Chapter 18: The Chemistry of Heredity

Molecular Genetics

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Courtesy Alfred Pasieka/Peter Arnold, Inc.

Figure 18.1: (1) Preparing the gelatin. (2) Adding canned pineapple to the liquid gelatin. (3) Adding fresh pineapple to the liquid gelatin. (4) The gelatin mixture does not solidify in the presence of fresh pineapple.

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Courtesy Andy Washnik

Figure 18.2: The geometry of a single, double (DNA), and triple (gelatin) helix.

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Figure 18.3: Gregor Mendel laid the foundation for our understanding of how individual characteristics are passed from parents to offspring.

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Courtesy Leslie Holzer/Photo Researchers

Figure 18.4: A typical animal cell.

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Courtesy David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

Figure 18.5: Chromosomes and DNA (Section 18.6).

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Courtesy BioPhoto Asoc/Science Source/Photo Researchers

Figure 18.6: Stages in the mitosis of a human cell.

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Courtesy J. C. Revy/Copyright ISM/Phototake

Figure 18.7: An early (1953) model of a portion of a DNA molecule, designed and built by James Watson, left, and Francis Crick, right (Section 18.10).

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Courtesy A. Barrington/Science Source/Photo Researchers

Figure 18.8: Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, and phosphoric acid.

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Figure 18.9: The amine bases of DNA.

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Figure 18.10: The combination of 2-deoxyribose, cytosine, and phosphoric acid produces a typical nucleotide.

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Figure 18.11: A typical segment of the DNA chain.

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Figure 18.12: Thymine and uracil.

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Figure 18.13: Hydrogen bonding and the double helix of DNA.

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Figure 18.14: DNA replication.

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Dolly, the first successful clone of an adult mammal.

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Courtesy AP/Wide World Photos

Rainbow (left), the cat, and CC (right), the cloned kitten.

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Courtesy Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine

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Classify as reversible or irreversible the effects of (a) hot water on the proteins of gelatin, (b) the high temperature canning process on the proteins of bromelin, and (c) the high temperatures of frying on the proteins of egg white.

QUESTION

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Identify a polypeptide produced by the human body that helps ensure the effective nourishment of newly born children.

QUESTION

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Name another chemical, in addition to vitamin C, that is found in much higher concentrations in oranges (and lemons, as well as other citrus fruit) than in apples (See Chapter 10)

QUESTION

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Is red hair classified as a phenotype or a genotype? What term do we give to the carrier of the genetic information that transmits the characteristic of red hair from parent to child?

QUESTION

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Based on the limited data of this section, what correlation, if any, appears to exist between the number of chromosomes in the cells of mammals and nonmammals? Of plants and animals?

QUESTION

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What is the full chemical term represented by the letters of DNA?

QUESTION

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How would you define a gene in biological terms? In chemical terms?

QUESTION

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In what way(s) are mRNA and tRNA similar? How do they differ?

QUESTION

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What amino acid does the codon GGC correspond to?

QUESTION

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Why are the two DNA strands of a double helix regarded as complementary rather than identical?

QUESTION

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What is the difference between a gene and a genome?

QUESTION

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What was the first adult mammal to be cloned successfully? When and where did this occur, and how many unsuccessful attempts preceded the first success?

QUESTION