Chapter 6Modular Programming

Dr. J.-Y. Pan Dept. Comm. Eng.Nat. Chung Cheng Univ.http://ant.comm.ccu.edu.twjypan@comm.ccu.edu.tw

3-2中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

本章重點

PointerName scopeTesting skill

3-3中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.1 Function With Output Parameter

Argument lists provide the communication links between the main function and its function subprograms.

Arguments enable a function to manipulate different data each time it is called.

When a function call executes, the computer allocates memory space in the function data area for each formal parameter. The value of each actual parameter is stored in the memory cell allocated to its corresponding formal parameter.

3-4中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.1 Function separate

3-5中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Pointer A memory cell whose content is the address of another memory cell

Fig 1.4Fig 3.15

Actual & Formal

3-6中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

If a reference x is of type “whatever-type”, the reference &x is of type “pointer to whatever-type,” that is, “whatever-type *.”

3-7中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.5 Comparison of Direct and Indirect Reference

3-8中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.1 (cont) Meaning of * Symbol

Three distinct meanings of the symbol * Multiplication

3 * x + 4 (expression)

Part of the names of the parameters’ data typespointer tochar *signp; (declaration)

Unary indirection operatorfollow the pointer*signp = ‘+’; (execution statement)

3-9中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.2 Multiple Calls to a Function with Input/Output Parameters

sort A rearrangement of data in a particular

sequence (increasing or decreasing)

Example 6.2 The main function in Fig. 6.6 gets three data

values and rearranges the data in increasing sequence.

3-10中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.6 Program to Sort Three Numbers

3-11中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.6 Program to Sort Three Numbers (cont’d)

Comparing to p.164, Fig 4.5

3-12中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.2 (cont) Trace of Program to Sort Three Numbers

Statement num1 num2 num3 Effect

scanf(“...”, &num1, &num2, &num3);

7.5 9.6 5.5 Enter data

Order(&num1, &num2); No change

Order(&num1, &num3); 5.5 9.6 7.5 Switch

Order(&num2, &num3); 5.5 7.5 9.6 Switch

printf(“...”, num1, num2, num3)

Display

3-13中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.7 Data Areas After temp = *smp; During Call order(&num1, &num3);

3-14中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Program Style

Functions that return a single value are the easiest functions for a program reader to deal with.

If a function subprogram has a meaningful name, the reader can often get a good idea of what is happening in the calling function.

3-15中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.3 Scope of Names

The scope of a name refers to the region of a program where a particular meaning of a name is visible or can be referenced.

Name is defined as constant macros and their scope begins at their definition and continues to the end of the source file.

3-16中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.8 Outline of Program for Studying Scope of Names

3-17中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Scope of Names Use in Fig. 6.8

3-18中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.4 Formal Output Parameters as Actual Arguments

Fig. 6.9 shows a function that scans a data line representing a common fraction of the form numerator / denominator Numerator is an integer Denominator is a positive integer

Figure 6.10 shows the data areas for scan_fraction and the function calling it.

3-19中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.9 Function scan_fraction

nump &slash denomp

Driver: Fig 6.15

3-20中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.10 Data Areas for scan_fraction and Its Caller

scanf()

3-21中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.5 A Program with Multiple Functions CASE STUDY Arithmetic with Common Fractions

3-22中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

3-23中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions

Design Initial Algorithm

1.Repeat as log as user wants to continue2. Get a fraction problem3. Compute the result4. Display problem and result5. Check if user wants to continue

Refinement2.1 Get first fraction2.2 Get operator2.3 Get second fraction

3-24中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions

Design Refinement

3.1 Select a task based on operator3.1.2 Add the fractions3.1.3 Add the first fraction and the negation of the second3.1.4 Multiply the fractions3.1.5 Multiply the first fraction and the reciprocal of the

second

3.2 Put the result fraction in reduced form

3-25中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions

Design Refinement of 3.2

3.2.1 Find the greatest common divisor (gcd) of the numerator and denominator

3.2.2 Divide the numerator and denominator by the gcd

Fig. 6.11 shows the data flow among the steps

3-26中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.11 Structure Chart for Common Fraction Problem

Fig 6.9

HW5

3-27中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.5 (cont) Case Study: Arithmetic with Common Fractions

Implementation (Figure 6.12) stub

A skeleton function that consists of a header and statements that display trace messages and assign values to output parameters

Enables testing of the flow of control among functions before this function is completed

multiply_fractions and find_gcd use stubs

3-28中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions

直接看程式…

3-29中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

3-30中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

3-31中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

3-32中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

3-33中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.12 Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Common Fractions (cont’d)

3-34中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.13 Sample Run of a Partially Complete Program Containing Stubs

3-35中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Testing (Figure 6.13) Insert a stub for each function not yet completed Each stub prints an identification message and

assigns values to its output parameters

3-36中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.6 Debugging and Testing a Program SystemThe number of statements in a program system

grows, the possibility of error also increases. keep each function to a manageable size

Top-down testing the process of testing flow of control between a main

function and its subordinate functionsBottom-up testing

The process of separately testing individual functions of a program system

Unit test A test of an individual function

System integration tests Testing a system after replacing all its stubs with

functions that have been pretested

3-37中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

Figure 6.15 Driver for Function scan_fractionDriver

A short function written to test another function by defining its arguments, calling it, and displaying its result.

3-38中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.6 (cont) Debugging Tips for Program Systems

Carefully document each function parameter and local variable using comments.

Create a trace of execution by displaying namesTrace or display the values of all input and

input/output parametersTrace or display the values of all function outputs

after returning from a functionMake sure that a function stub assigns a value to

the variable pointed to by each output parameter Use “step into” and “step over” in debugger

3-39中正大學通訊工程系 潘仁義老師 Advanced Network Technology Lab

6.7 Common Programming Errors

N O TBeware of name scope and life time

Is there any identifier referenced outside its scope?

Does the identifier refer to what you want to? …