Post on 15-Jul-2020
GCSE Physical Education
General Document
Write down as many muscle groups you can remember. There are 11 that you need to know for the exam.
Now state their position on the body
General Document
Deltoid
Biceps
Abdominals
Quadriceps
Pectorals
LatissimusDorsi
Trapezius
Triceps
Gluteals
Hamstrings
Gastrocnemius
Lesson Focus- What are the names of the major muscle groups? Where are they located, and what movement occurs when they contract (shorten)?
General Document
PectoralsDeltoids
Biceps
Abdominals
Quadriceps Hamstrings
Latissimus Dorsi
Trapezius
Triceps
Gastrocnemius
Gluteals
Front View Back View
The Muscular SystemThese are the major muscles of the body…
Skip to labelled diagram
General Document
Topic Area Learners must:
Location of major muscle groups
know the name and location of the following muscle groups in the human body and be
able to apply their use to examples from physical activity/sport:
- deltoid
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- pectorals
- biceps
- triceps
- abdominals
- quadriceps
- hamstrings
- gluteals
- gastrocnemius.
The roles of muscle in movement
know the definitions and roles of the following and be able to apply them to examples
from physical activity/sport:
- agonist
- antagonist
- fixator
- antagonistic muscle action.
General Document
Lesson Focus- What are the names of the major muscle
groups? Where are they located, and what movement occurs when they contract (shorten)?
How are you going to achieve this?
Starter Activity –1. Identify prior knowledge of the muscular system.2. Names of the major muscle groups.3. The location of the
muscles on the body.
4. Muscular contraction and movement occurring.
Your steps to successAspire –To gain knowledge of and understand the major muscle groups and where they are located.
Challenge – To examine what movement occurs when each muscle contracts.
Excel – Appreciate how muscle can work together to produce movement and explain antagonistic muscle action.
Chances to develop literacy and numeracy – Key words: Muscle Deltoid Biceps Triceps Quadriceps Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Abdominals Gluteals Pectorals
General Document
Create a table in your books, with 3 columns, stating where the muscles are located.
Don’t complete the 3rd column yet.
Lesson Focus- What are the names of the major muscle groups? Where are they located, and what movement occurs when they contract (shorten)?
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action
1. Deltoids ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Triceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Gluteals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. Hamstrings ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. Gastrocnemius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action
1. Deltoids __________________
__________________
__________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Lesson Focus- What are the names of the major muscle groups? Where are they located, and what movement occurs when they contract (shorten)?
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ______________
______________
______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
2. Biceps ______________
______________
______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ______________
______________
______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
2. Biceps ______________
______________
______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
3. Abdominals ______________
______________
______________
____________________
____________________
____________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids _______________
_______________
________________
______________________
______________________
________________________
2. Biceps _______________
_______________
________________
______________________
______________________
________________________
3. Abdominals _______________
_______________
________________
______________________
______________________
________________________
4. Quadriceps _______________
_______________
________________
______________________
______________________
________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Triceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action1. Deltoids ________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Triceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Gluteals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action
1. Deltoids ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Triceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Gluteals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. Hamstrings ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
Muscle Position in Body Main Action
1. Deltoids ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Biceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Abdominals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Quadriceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Pectorals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Latissmus dorsi ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Trapezius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Triceps ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Gluteals ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. Hamstring ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. Gastrocnemius ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
General Document
General Document
Write down what you can remember about the following movements:◦ Flexion
◦ Extension
◦ Adduction
◦ Abduction
◦ Rotation
◦ Circumduction
General Document
If, when a muscle contracts, it shortens and pulls on the bone it is attached to, think about what movement each muscle would cause when it contracts.
Add this to your table
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General Document
General Document
Lesson Focus- Antagonistic Muscle Action
How are you going to achieve this?
Starter Activity –1. Identify prior knowledge of the muscular system.2. Names of the major muscle groups.3. The location of the
muscles on the body.
4. Muscular contraction and movement occurring.
Your steps to successAspire –To gain knowledge of and understand the major muscle groups and where they are located.
Challenge – To examine what movement occurs when each muscle contracts.
Excel – Appreciate how muscle can work together to produce movement and explain antagonistic muscle action.
Chances to develop literacy and numeracy – Key words: Muscle Deltoid Biceps Triceps Quadriceps Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Abdominals Gluteals Pectorals
General Document
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
Antagonistic Muscle Action
• For 3 marks, explain what is meant by Antagonistic Muscle Action
• Give a sporting example, and name any muscles involved
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
◼ Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.
Movement of the armat the elbow
Antagonistic Muscle Action
◼ They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.
◼ The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.
◼ The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist.
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
Agonist or Prime Mover(Biceps contract)
◼ The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.
Flexion (Bending) of the Arm
Antagonist(Triceps relax)
◼ The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take placeis called the antagonist.
◼ Other muscles support the agonist (prime mover) in creating movement and these are called fixator muscles.
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
The biceps and triceps
work together as an
antagonistic pair to move
the elbow joint.
To flex the elbow, the
biceps (the Prime Mover) contracts and the triceps
(the Antagonist) relaxes.
To extend the elbow, the
actions are reversed so
that the triceps contracts
and the biceps relaxes.
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
The quadriceps and hamstrings in the legs are another
antagonistic pair. Can you answer the following questions?
Which joint do they move?
What types of movement
are produced?
Which is the agonist
(prime mover) and which
is the antagonist?
quadriceps
hamstrings
Lesson Focus-Antagonistic Muscle Action
General Document
•Each question is allocated six marks. This
equates to 7.5% (per question) of the
available marks for the paper, and therefore it is important that you attempt these
questions fully.
•It's almost as important for you to
understand how to structure your answers as it is to have the knowledge required to
address the question.
General Document
Simple StatementsCandidates will produce brief and narrative
responses, making a limited number of simple statements, probably with limited reference to
the question.
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Developed StatementsCandidates’ responses will be mostly accurate and
include relevant factual material.
i) Developed statements, i.e. simple statements with explanation or additional information
ii) Developed statements will provide examples from physical activity to support responses and illustrate impact on performance.
iii) Basic (but accurate) conclusion in line with previous points.
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Candidates’ writing communicates ideas with accurate use of appropriate terminology, and the organisation of the response shows some direction and control. There will be few errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar.
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General Document
*15 A healthy, active lifestyle will have an
impact on the body systems. Describe
some of the effects of participation on the body’s muscular system.
General Document
Introduction – State that exercise affects the body in many ways, and mention something to the effect that the muscular system is also affected, both in the immediate short term, and long term due to regular training.
Section 1 – Discuss the immediate effects of exercise on the muscular system (this might be explained in 2 or 3 paragraphs). Remember to develop simple statements into higher level answers, by using examples and explanations –Why does the body react in this way?
Section 2 – Discuss the long term adaptations to the muscular system as a result of regular training (again, in more that one paragraph)
Conclusion – Summarise the points that you have made, and give an opinion to state how exercise can benefit the body systems, in particular the muscular system, due to the points you have made. Use phrases like “to conclude” or “in conclusion”.
General Document
Increased demand for fuel/Oxygen.Why?Muscles need oxygen for energy.
Increased production of Carbon Dioxide through Aerobic Respiration.
Production of Lactic Acid in Anaerobic respiration.
= Muscle fatigue
Blood Shunting -
Blood pumped faster to the
working muscles
that need it the most
Muscle
temperature:
Increased
elasticity of muscles
General Document
Indicative content
Aspect 1 – Immediate/short-term effects
1. Increased demand for oxygen/energy for muscular work
2. Increased carbon dioxide production
3. Increased temperature
4. Lactic acid production (during anaerobic work) (energy conversion)
5. Muscle fatigue Do not accept tire/ache
6. Blood Shunting - Blood pumped faster to the working muscles that need it the most
Aspect 2 – Regular participation/long term effects
7. Increased strength of ligaments/tendons
8. Hypertrophy – Muscle increase in size/thickness
9. Increased size/strength of skeletal muscle
10. Increased muscular endurance
11. Muscles become better at using oxygen and long-term energy stores (especially fat) and work better over long periods of time = Resistance to fatigue
General Document
Hypertrophy – Muscle increase in size/thickness
Adaptation:
Increased StrengthEffect on performance
Eg. Weight lifter able to lift heavy weight/Gymnast able to hold own body weight.
Adaptation:
Increased Muscular EnduranceEffect on performance
Eg. Marathon runner able to complete a race.
Muscles become better at using oxygen and long-term energy stores (especially fat) and work better over long periods of time.
= Resistance to fatigue
General Document
Level Mark Descriptor
NB To access QWC marks-1. 4 lines of text minimum (to give sufficient text to access)
2. Must also have minimum of one relevant content mark3. Must be continuous writing, not bullet points / lists of text (unless in level 3 where 1 mark can be awarded for QWC)
Level 0 0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 marks
i) Identify a number of simple statements describing short term effects of exercise on the muscular system. Eg. .
increased demand for oxygen … and some simple statements about long term effects.
ii) One developed simple statement E.g. When analysing short term effects of exercise on the muscular system,
one effect could be an increased demand for oxygen … This can occur because … . If this change did not take place …
iii) Basic (but accurate) conclusion IF discussion of other effects.
Candidate’s writing is legible and communicates ideas using everyday language, but lacks clarity and organisation. There will be errors in candidates’ spelling, grammar and punctuation.
Level 2 3-4 marks
i) Developed statements identifying short and long term effects and examples/explanations of each.
ii) Direct comparison of effects that might affect the situation in the question.
iii) Accurate conclusion based on comparison of different effects of participation with each other and how they can be related to the scenario.
Candidate’s writing communicates with accurate use of appropriate terminology, and the organisation of the response shows direction.
There will be few errors in candidates’ spelling, grammar and punctuation.
Level 3 5-6 marks
i) Developed statements balanced and succinct. (keep to the point, not waffle!)
ii) Justified conclusion based on points raised
Candidate’s writing communicates ideas effectively using appropriate terminology, material clearly organised. Spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate throughout the response.