Chapter 30The Animal KingdomThe Deuterostomes

Deuterostomes

• 2nd main branch of animal kingdom• Mouth second, Anus first• Radial cleavage, indeterminate

Phylum Echinodermata

• “spiny-skinned”• Marine• Larvae – bilateral symmetry, ciliated, free-

swimming• Adult- pentaradial symmetry – 5 points

around central axis• Endoskeleton of CaCO3 plates and spines

(project)

• Water vascular system – unique– Fluid-filled canals – locomotion, feeding, gas

exchange– Branches to tube feet – suction to surface

• Coelomic fluid – transport• Complete digestive system• No excretory organs• Nervous system – nerve rings w/ radiating

nerves about the mouth• Sexes separate – gametes, water fertilization

Fig. 33-39

AnusStomach

Spine

Gills

Madreporite

Radialnerve

Gonads

AmpullaPodium

Tubefeet

Radial canal

Ringcanal

Central disk

Digestive glands

Tube Feet

6 Classes of Echinoderms

• 1. Class Crinoidea– Feather star (motile) , sea lilies (sessile)– Oral surface upper side– Arms extend upward

Fig. 33-40d

(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea)

• 2. Class Asteroidea– Sea stars– Body – central disk w/ 5-20 arms– Underside of arm – 100s pairs tube feet– Mouth – center, underside– Endoskeleton – calcareous plates– Gas exchange – dermal gills– Carnivorous– Slow-moving– Circulation poor coelomic fluid – bathes tissues– Excretory – diffusion across tube feet/gills

Fig. 33-40a

(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

• 3. Class Ophiuroidea– Basket star, brittle star– Resemble sea stars w/ central disk and arms– Arms – long + slender– Swim – more quickly– Tube feet – no suckers so no locomotion

Fig. 33-40b

(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)

• 4. Class Echinoidea– Sea urchins, sand dollars– Skeletal plates flattened + fused to form solid shell

= test– Spines on body– Tube feet + movable spines – locomotion– Calcareous teeth – graze sea floor for algae

Fig. 33-40c

(c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

• 5. Class Holothuroidea– Sea cucumbers (size + shape cucumber)– Body – flexible, muscular sac– Mouth surrounded by circle of tentacles (modified

tube feet)– Endoskeleton reduced to microscopic plates in

body wall– Sluggish– Evisceration

Fig. 33-40e

(e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

• 6. Class Concentricycloidea– Sea daisies– 2 ring canals w/ tube feet projecting from outer

ring

Fig. 33-40f

(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

Phylum Hemichordata

• “half chordate”• Bilateral w/ring of cilia around mouth• 3 part body – proboscis, collar, trunk• Like chordates – pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal

nerve cord• Like echinoderms – molecular data, similar

larvae• Acorn worms

Phylum Chordata• Humans• 3 subphyla– Urochordata – tunicates– Cephalochordata – lancelets– Vertebrata – animals w/backbones

• Deuterostome coelomate• Bilateral symmetry• Tube w/in a tube body plan• 3 well-developed germ layers• Endoskeleton, closed circulatory system

Unique Characteristics of Chordates(sometime in life cycle)

• 1. notochord– Dorsal longitudinal rod – firm, flexible, support

• 2. dorsal tubular nerve cord– Hollow, single

• 3. Pharyngeal slits– In embryo, form as grooves in pharyngeal region– Become gills, jaws

• 4. muscular postanal tail– On larva/embryo

Fig. 34-3

Dorsal,hollow

nerve cord

AnusMuscular,

post-anal tail

Pharyngealslits or clefts

Notochord

Mouth

Musclesegments

Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates

• Sea squirts• Chordate characteristics in larvae– Pharyngeal slits– Muscular tail, notochord, + dorsal tubular nerve cord

• Adult - sessile on sea bottom– Loses tail, notochord, much of nervous system– Barrel shape– Tunic = protective covering, made of cellulose

• Suspension feeders• Reproduce– Budding– Sexually - hermaphroditic

Fig. 34-5

Tunic

Water flow

Excurrentsiphon

Atrium

An adult tunicate

Pharynxwithslits Anus

Atrium

Excurrentsiphon

Incurrentsiphonto mouth

Dorsal, hollownerve cord

Incurrentsiphon

Excurrentsiphon

Musclesegments

Notochord

Tail

Stomach

Intestine

Intestine

Esophagus

Stomach

Pharynx with slits

A tunicate larva

Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets (amphioxus)

• Translucent, fish-shaped• 5-10 cm long• Pointed both ends• Chordate characteristics– Notochord, pharyngeal slits, nerve cord

• Filter feeder

Fig. 34-4

Dorsal, hollownerve cord

Notochord

Tail

Cirri

Mouth

Pharyngeal slits

Digestive tract

Atrium

Atriopore

Segmentalmuscles

Anus

2 cm

Subphylum Vertebrata

• Vertebral column – backbone– Skeletal axis of body– Develops around notochord– Usually – replaces notochord– Made of vertebrae (cartilage or bone segments)

• Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord

• Cranium – encloses + protects brain• Endoskeleton = cranium + vertebral column– Living – grows w/ animal– bone

• Cephalization• 2 pair appendages – stability, locomotion• Closed circulatory system• Complete digestive tract• Endocrine glands – hormones• Sexes typically separate

Vertebrates Class Agnatha – jawless fishes

• Hagfish, lampreys• No jaws or paired fins• Eel-shaped up to 1 m• smooth skin, no scales• Cartilaginous skeleton• Well-developed notochord• Many parasitic – circular sucking disk around

mouth

Fig. 34-9

Slime glands

Fig. 34-10

VertebratesClass Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes

• Sharks, rays, skates• Cartilage not replaced by bone• Paired jaws, 2 pair fins• Scales• Stay afloat?– No swim bladder– Swim – body shape + fins– Oil storage in liver

• Most predatory• 5-7 pair gills• Sexes separate – internal fertilization

Fig. 34-15a

Pelvic finsPectoral fins

(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

Fig. 34-15b

(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

Manta Ray

Shark Eating Seal

VertebratesClass Osteichthyes – bony fishes

• Bony skeleton, many vertebrae – support, calcium storage

• Body – overlapping bony scales• External fertilization• Stay afloat?– Swim bladder – air sac – helps regulate buoyancy– Holds up bones, muscles– Fish can hover w/o much effort

Fig. 34-17a

(a) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Fig. 34-17b

(b) Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)

Clownfish and Sea Anemone

Coral Reef

Fig. 34-17c

(c) Sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus)

Sea Horses

Fig. 34-17d

(d) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii)

VertebratesClass Amphibia

• Salamander, newt, frog, toad• Most live on land near water• Need water to reproduce• Metamorphosis– Larva to adult (frogs, toads) – tadpole

• Lungs, moist skin – gas exchange • 3-chambered heart

Newt

Fig. 34-21

(a) Order Urodela

(b) Order Anura

(c) Order Apoda

Fig. 34-22

(c) Mating adults

(a) Tadpole

(b) During metamorphosis

Fig. 34-23

Vertebrates - Amniotes

• Amniotic egg – can complete life cycle on land– Keeps water environment

• Minimize water loss– Body covering – no gas exchange on surface

efficient lungs, circulatory system– Fluid reabsorbed, solid waste

Fig. 34-25

Yolk sac

Amnioticcavitywithamnioticfluid

Chorion

Amnion

Albumen

Yolk(nutrients)

Allantois

Embryo

Shell

VertebratesClass Reptilia

• Lizard, crocodile, turtle, snake, alligator• Amnion, leathery shall on egg reproduce w/o

water• Dry, scaly skin• 3-chambered heart– Crocs – 4 chambers

• Internal fertilization• Lungs• Excrete uric acid

Fig. 34-27

(a) Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)

(c) Wagler’s pit viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri)

(b) Australian thorny devil lizard (Moloch horridus)

(e) American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

(d) Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Marine Iguana

Snakes Wrestle

Fig. 34-26

Tortoise

Vertebrates Class Aves - birds• Feathers – light, flexible, strong - flight• Bones – fragile, light, strong, hollow• Scales on legs – (reptile ancestor)• Wings – flight, swim• Lay eggs – internal fertilization• Beak at mouth• Air sac – thin-walled extension of lungs – occupy space

between internal organs and w/in certain bones• 4 chambered heart• Digestive system – crop + gizzard• Endothermic• Excrete uric acid• Calls, songs

Fig. 34-28

(a) Wing

(b) Bone structure

(c) Feather structure

Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3

Palm

Hook

VaneBarbuleBarbShaft

WristForearm

Shaft

Fig. 34-30

(a) Emu

(b) Mallards

(c) Laysan albatrosses

(d) Barn swallows

Flapping Geese

Soaring Hawk

Swans take flight

VertebratesClass Mammalia

• Hair – insulates, protects body• Mammary glands – milk for young• Differentiation of teeth– Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

• 3 middle ear bones – vibrations• Endothermic• 4 chambered heart• Internal fertilization

Fig. 34-31

(b) In mammals, the articular and quadrate bones are incorporated into the middle ear.

(a) In Biarmosuchus, an early synapsid, the articular and quadrate bones formed the jaw joint.

Middle ear

Temporalfenestra

Jaw joint

Eardrum

Present-day reptile Present-day mammal

Malleus (articular)

Incus (quadrate)Sound

Stapes

Inner ear

Eardrum Middle ear

Sound

Inner earStapes

Key

QuadrateArticular

SquamosalDentary

3 Subclasses of Mammals:

• 1. Holotheria – Monotremes– Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater (echidna)– Females lay eggs in pouch on abdomen or warm

nest– Hatch – lap up milk secreted from mammary

glands – no nipples

Fig. 34-32

• 2. Metatheria – Marsupials (pouched mammals)– Kangaroos, opossums, koala, wallabies, wombats– Embryo begins in mom’s uterus– born immature– Crawl to marsupium (pouch) to complete

development– Nourished by milk from mammary gland

Fig. 34-33

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

Fig. 34-34

Plantigale

Marsupialmammals

Eutherianmammals

Marsupialmammals

Eutherianmammals

Marsupial mole

Flying squirrelSugar glider

Deer mouse

Mole

Tasmanian devil

Wombat

Kangaroo

Woodchuck

Patagonian cavy

Wolverine

• 3. Eutheria – Placental mammals– Placenta – organ of exchange between embryo

and mom– Born at mature stage

Fig. 34-36

Bat Licking

Bat Pollinating

Sea Lion

Wolves

Gibbon

Chimp

Chimp

Fig. 34-39

(e) Bonobos

(a) Gibbon

(d) Chimpanzees

(b) Orangutan

(c) Gorilla

Placental Mammal Orders

Order• Insectivora• Chiroptera• Carnivora• Xenarthra• Rodentia• Lagomorpha

Example• Hedgehog• Bat• Wolf• Sloth• Squirrel• rabbit

Placental Mammal Orders

Order• Primata• Perissodactyla• Artiodactyla• Proboscidea• Sirenia• Cetacea• Pinnipedia

Example • Lemur• Horse, rhino• Giraffe• Elephant• Manatee• Whale• seal