Post on 15-Jan-2017
Mark Edelman, AICP – Arizona State Land DepartmentSallie Diebolt – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Doug Williams, AICP – Flood Control District of Maricopa County
Source: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Source: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Death Valley, CASource: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons –https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Apex
Toe
Apex
Toe
Toe
Apex
Source: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Estimated Cost of Flood Damage in a 2000 Sq.Ft. Home:Depth of Water
EstimatedLosses
1” $20,9206” $39,15012” $52,2202’ $62,8804’ $74,580
Data Source:Flood Control District of Maricopa County/National Flood Insurance Program
Source: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Source: "Gigantic Alluvial Fan Being Uplift by New Fault" by Wing‐Chi Poon ‐ self‐made; along North Highway in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 2.5 via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg#/media/File:Gigantic_Alluvial_Fan_Being_Uplift_by_New_Fault.jpg
Rawhide and Reata Wash AO Floodplains – NE Phoenix/N Scottsdale
Traditional/Historic Solutions:
Dam
Ditch
Divert
Palm Springs, CA – 1938: Palm Canyon Drive bridge washout over Tahquitz WashSource: Palm Springs Historical Society
Historic Case Study: Palm Springs, California area
Tahquitz WashPalm Canyon Wash
Historic Case Study: Palm Springs, California area
Palm Springs, CA: Tahquitz Wash and Palm Canyon Wash floodplainsSource: FEMA
Tahquitz Wash
Palm Canyon Wash
Historic Case Study: Palm Springs, California area
Historic Case Study: Palm Springs, California area
Capture, Containment, and Channelization of Palm Canyon and Tahquitz Washes
Tahquitz WashPalm Canyon Wash
Historic Case Study: Palm Springs, California area
Alluvial Fan Apex Control and Channelization – Rancho Mirage, CA
Federal Jurisdiction:• FEMA/NFIP
• FHA• Clean Water Act Section 404 EPA/Army Corps of Engineers
Local Jurisdiction:• Floodplain Manager• Flood Control District
Clean Water Act Section 404Sallie Diebolt – US Army Corps of Engineers
Case Study: Rawhide Wash (NE Phoenix/N. Scottsdale)
Doug Williams – Flood Control District of Maricopa County
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US Army Corps of EngineersBUILDING STRONG®
Section 404 Clean Water Act Permitting
Sallie DieboltChief, Arizona BranchRegulatory DivisionLos Angeles District
November 5, 2015
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We all want Clean Water!
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Reporter Richard Ellis dips his hand in the Cuyahoga River on a boat trip in the 1960s
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August 1, 1969“No Visible Life. Some river!
Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling with subsurface gases, it oozes rather than flows. "Anyone who falls into the Cuyahoga does not drown,"
Cleveland's citizens joke grimly. "He decays." The Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration dryly notes: "The lower Cuyahoga
has no visible life, not even low forms such as leeches and sludge
worms that usually thrive on wastes." It is also—literally —a fire
hazard.”
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Cuyahoga River Today
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Regulatory Mission
• Protect aquatic resources
• Allow reasonable development
• Fair, timely, and balanced permit decisions
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What is Section 404?
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (1972, as amended)Required for the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S.Common projects are construction, maintenance, and repair activities in the waters of the U.S.
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Regulatory Process
1) What is the scope of the project?
2) Is there geographic jurisdiction?
3) Are there regulated activities?
4) What type of permit is needed?
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Regulator’s Process
1) What is the scope of the project?
2) Is there geographic jurisdiction?
3) Are there regulated activities?
4) What type of permit is needed?
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Scope of ProjectLocation information• Vicinity map• Coordinates• Directions to site• Permission to access
Clearly define project area boundaryDescribe all proposed activitiesSingle and complete project
Recent, good quality aerial photos28
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Design/Planning (Conventional Approach)
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Street
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Design/Planning (Modified Approach)
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Regulatory Process
1) What is the scope of the project?
2) Is there geographic jurisdiction?
3) Are there regulated activities?
4) What type of permit is needed?
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Geographic Jurisdiction
Physical and biological indicators of flowWetland boundary
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Geographic JurisdictionRivers/Streams
Dry Washes/Arroyos
Ponds/Lakes*
Wetlands*
Constructed Canals/Laterals** fed by or conveys natural drainage flows
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Two Types of Jurisdictional Delineations
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Preliminary JD- Non-Binding- Assume all likely areas are jurisdictional- No Significant Nexus Analysis- Does not require EPA approval- Allows projects to move forward
Approved JD- Binding- Definitive re non-jurisdictional areas- Significant Nexus Analysis- Requires EPA approval
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Clean Water RuleRulemaking to clarify jurisdiction under Section 404Current status???
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Regulatory Process
1) What is the scope of the project?
2) Is there geographic jurisdiction?
3) Are there regulated activities?
4) What type of permit is needed?
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Regulated Activities
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Any activity that results in ground-disturbing activities (i.e., dredging or filling) within waters of the U.S.• Fills (e.g., for construction of buildings, parking
lots, etc.) • Roads (culverts)• Rip-Rap• Grading (moving material from one area to
another within the waterway)• Stockpiles• Utility Lines• Mechanized removal of vegetation
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What Is NOT Regulated Under Section 404?
Excavation “Scoop and haul”FencesDrivingHerbicidesOther activities regulated by Section 402 (SWPPP)
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Regulatory Process
1) What is the scope of the project?
2) Is there geographic jurisdiction?
3) Are there regulated activities?
4) What type of permit is needed?
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Types ofSection 404
Permits
Individual§ 404 Permit
Impacts toWaters
of the U.S.
any amount of wetland impacted
No § 404Permit
Non-NotifyingNationwide§ 404 Permit
No Impacts
Impactless than orequal to1/10 acre
NotifyingNationwide
§ 404 Permit (PCN)Or may affectcultural resources
or federally listed species
Impact greaterthan 1/10 acre,but less thanor equal to
½ acre
•2–4 months +•Jurisdictional delineationrequired
Start work today!Obey conditions.
6 months to 1 year +
If need jurisdictional delineation,Corps review is usually 2–3 months
Start work today!No conditions!
Impact greater than ½ acre or
Regional General Permit
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Certain emergency situations
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Nationwide Permit (NWP) Program
Corps reviews and reissues the NWP program every 5 years
Current set of NWPs:Issued March 19, 2012Expire March 18, 2017
Verification letter from Corps is generally valid until March 18, 2017
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RGP 63 Definition of Emergency
An “emergency situation” is present where there is a clear,
sudden, unexpected, and imminent threat to
life or property demanding immediate action to prevent or mitigate
loss of, or damage to, life, health, property or essential public
services (i.e., a situation that could potentially result in an
unacceptable hazard to life or a significant loss of property if
corrective action requiring a permit is not undertaken immediately).
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Sequential ApproachAvoidMinimizeMitigateDocument Compliance with permit terms
and conditions
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Compensatory MitigationComply with the Mitigation RuleMitigation BanksIn-lieu fee programsPrescott Creeks Preservation AssociationArizona Game and Fish DepartmentLa Paz County Endangered Species FundSuperstition Area Land TrustTucson Audubon Society
Permitee-responsible mitigation
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Prescott Creeks
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Plan Ahead!Designate team member responsible for Section 404 matters – have Section 404 agenda item in meetingsEarly and continuous resource assessment• Identify jurisdictional waters• Establish resource values (cultural, biological)• Avoid and minimize impacts where practical • Continuously reassess project direction for Section 404 impacts
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Arizona Regulatory Branch
3636 N. Central Ave., Suite 900
Phoenix, AZ 85012-1939602-230-6949 (General)
splregulatoryaz@usace.army.mil
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Flood Control District of Maricopa County MISSION: Reduce county resident’s risks of injury, death, and property damage due to flooding
Major Activities
o Floodplain & Watershed Studies
o Floodplain Regulation
o Flood Hazard Mitigation • Structural• Non-structural
o Operations & Maintenance • Dams, channels, levees, and basins
Alluvial Fan Flooding
Apex
Alluvial Fan Characteristics in Maricopa CountyLow SlopesWater Flood DominatedDistal From Mountain FrontLimited Aerial Extent (small)Relatively Small Peaks (high Q/area)Low Flood Volumes (flashy)Transitions to Sheet Flow
Ahwatukee Fan Pre & Post Development
Hayden & Pinnacle Peak 1993 & 2013North Scottsdale
TP will insert 2 photos
Need for Solutions for Rawhide Wash
• Largest Flood Hazard in Study Area
• High risks to people and properties
• Feasible solutions that could:• Mitigate the hazards• Reduce the risks• Benefits > Costs
Rawhide Wash Hazards: Wash is Unpredictable
Rawhide Wash Flood Hazards
• High Flows (9600 cfs)
• Active Alluvial Fan o Flow paths can change
o High uncertainty
o Structural solution is required to:
- Mitigate the flood hazard
- Revise the floodplain maps (FEMA)
Add Photo of Rawhide Apex
Why is Rawhide Wash Hazardous?Active Alluvial Fan = Wash is Unpredictable
Rawhide Wash: Floodplain & Regulatory Aspects
1. Flood insurance required (mortgaged houses)
• Approximately 4,000 properties in floodplain
• Flood insurance premiums
o Annually $1.6 Million
o Over 50-year period estimate $155 Million
2. Development requirements
• Elevate houses
• Construct infrastructure to address Rawhide Wash flows
1. Mitigate the Alluvial Fan Flood Hazard• Ensure flow path certainty
• Control sediment
2. Reduce the floodplain• Revise from AO to AE
• Removes >2,000 acres from the floodplain
3. Facilitate Economic Development• More land to develop
• Less expensive to develop
Rawhide Wash Goals:
No Action Alternative
• Accept the risk
• 4,000 properties remain in floodplain
• High costs to Future and Existing Property Owners
– Flood Damages
– Flood Insurance
– Development Costs
NO ACTION• 6500 acres/4000 properties
remain in floodplain
• 500 structures at high potential flood risk
• High costs to Property Owners
– Flood Insurance
– Existing & Future
– Development Costs
• Cost Estimate: $224 Million
BUILD• Build structures to reduce the risk
& size of floodplain
– Addresses uncertainty
– Levee, floodwalls, basin, and grade control structures
– Floodplain would be remapped to remove floodplain for about 3,400 properties/3000 acres
• Moderate costs
– Cities & County
– Future Developers
Flood Control Mitigation SolutionsTwo Options: Convey or Detain Flood Water
• Conveyance o Natural Washeso Channelso Leveeso Storm Drainso Flood walls
Note: Bold and underlined are the options being considered for Rawhide
Flood Control Mitigation SolutionsTwo Options: Convey or Detain Flood Water
• Detention o Basins
o In-line o Off-line
o Dams
Note: Bold and underlined are the options being considered for Rawhide
Street view of basin above
In-line Detention Basin
Basin to Reduce Flow
• Considering two potential general locations
• Offline basino Low or frequent flows
remain in wash to sustain vegetation
o Flood flows go into basin
Jomax Road
Happy Valley Road
Pima Road
Basin to Reduce Flow
• Flows would be less than the current peak discharge of 9,600 cfs
• Flows contained between levees and floodwallso Fewer levees may be
neededo Fewer walls may need to
be reconstructed
Joax Road
Happy Valley Road
Pima Road
Offline Detention Basin
Recommendation Development
. Collaborative process
Continuous input on how problems are fixed
• Identify potential solutions
o Non-structuralo Structuralo Floodplain redelineations
Acceptable
Fiscally ResponsibleCompatible
Developing Safety on Alluvial Fans
Few trees in area are gone
January 19, 1997
Location of bankJanuary 2, 1964
Deepen foundationfootings
Elevate structures
Developing Safely on Alluvial Fans
Floodway – requires structural measure
Apex solution
Developing Safely on Alluvial Fans
Floodway – requires structural measure
Engineered erosion control and concentration of flows
POSSIBLE CHANNEL ALTERNATIVE
Lessons Learned
Every Fan is Unique
Determine Type of Hazard
Consensus Driven Solutions
Fan Development can be– Extremely Costly & Complicated
QUESTIONS