Post on 24-Feb-2016
description
Chapters 1–21. Mottos at Penn
2. Nouns
3. Verbs
4. Conjunctions
5. A more sophisticated motto
1. Mottos at Penn
Yours?
1. Mottos at Penn
Mine?
consilium iuvant litterae
1. Mottos at PennHarnwell College House
http://www.pennlatinproject.com/campus-and-philadelphia-
inscriptions.html
1. Mottos at PennHarnwell College House (cont.)
monstrat sol viam
monstrat viam sol
sol viam monstrat
sol monstrat viam
viam sol monstrat
viam monstrat solHow is is possible for Latin to vary the order without changing the basic meaning?
How is it possible for Latin to say in three words what English needs five to say?
2. Nounsmonstrat sol viam
monstrat viam sol
sol viam monstrat
sol monstrat viam
viam sol monstrat
viam monstrat sol
The grammatical function is indicated by a noun’s word-ending. (Latin’s an “inflected language” …)
Latin has no definite or indefinite article:
sol = sun, the sunviam = a path, the path
2. NounsCases
lūna viam monstrat / The moon shows a path
lūnam via monstrat / The path shows the moon
-a = nominative case (subject function)
-am = accusative case (direct object function)
2. NounsCases (cont.)
lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat
The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor.
-a = nominative case (subject function)
-a = vocative case (used for direct address)
-ae = genitive case (“of” etc.)
-ae = dative case (“to” etc.)
-am = accusative case (direct object function)
–ā = ablative case (“by” etc.)
2. Nouns1st “declension”
singular pluralnominative
lūn-a lūn-ae
genitive lūn-ae lūn-ārum
dative lūn-ae lūn-īs
accusative
lūn-am lūn-ās
ablative lūn-ā lūn-īs
Same endings for all nouns with principal parts in -a, -ae regardless of gender.
Vocative = same as nominative.
Some forms are ambiguous (sorry about that …).
2. Nouns2nd declension masculine
singular pluralnominative
domin-us domin-ī
genitive domin-ī domin-ōrum
dative domin-ō domin-īs
accusative domin-um domin-ōs
ablative domin-ō domin-īs
singular pluralnominative
ager agr-ī
genitive agr-ī agr-ōrum
dative agr-ō agr-īs
accusative agr-um agr-ōs
ablative agr-ō agr-īs
Vocative singular = domin-e
2. Nouns2nd declension neuter
singular pluralnominative
bell-um bell-a
genitive bell-ī bell-ōrum
dative bell-ō bell-īs
accusative
bell-um bell-a
ablative bell-ō bell-īs
Note ambiguity for all neuter nouns: nominative and accusative identical!
2. NounsCases
lūna, ō rēgīna Rōmae, viam nautae nātūrā monstrat
The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor.
vir, ō amīce dominī, agrum puerō consiliō monstrat.
Meaning?
2. NounsFive declensions
declension defining characeristic
examples
1 a rēgīna, -ae f. queenpoēta, -ae m. poetNO NEUTER
2 u(originally o)
cf. Greek phil-os)
amīcus, -ī m. friendFEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground)consilium, -iī n. advice
3 consonant sol, sōlis m. sunvōx, vōcis f. voiceanimal, animālis n. animal
4 u currus, -ūs m. chariotNO FEMININEcornū, -ūs n. horn
5 e speciēs, speciēī f. sightNO MASCULINE OR NEUTER
3. VerbsSentence patterns corresponding to different verb-types
verb type example translationintransitive verb lūna lūcet The moon shines
transitive verb taking direct
object
lūna viam monstrat The moon shows a path
transitive verb taking two accusatives
lūna nautam fortūnam docet The moon teaches the sailor (his) fortune
transitive verb taking
complementary infinitive
lūna viam monstrāre dēbet The moon ought to show a path
3. VerbsInflection by person and number
person number example meaning1st
singular
lūnam videō I see the moon
2nd vidēs lunam? You seen the moon?
3rd monstrat viam! It shows a path
1st
plural
viam habēmus We have a path
2nd lūnam amātis? You love the moon?
3rd viam habent. They have a path
Why does Latin need fewer words to say this?
Because no explicit subject is needed: it’s indicated by the person
endings.
3. Verbs1st and 2nd conjugations: present active indicative
person
numbe
r
1st conjugatio
n
2nd conjugation translations
1st
sing.
am(a)-ō habe-ō I — / am —ing
2nd amā-s habē-s You —/ are —ing
3rd ama-t habe-t He/she/it —s / is —ing
1st
pl.
amā-mus habē-mus We — / are —ing
2nd amā-tis habē-tis You (y’all) — / are —ing
3rd ama-nt habe-nt They — / are —ing
Stem is derived from 2nd principal part: amā-re, habē-re Note variation in stem-vowel length: shortened before -ō, -t, -nt
3. VerbsIdentifying a verb form
person
number tense voice mood
1st
2nd
3rd
singularplural
presentimperfect
future
perfectpluperfect
future perfect
activepassive
indicativesubjuncti
veimperativ
einfinitiveparticiple
E.g. monstrat: “3rd person singular present active indicative”
Note: infinitive forms are “non-finite” and have no person or numberE.g. monstrāre: “present active infinitive”
3. VerbsSentence types for indicative and infinitive
mood sentence type example question
indicativestatement puellae clāmant The girls are
shouting
question puellae-ne clāmant?
Are the girls shouting?
infinitive complementary construction
puellae clāmāre audent
The girls dare to shout
4. Conjunctionsconjunction structure example
andx et y puerī et puellae
x y-que puerī puellaeque
both … and et x et y et puerī et puellae
but (x) sed y puerī clāmant, sed puellae tacent
5. A more sophisticated motto?The moon shows a path, but the sailors are doubtful.
The farmers both work and choose war.
Fortune, are you silent? You teach wisdom.