o v a d o r e s ( 0 " m o d e r n i z a
d o r e s " , c o m o l o s l l a m a H o b s b a w m ) y t r a d i c i o n a l i s t a
s , q u e s e
i n a u g u r o h a c i a 1 8 9 0 y c u l m i n o a m e d i a d o s d e l s i g l o x
x . D u
r a n t e a l g u n t i e m p o , l o s i n n o v a d o r e s s e d e f i n i e r o n a s i m
i s
m o s c o m o " h i s t o r i a d o r e s s o c i a l e s " : e x p r e s i o n v a g a , e n
l a q u e
H o b s b a w m n o s
e r e c o n o c e d e l t o d o . S u b l a n c o e r a l a " t e n
d e n c i o s i d a d t r a d i c i o n a l d e l o s h i s t o r i a d o r e s c o n v e n c i o n a l e s
a f a v o r d e l o s r e y e s , l o s m i n i s t r o s , l a s b a t a l l a s y l o s t r a t a d o s ,
e s t o e s , a
f a v
o r d e t o d o s a q u e l l o s q u e t o m a b a n l a s d e c i s i o n e s
d e a l t o n i v e l
e n l a s e s f e r a s m i l i t a r y p o l i t i c a " } H o b s b a w
m
e x p l i c a c o m
o l o s i n n o v a d o r e s g a n a r o n u n a e s t i m a c a d a v e z
m a y o r e n l a
e s c e n a i n t e r n a c i o n a l : " H a c i a 1 9 7 0 p a r e c i a r a z o
D i s t i n t a s
v e r s i o n e s d e e s t a s p a g i n a s f u e r o n p r e s e n t a d a s e n e l A r c h i v o
E s t a t a l d e V e n
e c i a d u r a n t e e n e r o d e 2 0 0 5 ( p o r l o s 1 5 0 a n o s d e l a
E s c u e l a d e
A r c h i v i s t i c a , P a l e o g r a f i a y D i p l o m a t i c a ) ; e n e l D e p a r t a m e n t o d e H i s t o r i a d e l a
U n i v e r s i d a d d e S i e n a e n a b r i l d e 2 0 0 5 ; e n e l D e p a r t a m e n t o d e H i s t o r i a d e
l a U n i v e r s i d a d d e
P i s a e n n o v i e m b r e d e 2 0 0 5 .
‘ E . H o b s b
a w m , A n n i i n t e r e s s a n t i : a u t o b i o g r a / Y a d i u n o s t o
r i c o , t r a d . i t .
d e D . D
i d e r o
y S . M a n c i n i , M i l a n , 2 0 0 2 , p p . 3 1 2 y 3 1 8 ( E . H o b s b a w m , I n
t e r
e s t i n g T i m e s : A T w e n t i e t h - C e n t u r y L i f e , L o n d r e s , 2 0 0 2 ,
p . 2 8 8 [ t r a d . e s p . :
A f t o s i n t e r e s a n t e s . U n a v i d a e n e l s i g l o x x , B a r c e l o n a , C r i t i c a , 2 0 0 3 , p p . 2 6 0
y 2 6 6 ] ; e n a d
e l a n t e , l o s n u m e r o s d e p a g i n a c o r r e s p o n d i e n t e s a l a e d i c i o n
i n g l e s a c i t a d a p o r e l a u t o r a p a r e c e r a n e n t r e p a r é n t e s i s y l o s d e l a e d i c i o n e n
e s p a n o l e n t r e c o r c h e t e s ) . C o m o e s e v i d e n t e , e n l a t r a d u
c c i o n i t a l i a n a e l
s u b t i t u l o f u e m o d i i i c a d o .
2 1 9
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X I . U N U S T E S T I S
E L E X T E R M I N I O D E L O S J U D I O S
Y E L P R I N C I P I O D E R E A L I D A D *
A P r i m o L e v i
1 . E L 1 6 D E M A Y O D E 1 3 4 8 , l a c o m u n i d a d j u d i a d e
L a B a u m e ,
u n a p e q u e f i a a l d e a p r o v e n z a l , f u e e x t e r m i n a d a . E s e a c o n t e
c i m i e n t o e s s o l o u n e s l a b o n d e u n a l a r g a c a d e n a d e h e c h o s
d e v i o l e n c i a a
c t i v a d a e n l a F r a n c i a m e r i d i o n a l a p a r t i r d e l a
i r r u p c i o n d e l a p e s t e n e g r a , e n a b r i l d e e s e m i s m o a n o . L a
h o s t i l i d a d c o n t r a l o s j u d i o s , a q u i e n e s m u c h o s c o n s i d e r a
b a n c u l p a b l e s
d e h a b e r e s p a r c i d o l a p e s t i l e n c i a a l e c h a r v e
n e n o e n l o s p o z o s , f u e n t e s y r i o s , s e h a b i a c r i s t a l i z a d o
p o r
p r i m e r a v e z e n T o l o n , d u r a n t e l a S e m a n a S a n t a . H a b i a
n
a s a l t a d o e l g u
e t o y d a d o m u e r t e a h o m b r e s , m u j e r e s y
n i
f n o s . E n l a s s e m a n a s p o s t e r i o r e s s e p r o d u j e r o n h e c h o s d e
v i o l e n c i a a n a l o g o s e n o t r a s l o c a l i d a d e s d e P r o v e n z a , c o m o
R i e z , D i g n e , M a n o s q u e , F o r c a l q u i e r E n L a B a u m e h u
b o u n
s o l o s o b r e v i v i e n t e : u n h o m b r e q u e d i e z a n o s a n t e s h a b
i a
p a r t i d o h a c i a A v i n o n , a
d o n d e l o h a b i a c o n v o c a d o l a r e i n a
J u a n a . E s t e h o m b r e d e j o u n c o n m o v i d o r e c u e r d o d e l a c o n
t e c i m i e n t o e n
u n a s p o c a s l i n e a s e s c r i t a s s o b r e u n e j e m p l a r
L a p r e s e n t e e s l a t r a d u c c i o n d e u n p a p e r ( s u t i t u l o o r i g i n a l : " J u s t O n e
W i t n e s s " ) p r e s e n t a d o a n t e e l s i m p o s i o T h e E x t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e J e w s a n d
t h e L i m i t s o f R
e p r e s e n t a t i o n , q u e s e c e l e b r o e n L o s A n g e l e s , e n l a U C L A , d e
l
2 5 a l 2 9 d e a b r i l
d e 1 9 9 0 . C f . S . F r i e d l a n d e r ( e d . ) , P r o b i n g t h e L i m
i t s o f R e
p r e s e n t a t i o n . N a z i s m a n d t h e " F i n a l S o l u t i o n " , C a m b r i d g e ( M A ) , 1 9
9 2 [ t r a d .
e s p : E n t o r n o a l o s l i m i t e s d e l a r e p r e s e n t a c i o n . E l n a z i s m o y l a s o l u c i o n
f i n a l , B u e n o s A i r e s , U n i v e r s i d a d N a c i o n a l d e Q u i l m e s , 2 0 0 7 ] .
M o d
i f i q u é e n
a l g u n o s a s p e c t o s e l t e x t o o r i g i n a l .
2 9 7
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X I I I . M I C R O H I S T O R I A :
D O S O T R E S C O S A S Q U E S E D E E L L A
1 . C R E O H A B E R O I D O H A B L A R p o r p r i m e r a v e z d e " m i c r o h i s t o
r i a " e n 1 9 7 7 0 1 9 7 8 , d e b o c a d e G i o v a r m i L e v i . P i e n s o q u e m e
a p r o p i é d e e s a p a l a b r a n u n c a a n t e s o i d a s i n p e d i r e l u c i d a c i o
n e s r e s p e c t o d
e s u s i g n i l i c a d o l i t e r a l : m e h a b r é c o n t e n t a d o
i m a g i n o — c o n l a r e f e r e n c i a a l a e s c a l a r e d u c i d a d e l a o b s e r
v a c i é n , q u e e l
p r e f i j o " m i c r o " s u g i e r e . E n c a m b i o , r e c u e r d o
b i e n q u e e n n u e s t r a s c o n v e r s a c i o n e s d e e n t o n c e s h a b l a
b a m o s
d e " m i c r o h i s t o r i a " c o m o d e u n r o t u l o t o s c a m e n t e p e g a
d o a
u n c a j o n h i s t o
r i o g r a f i c o c o m p l e t a m e n t e v a c i o t o d a v i a .
' l i e m p o d
e s p u é s , G
i o v a n n i L e v i , S i m o n a C e r u t t i y
y o e m
p e z a m o s a t r a
b a j a r e n u n a c o l e c c i o n , p u b l i c a d a p o r e l e d i t o r
E i n a u d i , p r e c i s a m e n t e b a j o e l t i t u l o " M i c r o s t o r i e " . E n e
l l a s a
l i e r o n d e s d e e n
t o n c e s u n a v e i n t e n a d e v o l u m e n e s , t a n t o d e
a u t o r e s i t a l i a n
o s c o m o e x t r a n j e r o s ; a l g u n o s d e l o s t i t u l o s i t a
l i a n o s f u e r o n
t r a d u c i d o s a v a r i a s l e n g u a s ; e n a l g u n s i t i o s e h a
b l o d e " e s c u e l a
m i c r o h i s t o r i c a i t a l i a n a " . P e r o r e c i e n t e m e n t e ,
g r a c i a s a u n a p e q u e n a i n v e s t i g a c i o n l é x i c a r e t r o s p e c t i v a , 2 d e s
A g r a d e z c o
a P a t r i c k F r i d e n s o n , c o n q u i e n s o s t u v e u n a f r u c t i f e
r a d i s
c u s i o n m i e n t r a s e s c r i b i a e s t a s p a g i n a s . P e r r y A n d e r s o n l a s l e y o y c r i t i c o
a n t e s d e q u e a d q u i r i e r a n f o r m a d e f i n i t i v a . M i d e u d a c o n e l l o s e s , u n
a v e z
m a s , m u y g r a n d e
.
L e v i r e t r o t r a e l a s p r i m e r a s d i s c u s i o n e s a c e r c a d e l a c o l e c c i o n q u
e s o s
t u v o c o n G i u l i o E i n a u d i y c o n m i g o " e n t o m o a l o s a n o s ' 7 4 , ' 7 5 y ' 7 6 " ( c f .
" I l p i c c o l o , i l g r a
n d e , i l p
i c c o l o . I n
t e r v i s t a a G i o v a n n i L e v i " , e n M e r i d i a n a ,
s e p t i e m b r e d e 1 9
9 0 , p . 2 2 9 ) ; p e r o s e t r a t a d e u n r e c u e r d o e r r o n e o .
D i c h a i n v e
s t i g a c i o n f u e p o s i b i l i t a d a p o r O R I O N , e
l p r o g r a m a s o b r e e l
c u a l s e b a s a e l c a t a l o g o i n f o r m a t i z a d o d e l a U C L A R e s e a r c h L i b r a r y ( a c t u a l
m e n t e C h a r l e s E . Y o u n g R e s e a r c h L i b r a r y [ Y 1 u . ] ) .
3 5 1
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4 1 0
E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A S
p o d e m o s u t i l i z a r l o s c a s o s e n q u e l a f a l t a d
e c o m u n i c a c i o n
e n t r e
j u e c e s e i m p u t a d o s e n t é r m i n o s c u l t u r a l e s p e r m i t i a ,
p a r a d o j i c a m e n t e , e
l s u r g i m i e n t o d e u n a u t é n t i c o d i a l o g o :
e n e l
s e n t i d o , p r o p u e s t o p o r B a j t i n , d e
l u c h a
r e s u e l t a e n t r e
v o c e s
e n c o n f l i c t o . A n t e s a l u d i a l c a s o d e l o s b e n a n d a n t i l l a
m a n d
o l o “ e x c e p c i o n a l ” . S i n e m b a r g o , n o c o
n s i s t e e n u n
c a s o u n i c o : l a e s p l é n d i d a d o c u m e n t a c i o n a c e r c a d e l a s
d o n n e d i f u o r a s i c i l i a n a s , d e s c u b i e r t a p o c o s a n o s a t r é s p o r
e l f o l c l o r i s t a d a n é s G u s t a v H e n n i n g s e n e n e l A r c h i v o H i s
t o r i c o N a c i o n a l d e M a d r i d , m u e s t r a q u e e n
l a E u r o p a d e l
s i g l o
X V I e x i s t i a n o t r o s e j e m p l o s d o c u m e n
t a d o s d e c r e e n
c i a s i n m u n e s a e s t e r e o t i p o s i n q u i s i t o r i a l e s } 9 D e s d e u n a
p e r s p
e c t i v a m a s g e n e r a l , d e b e e n f a t i z a r s e q u e l a d i f u s i o n
d e u n
f e n o m e n o , t a l v e z d o c u m e n t a d o d e m
a n e r a f r a g m e n
t a r i a ,
n o p u e d e t o m a r s e c o m o i n d i c e d e s u i m p o r t a n c i a h i s
t o r i c a
. U n a l e c t u r a e x h a u s t i v a d e u n a p e q u e n a c a n t i d a d d e
d o c u m e n t o s , a c a s o l i g a d o s a u n n u c l e o a c o t a d o d e c r e e n
c i a s , p u e d e s e r t a n t o m a s i l u m i n a d o r a q u e u
n a e n o r m e
c a n t i d a d d e d o c u m e n t o s r e p e t i t i v o s . C
i e r t a m e n t e , l o s h i s t o
r i a d o r e s d e l a s s o c i e d a d e s d e l p a s a d o n o e s t a n e n c o n d i c i o
n e s d e p r o d u c i r s u s p r o p i o s d o c u m e n t o s , c o m o h a c e n h o y
e n d i a l o s a n t r o p o l o g o s , o c o m o m u c h o t i e m p o a t r a s h a
c i a n l o s i n q u i s i d o r e s . P e r o s i d e s e a n i n t e r p r e t a r e s o s d o c u
m e n t o s , t i e n e n a l g o q u e a p r e n d e r d e a m b o s .
P o s r s c k i r r u m
E s t a s
r e f l e x i o n e s f u e r o n I e f d a s r e c i e n t e m e n t e d
e s d e u n a p e r s p e c
t i v a p a r a m t i m p r e v i s i b l e . E n n o v i e m b r e d e 2 0 0 3 , d u r a n t e u n a v i
s i t a a l V l ( ) S C l ' l , f u i i n v i t a d o a u n d e b a t e p t i b l i c o
c n l a s e d e d e M e
' ( i t ` . ( L . I l c n u i n g s c n , ' ' ' ' T
h e L a d i e s f r o m O u t s i d e ' : A n A r c h a i c P a t t e r n o f
t h t - W
i t r I n c s ' S a h h a t h " , v n H . A u k a r l o o y G . l l v n n i n g s c n ( e d s . ) ,
E u r l v M 0
t / r m I i u m ; u · u u W r l h r r u / I , ( ) x | ` o r t I , I 9 9 0 , p p . I ‘ ) I -
2 I 5 .
4 1 1
m o r i a l , g r u p o m u y c 0 n 0 c i d 0 t a m b i é n e n I t a l i a , q u e d e s d e h
a c e
a f i o s t r a b a j a , c o n g r a n e n e r g i a y c o r a j e , a c e r c a d e l a h i s t o r i a
d e
l a s p e r s e c u c i o n
e s d e l a e r a e s t a l i n i s t a , a
d e m a s d e o c u p a r s e d
e l
p r o b l e m a d e l o
s d e r e c h o s c i v i l e s e n C h e c h e n i a . E n l a s o b s e r v a c i o
n e s a l m a r g e n d e l o s p r o c e s o s i n q u i s i t c r i a l e s d e l C i n q u e c e n t o a q u i
r e p r o d u c i d a s , m
i s i n t e r l o c u t o r e s h a b i a n e n t r e v i s t o l a p o s i b i l i d a d
d e c a p t a x ; e n l a s a c t a s d e l o s p r o c e s o s e s t a l i n i s t a s , e l c o n l l i c
t o e n
t r e v a r i a s v o c e s .
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X V B R U J A S Y C H A M A N E S
L A S E N D A Q U
E I D E A L M E N T E M E L L E V O d e s d e l a I t a l i a 1 ' 1 O I ` O I ' 1 € l ’ l
t a l , d o n d e h a b
i a n c o m e n z a d o m i s i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s r e s p e c t o
d e l a b r u j e r i a , a
l a s e s t e p a s d e A s i a C e n t r a l e s t o r t u o s a . I n
t e n t a r é r e l a t a r m i
t r a v e s i a .
E l g r a n s i n o l o g o f r a n c é s M a r c e l G r a n e t d i j o e n u n a o p o r
t u n i d a d q u e " l a m é t h o d e , c
' e s t l a v o i e a p r e s q u ' o n l ' a p a r
c o u r u e " : e l m é t o d o e s e l c a m i n o , u n a v e z q u e l o h e m o s t r a n s i
t a d o . ‘
L a p a l a
b r a " m é t o d o " d e r i v a , e f e c t i v a m e n t e , d e
l g r i e g o ,
a u n q u e l a e t i m
o l o g i a p r o p u e s t a p o r G r a n e t — m e t a - h o d o s ,
" d e s p u é s d e l c a m i n o " — a c a s o s e a i m a g i n a r i a . P e r o l a j o c o s a
r é p l i c a d e G r a n e t q u i z a t u v i e r a u n c o n t e n i d o s e r i o , e i n
c l u s o
p o l é m i c o : e n
c u a l q u i e r a m b i t o c i e n t i f i c o , e l d i s c u r s o d e l
m é t o d o t i e n e
v a l o r s o l o c u a n d o e s u n a r e f l e x i o n a p o s t e r i o r i
a c e r c a d e u n a
i n v e s t i g a c i o n c o n c r e t a , n o c u a n d o s e p r e
s e n t a ( y , c o n m u c h o , e s e l c a s o m a s f r e c u e n t e ) c o m o u n
a
s e r i e d e p r e s c
r i p c i o n e s a p r i o r i . S e g i i n c o n f i o , l a r e s e f i a q u e
e s t o y p o r h a c e r a p r o p o s i t o d e l m o d o e n q u e n a c i o y s e d e
s a r r o l l o m i i n
v e s t i g a c i o n a p o r t a r a u n a c o n f i r m a c i o n , d e p o r
s i m i n i m a e i n s u s t a n c i a l , a l a i r o n i c a a i i r m a c i o n d e G r a n e t .
R e l a t a r e l i t i n e r a r i o d e u n a i n v e s t i g a c i o n e n e l m o m e n t o
e n q u e e l l a y a
h a l l e g a d o a u n a c o n c l u s i o n ( a u n q u e p o r d e f i
n i c i o n s e t r a t a d e u n a c o n c l u s i o n p r o v i s o r i a ) s i e m p r e c
o n
l l e v a , c o m o e
s n o t o r i o , u n r i e s g o : e l d e l a t e l e o l o g i a . E n r e
V e r s i o n r e v i s a d a d e u n a c o n f e r e n c i a d i c t a d a e n T o k i o e n e l a n o 1 9 9 2 ,
e n o c a s i o n d e l a
t r a d u c c i o n j a p o n e s a d e S t o r i a r z o t t u r n a . U n a d e c i f r a z i o n e
d e l s a b b a ( 1 9 8 9 )
[ t r a d . e s p . : H i s t o r i a n o c t u m a . U n d e s c i f r a m i e n t o d e l a q u e
l a r r e , B a r c e l o n a , M u c h n i k , 1 9 9 1 ] .
' L a f u c n t e d
c e s a r é p l i c a e s G e o r g e s D u m é z i l , c f . J . B o n n e t ( e d . ) , G e o r g e s
D u m é z i l , P a r i s , 1
9 8 1 , p . 2 5 .
4 1 3
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4 3 2
E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A S
l u e g o
a b a n d o n a d o , d e u n a d o b l e v e r s i é n d e
I b e n a n d a n t i ) ,
s i n o e n t r e l a z a d a s : d o s v 0 c e s q u e s e a l t e m a
n , d i s c u t e n , y p o r
u l t i m
o b u s c a n u n a c u e r d o . E s t a o p c i é n r e f l e j a e l d e b a t e q u e
s e d e
s a r r o l l é e n m i i n t e r i o r , d e m a n e r a i n c
e s a n t e , a
1 0 l a r g o
d e 1 0
s 1 5 3 1 7 1 0 5 q u e m e i n s u m i é e s c r i b i r S
t o r i a n o t t u m a .
A P E N D I C
E . P
R U E B A S Y P O S I B I L I D A D E S
( P o s f a c i o a N a t a l i e Z e m o n D a v i s , I l r
i t o r n o
d i M
a r t i n G u e r r e . U n c a s o d i d o p p i a i d e n t i t a
n e l l a F r a n c i a d e l C i n q u e c e n t o , 1 9 8 4 ) *
1 . E X T R A O R
D I N A R I A , C
A S I P R O D I G I O S A p 3 . I ` € C l 6 3 S U S C O I ' l t € 1 ’ I l p O
r a n e o s l a s e r i e d e s u c e s o s d e q u e n o s h a b l a N a t a l i e Z e
m o n
D a v i s . Y a l a h a b i a p r e s e n t a d o a n t a n o , b a
j o e s a l u z , e l
p r i
m e r o e n i n d a g a r l a y r e l a t a r l a , e
l j u e z J e a n d e C o r a s . M
o n
t a i g n e l a e v o c
o r é p i d a m e n t e , e n s u e n s a y o “ D e s b o y t e u x "
[ " D e l o s c o j o s " ] . " R e c u e r d o [ . . . ] q u e m e p a r e c i o q u e é l h a b i a
t o r n a d o l a i m p o s t u r a d e a q u e l a q u i e n j u z g o c u l p a b l e t a n
p l e n a d e p r o d
i g i o s y t a n l a r g a m e n t e s u p e r i o r a n u e s t r o s c o
n o c i m i e n t o s —
y a l o s d e é l m i s m o , q u e e r a j u e z — q u e
c o n s i
d e r é g r a n a f r e
n t a l a s e n t e n c i a q u e l o h a b i a c o n d e n a d o a l a
h o r c a " } E s u n
j u i c i o t a j a n t e , q u e i n t r o d u c e l a s f a m o s a
s p a g i
n a s a c e r c a d e
l a s " s o r c i e r e s d e m o n v o i s i n a g e [ h e c h i c e r a s d e
m i v e c i n d a d ] " , a c u s a d a s d e c r i m e n e s q u e M o n t a i g n e c o n s i
d e r a a u n m a s
i n v e r o s i m i l e s y n o p r o b a d o s . L a t e m e r i d a d d e
l o s j u e c e s q u e l a s c o n d e n a n a m u e r t e e s i m p l i c i t a m e n t e a d o
s a d a a l a d e C
o r a s : “ D e s p u é s d e t o d o , e s t e n e r e n m u y
a l t o
P u b l i c a d o e n t r a d u c c i o n a l i t a l i a n o a l c u i d a d o d e S . L o m b a r d o
n i p o r
l a e d i t o r i a l E i n a
u d i , e n l a c o l e c c i o n " M i c r o s t o r i e " . E d i c i o n o r i g i n a l : T h e R e
t u r n o f M a r t i n G
u e r r e , C a m b r i d g e ( M A ) , 1 9 8 2 [ t r a d . e s p . : E l r e g r e s o d e M a r t i n
G u e r r e , B a r c e l o n a , A n t o n i B o s c h , 1 9 8 2 ] . [ N . d e
l T . ]
‘ M . d e
M o n
t a i g n e , E s s a i s , e
d . a l c u i d a d o d e A . T
h i b a u d e t , P a r i s , 1 9 5 0 ,
u i , 1 1 , p . 1 1 5 6 : "
I l m e s o u v i e n t [ . . . ] q u ' i l m e s e m b l a a v o i r r e n d u l ' i m
p o s t u r e
d e c e l u y q u ' i l j u g e a c o u p a b l e s i m e r v e i l l e u s e e t e x c e d a n t d e s i l o i n
g n o s t r e
c o r m o i s s a n c e , e t l a s i e n n e q u i e s t o i t j u g e , q u e j e t r o u v a y b e a u c o u p
d e h a r
d i e s s e e n l ' a r r e s t q u i l ' a v o i t c o n d a r r m é a e s t r e p e n d u " ( t r a d . i t . : S a g g i , t r a d .
d e F . G a r a v i n i , M i l a n , 1 9 6 6 , v o l . I I , p . 1 3 7 6 ) [ t r a d . e s p . : E n s a y o s
, 3 v o l s . ,
M a d r i d , C a t e d r a ,
2 0 0 3 ] .
4 3 3
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N O T A
A c o n t i n u a c i o
n , i n d i c o d o n d e y c u a n d o s e p u b l i c a r o n p o r
p r i m e r a v e z l o s e s c r i t o s q u e i n t e g r a n e s t e l i b r o :
1 . " E k p h r a s i s
a n d Q u o t a t i o n " , e n I i j d s c h r i / T v o o r F i l o
s o h e ,
2 0 , 1 9 8 8 , p p . 3 - 1 9 .
1 1 . " L a c o n v e r s i o n e d e g l i e b r e i d i M i n o r c a ( 4 1 7 - 4 1 8 ) "
, e n
Q u a d e r n i s t o r i c i , 7 9 , 1 9 9 2 , p p . 2 7 7 -
2 8 9 .
I I I . " M o n t a i g n e , C a n n i b a l s a n d G r o t t o e s " , e n H i s t o r y a
n d
A n t h r o p o l o g y
, 6 , 1 9 9 3 , p p . 1 2 5 -
1 5 5 .
I V . " F
i c t i o n a s H i s t o r i c a l E v i d e n c e . A D i a l o g u e i n P a r i s ,
1 6 4 6 " , e n T h e Y a l e J o u r n a l o f C r i t i c i s m , 5 ,
1 9 9 2 , p p . 1
6 5 - 1 7 8 .
v . " G l i e u r o p e
i s c o p r o n o ( o r i s c o p r o n o ) g l i s c i a m a n i " , e
n F .
G r a f ( e d . ) , K l a s s i s c h e A n t i k e u n d n e u e W e g e d e r K u l t u
r w i s
s e n s c h a f t e n . S
y m p o s i u m K a r l M e u l i ( B a s e l , 1 1 . - 1 3 . S e p t e m
b e r 1 9 9 1 ) , B a
s i l e a , 1 9 9 2 , p p . 1 1 1 -
1 2 8 .
V 1 . " T o l l e r a n
z a e c o m m e r c i o . A u e r b a c h l e g g e V o l t a i r e " , e n
Q u a d e r n i s t o r i c i , 1 0 9 , 2 0 0 2 , p p . 2 5 9 -
2 8 3 .
V I I . " A n a c h a r s i s i n t e r r o g a g l i i n d i g e n i . U n a n u o v a l e t t u r a d i
u n v e c c h i o b e
s t - s e l l e r " , e n A . B u r g u i e r e , J .
G o y , M . - J .
T i t s
D i e u a i d e ( e d s . ) , L ' H i s t o i r e g r a n d e o u v e r t e . H o m m a g e s a E m
m a n u e l L e R o y L a d u r i e , P a r i s , 1 9 9 7 , p p . 3 3 7 -
3 4 6 ( d e s
p r o
v i s t o d e n o t a s ) .
v m . " S u l l e o r m
e d i I s r a e l B e r t u c c i o " ( i n é d i t o ) .
I X . " l j a s p e r a v e r i t a . S u l l a s i i d a d i S t e n d h a l a g l i s t o r i c i " ( i n é
d i t o ) .
x . " R a p p r e s e n t a r e i l n e m i c o . S u l l a p r e i s t o r i a f r a n c e s e d e i
P r o t o c o l l i " ( i n
é d i t o ) .
x 1 . " U n u s t e s t i s . L o s t e r r n i n i o d e g l i e b r e i e i l p r i n c i p i o
d i r e a l
t a " , e n Q u a d e r n i s t o r i c i , 8 0 , 1 9 9 2 , p p . 5 2 9 -
5 4 8 .
4 6 7
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4 9 2 W r a y , D . :
2 1 2 .
W r i g h t , D . H . :
1 0 5 n .
E L H I L O Y L A S H U E L L A
S
Z a b a r e l l a , G . :
4 0 , 4 1 , 4 5 .
Z a g o r i n , P . :
3 8 7 n .
Z a n k e n G . :
2 3 n .
Z a n z o t t o , A . :
3 9 2 - 3 9 4 .
K a u r o f t h e O a t h , T h e ( S t e w a r t ) : 3 5 2 . Z e n , S . : 4 7
1 1 .
Y e m s h a l m i , Y . H . :
1 7 8 r n .
Y o r k e , C . :
2 1 0 n . , 2 1 2 .
Y o r k e , P . :
2 1 0 r n . ,
2 1 2 .
Z e r b i , P . :
4 6 0 n . , 4 6 1 .
Z i o
l k o w s k i , J . M . :
1 6 2 n . ,
1 8 0 .
E s t a e d i c i é n
d e E l h i l o y l a s h u e l l a s . L 0 v e r d a d e r o , l 0
f a l s o , l 0 h
c t i c i o ,
d e C a r l o
G i n z b u r g , s e t e r m i n é d e i m p r i m i r e n e l m e s d e a b
r i l
d e 2 0 1
0 e n 1 0 s T a l l e r e s G r a f i c o s N u e v o O f f s e t , V i e l 1 4 4 4 ,
C i u d a d d e B u e n o s A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a .
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• : n a v I A
O Y G . "
I U ¤ - • •
I I S
G i n l m l n v l r o
i i | f a u Y d ’ r l f • ! € H H • M • l f a ’ • J : W I - %
1 L ! 7 I • 1 f 7
Z l l r l f r l l v f l c
Y l i i l r l t d l w f v f r f l
Y l a t a i l d w r o
W G I B I H G m • ! 2 Z z
• I i I · ' i I ~ ' £ i l I [ 6 1 i · ' I U ( d | I l U I • I & ¥ +
E i l l l m a f d r a l a l a l t a l f a r a l f r l l a w l l i I • " a
{ { G ? H i I | F · I | n I F
U l { • L * I G i • ) L ' I • I l I ( • . L
* I G 1 1 l ( r l H L 1 f • } u ·
i l h l d l l l l r m l r l m h l i s f r
{ @ F H E I | F · I | • I F 7 [ •
! 6 l f r [ i • J : | W u ’ ¢ r ' ¤ ” ¤
S T S Z T 5 [ S W I G ?
2 I i i T d • 1 5 i I i ’ a 7 7 ? F
b l Q I € ( 6 I i ¢ ( é I { ¢ L * I u I H { é ) ( 6 · f
Z H 1 H • F • ` I I E ¥ ¢ ' E
i D ( H I I a ' d I I & ) : ’ • ( •
H i l l l n l t w l u f d l l l l l n f t
= I I | I = | | l ' A ' h t • I • I K a
T l i l l m l u m t a
¥ F · 1 T 6 I ¢ I u I • I • } ? ¤
Y f d f o i a l f d l f v f l
b l m l v l a l l r l a f o
5 T * *
b K • 1 “ V a ' a £ d L 0 ? ‘ [ ¢ { L j v f l r m y s e »
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