Post on 21-Jul-2016
description
Passive with exercises
Page 2
Što je uopće pasiv?
Pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego način (voice).
Rečenice koje sadrže objekt (direktni i/ili indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu (active voice) ili u pasivu (passive voice).
Kod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu rečenicu ne smijemo promijeniti glagolsko vrijeme!
Page 3
Zašto uopće trebamo pasiv?
U engleskom jeziku, više nego u hrvatskom jeziku, pasivne rečenice su česta pojava. U puno slučajeva vjerojatno niste niti svjesni da ste upotrijebili pasivnu rečenicu.
Koristeći pasivne rečenice pomičemo naglasak s osobe koja vrši radnju (subjekt rečenice) na samu radnju, npr.
I made some mistakes. → Mistakes were made. Postoji još niz situacija kada ćemo rađe odabrati pasiv, ali o
tome nešto kasnije…
Page 4
Što sve trebam znati kako bih napravio pasivnu rečenicu?
Prije nego što se detaljnije pozabavimo glagolima u pasivu, podsjetimo se osnova gramatike potrebnih za transformaciju aktivnih rečenica u pasivne.
Kako bismo pravilno stvorili pasivnu rečenicu (ili obrnuto) nužno je poznavati dijelove rečenice:
SUBJEKT: vršitelj radnje People have seen wolves in the street. PREDIKAT: glagol People have seen wolves in the street. OBJEKT: People have seen wolves in the street. PRILOŽNE OZNAKE: People have seen wolves in the street.
Ovo nisu svi dijelovi rečenice, ali su nama za pasiv najpotrebniji. Također moramo poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena kao i nepravilne
glagole.
Page 5
Tvorba pasivnih rečenica
Objekt aktivne rečenice postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice. Subjekt aktivne rečenice se u velikoj većini slučajeva ne mora posebno
izricati. Ukoliko ga želimo ili moramo izreći, koristimo by frazu i stavljamo ju na kraj rečenice.
[My grandfather]S planted [this tree]O.
[This tree] S was planted by my gradnfather.
Page 6
Što učiniti s glagolom?
Podsjetimo još jednom: u tvorbi pasiva ne mijenjamo glagolsko vrijeme, nego samo način!
Za tvorbu pasiva nam je potrebano:
- glagol biti (to be) u glagolskom vremenu izvorne aktivne rečenice; npr. ako je aktivna u Present Perfect Simple, glagol biti također moramo staviti u to glagolsko vrijeme (have been)
- past particip (past participle) glavnoga glagola Dakle, pravilo za tvornu pasiva je:
to be + past participle of the main verb Pogledajmo to na primjeru.
Page 7
Glagol u pasivu – 1. korak
Ponovimo još jednom pravilo:
to be + past participle of the main verbAktivna rečenica:
We keep the butter here. Što činiti?
1. Pronađimo subjekt i objekt aktivne rečenice.
[We] keep [the butter] here.
Page 8
Glagol u pasivu – 2. korak
Aktivna rečenica:
[We] keep [the butter] here.2. Objekt aktivne rečenice postavimo kao subjekt pasivne rečenice.
The butter ...
Page 9
Glagol u pasivu – 3. korak
The butter…
3. Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj rečenici: Present Simple. Slijedite pravilo: glagol to be moramo staviti u Present Simple, dakle am, is ili are (ovisno o licu). Glagol keep je glavni glagol i njega stavljamo u past participle, dakle kept. U rečenici to izgleda ovako:
The butter is kept here.
Page 10
Glagol u pasivu – 4. korak
4. Ostatak rečenice (priložnu oznaku) smo prepisali, a subjekt glavne rečenice u ovom slučaju nismo uključili.
Aktivna rečenica:
We keep the butter here. Pasivna rečenica:
The butter is kept here.
Page 11
Još nekoliko primjera za present simple:A: [We]S wash [our car] O every weekend.
P: [Our car] S is washed every weekend.
A: [They] S repair [the bridge]O every two years.
P: [The bridge] S is repaired every two years.
Page 12
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
Podsjetimo na pravilo:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Past Simple
They broke the window.
The window was broken.
Page 13
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
Podsjetimo na pravilo:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Present Perfect Simple
I have sold our old house.
Our old house has been sold.
Page 14
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
Podsjetimo na pravilo:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Past Perfect Simple
They hadn’t collected the rubbish.
The rubbish hadn’t been collected.
Page 15
Ostala SIMPLE glagolska vremena
Podsjetimo na pravilo:
to be + V-ed (past participle)
Future Simple
They will meet you at the station.
You will be met at the station.
Page 16
Continuous glagolska vremena
Continuous glagolska vremena tvore pasiv na isti način, iako se continuous oblici za glagol to be inače ne koriste često:
to be + V-ed (past participle)Present Continuous
They are repairing the bridge. → The bridge is being repaired.
Page 17
Continuous glagolska vremenaPast Continuous
They were carrying the injured player off the field. →
The injured player was being carried off the field.
Page 18
Continuous glagolska vremena
Ostala continuous glagolska vremena se gramatički mogu pretvoriti u pasiv, ali se izuzetno rijetko zaista i koriste. Pogledajte zašto:
They will be repairing the road. → The road will be being repaired.
Page 19
Modalni glagoli
Modalni glagoli (modal auxiliary verbs) su: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would; need, dare, used to
Također mogu tvoriti pasiv i to koristeći pasivni infinitiv:
(present infinitive) to keep > to be kept
(perfect infinitive) to have told > to have been told
Page 20
Modalni glagoli
Napomena: modalni glagoli uz sebe vežu infinitiv bez ‘to’
You must/should shut these doors. These doors must/should be shut.They should/ought to have told him.He should/ought to have been told.
Page 21
Za one koji vole tablice...
TENSE/VERB FORM ACTIVE PASSIVEPresent Simple keeps is/are kept
Present Continuous is keeping is/are being kept
Past Simple kept was/were kept
Past Continuous was keeping was/were being kept
Present Perfect Simple has kept has/have been kept
Past Perfect Simple had kept had been kept
Future Simple will keep will be kept
Page 22
Pasiv u koracima - skraceno
1. Odrediti S, V, O
2. O(A) → S(P)
3. S(A) → by(P)
4. V(A) → V(P) (pažnja: LICA)
Page 23
Objekt i pasivne rečenice
Samo glagoli koji imaju objekt mogu imati pasivni oblik:
[John] S swimms [every day]A. - no O, no passive!
Page 24
Glagoli s dva objekta
Neki glagoli mogu uz sebe imati dva objekta, direktni i indirektni (Od i Oi). Bilo koji od ta dva objekta može biti subjekt pasiva.
[They] offered [us] Oi[a new flat]Od. Oi: [We] Swere offered a new flat.Od: [A new flat] Swas offered to us.
Kada indirektni objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice, mora biti u nominativu:
I’ll send her the books. → She will be sent the books.
Page 25
I još o objektima
Cijeli objekt postaje subjekt pasivne rečenice, bez obzira koliko ‘dugačak’ bio:
He frightened [the pretty girl standing in the dark corner].
[The pretty girl standing in the dark corner] was frightened.
Page 26
Upotreba pasiva
Kada nije potrebno spominjati vršitelja radnje (agent), jer je jasno iz konteksta tko ju vrši:
The streets are swept every day. Your hand will be X-rayed.
Kada ne znamo, ne znamo točno ili smo zaboravili tko vrši radnju:
The minister was murdered. My car has been moved!
Page 27
Upotreba pasiva
Ako je subjekt aktivne rečenice općenit, npr. people, one:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. Kada nas više zanima radnja, nego onaj tko ju vrši:
The house next door has been bought (by a Mr Jones).A new public library is being built (by our local council).
Page 28
Upotreba pasiva
Ponekad se koristi iz psiholoških razloga, kako bi se ogradili od odgovornosti prilikom priopćavanja neugodnih vijesti:
Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.
This letter has been opened! (Tom suspects Bill, but wishes to avoid giving
the name)
Page 29
Navođenje vršitelja radnje
Ako ipak želimo ili zbog smisla rečenice moramo navesti vršitelja radnje, koristimo by + akuzativ (zamjenice):
He was brought up by his (her) aunt.
Page 30
Instrument
Ako želimo spomenuti instrument korišten za vršenje radnje koristimo with:
He was killed with a knife.
Page 31
Negacije u pasivnim rečenicama
Usporedite sljedeće rečenice:
You can’t do anything. > Nothing can be done.
We are not doing enough.
> Not enough is being done.
> It is not being done enough.
Nobody has seen him.> He hasn’t been seen.
Page 32
Upitne rečenice
Upitne rečenice moraju ostati upitne i u pasivu:
Did you write that note on the fridge? >Was that note on the fridge written by you?
Has he posted my letters? > Have my letters been posted?
Are they producing ZXM in Spain? >Is ZXM being produced in Spain?
Page 33
Exercises
Our company builds roads/one road every year.
Roads are built every year by our company.
One road is built every year by our company. Our company is building two roads/a hotel. Our company built a hotel/4 hotels last year. Our company was building a hotel/five hotels. Our company has built a hotel/five hotels so far. Our company had built a hotel/five hotels before 1986. Our company will build a hotel next year. Our company could build a hotel. Our company must build five office buildings for a foreign customer.