Post on 02-Jun-2018
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CNG NGH
CH BIN KH
TrngihcCng nghip
TS. Nguyn Mnh Hun
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
CC CH IU KHIN V LM TH NO IU KHIN N
NH
- Qu trnh lm vic trn gin nn kh trung tm c qu trnh lm vic
ca cc phn t v cc thit b iu khin khng cn s tham gia trc
tip ca con ngi l qu trnh iu khin t ng.
- Mi phn t iu khin nhn mt tn hiu vo t mt s b phn ca
h thng iu khin, v to nn mt tn hiu ra a vo phn t khc.
Cc tn hiu c th l: dng in, in p, p sut, nhit , lu lng,
vn tc, gia tc, v trqu o ca tn hiu c th l sng in, ng
dn, lin kt c.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
H thng h v h thng kn:
- H thng h l h thng khng so snh kt qu thc t vi tr s mong mun (setpoint)
sau tc ng iu khin.
- H thng kn l h thng to nn mt tc ng o lng gia tn hiu vo (gi tr cn
setpoint) v tn hiu ra (gi tr thc). Sai lch gia hai tn hiu ny c dng lm tn hiuvo ca c cu iu khin.
Hnh 1: h thng iu khin kn
PLC:
ProgrammableLogic Controller
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
- Mch phn hi bt u t tn hiu ra Y c o (cm bin) bi thit b o lng (Pressure, level,
temperature, flow transmitter ,detector , qua c cu chuyn i (cng chnh l b phn ca thit b o
lng) bin thnh tn hiu c chuyn i Y t l vi Y. tn hiu Y c so snh vi tn hiu vo to
nn sai lch (error)
= X-Y = gi tr cn gi tr thc
c tnh ton qua c cu so snh (l c cu ca b iu khin).
- Thit b iu khin bin i thnh tn hiu tc ng u nh c cu iu khin. Tn hiu tc ng l tn hiu
vo ca h thng c iu khin. N s tc ng vo c cu tc ng, c cu tc ng thng c hai
phn l b chuyn i (converter) v phn t iu khin (van, qut, bm) lm thay i qu trnh l mt i
tng iu khin, nhm trit tiu sai lch hnh thnh.
- C cu iu khin thc hin cc ch iu khin nh sau: ch iu khin t l (P), ch tch phn
(I), ch o hm (D). Ch P c th s dng ring bit, hoc kt hp vi mt hoc hai ch khc.
Ch I c th dng ring r nhng thc t t dng. Ch D khng th dng ring r. Cc t hp hay
dng l PI, PD, PID.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Tuyn tnh v phi tuyn- Khi phn tch v thit k hu ht cc h thng iu khin c coi l cc phn t tuyn tnh,tc l phn t iu khin cho tn hiu ra t l thun vi tn hiu vo.- Tuy nhin c nhiu dng phi tuyn khc nhau xut hin trong cc phn t iu khin nh : tr,khong cht, bo ho m c tnh ca n c th hin qua hnh:
Hnh 2: mi quan h gia tn hiu vo/ra(I/O) ca phn t iu khin
- a: tuyn tnh: l mi quan h gia tn hiu
vo/ra (I/O) ca phn t iu khin hon tonl mt ng thng- b: phi tuyn : c th thay th gn ng bngmt ng thng, ng ny t v tr sais b nht.- c: Di cht l mt dy cc gi tr m tnhiu vo X khng lm thay i tn hiu ra- d: Tr l tnh phi tuyn dn n gi tr tnhiu ra Y khng trng nhau khi tn hiu votng hay gim.- e: Tr v cht th hin sai lch ln nht catn hiu ra gii hn trn v di- f: Bo ho l gii hn ca mt dy cc gi trtn hiu ra Y. Mt phn t thc t n giihn bo ho khi tn hiu vo thay i tn hiu
ra khng thay i.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Gim chn v n nh
- khuych i ca b phn iu khin xc nh mt c tnh quan trng ca h thng iu
khin l dng gim chn. c tnh ny c h thng th hin ra nh l mt p ng di tc
ng ca bn ngoi. p ng ca h thng iu khin th hin theo nm dng nh sau
Hnh 3: cc dng p ng
Khi khuych i tng png ca h thng thay i theocc dng nh sau:a: qu gim chn,
b: gim chn ti hn,c: gim chn tt dn,d: p ng bin khng i,e: p ng bin tng dn
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
- Ba loi u c trng cho h thng n nh, hai loi sau c trng cho trng thi
khng n nh. K thut n nh c dng lm tng gim chn trong h
thng, v do cho php t c khuych i cao.
- tng chung l tm mt tn hiu chng li s thay i i lng c iukhin. Tn hiu l tc thay i i lng c iu khin. Nh ta bit o
hm ca mt bin l tc thay i ca bin v tn hiu lm n nh ny c
coi nh o hm ca i lng c iu khin.
- gim chn tng nu o hm ca i lng c iu khin c tr ra khitn hiu sai lch trc khi vo c cu iu khin. Mt tn hiu lm n nh khc l
o hm ca tn hiu sai lch, nu i lng iu chnh l mt hng, tn hiu ny
bng gi tr m ca o hm i lng c iu khin. Gim chn tng nu o
hm sai lch c cng vi tn hiu sai lch trc khi vo c cu iu khin.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Mc tiu ca h thng iu khin:
Hnh 4: p ng ti bc thang
- Lm gim ti a gi tr ca tn hiu sai
lch, mt s h thng sai lch c th
gim n 0, trong khi cc h thng khc
i hi sai lch d b cho s thay
i ca ph ti.
- Trong c hai trng hp h thng iu
khin cn a tr s sai lch v gi tr
n nh, tr s khng thay i.
- Mc tiu th hai l gim n mc ti
thiu thi gian n nh t
- Mc tiu th ba l gim n mc ti
thiu sai lch d sau khi t c
trng thi n nh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
nh gi h thng iu khin :
Cho thay i ph ti theo hm bc thang sau quan st th nu bin ca
mt nh dng bng bin ca nh dng trc n khi dao ng l tt dn
hi t tt:
Hnh 5: Suy gim bin khi c ti bc thang
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
SCADA v DCS
DCS (Distributed Control System - H thng iu khin phn tn)
- H thng iu khin phn tn da trn cc phn cng v phn mm iu khin v thu thp d liu trn c
s 1 ng truyn thng tin tc cao, cc module c phn tn v t chc theo 1 cu trc nht nh vi
mt chc nng v nhim v ring. Cc thit b giao tip trn ng truyn tc cao ny cho php ghp nid dng vi cc b PLC, Controller , cc my tnh iu khin gim st khc.
- Cc chc nng iu khin c phn b khp h thng thay v x l tp trung trn mt my tnh n l.
Mt h thng DCS tiu biu c cc trm iu khin hot ng c lp v iu khin tng b phn chuyn
dng ca nh my...
- Kh nng x l tn hiu tng t v chy cc trnh t phc tp l th mnh ca h thng DCSSCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - H thng iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu)
- C th hiu SCADA l h thng dng trong cc ng dng iu khin qu trnh,cng nghip ha cht, truyn
ti in nng.. n da trn 1 my tnh x l trung tm (my ch) , d liu thu thp t cc cm bin t ti cc
phn xng, cc ta nh,.. hay cc trm t xa c gi v my tnh trung tm qun l v iu khin ( vi
1 s lng hn ch cc lnh iu khin c nh ngha trc, gi ti cc c cu chp hnh).
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
SCADA (Superv isory Contro l And Data Acquis i t ion) hiu theo ngha truyn thng
l mt h thng iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu. Nhm h tr con ngi trong
qu trnh gim st v iu khin t xa.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Programmable Automation Controllers (PACs)
Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs)
DCS(Distributed Control System - H thng iu khin phn tn)
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cc v d iu khin trn gin nn kh trung tm:
- h thng iu khin mc bnh:
C h h bi kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
- h thng iu khin p sut
C h h bi kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
h thng iu khin lu lng:
C h h bi kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
h thng iu khin nhit
C h h bi kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Ch iu khin t l P:
Ch iu khin t l to nn tn hiu ra b iu khin t l vi tn hiu sai lch . Chng c
mi quan h tuyn tnh c nh gia i lng c iu khin v v tr ca i tng iu
khin.
u = P+ uo
qua cng thc trn trong h thng iu khin mc cc bnh tch nu tng khuych i P
th ch cn mt sai lch b hn ca cng van m 100%, ni cch khc khuych i
ln i hi sai lch nh t c v tr ca van cn thit cho vic cn bng qu trnh tuy
nhin vic tng khuych i ny cng dn n xu hng tng dao ng ca i lngc iu khin cho nn cn chn phng n dung ho.
- Ch ny c dng cho nhng qu trnh c dung lng nh v thay i ph ti nhanh P
cn chn ln trnh dao ng.
C h h bi kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Ch iu khin tch phn I
ch iu khin tch phn lm thay i tn hiu ra u t l vi tch phn ca tn hiu sai lch.
Ch ny to nn mt tc ng iu khin lm tng lin tc tc ng iu chnh theo thi
gian. Nu sai lch nh ch tng I c tc dng hiu chnh chm, nu sai lch lnch I tng tc dng hiu chnh nhanh hn. I l tc tch phn (1/s) c tnh I/O nh sau:
Hnh 6: c tnh I/O
ca ch Ich I hu nhlun dng vi P
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Ch iu khin o hm Du = D(d/dt)
D l hng s thi gian o hm
Hnh 7: p ng bc v dc ca ch D l tng
- Ch iu khin o hm cho tn hiu ra
u t l vi vn tc thay i ca chnh l
d/dt. Ch D ngn chn mt sai lch ln
bng cch to nn mt tc ng hiu chnh
chn li s pht trin ca n.
- Ch D ch tc ng vo tn hiu ra ca
b iu khin khi tn hiu sai lch thay i
(tn hiu ra khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca
sai lch). V th ch D khng s dng
ring bit m kt hp vi ch khc.
-p ng bc v dc ca ch o
hm l tng c minh ho hnh bt
c thi im no, tn hiu ra ca b iu
khin D lun t l vi dc, hoc tc
thay i ca sai lch .
-p ng bc ch ra nguyn nhn lm cho
ch D khng dng ring trong thc t v
mi v tr thay i bc tn hiu ra u c dc v cc
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Ch iu khin PI
Hnh 8: c tnh I/O ca ch PI
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
- Ch PI l t hp ca ch P v I. y khi thay i tn hiu vo th ban u b PI
lm vic nh khu t l tc l tn hiu ra u t l vi sai lch , sau ch I to ra s thay
i b xung tn hiu ra tc l lm cho n t l vi tch phn ca tn hiu sai lch.
Tc tch phn I l s o ca thi gian cn thit ch I thch ng li s thay i
ca tn hiu ra do ch P a n.
- Ch I c xu hng lm tng dao ng ca i lng c iu khin. khuych i
P cn phi gim khi kt hp ch I. iu ny lm gim kh nng ca b iu khin
p ng s thay i nhanh ca ph ti. Nu qu trnh c thi gian tr ln tn hiu sai lch
khng p ng kp thi sai lch hin c trong qu trnh, s tr ny s dn n qu hiuchnh, ch I tip tc lm thay i tn hiu ra ca b iu khin sau khi sai lch
gim n 0.
- Ch PI thng dng qu trnh c thay i ph ti ln khi mt mnh ch P khng
c kh nng gim dao ng v ch I to nn tc ng hiu chnh trit tiu dao ng.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Ch iu khin PDu = P+ PD(d/dt) - (du/dt) + uo
: h s gii hn ca o hm. Ch kt hp ny cho php gim xu hng dao ng v
cho php tng khuych i t l. ch PD, khu P to nn s thay i ca tn hiu ra
t l vi tn hiu sai lch, khu D to nn s thay i b sung ca tn hiu ra t l vi vn tc
thay i ca tn hiu sai lch ngn chn trc gi tr mi ca tn hiu sai lch v thay i tn
hiu ra mt cch tng ng. Tc ng ngn nga trc lm cho khu D rt hu dng
trong iu khin qu trnh c ph ti thay i t ngt
Ch iu khin PID
Khu I dng trit tiu sai lch t l khi thay i ph ti. Khu D gim dao ng v tc ng
ngn chn s thay i tn hiu sai lch. V th PID c dng qu trnh c ti trng thay
i t ngt, mc thay i ln .
Cc b PID thc t c chen h s gii hn o hm vo khu PD nn u s l
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
VAN
Hai loi van thng dng l van trt v van
xoay
- Van trt tiu biu l van cu (globe valve)- Van xoay tiu biu l van bm, van bi
Hnh 9. Van iu khin
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Tu thuc yu cu cng
ngh m ngi ta dng van
c u x (plug) khc nhau,
cho bit mi loi u x c
kh nng cho mi cht i
qua tu hnh trnh tng i
ca van hnh 10
Hnh 10: Cc loi u x ca van
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Hnh 11 : m v lu lng ca van-ng c tnh van
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Kch c van :
- Chn van c kch c ng l rt quan trng, nu van qu nh n c th khng p
ng c yu cu cho dng lu cht i qua, nu qu ln s lng ph v lm vic
khng n nh.
- Mi van iu khin u c mt h s Cv khc nhau ph thuc vo kch c v loi
van iu khin.
- chn c ng van phi bit iu kin dng chy thc t v phng php
tnh ton Cv yu cu.
- Cc cng thc tnh kch thc van c chun ho bi ISA c s dng kh
rng ri i vi cht lng dng bn ti hn ( khi P < Ps *FL2)
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cng ngh ch bin kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cng ngh ch bin kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cng ngh ch bin kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cng ngh ch bin kh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Cng nghchbinkh
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
VAN AN TONC ba dng ph bin sau:
1. Van an ton dng khng cn bng
-y l dng van an ton c cu to n gin
nht, thng c s dng khi x kh v h
thng khng c p sut hoc ra mi trng.
- V khng c c cu cn bng nn s hot
ng ca van b nh hng rt ln ca p sut
h thng x (p sut ngc).
- Khi p sut h thng x (p sut ngc) ln
hn 10% p sut t van an ton, van dng
khng cn bng khng c s dng.
Hnh 12. Van an ton dng khng cn bng
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Hnh 13. Van an ton dng cn bng
2. Van an ton dng cn bng
S khc bit gia van cn bng v
khng cn bng l ch van dng
cn bng c thit k thm mtpitong hoc mt ng sinphng t
pha trn a lm kn nhm loi tr s
tc ng ca p sut ngc ln a
lm kn.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
3. Van an ton dng iu khin pilot
- Hai dng van cn bng v khng cn bng trnh by trn u dng lc l xo tc ng
trc tip ln a lm kn, khi p lc t di thng c lc l xo th van s m. i vi van
c p sut ln v lu lng ln i hi l xo phi c kch c ln tng ng, do s tng
ng k kch c ca van an ton.-im u vit ca van an ton dng iu khin pilot l dng mt van an ton nh-pilot
iu khin van chnh, do khng cn dng l xo tc ng trc tip ln a lm kn. p
sut ngun s tc ng ng thi ln b mt trn v b mt di ca a lm kn (pitong),
do tit din tip xc ca mt trn ln hn mt di nn khi lm vic bnh thng a lm
kn s b tc ng ng cht. Khi p sut tng vt qu p sut t ca van an ton nh
iu khin (dng l xo), phn p sut pha trn a lm kn s b x i, p sut pha di s
y a m.
- Van an ton dng iu khin pilot b hn ch s dng trong cc trng hp khi mi
cht c nhiu tp cht bn c th gy tc cc ng dn iu khin.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Hnh 14. Van an ton dng iu khin pilot
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
2. o lu lng kiu turbine
-o lu lng kiu turbine c
ng dng rng ri, ngoi tr cho
cht lng c nht cao, khi lm
vic turbine s quay m tc
quay ph thuc vo lu lng v
tnh cht ca mi cht qua n Xc
nh c tc ca turbine l s
xc nh c lu lng. Do
thit b o lu lng bng turbine
l thit b o tc quay ca
turbine.
- Mi vng quay s tng ng vi
mt lu lng th tch, c xc
nh bng h s turbine .
Hnh 15. B o lu lng kiu turbine
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
V d: ng ng kh v b t gin nn kh trung tm c cc thng s nh sau, hy
tnh kh nng vn chuyn ca ng ng.
cng thc Panhandle B
Lu : trn ng ng c cc thit b nh valve , co, ct, u ni ti y tn
hao p lc do ma st s ln hn do thay i hng dng chy v thit din thu
nh, thng c gi l tn hao cc b. Thng thng ngi ta s qui i cc
thit b trn thnh cc on ng tng ng sau cng vo di thc
t thnh di tng ng tnh ton.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Bng sau hng
dn qui i cc
thit b ng ng
thnh cc on ng
c tn hao tng
ng.
Hnh 16.Tn haop lc quii cavan, uni.
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
NPS:Nominal Pipe Size (inches),
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
Hnh 16.
ng v cc
thng s ghi
trn thn
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CHNG 7 IU KHIN CNG
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN
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CHNG 7 IU KHIN CNG
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CHNG 7.IU KHIN CNGNGH V THIT B IU KHIN