Questo documento è stato realizzato da Lameen Souag e viene reso disponibile dal Laboratorio di Scienze dell’Antichità-sezione Informatica per le Lingue Antiche esclusivamente per fini didattici nell’ambito del ciclo di seminari connessi al progetto Mnamon, il Portale delle antiche scritture del Mediterraneo. Il Laboratorio di Scienze dell’Antichità-sezione Informatica per le Lingue Antiche si dichiara disponibile a rimuovere tutto o parte del contenuto di questo documento nel caso in cui fossero riscontrate violazioni del diritto di autore per quanto riguarda le immagini in esso contenute. Per chiedere la rimozione di contenuti di cui si possiedono i diritti scrivere a: alphamail@sns.it. Pisa 17/4/2012

Libyco-Berber in a Comparative Berber Context

Lameen Souag, SOAS

Wide distribution...

...but ≥ 800 / 888 known texts (RIL) and almost all bilinguals from one area

The longest bilingual – RIL 2RIL 2 – Dougga

skn•tbgg•bnyfš[?]•msnsn•gldt•wgii•gldt•wzllsn•šftsbsndh•gldt•sysh•gld•mkusnšft•gldt•wfšn•gldt•mwsnh•šnk•wbny•wšnk•dšft•wm...wtnkw•msskw•mgn•wyrštn•wsdyln•gzb•mgn•wšft•mw...wšmn•gldt•gldgmyl•zmr•wmsnf•wšmn•gldmsk•m...wšyn•gldt•wmgn•gldt•tnyn•šyn•wnkkn•wftš•dr.šft•wšnk•

t mqdš z bn' b� l' tbgg l-msnsn h-mmlkt bn g� yy h-mmlkt bn zllsn h-špt� b-št � sr š[mlk]

mkwsn b-št šft� h-mmlkt bn 'fšn h-mmlkt rbt m't šnk bn bny w-špt� bn mgn bn tnkw

ms� s� kwy mgn bn yrštn bn sdyln w-gzby mgn bn šft� rb m't bn � bdšmn hm[ml]kt

gldgyml zmr bn msnp bn � bd'šmn h'd[r] � mšm h'š mql' bn 'šyn hmmlkt bn mgn hmml[kt]

t� n'm � l h-mlkt z 'šyn bn 'nkkn bn pt� š w-'rš bn špt� bn šnk

This temple built the people of Thugga for Masinissa the King son of Gaia the King son of Zilalsan the Judge, in the tenth year since ruled | Micipsa, in the year of Shufet the King son of Afshan the King. The Centurion: Shanok son of Banay and Shufet son of Magon son of Tanaku. | The ms� s� kwy: Magon son of Yirashtan son of Sadyalan, and gzby: Magon son of Shufet the Centurion son of Abdeshmun the King. | Erectors of this property: Ashyan son of Ankikan son of Patash and Arash son of Shufet son of Shanok.

Resulting chart

Phoenician derivations?

RIL 2 againRIL 2 – Dougga

skn•tbgg•bnyfš[?]•msnsn•gldt•wgii•gldt•wzllsn•šftsbsndh•gldt•sysh•gld•mkusnšft•gldt•wfšn•gldt•mwsnh•šnk•wbni•wšnk•dšft•wm...wtnkw•msskw•mgn•wyrštn•wsdyln•gzb•mgn•wšft•mw...wšmn•gldt•gldgmyl•zmr•wmsnf•wšmn•gldmsk•m...|wšyn•gldt•wmgn•gldt•tnyn•šyn•wnkkn•wftš•dr.šft•wšnk•

t mqdš z bn' b� l' tbgg l-msnsn h-mmlkt bn g� yy h-mmlkt bn zllsn h-špt� b-št � sr š[mlk]

mkwsn b-št šft� h-mmlkt bn 'fšn h-mmlkt rbt m't šnk bn bny w-špt� bn mgn bn tnkw

ms� s� kwy mgn bn yrštn bn sdyln w-gzby mgn bn šft� rb m't bn � bdšmn hm[ml]kt

gldgyml zmr bn msnp bn � bd'šmn h'd[r] � mšm h'š mql' bn 'šyn hmmlkt bn mgn hmml[kt]

t� n'm � l h-mlkt z 'šyn bn 'nkkn bn pt� š w-'rš bn špt� bn šnk

This temple built the people of Thugga for Masinissa the King son of Gaia the King son of Zilalsan the Judge, in the tenth year since ruled | Micipsa, in the year of Shufet the King son of Afshan the King. The Centurion: Shanok son of Banay and Shufet son of Magon son of Tanaku. | The ms� s� kwy: Magon son of Yirashtan son of Sadyalan, and gzby: Magon son of Shufet the Centurion son of Abdeshmun the King. | Erectors of this property: Ashyan son of Ankikan son of Patash and Arash son of Shufet son of Shanok.

The value of “H”

● Latin: fausto● Latin: zaedo(nis)● Punic: bʕlhn'

*ba(ʕl)-ħanno

● Punic: nmrsy

● FWSTH (85)● ZYDH (288)● BHNH (31)

● NMRSH (451)

RIL 2 yet againRIL 2 – Dougga

skn•tbgg•bnyfš[?]•msnsn•gldt•wgii•gldt•wzllsn•šftsbsndh•gldt•sysh•gld•mkusnšft•gldt•wfšn•gldt•mwsnh•šnk•wbni•wšnk•dšft•wm...wtnkw•msskw•mgn•wyrštn•wsdyln•gzb•mgn•wšft•mw...wšmn•gldt•gldgmyl•zmr•wmsnf•wšmn•gldmsk•m...wšyn•gldt•wmgn•gldt•tnyn•šyn•wnkkn•wftš•dr.šft•wšnk•

t mqdš z bn' b� l' tbgg l-msnsn h-mmlkt bn g� yy h-mmlkt bn zllsn h-špt� b-št � sr š[mlk]

mkwsn b-št šft� h-mmlkt bn 'fšn h-mmlkt rbt m't šnk bn bny w-špt� bn mgn bn tnkw

ms� s� kwy mgn bn yrštn bn sdyln w-gzby mgn bn šft� rb m't bn � bdšmn hm[ml]kt

gldgyml zmr bn msnp bn � bd'šmn h'd[r] � mšm h'š mql' bn 'šyn hmmlkt bn mgn hmml[kt]

t� n'm � l h-mlkt z 'šyn bn 'nkkn bn pt� š w-'rš bn špt� bn šnk

This temple built the people of Thugga for Masinissa the King son of Gaia the King son of Zilalsan the Judge, in the tenth year since ruled | Micipsa, in the year of Shufet the King son of Afshan the King. The Centurion: Shanok son of Banay and Shufet son of Magon son of Tanaku. | The ms� s� kwy: Magon son of Yirashtan son of Sadyalan, and gzby: Magon son of Shufet the Centurion son of Abdeshmun the King. | Erectors of this property: Ashyan son of Ankikan son of Patash and Arash son of Shufet son of Shanok.

RIL 151 – an ornate gravestone

● SACTVT•IHIMIRF•VIXIT•ANORVM•LXX“Sactut son of Ihimir lived 70 years”

● zktt Zaktutwymr son of Iyimirmtyblh [tribe name?]mswh [title?]mnkdh [title?]

RIL 599 – a more typical case

● mysntwmtrshnzdbhngrh

● MYSNTson of MTRSH[tribe?] [title?]

Rarely literal bilinguals: eg RIL 12

● Punic: mʕstrt “Mastart”

● LB:“Mastart son of TKMLS, [title?]”

Map of Berber

Sketch family tree● Western Berber: Mauritania + few in Niger● Tuareg: Mali, Niger, southern Algeria etc● Eastern Berber: Ghadames + Awjila (Libya)● Northern Berber (valid?)

● Atlas: southern+central Morocco● Ghomara: northern Morocco● Kabyle: north-central Algeria● Macro-Zenati: everything else (E Morocco, NW

Algeria, NE Algeria, northern Sahara, S Tunisia, NW Libya, W Egypt)– Zenati proper: the Algerian and Moroccan parts

Words known from RIL 1, 2

LB Punic English

d w- and 2n š of 1-ns š-l' its 1w bn son of 1,2nbbn nskm workers 1šQrh yr wood 1zlh brzl iron 1gldt mmlkt king(-ship?) 2šft špt judge 2mwsnh rbt m't centurion 2tnyn tn'm placers 2skn bn' they built 2

LB Tamasheq (Heath)

Kabyle Ouargli Sened Awjila Proto-Berber

and d- d d d d id *əd

of n- n n n n n *ən

its -ns -ənnes -is -əs -is -ənnəs *-ənn-əs, *-i-s

son of w ǎw- u- u- - iwi- (+poss. suffixes)

*ǎw-

wood š?rh e-sǎɣer “firewood”

a-sɣar a-sɣar a-sɣar - *a-sǎɣar

iron zlh tǎ-zoli uzzal uzzal uzzel zzil ? *uzzal

king gldt - a-gəllid a-žəllid - - *a-gəllid (Kossmann, p. 145)

they built skn - - əski-n - - *əzkǎʔ-n

LB-Berber correspondences

● B = *βG = g/gD = dW = wZ = Z = zZ = T = Y = K = k/kL = l

● M = mN = nS = sF =S = [s] < *zQ = ɣ < *qR = rš = s [!]T = tT1 =H = Ø (disappears)

RIL 139

● mmnllwmšwmskrhmnkdh

● MMNLLson of MShW[of the tribe] Misiciri[title?]

*β and BNS “his stone”

RIL 106: bns | trftnt

160: swrh | bns

162: mswlt | bns

164: gfsn | bns

175: bns | grgm

906: mstl | bns

(Latin: DMS | CAELIA | PIA VX | AN LV[I])

The glottal stop● Prasse (1972):

● Berber morphology looks more regular if you assume that a “laryngeal” has been lost in certain words

● Kossmann (2001):● Zenaga (Mauritanian Berber) preserves a glottal stop

in coda positions, eg ukfaʔn “they give” vs. ägum “draw water”

● In Ghadames (E Libyan Berber), Zenaga aʔ corresponds to o , while Zenaga a otherwise corresponds to a), eg əkfon “they give” vs. agəm “draw water”

● => ʔ must be reconstructed for Proto-Berber

● But *əzkǎʔ-n “they build” = LB skn

Can LB be placed on the tree?

● Proto-Berber: N (loss of *ʔ)● Western Berber: N (loss of *ʔ)● Tuareg: N (*β > <b>, not h)● Eastern Berber: ?● Northern Berber: Y? (if short open vowels lost)

*β > <b>, not Ø, but evidence for a post-split loss of β:

● Atlas – loss of *β applies to impf. of Arabic loan bdu

● Ghomara● Kabyle● Macro-Zenati – *β affects final vowel quality

RIL 1

RIL 1 – Dougga

...n•wyfmtt•w...

...drš•wwdštr

...bn•wyfmtt•wflwmngy•wwrsknkslns•zzy•tmn•wrsknnbbn•nšQrh•msdl•wnnfsn•nkn•wšynb.n•nzlh•šft•wbll•ffy•ubby

[mn]sbt š-'tbn bn ypmtt bn plwh-bnm š-'bnm ʕb'rš bn ʕbd-štrtztr bn 'tbn bn ypmtt bn plwmngy bn wrsknw-b'zrm š-l' ..t. zzy w-tmn w-wrsknh-ħršm š-yr msdl bn nnpsn w-'nkn b[n] 'šyh-nskm š-brzl špt bn bll w-ppy bn bby

Mausoleum of Ateban son of Iepmatath son of PiloThe builders of the stones: Abarish son of AbdashtartZatar son of Ateban son of Iepmatath son of PiloMangay son of WarsakanAnd with its/his [helpers?].. Zazay son of Taman son of WarsakanThe carvers of wood: Masdal son of Nanpisan and Ankikan son of AshayThe workers of iron: Shafot son of Bilal and Papay son of Babay

Thank you!References:

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