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LIQIPAKAT@IE EKQI
Itokcirci acmacnhnh jacak
EKQINsea i ahsihcir `rt ncnknhtah, su, livi,
itn vn toprih, natca orihcir`ijarcnknsaycn anr ki``ncnrah ocutuuhueijuc ntkacnr`ar.
Ju `hbn orti ih sohcirhi ei`ir `nvikntkatar.
hsihcir ki``ncnra icthi `htrp jncarcajar mbn silap ockiy vnyi ckszce aesaranc`n n`nrne ck ynhknya astnkacnr`ar.
Rakyi, eakyihh jacak hbnsa jar neca ocup jisat knticcnrahsoy knticcnrn (icthi) `htrcknsa vn ckszce aesaranc`nsa uricirhh mnhnc i``r.
Jacaksnc `iyihi ockiyih, shiki-yihcki yocuyciyipcih acnrah tk sakyi`r.
Assz jar i`iyi `thz vnor i i yiiyp cnbnahaza liyicn ah. Liyitti eickie aah hn maj aaltayicirhz ocur`u vn jualtayicirhz hisc sicir`hz?
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hbn liyitti eicijackne aah `oi`ieaynhacnjacar ki``ncnra engntknecn anjici`cir.
Qc`rk`ih vn `anr liyvihcir`ih
eoruhkie aah enh`acnrahn uymuhjirhiecir lizrcikieci an `nvik nttacnr.Kiiricir vn naae jirhki ynrcnraahiit nttacnr.
hsihcir, yc`rkcirh orkihciri knsa,a``ntca grthicir`i ii `iccirhh jarjarahnsrtknsa vn yihir`i`ih ieih civcirhocutur`uu oic yihmhcir vj. ociycirciitna tih`.
Qaynbnecnra paarkne aah eip iriyh`i ocihahsihocu shiki-yihcki yocuyci topriacnynjacnbnaha mr` vn toprietih eipciryipt.
hsih, itnah ki``ncnra yieth vn nrattaahaengntta.
hsihcir jiz ki`nhcnra nratap eirtririeeuccihkiyi jici`cir.
hsihocu hbn ivci`ecir liyvihcirherecnra acn vbutcirh rtnrenh `ili sohriju erecnra acnynrne maynbne altayibheirciktr.
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hsihcir, tnknc altayicirh eirci`etih
sohri ` mrhkhn hnk vnrknynjici`cir.Mznccnkne aah natca yhtnkcnrn jivurih
ahsihcir yzh jateasnc vn ki`nhsncjoyicirci joyi`.
rhnah, Nsea Ksr`i ahsihcir mznvrnsah`nea jcmnya eolc (srkn) nhnhynac yi `i sayil joyicircirnhecnh`arayorcir`.
hsihh shiki-yihcki yocuyci engnttaa
ki``ncnr`nh jara n tuz`ur.Piral joyuhbi hnkca jar tabirnt ki``nsa
ocih tuz, jiz jcmncnr`n o ei`ir `nnrcaocku ea ahsihcir icth tuzci`natarkacnr`ar.
Listicetih eoruhki vn tn`iva ikibycijateacnr n euccihcktr.
rhnah rnznhn, kiy`ihoz maja jateacnr Nseaicir`ih jnra tpti euccihckieti`r.
hsihcir natca `nhnyakcnr sohubuh`i mizaeahcaa, sah`arak jozuecuu, atilszce majalisticecir tn`iva aah jncarca jar kaetirkiy`ihozu a ocirie tentkncnra mnrnetaahaengntkacnr`ar.
Jateasnc eenhca acicirh lik ki``ncnraocirie ik, tnrnjnhtah, enh`ar, sigrih,srmih otu vj. siycijacar.
Listicecir jateacnrcn tn`iva ntknyarnhnh ahsihocu ckn `n irnjucki uri aahn markatar.
Coekih Lneak maja nsea `hnkagibcir ckszce aesara aahuriihcirh jih`i ynr icktr.
hsihocu ckn irn jucikikgieit `nhnkn-yihcki yocuyci jizlisticecir tn`iva ntknyarnhkatar.
LPQI HIRAC J^C@^CIZ J^C^HIH KI@@NCNZ
Jnscnhkn/Ashki Qihir icirhpaa r aa ki ncnr Itn
Eoruhki/Rieciki Picir yohtirie vn topriecirpaarnrne liyit aah mnrnecaki``ncnra juckiy engnttacnr.
Ensaba icntcnr vn PoprieEipcir
Mayahkn Mayahkne aah hbn jateacnrah yiprievn eijuecirh sohri liyvih`nracnraha engn ttacnr.
@nra ncjasncnr
Mznccnkne Ki`nhsnc vn jateasnc joyicir Eolc(srkn)Kicilat (Qnac joyi)Rayil joyi (Euruh AA-Rcgr vn `anrcnra.
Listicecir Listicecir ih aya cnkn ijicir Mz ti (Jier AA-Rcgit)ip(Votisyuk ickahyukRcgit)@naae jateasnc acicir
RKQI@IH
EKQIQI
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RKQI
@nnrsaz ki`nhcnra icthi nvarkn, jth
listicecir ayacntarkn vn liyit sohsuzjaak`n uzitibie ckszce aesara juckiuricirhi sakyi (icaka), ju acnuriihciri i sakyib (icakast) nhar.
Rakyi tnorae tnknccnra ockiyih `nhnkn vnyihckiyi `iyihih ickicir anr`aa vnsastnkitae jacma jaraeaka siciyiki` aahjacak nac`ar.
Ihbie sakyibcirh eakyiyi mnaah hbcnraoc`uu, pne oe iri vn mnrn mncatar`aecnramz ir` n`acknknca`ar.
RKQI
EKQI
NCNKNHP
Ncnknht eivrikhh ace ocirie e ihtae`hnk`n Nkpn`oecnsah rt n gaeraycnockutur.
Ju rt ncnknht5 toprie, su, livi vn itntar.Ju gaear `ili sohri hc `hr Vcitoh vn
Irasto tirigh`ih `i ar`ncnhka, yiecie :666yc joyuhbi sakyibcir tirigh`iheuccihcktr.
@rt ncnknht eivrik Zhnsihs `hnkah`ntnre n`acka ocup Zojnrt Joycn, ncnknhteivrikh ynha`nh tihkci`.
Joycnuh tihkhi mrn ncnknht, jisatki``ncnrn iyrcikiyih ki``n `nkneta.
Civoasanr asn ju mr sicikcitrih yihki`nhnycnra yipirie eakyi jacakahn hnkcaeite yipktr.
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Ru Itn
Poprie
LiviRbie
Euru
Ascie
Roue
Irastoyi mrn 0 tnkncncnknht vn 0 tnkncznccae
RKQIRKQI EKQIEKQIJth ki``ncnrah enh`asah`nhocutuu `hcnh `rt tnknc uhsur Iyh bahs itokcir`ih ocuih
sig ki``ncnr`ar.
RKQIHAH @HNKCNZ
RKQI IA
K.HBN-9766 IZIRA
PAVEKQIRAIA
K.R 9766ROHZIRA
GCODRPOHIA
K.R 9766ROHZIRA
HBNCEKQI IA
9=66ROHZIRA
Jitc hbncnr`nnrsaz ki`nhcnraicthi `htrkn
Pn`iva ikicacicirh yipk
Qihki srnbairitrck
@nhnysncjacak
hnkca Pre-scik Rakyibcir
Bijar jah Liyyih
Nju Jnear Nr Ziza
jha Rahi
@nhny yhtnkaha ace `ngi euccihk
@nstacisyohu tihkcik
LBc, LHO2 nc`nsa
Ncnknhtcnrah shgcih`rckis
Ntac iceoc nc`nsaha mnrnecntarka
Kahnriccnra ahbncnka
@nnrsaz ki`nhcnr`nh icthh nc`nn`acknsahah ocihieszch aspitcikEatijh-Hngs i`c sakyieatijhyizk
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EKQIHAH PNKNCEIH^HCIZA
Rbie jar iy anrasahn itcih iy nenrahah esi jarsrn`n `ickis
Jar eiptiea su anrasahn jar iy ei krneenp`etkz`n suyuh lnr tirighh krneenjah rnhmaacn joyihkis
Rv lic`nea pirgkh sec`h`i eoeusuhuhlassn`acknsa
Eakyiy sakyi`ih iyrih nh hnkca znccaecnr`nh
jarasa cknyn `iyic ockis`r.
@nhnysnc sohucirh ccknsa vn yorukcihkis
eakyihh tnknc eihuhcirhh ortiyi ekishi
hn`nh ockutur.
Eakyihh mncaknsa acn jnrijnr sig ncnknhtcnrah
nc`n n`acknsa vn ju ncnknhtcnrah jarjarcnraycn `naae
orihcir`i nteacnakcnra sohubu acn eakyi acn acmaca ynha
eihuhcir engn`ackatar.
EPCNHH EOZ^H^K^ EIH^H^
Civoasnr kaetir jncca ocih jar kaetir
eiciy (Rh) pirish aah n jar kaetir
livi jucuhih jar gihusi eoyirie tirtt.
@ili sohri gihusu aah`neacnrcn jarcaetn
stt vn shih eiciyh jnyiz jar toz
licahn (RhO) `hth mzcnkcn`a.
Ocuih jnyiz tozu vn gihusu tnerirtirtth`i jicihmti jncarcn`aa etcn
acn nat oc`uuhu jncarcn`a.
@ili sohri jnhznr `nhnycnrcn iyh sohubi ucit.Ocuihjnyiz tozu (Eiciy oesat ) jnhznr yocci stth i asnjicihmti gihusi eoy`uu Eiciyh etcnsahn nat etcn`neiciy nc`n nttaaha mzcnkcn`a.
Ki``n yoetih vir n`acnkn`aa maja, vir`ih i yoen`acnknz. Ri`nbn jarah`nh tneahn hnjacar
Ki``nhah yipsh`iea `nakncnr eakyisic `naak ociriei`cih`rcr.
Eakyisic `nakn`n `naak hbnsah`n ki``ncnrah etcncnratopcik `naak sohrish`iea ki``ncnrah etcncnra topcikhinattar.
EPCNHH EOZ^H^K^ EIH^H^
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Rh + O: RhO99 =
Gn + R
EPCNHH EOZ^H^K^ EIH^H^
GnR
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Jar ncnknhtah itokcir, `anr jar ncnknhtah itokcir acnjarcnnrnejacnaecnra kny`ihi mntarnjacar.
Eakyisic acnkcnr`n (rniesayohcir`i) itokcir jchknz.Qiha, eakyisic rniesayohcir`i itokcir ocukiz vnyi
piricihkiz. Jar eakyisic rniesayoh, itokcirhmrupcihkicirhh `naknsa`ar.
@ictohuh Itok Pnorasa Eitc Orihcir Eihuhuhu`nstnecnr.
Eitc Orihcir Eihuhu, aea ncnknht jar`nh gizci jacnaeocuturuyorsi, jarahah jncca jar kaetirhi eirce,`anrahah `naenh kaetircir irish`i ee vn tiksiycirci agi`n n`acnh jar orih vir`r.
EIPCA OZIHCIZ EIH^H^
Eirjoh ncnknhtaycn oesadnhah ocutur`uu aea jacnaevir`r juhcir eirjoh koho oesat (BO) vn eirjoh `a oesat(BO:). Eirjoh kohoesat jacnaah`n jar eirjoh itoku acn
jar oesadnh itoku jarcnarenh , Eirjoh `a oesatjacnaah`n jar eirjoh itoku acn aea oesadnh itokujarcnar.Lnr aea jacnaetn eirjoh itok siycir sijattutuc`uuh`i oesadnh itokcir irish`i 9/:orihhhoc`uu mzcnhar
EIPCA OZIHCIZ EIH^H^
B O
BO 9 9
BO: 9 :
B O
BO 9: mr 97 mr
BO: 9: mr 2: mr
97
IPOKPNOZACNZA
@ictoh itok tnorasah`n ncnknhtcnrah itokcir`ih kny`ihimnc`aa jncartacka, ihbie itokuh yips lieeh`i yorukyipckiktr.
Juh`ih sohriea iritrkicir, itokuh a yipshiy`hcitkiyi yhncae ockutur.
9=
NCNEPZOHCIZHENGA
Kablnic Giri`iy (9=19-9
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PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA
D.D. Ploksoh (97-9106)
:6
PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA
Ncnetrohuh jth itokcir`i jucuhih tnknc jar tihnbaeoc`uu eijuc n`ac`aetnh sohri, D.D. Ploksoh tirigh`ihynha jar itok ko`nca acnra src`.
Ploksohi mrn, htr jar itok`i nesa ye `nhmncnynhirt yecnr jucuhkic vn ju irt yecnr jucut necah`nockic.
Ncnetrohcir ju pozatag ye jucutu aah`n yzknca`ar.
:9
PLOKROHIPOKKO@NCA
Ploksoh, itokuzkc enen
jnhzntkatar.::
Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOKKO@NCA
Nrhnst Zutlnrgor`, itokuh a yipsh ortiyieirkie aah, icgi (i) piribecirh`ih (Ln+:
ayohcir) yirircihirie jar `aza `nhny yipktr.
Zutlnrgor`, jar ri`yoietag eiyhietih ichih icgipiribecirh (ri`yuk vn pocohyuk jarnr i-heiyhi`r) icth, mk, jier vj knticcnr`nh
yipck oe ahbn kntic yipriecir znrahnmh`nr`aah`n u sohucir mzcn`a.
:2
ICGI VIZIBECIZ RICKIR @NHNQA
cgi piribecirhh oe jyejar esk, kntic yiprilnrlihma jar sipkiyiuriki`ih mnnr.
Iz jar esk ligag sipkiyiuriyirie kntic yipri mnnr.
oe oe iz jar esk mnc`aecnrayh`n mnra `hnr.
:0
Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOK KO@NCA
Zutlnrgor , yipt icgipiribecir sickis`nhnyah`nh sohri, itok aahynha jar ko`nc acnra sr`.
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:>
Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOKKO@NCA
Itok jye orih`i jocuetihocukieti`r. Ju jocueti ncnetrohcirjucuhkieti`r.
Itokuh knrenzah`n, itokuh etcn vnpozatag yeh`nh sorukcu vn libka oeee ocih jar esk near`nejucuhkieti`r.
:7
Z^PLNZGOZ@IPOKKO@NCA
near`ne nvrnsah`n,near`nah pozatag yehhtriccntarknyn yntnbnesiy`i hnmitag yec vnetcncnra near`nah etcnsayihh`i alkic n`acnjacnbneei`ir ee piribecir(ncnetrohcir)
jucuhkieti r `hbnsahaortiyi itt.
:=
VZOPOH WNHPZOHCIZHENGA
Zutlnrgor` itok ko`ncahn mrn, itokcirhnear`necnrah`n pozatag yec tnknctihnbaecnr vir`r.
Zutlnrgor`, ju piribecir 9191 ych`iengntka vn i`hiprotoh `nkatar.
Dikns Bli`wabe, 912: `n itoknear`necnrah`n jucuhih vn jar tnkncpiribe ocih htrohcir engntta.
:01 -9,76::x96-91
Vrotoh 9,7=:7 x 6-:0 9,66=:== +9,76::x96-91
Htroh 9,7=01 x96-:0 9,66 6
26
IPOK^H PNKNC VIZIBECIZ
Itok`iea
Viribe
Jic Etcnsa Jic Qe
Ncnetroh 9 -9
Vrotoh 9
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TOPOVCIZ
ou ncnknhtah aea yi`i `ili gizciitoku ocup, juhcir @ictohuh a``ainttaa maja z`n `nac`ar.
Jar ncnknhtah protoh vn ncnetrohsiycir nat gieit htroh siycir girecitokcirhi o ncnknhtah azotopcir`nhar.
2:
TOPOVCIZ
Jar ncnknhtah near`nah`nea protoh vn htroh siyshhtopcikhi o ncnknhtah etcn hukiris `nhar. Jar ncnknhtah itokuhuh near`nah`nea protoh siyshi
`i o ncnknhtah itok hukiris `nhar. Jar ncnknhtah itok hukiricir iyh gieit etcn
hukiricir girec itokcirhi o ncnknhtah azotopcir `nhar.
22
TOPOVCIZ
\T
ncnknhtah sakmnsa
I4 Etcn hukiris
T4 Itok hukiris
I ;p siys + h siys
T ;p siys
20
TOPOVCIZHI@CIH@ZCKIR
zotopcir, ncnknhtahi`hh sohuhi etcnhukiris mntaracnrnei`cih`rcr.
B9:
7
B92
7
B90
7
(Eirjoh-9:)
(Eirjoh-92)
(Eirjoh-90)
2>
EIZJOH^HTOPOVCIZ
7 protoh 7 protoh 7 protoh
9:-7 ; 7 92-7 ; = 90-7 ;
Re ristcihih icikcir
sak Knticcnr Euccihk icihcir
Varah
Jrohz
Ikicmik
Icth (iyir)
@nnrcamk
Cnlak
ncae
Jier vn aheo
Jier vn Eiciy
Mk, Bavi, Eiciy
Icth, Mk, Jier
%1:.> Mk, %=.> jiei jarkntic mnhnccaecn jier
Eiciy vn Euruh
@nkar, Eirjoh vn erok, haenc vnjier maja `anr knticcnr
Wa` i, p nh bn rn v n ei pknhtnncnraLnyenccnr, kieahn piricir
@a `ocmusu
Kbnvlnr
@nnrca kbnvlnrcnr
Kntic yznycnra nratkn nhjarcntarkne aah ncnetrae vnnkn sihiyasah`n
Qesne yipc jahicir i vneprcnrah yipkh i,otokojac vj.
Iknticcnr Ikntic ocih la`rodnh, eirjoh, izot, oesadnh, gcor, gosgor, eert,
ecor vn ayot liyitkz aah oe hnkca`ar. Lnr icih`i iknticcnrcn vn ohcirh jacnaecnraycn eircicr.
rhnah lnr ih socu`uukuz livi jar oesadnh izot eirk`r.
kn suyuh`i vn livuzcir`i nznhgnetih ocirie euccihcih ecor,so`yuk acn jarcntaah`n sogri tuzuhu ocutur.
@a kibuhu so`yuk gcorr anrknetn`ar.
Pngcoh tivicirhh yipsh `i gcor jacnaecnra ocuturur.
Juhuhci jarcaetn nckis, euruh eicnk (eirjoh), tnjnar, knrknr(BiBO2), eijirtki so`is (HiLBO2), jir`iecir (sacasyukjacnaa) jarnr ikntic jacnaecnra`ar.
Iknticcnrah Gazaesnc znccaecnra
Iknticcnrah gazaesnc znccaecnra mnhnccaecnknticcnraheahah tnrsa`ar.
Kittrcir4 Iknticcnr, knticcnr maja pircie jar
mrhn silap `nac`arcnr. Iknticcnr mrh ocirie natca`arcnr. Jiz
iknticcnr rnheca`arcnr, gieit mnhnccaecnpircie `nac, kittrcir.
Mrh ocirie iknticcnrjarjarcnrah`nh girec` r. Qih`iea
neac`n soc`ih siit yhhn orumrigat necah`nea eirjohu, scgr,jnyiz gosgoru (su icth`i siecihr) vnayo`u mrnjacarsahazMrigat (eirjoh)
Eert
Jnyiz gosgor
yo`
Ercmih`rcir4 O`i eouccirh i eit lic`n ocihcir
ercmih`rcir.
rhnah nckis (eirjoh) snrt vnercmih`r.
As vn Ncnetrae acntenhcaa4 Iknticcnr mnhnccaecn s vn ncnetraa aya
acntknzcnr5 gieit eirjohuh jar iccotropuocih mrigat hnrn`nysn knticcnr majancnetraa vn sy aya acntarcnr.
Ju hn`nhcn, ikir kieahnsa vnncnetraeca sprmn majaiymtcir iea ncnetraekotorcirhh gricir mrigattnh yipcr.
Roh `hnkcnr`n, uziy eipsccnrahah seiceihcirhh yipkh`i i mrigattnhyirircihckiyi jicihktr.
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neacnjacarcae vn @vcmnhcae4 O`i sbiech`i eit lic`n jucuhihcir
ercmih oc`uu aah tnc vn cnvli licahnmntaracnknzcnr.
Gazaesnc Lic4O`i eouccirh`i eirjoh, gosgor, eert,sncnhyuk vn ayot eit5 jrok sv5 mnrayn eicih`anr iknticcnr asn miz`r.
@e eiyhiki hoetishi silaptarcnr.
Mnhnccaecn iknticcnrah nrakn vn eiyhikihoetis sbiececir >666Bhah icth`i`r.
cnrah`nh eirjoh nh yesne eiyhikihoetishi silaptar (06666 B bavir).
Qir knticcnr
Qir kntic ocirie shgcih`rcih jar oe ncnknhtkntic vn ikntic irish`i znccae mstnrarcnr.
Qir knticcnr knticcnrn jnhznrcnr5 gieit ohcirei`ir pircie `nac`arcnr. Iyh zikih`i knticcnrei`ir s vn ncnetraa aya acntnknzcnr (yiracntenh`arcnr). Juhuh yihh`i yir knticcnrneacnjacar vn `vcnjacar znccaetn`ar.
Qir knticcnr`nh ocih jor, sacasyuk vn mnrkihyukko`nrh ncnetrae sihiya`n euccihcih ki``ncnr aahyir acntenh ockicirh`ih `ociy likki``n ockiznccaa tircir. znccaecn sacasyukuh jacmasiyirapcnrah`n euccihk yiymh`r.
Juriyi ei`ir ncnknhtcnrah, kntic vn iknticocirie shgcih`rc`h mr`e.
Jiz ncnknhtcnr hn kntic hn `n iknticocirie shgcih`rcr.
Iknticcnr mnhnccaecn uubu`ur vn ncnetraaacntknzcnr, gieit mrigat (eirjoh) vn sacasyukikntic ocirie shgcih`rcr vn oe yesne
eiyhiki hoetishi silaptarcnr, iyh zikih`ilnr aeasa `n ncnetraa acntar.
Bavi o`i sbiech`i sv ocih, tapae knticznccaa mstnrknynh jar ncnknhttar.
Ncnknhtcnrah kntic yi `i ikntic ocirieshgcih`rckish`iea estcikicirhn`nhaycn eakyibcir `ili ee ncnknhtmrupcirhh znccaecnrah`nea jnhznrcaecnravn yhncakcnra ahbncnknyn jici`cir.
Ro`yuk-Votisyuk, Eicsayuk-Kimhnzyuk,Ecor-Jrok maja jnhznr ncnknht agtcnraahbncnhknyn jicih`.
Ro`yuk vn potisyuk jnhznr znccaecnrn kasilapcnr? (rhnah nrakn - eiykihihoetis, snrtcae, youhcue, pirciece)
Livi`iea oesadnhcn iyh neac`n ka rniesayohimarnrcnr?
Oesatcnra, ecorrcnr, scgitcir vj. lihmarnhetn`ar?
Ro`yuk vn potisyuk su acn hisc rniesayohimarnr?
Jacnae gorkccnra iyh k`r? Ro`yuk vn potisyukuh jacnaecnrah`nea
yecnra iyh k`r?
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Rakyi`ih Eakyiyi Ncnknht Nsea Quhihccir`ih 9
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.Ncnetroh acmasa irtir.7.Ncnetroh vnrkn nacakaizicr.=.Knticae eirietnr izicr..Ncnetroh acmasa izicr.7.Ncnetroh vnrkn nacaka irtir.=.Knticae eirietnr irtir.
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9
VNZ
QO@
E TNCC
ECNZ
4 . . . .
spx?Rormu;2
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Itok`ih jar ncnetroh eopirckis, ncnetrohcir iris atkn euvvntaha
izictr. Ncnetroh jucutuhuh `ili ee libak n topcihkish,
jzcknsaha sicir.
Itoki acivn n`acnh jar ncnetroh asn ncnetrohcir iris atkn euvvntaha
irttrr. Ncnetroh jucutuhuh mnhacnknsahn `ociysyci itok libkahah
jyknsahn snjnp ocur. Rohu ocirie, pozatag ayohcir htr
itokcir`ih `iaki `ili ee, hnmitag ayohcir asn `iaki `ili
jyetr.
yohciki Nhnrdasa
Miz licah`nea, azocn n`acka jar itok`ihncnetroh
uziecitrkie aah vnracknsa mnrnenh nhnrdaynyohciki Nhnrdasa ( Na)`nhar.
yohciki Nhnrdasa
Jar itok`ih ace ncnetrohu eopirkie aah mnrneca ocihnhnrdayn Jarahbayohciki Nhnrdasa (Na 9)`nhar.
\(m)+ N9 \+
(m)+ n-
+9 yec ayoh`ih,jar ncnetroh eopirkie aah mnrneca.
\+(m)+ N: \+:
(m)+ n-
+: yec ayoh`ih jar ncnetroh (hb ncnetroh)eopirkie aah mnrnenh nhnrdayn `n hb yohcikiNhnrdasa `nhar.
\+:(m)+N2 \+2
(m)+ n-
Jar itok`i ei tihn ncnetroh jucuhuyorsi, o ei`irayohciki nhnrdasa vir`r.
Juhcir`ih nh e jarahba ayohciki nhnrdasa`ar.
he ace eo ih ncnetroh esz jar itok ih
yohciki Nhnrdasa
eopkieti r.
eahba ncnetroh +9 yec jar ayoh`ih eoptuu aah jar
ncnknhtah aeahba ayohciki nhnrdasa, jarahba ayohcikinhnrdasah`nh ili jyetr.
yohciki nhnrdasa irtir.
Vnrayo`ae sastnk`n iyhpnrayotti acnrcn`aen mnhnccaecn,itokcirh ayohciki nhnrdacnra irtir.
Ju jnecnhacnh jar uruk`ur. he, iyhpnrayottiea itokcirh nhnrda eitkihcir
`naknz. rhn h, n n trohu r iz i o ih htr itoku, n r n
ye `n jar gizci`r. Qe gizci ocih jar near`nah iyh`nhnrda
snvaynsah`nea orjaticcnr`n jucuhih ncnetrohciri ocihneak nteasa n gizci ocur.
Ju ncnetrohcireopirkie mattaen mcnar. Ju hn`nhcn iyhpnrayotti acnrcn`aen ncnknhtcnrah
ayohciki nhnrdacnra irtir.
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yohciki
Nhnrdasaizicr
Iyhmruptiea itokcirh itok hukiricirirtteinear`na nvrncnynh, ncnetrohcirci `oc`uruckuocih nhnrda eitkihcirhh siys`i irtir, itokyiripjyr.
Itok i irtte i nh orjaticcnr`neancnetrohciri near`nah neak nteasa izicr.
Ju ncnetrohcirh eopirckiseociycir.
yohciki nhnrdasa izicr.
yohciki nhnrdasahn ntea n`nh jar jiei gietr `n ernsncsakntra`ar. Itokuh cnetroh `azacaah`n ernsnc sakntrae yiphhjucuhkisayohciki nhnrdasaha irttrr. Ernsnc sakntrahn`nhaycn ncnetroh azacaa sp7 acn jatnh itokcirh ayohcikinhnrdacnra oe yesnetar. Ncnetroh ickcirs vn sp acn jatnhitokcir jnecnhnh`nh ili yesne ayohciki nhnrdasahnsilaptar. Horkic irtcir icth`i I mruju ncnknhtcnrahah jarahbaayohciki nhnrdacnra irish`iea sricikihhycn ockisjnecnhar4
AI3AAI3AAAI3AWI3WI3WAI3WAAI3WAAAI
Gieit ernsnc sakntrae ncnetroh azacaahn silap AAI vn WImrupcirenh`acnraha azcnynh mruptih ili yesne ayohcikinhnrdasahn silaptar. Rriciki asnycn `naaecae mstnrar4
sAI3AAAI3AAI3AWI3WAI3WI3WAAI3WAAAI
Ncnetroh cmasa Ncnetroh Igtahatnsa)4
Jar itokuh ncnetroh acmasa, o itokuh hnmitag ayoh licahnmnckn yitehc`r.
Jar itok, jar jiei itok`ih `ili eociy ncnetrohicirie, hnmitag ayoh licahn mncayorsi, ju itokuh ncnetrohacmasa, tnea itokuh ncnetroh acmasah`nh gizci r.
Ncnetrohcir m eopircih jar jiei `nyakcn,ayohciki nhnrdacnra yesne ocih ncnknhtcnrah, ncnetroh
acmacnra gizci`r.
Vnrayo`ae bntvnc`n soc`ih sii , yueir
`ihiiyi oru ma`ac`aen ncnetroh acmasa irtir.
Ncnetroh cmasairtir
Ncnetroh
acmasa izicr
Ncnetrohnmitagcae4
Ncnetrohnmitagcae5 ncnetrohu nekneipisatnsahn `nhar.
Ncnetroh acmasa irttei ncnetrohnmitagcaeirtir.
Ncnetroh ac asa gizci ocih ncnknhtcnr `ilincnetrohnmitagtar.
Jacahnh nh ncnetrohnmitag ncnknht gcor`ur (G).
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Ncnetroh
Ncnetrohnmitagcae4 jar itokuh eakyisic ji `i ncnetrohcir nekn yntnhn a
Ncnetrohnmitagcae irtir
izicr.
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G
T
ERNC WN E
KQ R C
@N
KNCNZ
9
Lnr ahsihh enh`ahn zm znccaecnra,si-mz rnhma, eaco, joy vs. oc`uu maja,lnr ki``nhah `n enh`ahn zm jizznccaecnra vir`r.
Gazaesnc znccaecnrGazaesnc znccaecnr Ki``nhah jar jiei ki``nynKi``nhah jar jiei ki``nyn
`hknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vn`hknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vnccnjacnh `mrh acn acmacaccnjacnh `mrh acn acmacaznccaecnra`ar.znccaecnra`ar.
Ki``nhah rnhma, eoeusu, libka, licaKi``nhah rnhma, eoeusu, libka, lica
(miz, sv, eit), youhcuu, nrakn vn(miz, sv, eit), youhcuu, nrakn vneiyhiki hoetismajaeiyhiki hoetismaja
Jar ki``nhah eakyisic yipsacn acmacaznccaecnr`nh`ar.
Eakyisic znccaecnra
Ki``ncnrah `anr ki``ncnrcn nteacnnrne ynhaki``ncnr ocuturijackn znccaecnra n
jarjarah`nh girec`r.
KI@@N@NEKI@@N@NE@NKCNZ@NKCNZ
GTERNC @NKGTERNC @NK EKQIRIC @NKEKQIRIC @NK Jatcastn eir yiynraha Rajaryi souecirhi jriet. Mh`z livi sbiec nesa 96ciri ahnrenh, mnbn asn nesa
:6cnra jucuyor. Irsouecir hn`nhaycn njnen sucir`ohirenh, su jorucir souecir hn`nhaycn pitci .itcir`ih : kntrncae siretcirh ocutuu Enhttn, livicirn`iti juz ensayor.
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Juz siretcirhisc ocukuocijacar?Ki``nhah `mrhkh`n lnrlihma jar
`naak ockuku`ur?
`naak ockuku`ur?
Eir`ih I`iki Hn Oc`u?
Eh nh snv`aakazyihcirh`ih jara `n eirhyikis`r.obuecuukuzunha`nh i irz eirci
oyhirenh Lncn `neir`ih i`ik yipkielnpakazah vizmnacknza`nac ka`ar? Ihbie,eir`ih i`ikkz jarsrn sohri yoe ocurma`nr.
Eir hisc ocuur? Eir`ih i`iki jar srn sohri hn ocur? Eir`ih i`ikh nraknsahn snjnp ocih
gietr hn`ar? Eirh yipsh`i hn vir`r? Eirh nraknsa srish`i `mrhkh`n
lnrlihma jar `naak ocur ku? Eirh nraknsa srish`i tihnbaecnrah`n
lnrlihma jar `naak ockuku`ur?
Ru `hms hn`ar?
Ep nenr toz nenr pu ri nenrairish`iea jnhznrcaecnr vn girecirhncnr`ar?
GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZKi``nhah `yipsh`i kny`ihi mncnhKi``nhah `yipsh`i kny`ihi mncnh
`nakncnrn`nakncnrn GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZ `nhar.`nhar.
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GTERNC @NKNCNZHGTERNC @NKNCNZHTNCCECNZTNCCECNZ
Ki``nhah yips`nakn`nh si`nbn `Ki``nhah yips`nakn`nh si`nbn `mrhh`n kny`ihi mncnhmrhh`n kny`ihi mncnh`nakncnr`ar.`nakncnr`ar.
Gazaesnc `nakncnr sohubuh`i ynhaGazaesnc `nakncnr sohubuh`i ynhaki``ncnr ocukiz.ki``ncnr ocukiz.
Ri`nbn ki``nhah rnhe, neac, jyeceRi`nbn ki``nhah rnhe, neac, jyecemaja znccaecnra `naar.maja znccaecnra `naar.
GTERNC @NKNCNZGTERNC @NKNCNZ
Knrknr tnzmili cakoh `ec`!!!
Cakoh suyu satrae isat `n`aakaz jar isattar.Knrknr asn eicsayuk eirjohit jacnaa`ar.Cakoh suyu(satrae isat) knrknr (eicsayuk eirjohit) acnnteacnnrne rniesayohi marnr.
@nkarah piscihkis
Vis, hnkca ortikcir`i `nkar vn oesadnhah eakyisictnpeaknyn marknsaycn ocuih nkar oesattar.
Kiyicihki Jar kaetir su aahn jariz uh, jariz `i nenr eitcr
vn kiyiyci eirtrcrsi jar srn sohri likuruhznrah`n ee eijirbecir ocuur.
Tikihci likur eijirr vn epecnhnrneaeahcnar,yesncar.
,kiyiyci eire etcnhah lirnent licah`n oc`uumrcr.
Kiyi lbrnbaecnra oickieti, jyknetn`arcnr. Qiha kiyicihki ociysz eohusu`ur. Likuruh eijirkis, ju ociy srish`i
eirjoh`aoesat mizhh kny`ihi mncknsah`nh`ar.
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EKQIRIC @NKNCNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZ
Ki``nhahKi``nhah a yipsh`i kny`ihia yipsh`i kny`ihi mncnhmncnh`nakncnrn`nakncnrn EKQIRIC @NKNCNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZ `nhar.`nhar.
. .
Neakn,eoeki,jozucki,pakn,rkn,sah`arakNeakn,eoeki,jozucki,pakn,rkn,sah`arak,,
GotosnhtnzGotosnhtnz ociycirvj. eakyisic `naknycn ocuur.ociycirvj. eakyisic `naknycn ocuur.
EKQIRIC @NKNCNZH TNCCECNZEKQIRIC @NKNCNZH TNCCECNZ
Ki``nhah a yipsh`i kny`ihi mncnh`nakncnr`ar.
Eak isic n a kncnr sohubuh`i nhaki``ncnr ocuur.
ZHNECNZ 4ZHNECNZ 4 Ekrh yihkis Rttnh yourt vn pnyhar yipckis @nkarah piscihkis Knyvncnrah rknsa Likuruh kiyicihkis Euk`ih bik yipckis Neknah egcnhknsa Eijirtki tozuhuh znrahn cakoh seckis Bihccirh chbn rknsa hsihh sah`arak vn socuhuk yipkis Jateacnrah gotosnhtnz yipkis
zk suyuh`ih saren yipckis @oicmizh yihkis @acnrakazah rknsa Qukurtihh licihkis Mkh ie livi`i zikihci eirirkis
Itnjbnecnra vbutcirh`iea eakyisicItnjbnecnra vbutcirh`iea eakyisic`naakcnr sohubuh`i e rntar.`naakcnr sohubuh`i e rntar.
rkbnecnr irkne aah eakyisicrkbnecnr irkne aah eakyisic`naak sohubu sicmocuturur.`naak sohubu sicmocuturur.
Gotosnhtnz ociyjar eakyisic `nakn`ar.Gotosnhtnz ociyjar eakyisic `nakn`ar.
J^HCIZA JCQOZ K^Q@^H^T?J^HCIZA JCQOZ K^Q@^H^T?
Polukuh akcnhknsa eakyisic nakn`ar.Polukuh akcnhknsa eakyisic nakn`ar.NvahaNvaha ji`ihi yipkie astnynhji`ihi yipkie astnynh jarahahjarahah
shknkashknkaearn znrahn su `eknsaycnearn znrahn su `eknsaycneakyisiceakyisic `naak kny`ihi mncar.`naak kny`ihi mncar.
EKQIRIC WN GTERNC @NKN CN CMC QIVACIH@AZACKAMZa@ ICAKIRA
9
E h yrtckis
:
Ruyuh ncnetrocaza
2
Rttnh yourt yipckis
0
Kukuh yihkis
>
Eajratah Qihkis
7
O`uhuh Erckis
=
Qiprih Ririrkis
Qiprih @ecknsa
97
Mkh eirirkis
Ii`i vnracnh ociycir`iea `naakcnra jncartahaz.Ii`i vnracnh ociycir`iea `naakcnra jncartahaz.
Bikh erckis gazaesnc eakyisic HEEkrh yihkis
O`uhuh erckis
Ntah orihkis
Rth neaknsa
Hiycohuh yrtckis
Rth eiyhikis
Kukuh nraknsa
Rih ensacknsa
Higticahah sjcakcnknsa
Ncjasnhah yrtckis
orijh secknsa
@nhaz suyuhuh julircikis
Eicnkah erckis
Eneah paaracknsa
Ruyuh ncnetrocaza
zk`nh saren yipckis
:0
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Gazaesnc-Eakyisic @naak
Ki``nhah gazaesnc znccaecnrah`n kny`ihimncnh `nakncnrn gazaesnc `naak `nhar.
E`h yrtckis, bikh erckis vn lc`naakcnra gazaesnc `naakcnrn rhnetar.
Gazaesnc `naak, ki``nhah eakyisic yipsh`natarknesazah mzcnhnjacnh vn ccnjacnhznccaecnrah`nea `naak`ar.
Eakyisic `naak asn ki``nhah girecki``ncnrn iyrkishi vnyi girecki``ncnrah nteacnnrne ynha ki``ncnraocuturkishi `nhar.
Eakyisic Pnpeakn Prcnra
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9. Qihki Pnpeaknsa
Qihki tnpeaknsa5 jar ki``nhah oesadnhcnjarcnkn tnpeaknsa`ar.
Qihki aah
yihb ki``n,
livi (oesadnh),
tutuki sbiec mnrnear.
Qihki tnpeakncnra `ili oe s nhnrdasa nc`nntkne aah mnrnecntaracar.
rhnah mhce yiik`i shki`i vn ynknepaarkn`n euccihcih `oic mizh jar jacnakaocih propihh yihkis ju ikici`r.
B2L< + >O: 2BO: + 0L:O + s
Qihki tnpeakncnrahn ii`iea rhnecnra `nvnrnjacaraz.
BL0 + :O: BO: + :L:O + s
Qihki tnpeaknsaha `ur`urijackne aah hnyipckic`r?
Qihkihh oc`uu ortik`i yihih ki``n acnoesadnhah acaeasa ensacarsnyihki nhmnccnhkaocur.
Ru4Itna sh`rnh ki``ncnr irish`i nhhnkcasa su`ur. Ru znccaecn eitki``ncnr`nea yihmhcir aah aya jarsh`rb`r.
Euk4Qihb ki``ncnrah oesadnhcnacaeasahah ensacnrne sh`rcknsah`neuccihcr. Euccihki ihh`i eukuh yihbki``nya tikiknh rtknsa sicihkic`r.
Eirjoh`aoesat miz (BO:)4Qihih ki``nhahznraha eipciyih eirjoh`aoesat miz yihbki``nya oesadnhsaz jrieirie yihmhhsh`rcknsa ociy`r.
Mnhnccaecn ncae tpcnr`n jish icth`i svlic`n tutucur.
Ju mizci ie icihcir`i vn livi iekhhoc`uu ynrcnr`n yihmhh sh`rcknsaoc`uei zor`ur.
Euru eakynva toz4Qihmh sh`rkn`neuccihcih nteah ki``ncnr`nh jarasa `n eurueakyisic toz`ur. Ir sbiecetih (tilti,euki, iriji cistaa maja ki``ncnr`n) ocuihyihmhcir, svcirh (jnhzah vn trnvcnra)tutukish`ih eih yihmhcir vn yihbmizcirh (livimiz-`oicmiz vj.) jish icth`iekish`ih ocuih yihmhcirhsh`rcknsah`n euccihckieti`r.
Epe4 Epe yihih yznya tikiknh eipcir.Juhuh sohubu ocirie `i livi acn tnkis ensnrvn iyrbi soutki znccaahah jucuhkishn`nhaycn n yihmh sh`rb ocirieeuccihcr.
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@nkar hn`nh piscihr?
0Gn + 2O: :Gn:O2L:O
Viscihki lnr hnei`ir `nkar acnoesadnhah tnpeaknynmarknsa ocirietihkcihyorsi i
ju tnpeaknhahmnrnecnknsa aahortik`i oesadnh vn`nkarah yih srisuyuh `i jucuhkismnrneknetn`ar.
Oesadnhvir Oesadnhyoe Oesadnhvir
Ru yoe Ru vir Ru vir
Ncki Ensacahbn Haah Eiriryor?
Nckicirh vnyi enrnvaz, pititns, irkut maja pne oe knyvnhahensac`aecnrah`n eirirkicirhh snjnja yipcirh`i jucuhih'pocagnhocoesa`iz' (VVO) `ayn i`cih`rcih jar nhzak`ar.
Ju nhzak, livi`iea oesadnhaha icp, ncki`i jucuhih 'tihah'i`c eakyisicci jarcntarnrne eirirkiyi hn`nh ocur.
Nckiy enstaahaz vnyi eijuuhu soy`uuhuz zikih, ensacknyznyah`nea lbrncnr n jchr, icr. Juri`iea VVO'cirlivihh oesadnha acn jarcnnrne iyhnh `nkarah piscihkis maja
jar rnhe naaka ociy yiritrcir. @nkarah piscihkish`i oc`uu maja nckihh
eirirkis i yivi yihki tnpeaknsahn jar rhnetar.
Eilvnrnhma rnhmn hknya hcnknhah jar yocuohcir ensnr ensknz suyi eoykie vn livi acnacaeacnraha ensknetar, ihbie su`ih eirc`ecirh`i
yahn eoyucikiyi `nvik n`nrcnr. B vatikahaeirirkiy hcnynjacar. Knyvnhah ensacka eskhicakoh enrsnhaz, aah`nea B vatikaha, tihahahoesadnh acn tnkish hcnr vn eirirki lzh izictr.
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:. enckn Pnpeakncnra
Qesne kaetir`i eicsayuk la`ro-eirjohit jucuhihynr ict sucirhh livi`iea oesadnh acn ocih tnkissrish`i eirjoh`aoesat vn eirjohkohoesatuirie,eicsayuk eirjohit encknetn`ar.
Jar ki``nhah anr jar ki``n anrasah`n eepiribecir lcah`n lokodnh ocirie ickishizhkn nhar.
zhkn kocnecnr vn ayohae ocirie aeayn iyrcr.nenr, ntac iceoc maja ormihae jacnaecnr kocneccnrahniyrcirie zhrenh HiBc, EA maja ayohae ki``ncnrayohcirhi iyrcirie zhrcnr.
HiBc vn EBc maja jiz kntic tuzcir su`i oezhrenh ImBc vn VjBc: maja jiz kntic tuzcir asn
oe iz zhnh tuzcir`r. Litti juhcirh lazhkn`aa n sycnhnjacar. Jar enckn tnpeaknsah`n jncarca eityoh vn ihyohcir
jarcnnrne encne (encta) `nhnh vn zhknynhayohae jar eit vnrar.
Votisyuk ayo`r vn euruh(AA) hatrit su`izhnrne rnhesaz znctacnr ocuturihtuzcir`r.
:EA(su`i) + Vj(HO2):(su`i) VjA:(e) + :EHO2(su`i)
Votisyuk hatrit su`i oe zhr, ju yz`nhzncta`n eicr.
Ihbie, ocuih euruh ayo`ur, tnpeaknsrish`i zhknz vn eijh `ajah`n enctaocirie eicr.
Ocuih eit szcnrne iyrcr vn yeihr.
Pnpeakn jar enckn tnpeaknsa`ar.
Jic irs soekishi a`rirci k`ilicn???!!!
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Jacak i`ikcirhh yiptecir iritrkicirimrn. hsih a`rirhh ir soekishi eirjarn jar oc`uu eihtcihktr.
hsih a`rirh`i jucuhih ir ikohyietih`ociy ir soekish`ih lnknh sohriuymucihih a`rir acn k`ilicn eaayaakncnr`nh, ir vn szcir`ih ensahcaecneurtirkieti`r.
2. Htrcnkn Pnpeaknsa
Jic irshh soekis srish`i vnr`aa sicmisa`aetar.
Ju hn`nhcn `n ib lassa jizae ocih so`yukjaeirjohit vnyi ikohyieci `ah`aracnjacar.
Ircirh soekicirh`i iby `ah`arkne isatacn jizh htrcnkn tnpeaknsa siynsah`n ocur
Isatcnrah jizcirci vnr`aecnra tnpeakncnr,htrcnkn tnpeaknsa ocirie tihkcihr.
Nezotnrkae ocirie mnrnecnnh htrcnkntnpeakncnra sohuh`i mnhnccaecn, tuz vn suocuur.
Isat + Jiz Puz + Ru + As
Joizaa Eprs'h`n eorozyoh tnlcaensa
stihjuc Iy`h havnrsatnsarntak ynsa vn IgntNatak, ^ymuciki vnIritrki Knrenza (IGIK)K`r Qr`. @o. @r.Eujaciy Eiptih, 06. ycjiek yipckis aah jar yctrigan eipitcpeipitckikis tirtkieohusu ocih jah >76 kntrnuzuhcuuh`iea JoizaaEprs'h`n eorozyohtnlcaensa oc`uuhu sycn`a(Rijil mizntnsa , Obie :69:).
0. Qesnctmnhkn-h`armnhkn Pnpeakncnra
0 Gn + 2 O: : Gn:O2
Jacah`aa maja itkosgnrah yiecie jntn jarahaocuturih oesadnh, nvrnkaz`n `nkar piscihkisvnyi tiltihh yihkis maja ociycir mnrnecntarnhietagcaa yesne jar miz ocup yesnctmnhkntnpeakncnrahah nh jye sorukcucirh`ih`r.
Nh mnhnc ihcik`iyesnctmnhkn vnah`armnhkn tnpeakncnra, ncnetroh icki vnyivnrkn ocirie jacahar vn ju tnpeakncnr esibirn`oes tnpeakncnra ocirie agi`n n`acar.
Qiha5 yihki, piscihki ociycir iyhzikih`i jarnr rn`oes tnpeakncnra`ar.
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Kntijocazkikz`i kny`ihi mncnh pne oetnpeakn,
Qnac jateacnrah mhn nhnrdasaha euccihirieeirjoh`aoesata mcueozi `htrknsa ocirie
jacahnh gotosnhtnz ociy,
Jateacnrah gotosnhtnz sohubu kny`ihimntar`aecnra mcueozuh kntijocazki`ieirjoh`aoesat vn suyi `hknsa jar
yesnctmnhkn ah`armnhkn tnpeaknsa`ar.
Eih jiheicir, eih altayib ocih li sticir aah mnrneca eihhsicihkis ikibyci eurucku jarakcnr`ar. Nnr eih jih`ijucuh`uysihz vnr`aahaz eihh, jar yiri`ih ace iet maja ieerkz `nac eoyu erkz rnhetn oc`uu `aeeitahaza nekatar.Znhetnea ju girecce eih`i oesadnh trihsgnraha mnrnecntarnhlnkomcojah kocnechh knrenzah`n ynr icih `nkar
ncnknhtahah yesnctmnhkn si yshh girecch`iheiyhiecih`h jacayor kuy`uhuz?Oesadnhbn giear ortik`iea lnkomcojah`n jucuhih `nkarahah`armnhka lica (Gn:+) eoyu erkz aenh oesadnhbn znhmahlnkomcojah (Gn2+) ie erkz`r. Lnkarncnr, eih oesadnhockiyih topcir `ikir`ih icrcir vn livi mnarknynh zncpontcnr`n siecircir. Eih, oesadnhcn tnkis nt kn`aa aah Gn:+
ayohu yesnctmnhnknz vn rnhma `n eoyu erkz`r. Juhuhcijnrijnr, jar eizi srish i iyh topcir `ikir ensac`aah`ntnkis licah`n oc`uu livi`iea oesadnh lnkomcojaha oesatcnr vnjycnbn eihh rnhma ie erkzyi `hr.@nkar maja jaroe ncnknht ocutur`uecir jacnaecnr`nyesnctmnhkn siycirhh jar hn`nhcn `naknsaycn rnhecnrah`ngirecihkicir ii eir. rhnah, kihmihh jar oeyesnctmnhkn siys vir r vn kihmih4 KhO0- (+=, kor)KhO0:- (+7, ynac), KhO: (+0, turuhbu/eilvn), Kh:O2 (+2,knhnen), Kh:+ (+:, ie pnkjn) rnhecnrahn si laptar.
Ri`nbn yihki tnpeakncnra yesnctmnhkn-ah`armnhkn tnpeakncnrahn rhnemstnracnknz.
Th + LBc ThBc: + L:
LIQIPAKAT@I EKQI
Pnkazcae ki``ncnra Bik vn jacnnhcnra Vorsncnh vn snrikae Eipcikibce Kutgietiea eakyi Jayocodae sastnkcnr`nea eakyi nvrn earcacaa vn eakyi pcnrah mnra hk
I`ca tpti eakyi Ru irtk Eozkntae eakyis Hihotnehocodavn eakyi cicir vn eakyi Rihit vn eakyi
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EKQIRIC JICIZ
9
Kocneccnr, iyh vnyi girec tr`nh oe siy`i itokuh jaririyi mncknsa acn ocuur.
Kocneccnr`nea ju itokcir, eakyisic ji ociriei`cih`rcih neak euvvntcnraycn jar iri`i tutucurcir.
Itokcir ji yipirenh, ncnetroh azacacnraha enh`acnrahn nhyieh soy mizh ncnetroh azacaahn jnhzntknyn icrcir.
Eakyisic jih trh ncnetrohnmitagcae eivrik iecir.
:
2
Itokcir iris jicir
yohae Ji,
Eovicnht Ji,
Knticae Ji,
0
QOHAE JIQOHAE JI
Ncnetrohcir, `e ayohciki nhnrdasahn silap kntic itokuh`ihyesne ncnetroh acmasahn silap ikntic itokuhi ietircr.
>
7
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=
QOHAE JACNAECNZAH QIVR
yohae jacnaecnr`n gorkcjarakcnra jucuhur.
Jar gorkc jaraka, ayohae jacnaaocuturih eityohcir vn ihyohcirirish`iea nh ee orih`r.
.:692
:
zb zhnh rhne zncta
Rv Rv Iceocc su (su`i iceoch zhknsa)Rv Eit Puzcu su (su`i tuz zhknsa)
Rv Miz Ikohyiec su (su`i ikohyih zhknsa)
Eit Rv Ikicmik (mktn bavihh zhknsa)
Eit Eit Varah (jier`i aheohuh zhknsa)
Eit Miz Vicci`yuk`i l a rodnhah zhknsa
Miz Miz Izotti oesadnhah zhknsa
TNCPCNZ
THNH KI@@NKEPIZAHI MZN
NCNEPZECNPENHCHN
MZN
TB WN
THNH KI@@N
KEPIZAHI MZN
THZCNMZN
@nraae zncta4 zhnh ki``n kaetirhhznctahah kaetirhi orih yesne ocihznctacnr`ar.
Rnyrnctae zncta4 zhnh ki``n kaetirhhznctahah kaetirhi orih `e ocih
znctacnr`ar.
Ncnetrocat znctacnr4 Ru`i zhhbn esknhvnyi tikiknh ayohcirhi iyririe ncnetraaacntnh znctacnrn `nhar.Puzcir,isatcnr vnjizcirh sucu znctacnra ncnetrae iekh acntar.
Ncnetrocat Ockiyih znctacnr4 Ru`izhhbn ayohcirhi iyrckiyihznctacnr`ar.nenrca su,iceocc su.
@oykik zncta4
Jncarca jar sbieceti jar zncta znjacnbnakaetir`ih ili iz ki``n jucuh`uruyorsiju tap znctacnrn oykik zncta nhar.
@oykik jar znctayn, o sbiecetiea`oyki hoetishi ei`ir zhnh ki``nnecnhnjacar.
@oyku zncta4 Jncca sbieceti anrasahn `ili gizciki``n (zhnh) zcknynh znctacnrn `oykuzncta `nhar.
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@oymuh znctahah Ocukis
Oecirh uzuhcuecir zhkn( )vn enckn ( ) lzcirhmstnrar. (i) zhnh ki``n zb aahn eoh`uuih`i zhkn jicir. (j) Jar srn sohri enckn lzhnkca jar `nnrn ucir. (b) zhkn vn encknlzcir nat oc`uu zikih zncta `oymuh licn mncar.
Ir @oyku zncta4 Jncca sbieceti jarzncta `oyki hoetish iirie `ili gizcizhnh jucuh`urih znctacnrn `nhar. Ir`oyku znctacnr eirirsz`r vnjnecntac`aecnra zikih zncta`nea gizci ocihki``n erasticcnhnrne `ajn enr.
Jar ki``nhah jncca jar zbhh jncca jar kaetirh`i, jnccajish vn sbieceti zhnjacnh nh gizci kaetirhi oki``nhah zhrc nhar.
Lnr ki``nhah jncca jar zb`n zhnjacnbna ki``nkaetir girec`r.
zhrce mnhnccaecn 966 kC (966 bk2) vnyi 966 mzb`n zhnjacnh ki` nhah mrik bahsah`nhetcnsa ocirie vnracar.
rhnah, HiBc'h su`iea zhrc :6B `i 27m/966 kC'`ar. Ju agi`n`nh HiBc'h vnracnh
irtcir`i 966 kC su`i 27 m'`ih `ili gizcizhknynbnaihcicr.
@oymuh licn mncka ju znctayn ili gizci HiBc acivnn`ac`aa tie`ar`n, acivn n`acnh HiBc zncta`nzhkn`nh eit lic`n eicibietr. Jycn jar zncta`n,eit ki``n acn o ki``nhah `oymuh znctasa tnkislicah`n`ar vn iricirh`i jar ahikae nhmn szeohusu`ur.
Ju nhmn zhnh kocneccnrah lzhh, encnhkocneccnrah lzhi nat ockisyci sicihr. @oyku jarzncta aah vnracnh zhrce nnrah`nh ili izkaetir`i ki``n jucuh`urih znctacnrn asn "`oykikznctacnr" nhar.
zhnh vn zb bahsa Rbiece Jish Ortie ayoh nteasa
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Jar zbb`n girec ki``ncnr yi `i jarki``n girec zbcnr`n zcrsnzhrcecnra girec ocur.
Jar zb kocnec yips vn ncnetraesncznccaecnra jiekh`ih enh`asahn jnhznynhki``ncnra aya znr.
Ru pocir jar ki``n oc`uuh`ih pocirki``ncnr aah (isat,jiz,tuz,iceoc)aya jarzb`r. Ipocir yip`iea H: ,L:,BL0 majaipocir zb ocih jnhznh`n aya zhr.
Ki``ncnrah zhrchn sbiech nteasa`oyku jar zncta lizrcihrenh ichih yi `ivnracnh syi jic`r.
Jiz znctacnr lizrcihrenh nvrnyn s vnracar(nezotnrkae), jizcir `i nvrn`nh s icr(nh`otnrkae).
rhnah jar kaetir eit ikohyuk hatrit(HL0HO2) tuzu, jar `nhny tp anrsah`n su`izh`h`n zncta ocuuku acn jarcaetn`nhny tphh sou`uu mzcnhar. Ju `urukzhkn acnkahah nvrn`nh s ic`h vnociyh nh`otnrkae oc`uu mstnrar.
Ju tr zhkncnr`n, sbiece irtteizhrce irtir.
rhnah nh`otnrkae ocirie zhnh EBc,96B'ti 966 m su`i 29.6 m zhrenh, >6B'ti0:.7 m zhr
HiOL, EOL maja jizcir vnyi LBc, LHO2 majaisatcnrah su`i zhkncnra acn ocuihznctacnr`n sbiech irtt mzcnhar. Ju`uruk asn zhkn acnkahah nvrnyn svnr`aaha vn ociyh nezotnrkae oc`uuhumstnrar
Ju tr zhkncnr`n sbiece irtteizhrce izicr.
rhnah Ca:BO2 96B sbieceti 966 m su`i6.:2 m zhrenh >6B'ti ihbie 6.6< mzhr.
Mizcir, svcir`i `iryi s vnrnrne zhrcnr.
Mizcirh svcir`i zhknsa nezotnrkae jarsrntar vn sbiece irtkis acn mizcirhzhrcecnra izicr.
rhnah oesadnh mizhh jar catrn su`ieazhrc :>B `n 6,62 m aenh >6B'`i6.6609 mriki `knetn`ar.
Rv vn eit ki``ncnrah zhrc jishbijic `nac`ar.
Mizcirh zhrc asn mizh jishbyci `oruorihtc ocirie `naar.
Mizoz, eoci maja anbnecnr yesne jish icth`iBO: mizhh zhknsaycn ancnhar. anhaheipi ic`h`i jish itkosgnr jishbhi`nr vn zhk ocih BO: mizhh jar kaetir
eijirbecir ocuturirie zncta`nh uziecir vnepe ocuturur.
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Isat vn Jiz znctacnrah`nIsat vn Jiz znctacnrah`n
@nhmn@nhmncnk Jisikiecir4
9.Rucu ortik`i mnrnecnnh tnpeakncnrah yizckisvn
zncta`nea rhcnrah jncarcnhknsa:.Jicihmti marnhcnrah nhmn licah`n asn tnpeaknyn
marnhcnrah vn rhcnrah nraakcnrahah jncarcnhknsaikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis
2.Ru uh a ohci kis aja alkic n`acnjacnbne jiz.
tnpeakncnrah jncarcnhnrne mnrneca virsiykcirh
yipckis
0.yohciki sijatcnrah`nh yirircihirie tnpeaknynmarnhcnrah vn rhcnrah `nhmn `nraakcnrahahjncarcnhknsa, zncta pL vnyi pOLhh
lnsipcihkis
Tiyg Isat znctacnrahahTiyg Isat znctacnrahah yohyoh @nraakcnrahah@nraakcnrahahvnvn pLpL @n@nnrcnrahah Lnsipcihkisnrcnrahah Lnsipcihkis
Ei `nnra 7,:.96-96 ocih 6.: K LBH uhsucu znctasah`nea ayohciki yz nsaha vn
`nhmn ihh`iea zncta pL h lnsipciyhz.
9. Iiki49. Iiki4Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckisPnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckis
LBH + L:O L2O+ + BH-
:. Iiki4:. Iiki4@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah`nraakcnrah
jncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkisjncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis
ULBH[ UL2O+[ UBH-[
iihm4 .
Pnpeakn4
@nhmnIh4
-x K
(6.: x) K
+x K
x K
+x K
x K
2. Iiki2. Iiki44 EiEi ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmnayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn
`nraakcnrahah`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkislnsipcihkis
LBH aahU [ U [
U [LBHBHOL
Ei
+
; 2
:. Iiki`i jncartacnh `nhmn `nraakcnra,
`nhecnk`n ynrcnrahn eohucursi
x
x
;
:,696.:,7
:96
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x `nraaka oc`uei ee jar `nnr`noc`uuh`ih isa`ah jicihm `nraakahah yihh`ialkic n`acnjacar `zny`n`ar.
:.696:.7
:96 xx ;
:.696:.7 96: xxx ;
:.696:.7 96: xxx ;
x ; UL2O+ [ ; UBH-[ ; 9.99 x 96-> K
lkicah `orucuuhu ohiycikie aahayohciih isat yz`nsahah lnsipcihkic`r.
Isa`ah ayohciki yz`nsa asn5
66>>.6%966:.6
9699.9966
>
;;
K
Kx
jiscih i
x
ocirie lnsipcihr.
yohciki yz`nsa 36.> oc`uu aah alkicmnnrca`ar.
0. Iiki40. Iiki4 ULUL22O+[ vnO+[ vn pLpL lnsipcihkislnsipcihkis
@nhmn ihh`i, x ; UL2O+[ ; 9.99 x 96->
pL ; -com UL2O+[
pL ; -com (9.99 x 96->)
.
zncta isa`ae znccaetn`ar
6.07: K isntae isat (BL2BOOL) znctasah`nea
ayoh `nraakcnraha vn zncta pL hlnsipciyhz
(BL2BOOL aah Ei ; 9.< x 96->).
9. Iiki49. Iiki4Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yiz
ckis
Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yiz
ckis
BL2BOOL + L:O L2O+ + BL2BOO
-
:. Iiki4:. Iiki4@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah@nhmn licah`nea tk jacnnhcnrah `nraakcnrah
jncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkisjncarcnhknsa ikibyci jar azncmn lizrcihkis
ULB:L2O:[ UL2O+[ UB:L2O:
-[
iihm4 .
Pnpeakn4
@nhmnIh4
-x K
(6.07: x) K
+x K
x K
+x K
x K
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2. Iiki2. Iiki4 Ei ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn4 Ei ayohciki sijatahah yizckisvn `nhmn
`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis`nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis
Isntae isat aahU [ U [
U [::::::2
OLLB
OLBOLEi
+
;
:. Iiki`i jncartacnh `nhmn `nraakcnra,
`nhecnk`n ynrcnrahn eohucursi
x
xxx
;
07:,696
x
x
;
07:,6
:
x `nraaka oc`uei ee jar `nnr`noc`uuh`ih isa`ah jicihm `nraakahah yihh`ialkic n`acnjacar `zny`n`ar.
07:,696 x
x ;
)07:,6)(96: ; xx
Kx 66:1.6;
0. Iiki40. Iiki4 lkicah mnnrcacalkicah mnnrcacaahah jncarcnhknsaahah jncarcnhknsa
lkicah `orucuuhu ohiycikie aahayohciih isat yz`nsahah lnsipcihkic`r.
66:1.6 Kx>%72.6%966
07:.6966 3;;
Kjiscihm
lkic Mnnrca
>. Iiki4>. Iiki4 UL2O+[ vn pL lnsipcihkisUL2O+[ vn pL lnsipcihkis
@nhmn ihh`i, x ; UL2O+[ ; 6.66:1 K
pL ; -com (6.66:1)
pL ; :.>
zncta isa`ae znccaetn`ar
:> 6B `n `nhmn licah`nea 6.96 K HL2znctasa aah OL- ayoh `nraakaha vn pL h
jucuhuz.(Ej ; 9.< x 96->)
B4 pL ; 99.9
Htrcnkn PnpeakncnraHtrcnkn Pnpeakncnra Isatcnrah jizcirci vnr`aecnra tnpeakncnr,
htrcnkn tnpeaknsa ocirie tihkcihr.
Nezotnrkae ocirie mnrnecnnh htrcnkn
tn eakncnra sohuh`i nhnccaecn, tuz vn su
ocuur.
Isat + Jiz Puz + Ru + As
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RoruRoru
>6 kc 6.: K HiOL znctasahah tikik
ycihtrcnknsa aah euccihckismnrnenh :> kc
cae
i. LBc
j. L:RO0
znctacnrahah kociratncnra hn ockic`r?
RoruRoru
>6 kc 6.> K EOL znctasa hn :> kc 6.: KLHO2 znctasa acivn n`ac`aah`n ocuihynha znctahah pL hn`ar?
La`rocazLa`rocaz
La`rocaz, jar kocnech suyci vnr`aatnpeakncnrah mnhnc jar i``r.
Nh aya jacahnh la`rocaz tnpeakncnrah`nh jara,isa`ae vnyi jizae znccaetnea tuzcirh suycivnr tnp kn nr r.
Tiyg JizTiyg Jiz Euvvntca Isat HtrcnknsaEuvvntca Isat Htrcnknsa
sohubu ocuih tuzcirh la`rocazasohubu ocuih tuzcirh la`rocaza
Euvvntca isat ocih LBc vn ziyg jiz ocih HL2 h htrcnkntnpeaknsa sohubu, HL0Bc tuzu ocuur vn zncta pL hh = `nhee oc`uu mzcnkcnhar. Ju urukuh hn`nha HL0Bc h isa`aeznccaetn jar tuz ockis`r.
HL0Bc, su`i zh`h`n5HL0Bc(iq) HL0
+(iq) + Bc
-(iq)
Tiyg jiz HL2 h eohdumn isa`a ocih HL0+ ayohu su ortikh`i5
HL0
+
(iq)
+ L:
O HL2(iq)
+ L2
O+(iq)
la`rocaz tnpeaknsaha vnrar, yiha jar isat maja ivrihr. HL0+ uh isat
ayohciki sijatahah `nnra Ei ; >,7 x 96-96, suyuh Ei ; 9x 96
-90
`nnrah`nh `ili jye oc`uuh`ih `ili euvvntca jar isat maja`ivrihirie zncta`nea L2O
+ `nraakaha hnkca c n irttrr vnzncta pL h `nr.
6.9 K HL0Bc znctasahah pL `nnrahn`ar?(HL2 aah Ej ; 9.< x 96
-> )
9. Pnpeakn `nhecnkahah yizckis4
+ +0 (iq) : 2(iq) 2 (iq)
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>
:. azncmnhah liz
rcihkis
4
UHL0+[ UL2O
+[ UHL2[
Jicihm4 6.96 K 6 6
@nhmn Ih4 6.96 K - x x x
2. Ei ayohciki sijatahah yiz
ckis
vn`nhmn `nraakcnrahah lnsipcihkis
+
[U 0
22
+;
HLEi
)9.6()9.6(967.>
:96
x
x
x
xxx
;
;
Ei `nnra o ei`ir eetr ea xahayohciih kaetir6.9K `ih oc`uei
eetr. Ju hn`nhcn x, alkic n`acnjacar.
x: ; >.7 x 96-99
x ; UL2O+[ ; =.> x 96-7
pL ; -comUL2O+[
pL ; -com =.> x 96-7 ; >.92
Tiyg isat vn Euvvntca jiz tnpeakncnraTiyg isat vn Euvvntca jiz tnpeakncnra
sohubu ocuih jizae tuzcirh la`rocazasohubu ocuih jizae tuzcirh la`rocaza
Tiyg isat ocih BL2BOOL vn euvvntca jiz ocih
HiOL h htrcnkn tnpeaknsa sohubu, jizae
znccaetnea HiBL2BOO tuzu ocuur.
HiBL2BOO(iq) Hi+
(iq) + BL2BOO-(iq)
Tiyg isat ocih isntae isa`ah, LBL2BOO, eohdumn jiz
ocih BL2BOO- ayohu euvvntca jar jiz`r vn suyci5
BL2BOO-(iq) + L:O LBL2BOO(iq) + OL
-(iq)
zncta jizaetar.
6.9 K HiBL2BOO znctasahah pL `nnrahn`ar? BL2BOOL aah Ei 9.< x 96
->)
B4 pL ;
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Euvvntca isatcnrcn euvvntca jizcir
hhtrcnknsa sohubu ocuih tuzuh ihyoh vn
eityohu la`rocazn urikiz.
Euvvntca jar isat ocih LBc vn euvvntca jar
jiz ocih HiOL ah htrcnknsa sohubu
HiBc ocuup n`nnr kaetircirycimnrnecnnh tnpeaknyn sohubuh`i ortik
pL htr`r, yiha, = `ar.
Pikpoh znctacnrPikpoh znctacnr
Isat-jiz tikpohcir
, jar ziy
g isat vn ohuheohdumn jizh(tuzuhu) vnyi ziyg jiz vn
ohuh eohdumn isa`aha (tuzuhu) anrnh sucu
znctacnr, tikpoh ocirie tihkcihr.
Ju sastnkcnrn rhne ocirie5 BL2BOOL -
BL2BOOHi vn HL0+ - HL2 vnracnjacar.
Pikpohcirh icki prnhsajaha L\ ziyg isa`a vn ohuh
K\ tuzuyci (K5 Hi+, E+ maja la`rocaz ockiyih
eityohcir r) ocuturucih tikpoh sastnka asn5
L\(iq) + L:O \- + L2O
+
[U
2
L\
OL\Ei
+
;
UL2O+[ vn `ociysyci pL, aea gietrn jic`r5
U [[U
[U
[U
[U2
Puz
IsatE
\
L\EOL ii ;;
+
9. Tiyg isa`ah Ei sijatahn
:. Eohdumn isat-jiz agta `nraakcnrahah,UL\[ / U\-[, orihhi
Pikpoh znctayn OLPikpoh znctayn OL-- ayohu acivn n`ac`aayohu acivn n`ac`aah`n5ah`n5
tikpohuh isat jacnnhaycn tnpeaknyn marnr5tikpohuh isat jacnnhaycn tnpeaknyn marnr5
L\(iq) + OL- \- + L:O
Pnpeakn, UL\[ ah izickis hi vn U\-[ ah irtkishi hn`nh
ocur. Ihbie, tikpoh zncta`n L\ vn \- kaetir, acivn n`acnh
OL- kaetiryci eyiscih`h`i oc`uei gizci`r vn UL\[/U\-[orih, oe gizci `naknynbnetar. Ju `uruk`i,ortik pLh`iea `naak hnksnhknynbne ei`ir iz ocur.
Pikpoh znctayn L+ ayohu (isat) acivnPikpoh znctayn L+ ayohu (isat) acivn
n`ac`an`ac`aah`n, tikpohuh jiz jacnnhaycn tnpeaknynah`n, tikpohuh jiz jacnnhaycn tnpeaknynmarnr5marnr5
L+(iq) + \-(iq) L\(iq)
Pnpeakn, U\-[ ah izickishi vn UL\[ ah irtkishi
hn`nh ocur.
UL\[/U\-[ orihhnkca c`n `naknynbnah`nh,pL `iea `naak hnksnhknynbne ei`ir iz ocur.
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Pikpoh Eipisatnsa vn pL Lnsipcikicir4Pikpoh Eipisatnsa vn pL Lnsipcikicir4
Pikpoh eipisatnsa, tikpohuhhtrcntarnjacnbna nh gizci isat vnyi jizkaetir`r.
Eipisatn, tikpohuh yipc`isat vn jizhkaetirhi jic`r.
Pikpohuh pL asn isa`ah ayohciki sijatahn vntikpoh yipshocuturih isat vn jiz nraakahnjic`r.
Pikpoh sastnkah`nea eohdumn isat-jiz agtahahkaetirhn ei`ir gizci ocursi htrcnkn sohubu`nraakcnrah`nea girecihki orih`i o ei`ir izocur vn pL hnkca c`n `naknz.
PatrisyohPatrisyoh
Ncakaz`nea znctahah yichz pL hjackne
yntnrca ockiyijacar, aah`nea isat vn jiz
kaetircirhh vn bahsahah `n jacahknsa
mnrnenjacar.
Jar znctahah nraakahah, `nraaka jacahnh
jar jiei znctaycn tnpeaknsa sohubu
jncarcnhknsa, tatrisyoh ocirie tihkcihr.
@nraaka jacahknynh zncta ihicat
@nraaka jacahnh zncta asn tatriht
Isat vn jiz tatrisyohuh tnknca, isat vn jiz
znctacnrahah htrcnkn tnpeaknsahn
`iyihr.
Patrisyoh srnbah`n`nraaka jacahnh tatriht,
lnr jar iric9kc yn`nhe mncnbne neac`n`nrnbncnh`arackajrntocirie asakcnh`aracnh jarbik joruhuh anrasahn`oc`urucur.
@nraaka jacahknynhjncarca jar libkn silapnrcnh vnyi jnlnr`neaihicat znctasahn yiviyiviacivn n`acar.
Necnhnh tatriht kaetirhh, eakyisic
ocirie ihicat kaetirhi n`nnr oc`uuih, n`nnrcae hoetis ocirie tihkcihr vnju `nnr`nh ihicat `nraaka jncarcnhnjacar.
Ju hoeti`i, tatriht ocirie acivn n`acnhL O+ vn i OL- a ohu koc si s ihicattnea OL- vnyi L2O+ ayohu kocsiyshi nattar.
Pik htrcnkn mnrnecnar.
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6 kc 6.6> K LBc ihicat znctasahah 6.9 K
HiOL acn tatrisyohu
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Jicihm HoetisJicihm Hoetis
LBc + L:O L2O+ + Bc-6.6> K - -
- 6.6> K 6.6> K
pL ; -com UL2O+[ ; -com 6.6> ; 9.2
N`nN`nnrcae Hoetishbnsanrcae Hoetishbnsa
96 kc HiOL acivnsa
Isat vn jizh jicihm koc siycirhh lnsipcihkis
h; K.W
h LBc ; K . W
h LBc ; 6.6>(koc/C) x >6 (kC)
h LBc ; :.> kkoc
hHiOL ; K. W
hHiOL ; 6.9(koc/C) x 96 (kC)
hHiOL ; 9 kkoc
Isat vn jizh tnpeaknsa
LBc + HiOL Hi+Bc- + L:O
Jicihm4 :.> kkoc 9 kkoc - -
Pnpeakn4 -9 kkoc -9 kkoc +9 kkoc +9 kkoc
Eska htrcnkn
Pnpeakn
sohris49.> kkoc - 9 kkoc 9 kkoc
pL ; -comUL2O+[ ; -com 6.6:> ; 9.7
KLBc 6:>.676
>.9[U ;;
N`nN`nnrcae Hoetisnrcae Hoetis
Euvvntca isat LBc ah euvvntca jiz HiOL acn
tatrisyohuyci n`nnrcae hoetish`i tikhtrcnkn mnrnecnar vn htr tuz ocih HiBc
ocuur.
Wnracnh rhnetn LBc ihicat znctasahah ji cih
koc siys:.> kkoc oc`uuhi mrn n`nnrcaehoetishi ucikie aah acivn n`acknsa mnrnenh jiz
libka5
hHiOL ; :.> kkoc
kCCkoc
kkocWHiOL :>
)/(9.6
)(>.:. ;;
LBc + HiOL HiBc + L:O
Jic4 :.> kkoc :.> kkoc -
Pnpe4 -:.> kkoc -:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc
Pnpe.
sohr4- - :.> kkoc :.> kkoc
UL2O+[ ; UOL-[ oc uuhi mrn5
UL2O+[ ; 9 x 96-=
pL ; -com(9 x 96-=) ; =
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N`nN`nnrcae HoetisRohrisnrcae HoetisRohris:>.9 kC jiz acivnsa
hHiOL ; 6.9(k/C) x :>.9 (kc)
hHiOL ; :.>9 kkoc
LBc + HiOL HiBc + L:O
Jic4 :.> kkoc :.>9 kkoc -
Pnpe4 -:.> kkoc -:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc +:.> kkoc
Pnpe
sohr4- 6.69 kkoc :.> kkoc :.> kkoc
Pnpeakn sohrish`i ortik`i si`nbn 6.69 kkoc
HiOL irti eicr.
:>.9 kC jiz acivnsa sohrish`i ihicat znctasahah
topcik libka =>.9 kC oc`uuhi mrn5
UOL-[ ; 6.69 kkoc / =>.9 (kC)
UOL-[ ; 9.22 x 96-
pOL ; -com UOL-[ ; -com9.22 x 96-0 ; 2..9
=
96.9:
:0:0.1
.
:.
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Tiyg JizTiyg Jiz--Euvvntca Isat Patrisyoh NEuvvntca Isat Patrisyoh Nrasarasa
Gnhocgticnah
Kntac orihd
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9
Isatcnr
nea titti,jizknticcnra
znjacnh,
Jizcir
ibtitti,`nra`n eiymihce lassa
vnrnh
Mnhnc znccaecnrahn mrn
isat-jizah`aeitrcnrah`n rnhe`naakahn hn`nh ocih
isat-jizah`aeitrcnrah`n rnhe`naakahn hn`nh ocih
IRPCNZIRPCNZ
Kiva Purhusoc
i
`
h
ErkzyiErkzyi
JITCIZJITCIZ
rk
z
Purhusoc
i
`
h
Kivayn
Isat-Jiz PnoracnraIsat-Jiz Pnoracnra
9. Irrlnhaus Isat-Jiz Pnorasa
. - -
2. Cnwas Isat-Jiz Pnorasa
Irrlnhaus Isat-Jiz PnorasaIrrlnhaus Isat-Jiz PnorasaGiri`iyh ieciyiki`znctacnr`neaayoh ocuuku vn ncnetrocatcnrah`ivrihcirhi iece eizih`rktr.
R. Irrlnhaus
Irrlnhaus, ncnetrocatcnrah su`izh`ecnrah`n `nanh `nrnbncnr`npozatag vn hnmitag yec ayohciriiyrc`ecirsohubuhi uciktr.
(91 -91:=)
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Htr jacnae ocih isatcnrah su`izh`h`n L+ ayohu vn jar hnmitagayoh ocutur`uuhu mzcnkcnkatar.
La`rodnh ecorr, su`i zh`h`n L+
vn Bc- ayohcirhocuturkishn`nhaycn.
LBc(m) L+
(iq) + Bc-(iq)
L:O
L:O + __+
Irrlnhausi mrn, jizcir su`izh`h`n OL- ayohu vn pozatag ayohocuturih htr jacnaecnr`ar.
Ru`i zh`h`n OL- vn Hi+
ayohcirhocuturih HiOL jar jiz`r
HiOL(e) Hi+
(iq) + OL-
(iq)L:O
_+L:O
++
LI L+ + I-
Irrlnhausi mrn
isatcnr
\OL \+ + OL-
jizcir asn
necah`n ayohcirhi iyrrcir.
Irrlnhaus isa`a5 su`i zh`h`nla`rodnh ayohu (L+) vnrnrne ayohciih
ki``ncnr`ar.
Irrlnhaus jiz5 su`i
zh`h`n la`roesa` ayohu (OL-)vnrnrne ayohciih ki``ncnr`ar.
Pnora, isa`ae vnyi jizae jacnaecnrah su`i ayohcirhiiyrkisznrahn euruc`uuh`ih, si`nbn su`izhnh ki``ncnr aah mnnrca`ar.
Lnrlihma jar zmnh ortikh`i isa`ah, yahn jar isatocirie `ivrihibi`hcknetn`ar.
Irrlnhaus, jizh gorkch`n OL mrujuhuh ockismnrnecacaaha sivuhkieti`r.
HiOL, EOL maja jizcirh znccaecnraha iecirenhHi:BO2 vn HL2 maja jacnaecnrah sucu znctacnrahah jizaeznccae mstnrkncnrahah hn`nhcnraha ieciyikiz.
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Jrohstn`-Cowry Isat-Jiz PnorasaJrohstn`-Cowry Isat-Jiz Pnorasa
91:2 ych`i, Jrohstn` (@ihakirei)vn Cowry (hmactnrn) jarjarcnrah`nh
i ksz o iri i kvn rr nh usPnorasah`n bnvipsz eicih hoeticiriy`hcitkie aah ynha jar tnora ortiyiitkcir`r.
Jrohstn`(9
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LBcLBc ++ OO LL ++LOL
++BcBc--
LL L
jijizziisatsat
+
Ru ortikh`i, isatcnrah ayohcikissohubu ocuih L2O+
ayohciracn L:O kocneccnra irish`iea la`rodnh jicirkny`ihi mncar.
L2O+ ayohu, su kocneccnratirigh`ih sircr vn L1O0
+
la`ritcikla`rohyuk
Ihbie, ju yippritaetn, yahn L2O+ ayohu ocirie
ncn ichkieti`r.
L1O0+
ayohcirocuur vn eirircjaryipkny`ihi mncar.
HL2h su`i ayohcikis sohubujizae zncta ocuturkishh hn`nhahn o i r
+ _
Isatcnr, suyci tnpeaknyn mar`aecnrah`n, su
kocnechn L+ ayohu vnrnrne L2O+ ayohuocutururcir.
LBc s + L:O s L2O+
i + Bc-
i
isat jiz
Jizcir, suyci tnpeaknyn mar`aecnrah`n, sukocnech`nh L+ ayohu icirie OL- ayohuocutururcir.
HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+
(iq) + OL-(iq)
jiz isat
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Ru, tnpeaknyn mar`aa ki``nyn jicocirie isat vnyi jiz maja
.
Lnk isat lnk `n jiz maja `ivrihih juki``ncnrn ikgotnr ki``n `nhar.
jiz isat
HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+
(iq) + OL-(iq)
9
:
isat jiz
jiz eohdumnisat
HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+
(iq) + OL-(iq)
jiz eohdumn isat
L+ icr
eohdumnjiz
isat
HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+
(iq) + OL-(iq)
isat eohdumn jizL+
vnrar
HL2(iq) + L:O(s) HL0+
(iq) + OL-(iq)
Eohdumnisat-jiz agta
Eohdumnisat-jiz agta
isat jiz
Eohdumn IsatJiz agta
Eohdumn isat Eohdumn Jiz
L:O OL-
L:RO0 LRO0-
HL2HL0+
L:VO0- LVO0
:-
BL2BOOLBL2BOO-
BL2HL:BL2HL2+
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Isatcae vn jizce si`nbn sucuznctacnr n ka mnnrca ar?
LBc(m) + HL2(m) HL0Bc(e)
LBc(m) HL2(m)
Jrohstn`-Cowry tnorasa,isat-jiz tnpeakncnrahah si`nbn zn nr n mnrn nkn h
jncartknetn`ar.
Cijorituir ortikh`i mnrnecntaracnh `nhnycnr,
hn isa`ae hn `n jizae znccan silap ocih sig suyuh
aah`n nat kaetir`i L2O+ vn OL- ayohcirhh
jucuh`uuhu mstnrknetn`ar.
Rig suyuh anrasah`nea
ju ayohcirh eiyhihn ocijacar?
++ OO LL ++ LOL
++OO LL OO
--LL
LL L
jijizziisatsat
LL
Ruyuh yohciki Pnpeaknsa
Ruyuh Iyrki Pnpeaknsa
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@nhny sohucir, :>6B `n>>.> koc su anrnh 9 catrn sig suyuh
9.6 x 96-= kocir L2O+
vn iyhkaetir`i OL- ayohcirhanr`aahamstnrknetn`ar.
L:O + L:O OL- + L2O
+
:> 6B `n jncarca jar ih`i lnr >>> kacyoh sukocnech`nh si`nbn jar tihnsa OL- vn L2O
+
ocuturkie znrn iyrr.
Ru yohciki RijataRu yohciki Rijata
L:O + L:O OL- + L2O
+
>>.> K>>.> K
+ 9.6 x 96+ 9.6 x 96--== KK + 9.6 x 96+ 9.6 x 96--== KK
-- 9.6 x 969.6 x 96--== KK
U [ U [
U [
:
:
2
OL
OLOLE
+
;
U [ U [ U [+; OLOLOLE 2
:
:
90==
2 969696 +
;;; KKOLOLEsu
Jizae znctacnr`n5 UOL-[ 8 UL2O+[
`ociysyci5 UOL-[ 8 96-=
Isa`ae znctacnr`n5 UL2O+[ 8 UOL-[
`ociysyci5 UL2O+[ 8 96-=
Roru
Jar sucu znctayn :> B6 `n L2O+ ayoh `nraaka 9
x 96-> K ocibieneac`n isat acivn n`acknetn`ar.Ju `uruk`i, zncta`nea OL- ayoh `nraakahn`ar?
pL vn pOLpL vn pOL@ihakireicjayoeakyib Rrnh Rrnhsoh,
La`rohyuk ayoh `nraakahah, nhzakitaetnpeakncnr`n hnkca jar roc oyhikis,
Jar znctayn necnhnh topcik isat `nraakaha mzhh`n jucuh`urucirie isatcaah ccknsahahyntnrsaz ockis,
Necnhnh isa`ah `anr eakyisic ki``ncnrcnnteacnakn marnrne ayohciki kaetirhh`naknsa
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6B `n sig su 96-= K L2O+ ayohu
anr`aahn mrn5
sig suyuh pL 5
pL ; -com 96-=
pL ; =
:> 6B `n sig su 96-= K OL- ayohu anr`aahnmrn5
sig suyuh pOL 5
pOL ; -com 96-=
pOL ; =
Rig su nat `nraak`n L2O+ vn OL- ayohcir
anr`aah`nh
.
Juhuh ihcik, :> 6B `n pL ; = oc`uu`urukcir`i zncta
htr`r.
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Roru
L2O+ ayoh `nraaka, 96-> vn 96-96 K ocih aea
girec znctahah pL, pOL vn OL- ayoh`nraakcnraha lnsipciyhz.
pL ; -com UL2O+[
UL2O+[ ; UOL-[
zncta
htr UL2O+[ ; 9 x 96-= pL ; =
:>6B
pOL ; =
pOL ; -com UOL-[
UL2O+[ 8 UOL-[
UL2O+[ 3 UOL-[
isa`ae
jizae
UL2O+[ 8 9 x 96-=
UL2O+[ 3 9 x 96-=
pL 3 =
pL 8 =
pOL 8 =
pOL 3 =
pL ckpL ck
rnhe `naaka potihsayokntraegire
h`aeit r pL kntrn
H@EIPZH@EIPZ
h`aeitrcnr, la`rodnh ayoh `nraakahn jicocirie jncarca pL iricecirh`i mrcnjacarneac`n rnhe `natarnjacnh ormihae yipc
n nr r.
h`aeitr, ortik pL hi yiha, ortik`ieaL2O
+ `nraakahn jikcocirie mnrnecnnheakyisic tnpeakn sohubuh`i rnhe`natarar.
Tiyg jar isat yipsh`i ocih ah`aeitrtnpeaknsa jisatn
LAh L+ + Ah-
Girecrnhecnr
jrokoernsoc ynaca sir kiva
gnhoc gticnah rnhesaz pnkjn
turhusoc e rkz kiva
licei icrjicirh`iea`naakcnr rnhe`n a a ka hn
LAh rnhesaz
Ah-pnkjngnhocgticnah
hn`nh ocur
Gnhocgticnah ah`aeitrhh joyutcu yipsh`iea jicirhh isa`ae vn jizaeortik`i girecihkisyci rnhe naakcnra mzcnhar.
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96
Jaroe jatea pamknhta isat-jiz ah`aeitrocirie euccihcijacar.
Hnrn`nysn tk knyvncnr vnyi anecnrsayiha`ah jizcie erkz, kiva vnyi korrnheca pamknhtcnrn silaptar.
nckicirh, mccnrah vn acnecnrah erkz,ksr ana vn knhnenhah kivajizzkcnrah, jrtcnhah vn erkzcilihihh kor
@oic h`aeitrcnr@oic h`aeitrcnr
erkzcilihi
ihtlobyihah
ortihbi ana
sayil zk Isa`ae ortik Jizae orti
Vnkjn KivaIsa`ae ortik Jizae ortik
Erkz Qnac
Isa`ae ortik Jizae ortik
Vnkjn Qnac
pL ei`pL ei`
pL KntrnpL KntrnJar znctahah pL`nnrahah, lissis ociriejncarcnhknsah`n pLkntrn ocirieasakcnh`aracnh vn tnknc`nncnetrotcir acnpotihsayokntrneskcirh`ih ocuihlissis balizcir`ihyirircihcr.
Isat vn Jizcirh EuvvntaIsat vn Jizcirh Euvvnta
6.9 K LBA vn 6.9 K LG znctacnrahaanrnh aea iyrjnlnrn, znctacnrahacntenhcaecnraha jncarcnkne ikibyci jar`znhne euruc`uuh`i LBA znctasahahjucuh`uu jnlnr`n cikjihh `ili mcyih`mzcnhkatar.
Juhuh hn`nhaha hisc iecirshz?
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Vocir eovicnht jii silap ocih LBc kocneccnrasucu ortik`i, yiecie ocirie tikiknh(%11.117) la`rohyuk vn ecor ayohcirhi`hr.
LBc maja suyci tnpeaknsa sohubu yiecieocirie tikikayohciih isatcnrn, euvvntca isat`nhar.
Rucu ortik`iea LG kocneccnra asn, la`rocazsohubu si`nbn % 6.:7 orihh`i L2O+ vn G
-
ayohcirhocuturur.Pikiknh ayohciih LBc ah iesahn, LG majasuyci tnpeaknyn mar`aah`n esknh ayohciihisatcnrn asn ziyg isat `nhar.
Isat yohciki RijataIsat yohciki RijataLnrlihma jar LI isa`ahah su`i ayohciki tnpeaknsa,
LI(iq) + L:O(s) L2O+
(iq) + I-(iq)
n h n o u u h rsn, tnp knyn i t is tayohciki sijata5
U [LIIOL
Ei
+
; 2
Ru ortikh`i lnr jar koc LG hah :.7 x 96-2
tnpeaknyn mar`aah`nh, ocuih L2O+ vnI- ayoh `nraakcnra, `nhmn`nea LI kocnec`nraakah`nh oc`uei `etr.
Tiyg isatcnr aah Ei ayohciki sijatahah`nnra 9 `nh ee ocur.
rhnah, LG ayohciki sijatahah `nnra,7x96-0 `r.
U [LIIOL
Ei
+
; 2
Euvvntca isatcnr aah Ei 8 9
Tiyg isatcnr aah Ei 3 9
6.9 K HiOL vn iyrbi 6.9 K HL2znctacnra aah iyh`nhny tnerircihkvnHiOL znctasa jucuhih cikjihh `ilipircie e vnr`aa mzcnhkatar.
Ju `urukuh hn`nha hn ocijacar?
yohae yipyi silap ocih HiOL, sucu ortik`itikiknh Hi vn OL- ayohcirhi iyrr.HiOL maja suyci tnpeaknsa sohubu yiecieocirie tikik a ohci ih jizciri euvvntcajiz `nhar.
Rucu ortik`iea HL2 kocneccnrahah asn,kocneccnrahah si`nbn % 6.60: sa su ortikh`iayohcir.HL2 maja suyci tnpeaknyn mar`aah`n esknhayohciih jizciri asn ziyg jiz `nhar.
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Jiz yohciki RijataJiz yohciki RijataLnrlihma jar I- jizhh su`i ayohciki tnpeaknsa,
I-(iq) + L:O(s) OL-
(iq) + LI(iq)
,ayohciki sijata5
U [ U [U [
;
I
LIOLE
j
U [ U [U [
;
I
LIOLE
j
Euvvntca jizcir aah Ej 8 9Tiyg jizcir aah Ej 3 9
Isat vn jizcir aah5euvvntca tihk, isat vnyi jizh su`i ayohciki
eipisatnsaha5`nraak asn isat vnyi jizh zncta`nea kaetirh
i ecir.
rhnah, LBc znctasa aah euvvntca tihk, suycitnpeaknsa sohubu jye orih`i ayohcirhi iyrthh57 K tihk LBc znctasahah `nraae, 6.7 K tihk asnLBc znctasahah snyrnctae oc`uuhuh mstnrmnsa`ar.
LI + L:O L2O+ + I
Ei, Ej vn Esu acaeasaEi, Ej vn Esu acaeasa
U [ U [IOL +2U [LIi
I
+ L:O LI + OL
U [U [
;
I
LIOLE
j
[U
[U 2
+
;
OL
E
E
OLj
i
U [ U [ jiEEOLOL ..2 ;
+
Esu ; UL2O+[ UOL[
suji ExEE ;
Rucu ortik`i, la`rodnh jiyipih L\ mnhncgorkchn silap jar isat kocnech`nh, sukocnechn la`rodnh ietirk, L\kocnech`nea L itoku vn su kocnech`neaO itoku irish`i kny`ihi mncnh la`rodnh
Kocnec Qipsvn Isat-Jiz @ivrih
jihh euvvntahn jikc`naak mstnrar.
L:O L+ + I-O
L
L
L \La`rodnh
ji
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Vnrayo`ae bntvnc`n soc`ih sii isatcae vnjizce euvvnta hisc `naak mstnrar?
Vnrayot Joyuhbi Ncnetrohnmitagcaah irtkisyci
L\ isatcae euvvnta irtir
WI WAI WAAI
H O G
Iyhpnrayottiea ncnknhtcnrah aeacaisatcnrahah isatcae euvvntcnra sricikish`i,
jipociratnsa jiseh roc oyhir.
\ itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa hn ei`ir gizciysijincnetrohcir\ itoku ntrigh`i o ei`iryouhcir.
L \ jihh pocir eirietnra irtir.
L \ jieuvvnta izicr
Ru kocnech`nea O itoku acn L\ kocnech`neaL itoku irish`iea la`rodnh jieuvvnta irtir.
L\ kocnech`nh L ah eopkiseociycir
L\ kocnechh isatcae euvvnta irtir.
Vnrayo`ae bntvnc`n yueir`ih iiyima`ac`aen isatcae vn jizce euvvnta hisc
\ Itokuhuh Jyec\ Itokuhuh Jyec
WAAI
G
\ itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa izicr.
L \ jihh pocir eirietnra izicr.
Bc
Jr
A
LG, LBc, LJr vn LA kocneccnrahahisatcae euvvntcnra aah hnsycnynjacarsahaz?
WAAI
G
Bc
\ itokuhuh ipirtir.
Jieuvvnta ziygcir.
Jr
A
Isatcae euvvnta irtir.
Qip`ih L h eopkiseociycir.
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LG LBc LJr LA
Ncnetrohnmitagcaegire
9.=< 6.17 6.=7 6.07
\ itok ip(pk) =: 966 990 922
Jiuzuhcuu (pk) 19.= 9:=.0 909.0 976.1
JiIyrkiNhnrdasa (eD/koc)
>71 029 27< :1=
Ei `nnra =.: x 96-0 9 x 967 9 x 961 2 x 961
Mrup joyuhbi isatcae euvvntcnrahahjncarcnhknsah`n itok iph`iea irt`ili nteaca`ar.
Kocneccnrah isatcae euvvntcnra
LG 3 LBc 3 LJr 3 LA
Ncnetrohnmitagcae irtir, Jizce euvvnta izicr, Isatcae euvvnta irtir
Ncnetrohnmitagcae izicr
Itok ipirtir
Jizceeuvvntaizicr,
Isatcaeeuvvntairtir
OesaisatcnrOesaisatcnr
Qipsh`i knrenz itoki jicjar vnyijar`nh gizci OL mruju vn jiznh acivnocirie O itokcirha nrnh isatcnroesaisatcnr ocirie tihkcihr.
Q O Li j
Q-O-L yipsh`iea Q itokuhuhncnetrohnmitagcaa hn ei`ir eesn O itokuacn irish`iea ncnetrohnmitagcae gire o ei irjye ocur.
- OL- mrujuhuh yip`ih iyrckis eociycir.
Jacnaah jizae eirietnra irtir.
Q itokuhuh ncnetrohnmitagcaa hn ei`iryesnesn L O jih`iea ncnetrohcir Litokuh`ih o ei`ir eociy uziecir.
Qip`ih L ah iyrckiseociycir.
Jacnaah isatcae eirietnra irtir.
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znrah`nea pozatag yeh irtkisyci Bcitoku, L itokuhi jicO itokuh`iea
ncnetroh youhcuuhu enh`ahn `orunenr.
.
L ah yip`ih uziecikiseociycir.
Kocnech isatcae eirietnra irtir.
Bc itokuhi jicO siysirttei
O L jincnetrohciryip`iea `anr O
itokcirtirigh`ih `i neacar.
O L jiziygcir.
L hah yip`ih uziecikiseociycir.
Kocnech isatcae euvvnta irtir.
L:RO0 vn L:RO2 kocneccnrah isatcaeeuvvntaha eyisciyh.
Eert itokuhuh gorkic ye irttei
L O jih`iea ncnetroh youhcuu,yip`iea `anr O itokcirtirigh`ihneacar.
Qip`ih L ah uziecikiseociycir.
Kocnech isatcae euvvnta irtir.
L:RO0 , L:RO2 `nh `ili euvvntca isattar.
Wnracnh rhnecnr ahbncnh`aah`n, yip`ieaO siysirttei isatcae euvvntahahirtibi`hcnjacar.
Gosgor itokuhuh oesaisatcnrahah lnpsaziyg isat ocup isatcae euvvntcnra lnknhlnknh iyh`r.
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9=
KocnecQips
V itokuhuhyes. siys
+9 +2 +>
V itokuhuhgorkic ye
+9 +9 +9
Knrenz itoku V ocih oesaisatcnr`nea Osiysirttlic`n isatcae euvvntcnrajarjarahn oe yieh vn lnknh lnknh
iyh`r.Ju `uruk`i, jar kocnech isatcaeeuvvntah`n L itoku jicockiyih vnichzbi knrenz itok Q n ji cocih O
siyshh `aeeitn ichkismnrnear.Knrenz itoku iyhocih oesaisatcnraheuvvntcnrahah jncarcnhknsah`n knrenzitokuh yesnctmnhkn siycirhh mzhh`n jucuh`uruckis`i jizyihcmciri yoc iijacknetn`ar.
Knrenz itok ocirie V itokuhu anrnhlnr jar oesaisa`ah yesnctmnhkn siysjarjarah`nh girecoc`uuh`ih isatcaeeuvvntcnrahah `n girecocibi`hcnjacar.
Isatcae euvvntahah jncarcnhknsah`nknrenz itokuh yesnctmnhkn siys`nacgorkic ye `nnrcnra eyiscihkic`r
Jar iknticah natca oesaisatcnrahah silapoc`uu yen jicocirie `i kocnechisatcae euvvntah`n `naak mzcnhar.
L2VO0 kocnec acn L:VO0-, LVO0:- vn
VO02- ayohciryci ocuturucih 6.9 K ce
,9.>, 0.0, 1.2 vn 9: `ar.
Qip`iea hnmitag ye `nnrahahirtkisyci isatcae euvvnta izickieti`r.
Wnracnh jacnaecnr`n, oesadnh itokcir
znrah`nea ncnetroh youhcuu irtt
eincnetrohcir, ncnetrohnmitagcaa yesne `anroesadnh itokcirtirigh`ih neacar.
Oesadnh itokcirh`iea nesa ye hn ei`irgizciysi, ncnetrohcir anr oesadnh itokcirtirigh`ih o ei`ir gizci neacar.
L ah jicih`O itokuhuh ncnetrohyouhcuu irtir, L- O jipocircizicr vn Lhah yip`ih iyrckiszorcir.
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s- ih`p- Mruju Ncnknhtcnrahah znccaecnra
Ca Jn J B H O G
Hi Km Ic Ra V R Bc
E Bi Mi Mn Is Rn Jr
Zj Rr Ah Rh Rj Pn A
Bs Ji Pc Vj Ja Vo It
Jizae OesatcnrIkgotnrae
OesatcnrIsa`aeOesatcnr
BO, HO vn H:O yesnctmnhkn siyciroe `e oc`uuh`ih sucu znctacnrahtr znccae mstnrar.
`- ruju ncnknhtcnrah`nh jizcir`ijar`nh gizci oesat ocuturijacarcnr.
Ju oesatcnr, knrenz itokuh yehn jicocirie jizae vnyi isa`ae znccaemstnrnjacarcnr.
Oesat@nnrcae Eitnmora
BrO Br:+ Jizae
Br:O
2Br2+ Ikgotnrae
BrO2 Br7+ Isa`ae
Isatcnr Jizcir
Ikntic La`rrcnrLG, LBc, LJr, LBH,
LRBH, L:R
Kntic La`ratcnrLA, CaL, HiL,
EL, KmL:, BiL:
Ikntic Oesatcnr Kntic Oesatcnr
:, :, 2,HO:, V0O96
: , : , : ,KmO, BiO
Ikntic La`roesatcnrLOBc, LOHO:,
O:R(OL):, OV(OL)2
Kntic La`roesatcnrCaOL, HiOL, EOL,Bi(OL):, Ji(OL):
Ormihae Isatcnrah EuvvntaOrmihae Isatcnrah Euvvnta
Ormihae jacnaecnr ocih isntae isat(ntihoae isat) vn ntihoch kocnecyipcir
Isntae isat (ntihoae isat) NtihocEi ; 9,< x 96-> Ei ; 9.2 x 96-97
Isntae isa`ah yipsh`i jucuhih B i jicoesadnh itokuhuh ncnetroh acmasahn`nhaycn, yahn iyhB i jicO Ljih`ih ncnetrohcirnenr.
Isntae isattnea O - L ji, ntihocn eyisci`ili ziyg ocur.
Isntae isat, `ili euvvntca isa`ae znccaemstnrar.
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Isntae isat maja Z-BOOL yipshi silaptk ormihae isatcnrah, Z mrujuhi jicocirie isatcae euvvnta girecihkicirmstnrar.
Z mrujuhuh uzuhcuu irtteikocnech isatcae euvvnta izicr.
BL2BOOL yipsh`iea isntae isat vnBL2BL:BL:BOOL yipsh`iea jutaraeisat aah Ei `nnrcnra srisyci 9.< x 96->
vn 9.> x 96-> tar.
Ormihae isatcnr`nea Z mrupcirhhyipsh`i, L ynrahn jar jiei itok vnyi
mrupcir `i jucuhijacar.
Isntae isat kocnech`nea aeahba eirjohii r i oku ynr hn i oku
jicih`h`i ecorisntae isat nc`n n`acar.
Ei ; 9,< x 96-> Ei ; 9.0x 96-2
Ncnetrohnmitag Bc itoku, O Ljih`iea O itokuhi iat ncnetrohcirenh`ahn o ru nenr.
L hah kocnec`nh iyrckiseociycir.Kocnec BL
2
BOOL BL:
BcBOOL BLBc:
BOOL BBc2
BOOL
Ei x 96-: 9.=0 x 96-2 6.2< >.9: ::.0
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EKQIRIC PNVEKNCNZ@N @NHMN
:6. yy ch jicirh`i izotuhjatea yntatarabacaah`nea rocihcicktvn `hyihh izot
nsisc
mjrncnrn oe gizcialtayibvir`. Mjrn vnpitciybcir aah euccihcihhatritcirh tikikasn aca`nea
n`acayor`u vn ju shrceiyhiealtayibeircikyor`u.Itkosgnr`nea izottih hatritnc`nsahah jietnracnr iribcacnyipckisasn neohokae`nac`a.
Rohuh`i izotuh snhtntae ocirie rntacknsahn eirirvnrac`a vn Ickihyi`i ju yh`n ickiciri jicih`.Eakyimnr Gratz Lijnr, itkosgnr`nea izot vnla`rodnh`nh ikohyie nc`n ntknya jiir`.
Ju ickish`ih `ociyLijnrn 919< ych`i Hojnc`c vnrac`a. Ickih eakyibsvn sihiyabasa Eirc
osb n i nr r tn i iri , sihiy o iri izotmjrnsa rntnbne sastnka eur`ucir. Licnh izotcu mjrn
rntakah`n ju yhtnk euccihckieti`r.Lijnrah ju jiirseakyisic tnpeakncnr`n `nhmn
eohusu icth`i ncn ichih jizprnhsapcnrn`iyihkieti`r.
RARPNK
Nvrnhah ahbncnhkne znrn snacnh jckhn sastnk `nhar.Nvrnhah sastnk `h`i eicih vn sastnkcn acaea`n ociheskhi asn nvrn `nhar. Rastnk vn nvrn irish`ieanteacnakcnr nhnrda vn ki``n icvnraahn `iyihr.Nvrnh`n tr sastnk vir`r5
I e Rastnk4 nvrnsa cn lnk ki``n lnk n nhnr a ic vnraa ocih sastnkcnrn ie sastnk `nhar.
EipicRastnk4 nvrnsaycn ki``n icvnraa nhmnccnhka
juhi eir
h nvrnsaycn nhnrda ic
vnraa ocih sastnkcnrneipicsastnk `nhar. QictckRastnk4 nvrnsaycn ki``n vn nhnrda icvnraa
ockiyih sastnkcnrn yictcksastnk `nhar.
@NHMN
Eipicjar sastnk`n, sijat sbieceti mzcnhnjacarznccaecnrah naknzcaa licahn @NHMN `nhar.
@nh n gazaesnc vn eak isic nh n ockie znrnaea eski iyrcr5
GTERNC @NHMN
Ki``nhah a yips`nakn`nh, gazaesnc liccnra(eit, sv, miz) irish`i jncarca irtcir`i eurucih`nhmnyn gazaesnc nhmn `nhar.
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EKQIRIC @NHMN
Jar eakyisic tnpeakn`n, rnietagcnrah rhcnrn `hk
lzacn rhcnrah rnietagcnrn `hk lzhh nat ockis
licahn eakyisic `nhmn `nhar.
Eakyisic tnpeakn `nhmnyn ucith`i ortik`i lnk
rnietagcnr lnk `n rhcnr vir`r.
Znietag vn rhcnrah jarjarahn `hk lzciriyh`r.
EKQIRIC ZNIERQOHCIZ@I@NHMN
i) Lokodnh @nhmn4
Znietag vn rhcnrah iyhgiz`i ( yichz miz yi`i sucu zncta`n ) ayohcirh jucuh`uueakyisic tnpeakncnr`n eurucih nhmnynlokodnh nhmn `nhar.
ZHNAH5
BO(m) + O:(m) BO:(m)
giz`i oc`uuh`ih eurucih nhmn
lokodnh`ar
J) LNPNZODNH @NHMN4
Eakyisic jar tnpeakn`n rnietag vn rhcnr iyrgizcir`i asn ( eit, sv, miz ) eurucih `nhmnyn
lntnrodnh nhmn `nhar.
Ei icjar sastnk`n esne sbiecetimnrnecnnh,
BiBO2(e) BiO(e) + BO:(m)
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@NHMNHH HPNC MZHK
Znhesaz ezc eilvnrnhma
y u z : 0mizrnhesaz, HO: mizasn ezc eilvnrnhma`ar.Pnpeakn eijh`i rnhesaz H:O0 kocneccnra enh`airicirh`i irpr. H:O0 kocneccnra esknhiyririe ezc eilvnrnhma jar miz ocih HO:kocneccnraha ocuturur.
Znhesaz H:O0 kocneccnrah`nh HO: ocukisyhh`nea acnratnpeakn lz, HO: kocneccnrahah mnrayn H:O0 ocuturkis
yhh`nea mnra tnpeakn lzh`ih ili jyetr.
he5 jicihmti tnpeakn eijh`i H:O0 `nraaka jyetr.Ihbie zikih aah`n tnpeakn eijh`i HO: `nraaka `n
irtibi h`ih, nra h`nea rniesa oh lz`i irtir. cnra vn nrayh`nea tnpeakn lzcirjar srn sohri natcnhar5 `ahikae `nhmn
euruckuocur.
Rastnk `nhmnyn ucitetih sohri lnr lihma jar rnhe `naakamzcnhknz.
Ju rhne aah acnra yh`nea tnpeakn5Znhesaz Eilvnrnhma
cnra vn mnra tnpeakncnrah lz natcaecnra5
Lza ; ea UH:O0[ Lzm ; em UHO:[:
cnra yh`nea tnp. lz ; Mnra yh`nea tnp. lz
ea UH:O0[ ; em UHO:[:
;
ea
em
UHO:[:
UH:O0[
; Rijat ; e`
@nraakcnr`n ea sijatcae yiha rnietagcnrah rhcnrn`hk lzacn rhcnrah rnietagcnr `hklzhnat ockishmnrnetarar ea ju `urukeakyisic `nhmn licahah ocutuuhu mstnrar.
rniesayohcirh lnr aeasahah `n mnrnecntaahajncartkne znrn rniesayoh nhecnkah`nrnietagcnrcn rhcnr irishi snkjoceohur.
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EAKQIRIC @NHMN5
Eipicjar sastnk`n eurucih,Rbiece, jish vj. irtcir `nakn`aa srnbn
`nraakcnrahah nakn`aa, cnra yh`n rniesayoh lzhh mnra yh`n
rniesa oh lzhi n at oc`u uZniesayoh`i nh iz nhnrdaca `uruk acn nh gizci
`znhsazcaah uzcit,Mzcnhnjacar ociycirh jattaa gieit mzcnhnknynh
ociycirh nvik nttaa,Zniesayohuh kneihazkishi jicockiyih
`ahikae jar ociy`r
MNHNC E@ NAPCAA
iI(m) + jJ(m) bB(m) + `@(m)
Ju rniesayohuh `nhmn sijata
E` ; UB[b.U@[` necah n mstnracar.
UI[i.UJ[j
@nhmn sijata sbieci jic`r.
Eakyisic rniesayoh tnrs yh`n yizcrsi `nhmn sijataagi`nsa E`, 9/E` necah`n `nataracar.
@nhmn agi`nsah`n rniesayoh jar eitsiyacn irpcrsi,eitsiy`nhmn sijatahn E` stnc ocirie yihstcr(E`)h
@nhmn agi`nsah`n rniesayoh jar eitsiyacn jchrsn,eitsiy`nhmn sijatahah sijat bahsah`nh ee ichr.
E` (E`) 9/h
- Jarjarah`nh jiksz aea rniesayoh topcih`zikihynha rniesayohuh `nhmn sijata agi`nsa topcihihrniesayohcirh `nhmn sijatcnra irpkhi nattar.
@NHMN RIJAPA NAPCAECNZAHAH JAZCNPAZACKNRA
H:O(m) + O: : HO(m) E`; ?
H: (m) + O: H:O(m) E (9); :,=x96+9
ERKAJIRHBAHRAH@NH@NHMNRIJAPA5
Eipicjar sastnk`n miz gizh`i mnrnecnnh
rniesayohcir`i eakyisic nhmnya kocir nraakcnr
.
iI(m) + jJ(m) bB(m) + `@(m)
Zniesayohuh eska jishcir bahsah`nh agi`nsa5
EV ; (VB)b.(V@)
` ocur.
(VI)i.(VJ)
j
rhnah`nh yoci eirie E acn EV irish`iea jihtytrntahaz
: RO:(m) + O:(m) : RO2(m)
E ;
URO:[
:
UO:[
URO2[E ;
URO2[:
ZP
VRO2
;
:
;VRO2
:
URO2[;W
hRO2;
ZP
VRO2 URO:[;W
hRO:;
ZP
VRO:
UO:[ ;W
hO:;
ZP
VO:
URO:[ UO:[ :
ZP
VRO:
ZP
VO::
VRO:VO:
E ;EV(ZP) EV ;E`(ZP)-9
EV ;E`(ZP)h
Pnp kns h 9666 n E ; 2.< x 96- sn Ep`nnraha lnsipciyhz.
99:> E `n Ep; 7.9 x 960 asn E` `nnraha
lnsipciyhz.
PNVEKNHH QH
@nhmn sijat, jar rniesayoh eirkhh `iligizci rh ocuturkie vnyi marnhcnrn jozuhkienacakah`n ocup- ocki hi eirir vnrkne aah
`n euccihcr. hbn rniesayoh orih(Y)lnsipcihr. Ju jyece nhmn sijata acntikiknh iyhneac`n tihkcihr. Gieit
lnsipciki`i rniesayohuh lnr lihma jar ihh`ieakocir `nraakcnr (Y`ya vnrkne znrn ) vnyi
eska jishcir (Ypya vnrkne znrn ) euccihcr.E maja rniesayoh orih`i jaraksaz jar siy`r.
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Jncarca jar ih`iea rniesayoh eirkhh, rhcnryhhn ka yoesi marnhcnr yhhn ka eiyibih
jncarcnkne aah, Y yu E acn eircitrrz.Y E asnrhcnrah `nraakcnra nhmn`neah`nh iliyesnetar.( vnyi marnhcnrah nraakcnra oe
`etr. ). Ju uruk`i rniesayoh tnrs yh`n,m rnh nrn o ru nr nkn n k h n r. snrniesayoh acnra yh`n acnrcnkn nacakah`n`ar vn
rhcnr ocuur. Y ; E asn eirk `nhmnjacnakah`n`ar vn lnr aea yh`n `nakn aah jar
nacak yoetur
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:
Ii`ivnracnh`nhecnkcnr`nkny`ihimncnhociycirah`armnhknvnyesnctmnhknrniesayohuocirieshgcih`rhzvnlnrjarnatcaeaahyesnctmnh,yesnctmnhnhvnyiah`armnh,ah`armnhnhki``ncnra
mstnrahaz.
:L+ + :n L:Bu+ Bu:+ + n
Km Km:+ +:n
HL2+L+ HL0
+
Im+ +Bc ImBc
:Bu+ Bu:+ + Bu=
Qesnctmnhkn rniesayohu
CatyukVotisyukJiryukEicsayukRo`yukKimhnzyukIckahyukKihmihaheoErok@nkar
Ca(e)E(e)Ji(e)Bi(e)Hi(e)Km(e)Ic(e)Kh(e)Th(e)Br(e)Gn(e)
Ca+(iq)E+(iq)Ji:+(iq)Bi:+(iq)Hi+(iq)Km+(iq)Ic2+(iq)Kh:+(iq)Th:+(iq)Br2+(iq)Gn:+(iq)
:+
+++++++++++
n-
n-
:n-
:n-
n-
:n-
2n-
:n-
: n-
2n-
:n--o i
HaencEiciyEuruhLa`rodnhJieryotMkBaviJrokEcorVcitahIcthGcor
o(e)Ha(e)Rh(e)Vj(e)L:(m)Bu(e):A -
Im(e)Lm(e):Jr-
:Bc -
Vt(e)Iu(e):G -
o (iq)Ha:+(iq)Rh:+(iq)Vj:+(iq):L+(iq)Bu:+(iq)A:Im+(iq)Lm:+(iq)Jr:Bc:Vt:+(iq)Iu2+(iq)G:
+++++++++++++
n:n-
:n-
:n-
:n-
:n-
:n-
n-
:n-
:n-
:n-
:n-
2n-
:n-
Eakyibcir,ncnetroeakyisicpaccnratihkcikie
aahmnhnccaecnesictck jarmstnrakeuccihrcir5
Th(e)/Th:+
(iq)//Bu:+
(iq)/Bu(e)
:>
Ihot Gizcirirish`iea Puzeprs Eitotshr
Knticaeacntenhcaeknticyipsh`ijucuhih
lirnentcancnetrohcirsiynsah`nmnrnecnarenh,znctaaah`neaacntenhcaeayohcirhieacn
.
Cikjihhyihkishsiciyihncnetraeiekasnncnetrohvnayohcirhjarcaetnlirnentcnraycntikikcihr.Ncnetrohcirznctaanrasahnmnknz.
:7
VacMnracaka Ncnetrohcirhaheoncnetrottihjier
ncnetro`ilirnentahahsnjnja,nhjisatnecaycnsuyuhncicn`nhiekisociyyciiecihijacar.
ncicnhahsteskh`ieasuicteskh`ieasu`ih`iligizcipotihsayncnhnrdaynsilaptar.Ncnetrohcirh`ihnmitagyecncnetrotihottihpozatagyecncnetrot eito`i`oruiekishhhn`nha`npotihsayncnhnrdacnrairish`ieagiretr.
Ncnetrohcirhpotihsayncnhnrdasaihotti`iligizci r.@ociysycincnetrohcirenh`acaah`nhihottiheito`i`oruieircir.
eancnetrotuhpotihsayncnhnrdacnrairish`ieagirencnetrokotoreuvvnta(pacmnracaka)ociriei`cih`rcrvnNacnmstnracar.Woctkntrn i`vnracnhbalizacnccr. :=
Vacmnracakcnrastih`irteouccir`i,yiha:>6B,9itkjishtivnmarnhvneihki``neohsihtrisyohcirhh9Koc`uueouccir
,pacmnracakavnyistih`irtncnetrokotor
euvvnta`nharvnN6pacociriemstnracar. VacmnracakahahjarakaWocttur.ThBupacaaah
stih`irtpacmnracaka+9,96Wtur.
:-:,=9-9,77-6,1+6,7
NCNEPZOCTN6pac 3 6 ocih rniesayohcirh enh`acaah`nhmnrnecnknz. Ju rniesayohuh mnrnecnknsaastnhayorsi `ir`ih ncnetrae nhnrdasa vnracknca ar. Juneac n enh`acaah`nh ocukiyih jar rn`oesrniesayohuh `ir`ih ncnetrae nhnrdasa vnracnrne
.
Ncnetrocaz rniesayohuh mnrnecnnjacknsa aah ncnetrotyznycnrah`nea nteacnakcnra ynhnjacnbnecnra `nnr`njar voctid uymucikie mnrnear. ^ymucihih ju voctidiir mnracak `nhar. Ir mnracak, `nvrnyn `arnet iekeiyhihh (pac) ncnetrotciri jicihkisyci nc`n n`acar.
Vac ncnetroh pokpismrnva stcnhar vn ncnetrohcirjarncnetrottih icr `anrahn acntar.27
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=
Vaccnr`noc`uumajaah`armnhknhahoc`uuncnetroteitot,yesnctmnhknhahoc`uuncnetrotihottur.Gieitjusngnrihotpozatag,eitotasnhnmitagtar.Vacahpozatagubu`iakiihoti,hnmitagubu`i`iakieitotijicihr.
Vaccnr`nearn`oesrniesayohcirenh`acaah`nhmnrnecnar,jycnbneakyisicnhnrda`nhncnetraenhnrdasanc`nn`acar.Juhuhtnrsaocihvnenh`aca ah`nhmnrnecnknynhrn`oesrniesayohcirasn`ir`ihncnetraenhnrdasatnkahn`acnrnemnrnecntaracnjacar.rhnahnraka so`yukecorr`nh so`yukeitsvnecormiznc`nn`acnjacar.Jurniesayohuhpacmnracaka 9,2>oc`uuhimrn,jurniesayohumnrnecntarnjackneaah(N6pac86ockisaah)+9,2>Wocttih`ilijyejarmnracakuymucihkic`r.
2=
Vac+ -
Ihot Eitot
(+)ncnetrot (-) ncnetrot
26B`n vn 9 itk`n su vn sujulirh`ih jilsn`acar.
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lnkastry 906 Gicc :66:
:
Pirtick
Izhi ei`ir tikiknh su `ocu jar
jir`ih sth `zmh jar et acneipitp, jir`i yivii tnrsnvar`aahaz n hn ockish jnecnrsahaz?
Jir`ietiea suyuh `ecknknsahahhn`nhaha hn`ar?
Miz Jishb Hn`ar?
V (Vi) ;I (k:)
G (H) V4Jish
G4Euvvnt
I4Icih
Miz jishb, miz tihnbaecnrah eijh np