Post on 30-Dec-2015
description
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
主講人：虞台文
Content Introduction Structure Definitions Initializing Structures Accessing Members of Structures Using Structures with Functions typedef Unions Bitwise Operators Bit Fields Enumeration Constants
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Introduction
Main Topics
Structure– Collections of related variables (aggregates) under
one name– Can contain variables of different data types– Commonly used to define records to be stored in
files– Combined with pointers, can create linked lists,
stacks, queues, and trees Union
– Allowed data type being overloaded Bit fields Enumeration
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Structure Definitions
Structure Definitions
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
A structure definition does not reserve space in memory.
Instead, creates a new data type used to define structure variables.
Define Structure Variables (I)
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
Define Structure Variables (II)
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} teacher, students[51], *p;// variable identifier follows type
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} teacher, students[51], *p;// variable identifier follows type
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
Define Structure Variables (III)
struct PersonalData{ char name[namesize]; char address[addresssize]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} teacher, students[51], *p;// variable identifier follows type
struct PersonalData{ char name[namesize]; char address[addresssize]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} teacher, students[51], *p;// variable identifier follows type
typedef struct _tagPersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} PersonalData;
PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
typedef struct _tagPersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;} PersonalData;
PersonalData teacher, students[51], *p;
Valid Operations
Assigning a structure to a structure of the same typex = teacher;teacher = *p;students[i] = x;
Taking the address (&) of a structure p = &students[i];
Accessing the members of a structuregets(students[0].name);p->YearOfBirth = 88;
Using the sizeof to determine the size of a structuresize = sizeof(struct PersonalData);size = sizeof(x);
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData x, teacher, students[51], *p;
struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
struct PersonalData x, teacher, students[51], *p;
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
#include <stdio.h>
#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record printf("Enter name of the student: "); gets(student.name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(student.address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &student.YearOfBirth,
&student.MonthOfBirth, &student.DayOfBirth);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record printf("Student name: %s\n", student.name); printf("Address: %s\n", student.address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", student.YearOfBirth, student.MonthOfBirth, student.DayOfBirth);}
getPersonInfo(&student);
showPersonInfo(&student);
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
Example// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student;
// Enter the student's record getPersonInfo(&student);
printf("\n\n");
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
sizeof Operator
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
sizeof(struct SomeData) = ?
sizeof Operator
#include <stdio.h>#include <limits.h>#include <float.h>
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
main(){ char mark[]={'M', 'A', 'R', 'K'}; struct SomeData x;
printf("sizeof(struct SomeData) = %d\n\n", sizeof(struct SomeData));
x.aChar = 'A'; x.anInt = INT_MAX; x.aFloat = FLT_MAX; x.aDouble = DBL_MAX;
printf("Address of x: %p\n", &x); printf("Address of x.aChar: %p\n", &x.aChar); printf("Address of x.anInt: %p\n", &x.anInt); printf("Address of x.aFloat: %p\n", &x.aFloat); printf("Address of x.aDouble: %p\n", &x.aDouble);}
#include <stdio.h>#include <limits.h>#include <float.h>
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
main(){ char mark[]={'M', 'A', 'R', 'K'}; struct SomeData x;
printf("sizeof(struct SomeData) = %d\n\n", sizeof(struct SomeData));
x.aChar = 'A'; x.anInt = INT_MAX; x.aFloat = FLT_MAX; x.aDouble = DBL_MAX;
printf("Address of x: %p\n", &x); printf("Address of x.aChar: %p\n", &x.aChar); printf("Address of x.anInt: %p\n", &x.anInt); printf("Address of x.aFloat: %p\n", &x.aFloat); printf("Address of x.aDouble: %p\n", &x.aDouble);}
sizeof Operator
#include <stdio.h>#include <limits.h>#include <float.h>
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
main(){ char mark[]={'M', 'A', 'R', 'K'}; struct SomeData x;
printf("sizeof(struct SomeData) = %d\n\n", sizeof(struct SomeData));
x.aChar = 'A'; x.anInt = INT_MAX; x.aFloat = FLT_MAX; x.aDouble = DBL_MAX;
printf("Address of x: %p\n", &x); printf("Address of x.aChar: %p\n", &x.aChar); printf("Address of x.anInt: %p\n", &x.anInt); printf("Address of x.aFloat: %p\n", &x.aFloat); printf("Address of x.aDouble: %p\n", &x.aDouble);}
#include <stdio.h>#include <limits.h>#include <float.h>
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
main(){ char mark[]={'M', 'A', 'R', 'K'}; struct SomeData x;
printf("sizeof(struct SomeData) = %d\n\n", sizeof(struct SomeData));
x.aChar = 'A'; x.anInt = INT_MAX; x.aFloat = FLT_MAX; x.aDouble = DBL_MAX;
printf("Address of x: %p\n", &x); printf("Address of x.aChar: %p\n", &x.aChar); printf("Address of x.anInt: %p\n", &x.anInt); printf("Address of x.aFloat: %p\n", &x.aFloat); printf("Address of x.aDouble: %p\n", &x.aDouble);}
sizeof Operator
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
struct SomeData{ char aChar; int anInt; float aFloat; double aDouble;};
sizeof(struct SomeData) = ?
Because the size of data
items of a particular type
is machine dependent and
because storage alignment
considerations are
machine dependent, so too
is the representation of a
structure.
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Initializing Structures
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student = {
"Hale-Evans, Ron","Seattle, Washington",1965,6,27
};
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData student = {
"Hale-Evans, Ron","Seattle, Washington",1965,6,27
};
// Print out the student record showPersonInfo(&student);}
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
Example
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.h#define NAMESIZE 50#define ADDRSIZE 80struct PersonalData{ char name[NAMESIZE]; char address[ADDRSIZE]; int YearOfBirth; int MonthOfBirth; int DayOfBirth;};
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *);
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// person.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
void getPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Enter name: "); gets(p->name); printf("Enter address: "); gets(p->address); printf("Enter birthday: yy/mm/dd: "); scanf("%2d/%2d/%2d", &p->YearOfBirth,
&p->MonthOfBirth, &p->DayOfBirth);}
void showPersonInfo(struct PersonalData *p){ printf("Name: %s\n", p->name); printf("Address: %s\n", p->address); printf("Bithday: %2d/%2d/%2d\n", p->YearOfBirth,
p->MonthOfBirth, p->DayOfBirth);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "person.h"
main(){ struct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
}; struct PersonalData *p; int i; // Print out the records for(i = 0, p = persons; i < sizeof(persons)/sizeof(struct PersonalData); i++){ ShowPersonInfo(p++); printf("\n"); }}
Initializing Structures
// initialized when definedstruct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
};
struct PersonalData classLeader, friend; // initialized using assignment operatorclassLeader = persons[1];
// Initialized field by fieldstrcpy(friend.name, "George Lin");strcpy(friend.address, "Taipei Taiwan");friend.YearOfBirth = 1978;friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;friend.DayOfBirth = 24;
// initialized when definedstruct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
};
struct PersonalData classLeader, friend; // initialized using assignment operatorclassLeader = persons[1];
// Initialized field by fieldstrcpy(friend.name, "George Lin");strcpy(friend.address, "Taipei Taiwan");friend.YearOfBirth = 1978;friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;friend.DayOfBirth = 24;
Initializing Structures
// initialized when definedstruct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
};
struct PersonalData classLeader, friend, *p; // initialized using assignment operatorclassLeader = persons[1];
// Initialized field by field using a pointerp = &friend;strcpy(p->name, "George Lin");strcpy(p->address, "Taipei Taiwan");p->YearOfBirth = 1978;p->MonthOfBirth = 12;p->DayOfBirth = 24;
// initialized when definedstruct PersonalData persons[] = {
{"Hale-Evans, Ron", "Seattle, Washington", 1965, 6, 27},{"Liddell, Alice", "Wonderland", 1852, 5, 4},{"Adams, Douglas", "The Galaxy", 1961, 11, 15}
};
struct PersonalData classLeader, friend, *p; // initialized using assignment operatorclassLeader = persons[1];
// Initialized field by field using a pointerp = &friend;strcpy(p->name, "George Lin");strcpy(p->address, "Taipei Taiwan");p->YearOfBirth = 1978;p->MonthOfBirth = 12;p->DayOfBirth = 24;
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Accessing Members of Structures
Accessing structure members
Dot operator (.) for structure variablesstruct PersonalData friend;strcpy(friend.name, "George Lin");strcpy(friend.address, "Taipei Taiwan");friend.YearOfBirth = 1978;friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;friend.DayOfBirth = 24;
Arrow operator (->) for pointersstruct PersonalData friend, *p; p = &friend;strcpy(p->name, "George Lin");strcpy(p->address, "Taipei Taiwan");p->YearOfBirth = 1978;p->MonthOfBirth = 12;p->DayOfBirth = 24;
More on Arrow Operator
Dot operator (.) for structure variablesstruct PersonalData friend;strcpy(friend.name, "George Lin");strcpy(friend.address, "Taipei Taiwan");friend.YearOfBirth = 1978;friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;friend.DayOfBirth = 24;
Arrow operator (->) for pointersstruct PersonalData friend, *p; p = &friend;strcpy(p->name, "George Lin");strcpy(p->address, "Taipei Taiwan");p->YearOfBirth = 1978;p->friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;p->DayOfBirth = 24;
struct PersonalData friend, *p; p = &friend;strcpy((*p).name, "George Lin");strcpy((*p).address, "Taipei Taiwan");(*p).YearOfBirth = 1978;(*p).friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;(*p).DayOfBirth = 24;
struct PersonalData friend, *p; p = &friend;strcpy((*p).name, "George Lin");strcpy((*p).address, "Taipei Taiwan");(*p).YearOfBirth = 1978;(*p).friend.MonthOfBirth = 12;(*p).DayOfBirth = 24;
eq
uiv
ale
nt
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Using Structures
with Functions
ParameterPassings
Passing Value
Complex AddByVal(Complex a, Complex b);
Passing Reference
void AddByRef(const Complex *a, const Complex *b,
Complex *c);
typedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
typedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
Example
// complex.htypedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(Complex*, Complex*, Complex*);
// complex.htypedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(Complex*, Complex*, Complex*);
// complex.c#include "complex.h"
Complex AddByVal(Complex a, Complex b){ Complex c;
c.real = a.real + b.real; c.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
return c;}
void AddByRef(Complex* a, Complex* b, Complex* c){ c->real = a->real + b->real; c->imag = a->imag + b->imag;}
// complex.c#include "complex.h"
Complex AddByVal(Complex a, Complex b){ Complex c;
c.real = a.real + b.real; c.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
return c;}
void AddByRef(Complex* a, Complex* b, Complex* c){ c->real = a->real + b->real; c->imag = a->imag + b->imag;}
Example
// complex.htypedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(Complex*, Complex*, Complex*);
// complex.htypedef struct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;} Complex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(Complex*, Complex*, Complex*);
// complex.c#include "complex.h"
Complex AddByVal(Complex a, Complex b){ Complex c;
c.real = a.real + b.real; c.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
return c;}
void AddByRef(Complex* a, Complex* b, Complex* c){ c->real = a->real + b->real; c->imag = a->imag + b->imag;}
// complex.c#include "complex.h"
Complex AddByVal(Complex a, Complex b){ Complex c;
c.real = a.real + b.real; c.imag = a.imag + b.imag;
return c;}
void AddByRef(Complex* a, Complex* b, Complex* c){ c->real = a->real + b->real; c->imag = a->imag + b->imag;}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "complex.h"
main(){ Complex x = {12.0, 5}; Complex y = {4.0, 8.0}; Complex z, w;
// Call by value z = AddByVal(x, y); printf("(%.1f + i%.1f) + (%.1f + i%.1f) = (%.1f + i%.1f)\n", x.real, x.imag, y.real, y.imag, z.real, z.imag);
// Call by reference AddByRef(&x, &y , &w); printf("(%.1f + i%.1f) + (%.1f + i%.1f) = (%.1f + i%.1f)\n", x.real, x.imag, y.real, y.imag, w.real, w.imag);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "complex.h"
main(){ Complex x = {12.0, 5}; Complex y = {4.0, 8.0}; Complex z, w;
// Call by value z = AddByVal(x, y); printf("(%.1f + i%.1f) + (%.1f + i%.1f) = (%.1f + i%.1f)\n", x.real, x.imag, y.real, y.imag, z.real, z.imag);
// Call by reference AddByRef(&x, &y , &w); printf("(%.1f + i%.1f) + (%.1f + i%.1f) = (%.1f + i%.1f)\n", x.real, x.imag, y.real, y.imag, w.real, w.imag);}
Passing arrays by value
Create a structure with the array as a member
Pass the structure
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
typedef
typedef
typedef type-declaration synonym;
Creates synonyms for previously defined data types– typedef does not create a new data type– Only creates an alias
Create shorter type names Make a program more portable.
Example
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
Some More Examples// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
Some More Examples
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
/* arith.c */
#include <SomeTypedef.h>
INT sum(INT a, INT b)
{
return a + b;
}
INT substract(INT a, INT b)
{
return a - b;
}
INT mul(INT a, INT b)
{
return a * b;
}
INT div(INT a, INT b)
{
if(b) return a / b;
else return 0;
}
/* arith.c */
#include <SomeTypedef.h>
INT sum(INT a, INT b)
{
return a + b;
}
INT substract(INT a, INT b)
{
return a - b;
}
INT mul(INT a, INT b)
{
return a * b;
}
INT div(INT a, INT b)
{
if(b) return a / b;
else return 0;
}
Some More Examples
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
#include <stdio.h>
#include "SomeTypedef.h"
ARITHOP arith[4]={sum, substract, mul, div};
main()
{
INT val1, val2, op;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &val1, &val2);
printf("0: Add, 1: Sub, 2: Mul, 3: Div\n");
do {
printf("Enter number of operation: ");
scanf("%d", &op);
} while(op<0 || op>3);
printf("%d", (*arith[op])(val1, val2));
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include "SomeTypedef.h"
ARITHOP arith[4]={sum, substract, mul, div};
main()
{
INT val1, val2, op;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &val1, &val2);
printf("0: Add, 1: Sub, 2: Mul, 3: Div\n");
do {
printf("Enter number of operation: ");
scanf("%d", &op);
} while(op<0 || op>3);
printf("%d", (*arith[op])(val1, val2));
}
Some More Examples
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// SomeTypeDef.h#include "complex.h"
typedef char CHAR;typedef CHAR* PSTR;typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef int INT;typedef unsigned UINT;typedef UINT DWORD;
typedef Complex (*COMPLEXOP)(Complex, Complex);typedef INT (*ARITHOP)(INT, INT);
INT sum(INT a, INT b);INT substract(INT a, INT b);INT mul(INT a, INT b);INT div(INT a, INT b);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
// complex.hstruct _tagComplex{ double real; double imag;};
typedef struct _tagComplex Complex;typedef struct _tagComplex *ptrComplex;
Complex AddByVal(Complex, Complex);void AddByRef(ptrComplex, ptrComplex, ptrComplex);
#include <stdio.h>
#include "SomeTypedef.h"
ARITHOP arith[4]={sum, substract, mul, div};
main()
{
INT val1, val2, op;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &val1, &val2);
printf("0: Add, 1: Sub, 2: Mul, 3: Div\n");
do {
printf("Enter number of operation: ");
scanf("%d", &op);
} while(op<0 || op>3);
printf("%d", (*arith[op])(val1, val2));
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include "SomeTypedef.h"
ARITHOP arith[4]={sum, substract, mul, div};
main()
{
INT val1, val2, op;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &val1, &val2);
printf("0: Add, 1: Sub, 2: Mul, 3: Div\n");
do {
printf("Enter number of operation: ");
scanf("%d", &op);
} while(op<0 || op>3);
printf("%d", (*arith[op])(val1, val2));
}
Exercise
1. Implement a program similar to the above example but for complex numbers.
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Unions
union It is sometimes desirable to define a variable
which can be of two or more different types according to different circumstances (overloading).
The distinction between a union and a structure:– The members of a structure define different variables– The members of a union define different
manifestations of the same variable. The space need only be allocated to
accommodate the largest type specified in a union.
union Definition
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} rem;
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} rem;
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
};
union Remark rem;
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
};
union Remark rem;
typedef union _tagRemark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} REMARK;
REMARK rem;
typedef union _tagRemark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} REMARK;
REMARK rem;
sizeof(union Remark)=?
sizeof(REMARK)=?
Valid union Operations
Assignment to union of same type: =x = y; y = *p;
Taking address: &p = &x;
Accessing union members: .int n = x.age;printf("%s\n", y.month);
Accessing members using pointers: ->int m = p->age;printf("%s\n", p->month);
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} x, y, *p;
union Remark {int age;double tall;char month[4];
} x, y, *p;
Example// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include "remark.h"
void ShowData(VarRemark data){ switch(data.typeRemark){ case 0: printf("Age = %d\n", data.rem.age); break; case 1: printf("Tall = %f\n", data.rem.tall); break; case 2: printf("Month = %s\n", data.rem.month); break; }}
main(){ VarRemark datas[3]={{0, 35}, {1}, {2}}; int i;
datas[1].rem.tall = 174.5; strcpy(datas[2].rem.month, "Jul");
for(i=0; i< sizeof(datas) / sizeof(VarRemark); i++) ShowData(datas[i]);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include "remark.h"
void ShowData(VarRemark data){ switch(data.typeRemark){ case 0: printf("Age = %d\n", data.rem.age); break; case 1: printf("Tall = %f\n", data.rem.tall); break; case 2: printf("Month = %s\n", data.rem.month); break; }}
main(){ VarRemark datas[3]={{0, 35}, {1}, {2}}; int i;
datas[1].rem.tall = 174.5; strcpy(datas[2].rem.month, "Jul");
for(i=0; i< sizeof(datas) / sizeof(VarRemark); i++) ShowData(datas[i]);}
// remark.h
typedef union _tagRemark { int age; double tall; char month[4];} REMARK;
typedef struct _tagVarRemark { int typeRemark; // 0: age
// 1: tall // 2: month
REMARK rem;} VarRemark;
// remark.h
typedef union _tagRemark { int age; double tall; char month[4];} REMARK;
typedef struct _tagVarRemark { int typeRemark; // 0: age
// 1: tall // 2: month
REMARK rem;} VarRemark;
A union may only be initialized with a value of the type of its first
member.
A union may only be initialized with a value of the type of its first
member.
Example// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include "remark.h"
void ShowData(VarRemark data){ switch(data.typeRemark){ case 0: printf("Age = %d\n", data.rem.age); break; case 1: printf("Tall = %f\n", data.rem.tall); break; case 2: printf("Month = %s\n", data.rem.month); break; }}
main(){ VarRemark datas[3]={{0, 35}, {1}, {2}}; int i;
datas[1].rem.tall = 174.5; strcpy(datas[2].rem.month, "Jul");
for(i=0; i< sizeof(datas) / sizeof(VarRemark); i++) ShowData(datas[i]);}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>#include "remark.h"
void ShowData(VarRemark data){ switch(data.typeRemark){ case 0: printf("Age = %d\n", data.rem.age); break; case 1: printf("Tall = %f\n", data.rem.tall); break; case 2: printf("Month = %s\n", data.rem.month); break; }}
main(){ VarRemark datas[3]={{0, 35}, {1}, {2}}; int i;
datas[1].rem.tall = 174.5; strcpy(datas[2].rem.month, "Jul");
for(i=0; i< sizeof(datas) / sizeof(VarRemark); i++) ShowData(datas[i]);}
// remark.h
typedef union _tagRemark { int age; double tall; char month[4];} REMARK;
typedef struct _tagVarRemark { int typeRemark; // 0: age
// 1: tall // 2: month
REMARK rem;} VarRemark;
// remark.h
typedef union _tagRemark { int age; double tall; char month[4];} REMARK;
typedef struct _tagVarRemark { int typeRemark; // 0: age
// 1: tall // 2: month
REMARK rem;} VarRemark;
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Bitwise Operators
Bits
All data is represented internally as sequences of bits– Each bit can be either 0 or 1 – Sequence of 8 bits forms a byte
What operations needed?
Bitwise Operators
Operator Description
& bitwise AND The bits in the result are set to 1 if the corresponding bits in the two operands are both 1 .
| bitwise inclusive OR
The bits in the result are set to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1.
^ bitwise exclusive OR
The bits in the result are set to 1 if exactly one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1.
<< left shift Shifts the bits of the first operand left by the number of bits specified by the second operand; fill from the right with 0 bits.
>> right shift Shifts the bits of the first operand right by the number of bits specified by the second operand; the method of filling from the left is machine dependent.
~ one’s complement All 0 bits are set to 1 and all 1 bits are set to 0.
Operator Description
& bitwise AND The bits in the result are set to 1 if the corresponding bits in the two operands are both 1 .
| bitwise inclusive OR
The bits in the result are set to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1.
^ bitwise exclusive OR
The bits in the result are set to 1 if exactly one of the corresponding bits in the two operands is 1.
<< left shift Shifts the bits of the first operand left by the number of bits specified by the second operand; fill from the right with 0 bits.
>> right shift Shifts the bits of the first operand right by the number of bits specified by the second operand; the method of filling from the left is machine dependent.
~ one’s complement All 0 bits are set to 1 and all 1 bits are set to 0.
Example (I)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
Example (I)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( unsigned value ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter an unsigned integer: " ); scanf( "%u", &x );
displayBits( x ); }
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} /* end main */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( unsigned value ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter an unsigned integer: " ); scanf( "%u", &x );
displayBits( x ); }
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} /* end main */
Example (I)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%10u = ", value );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( unsigned value ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter an unsigned integer: " ); scanf( "%u", &x );
displayBits( x ); }
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} /* end main */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( unsigned value ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter an unsigned integer: " ); scanf( "%u", &x );
displayBits( x ); }
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} /* end main */
Example (II)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
Example (II)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( char*, unsigned ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x, y; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter two unsigned integers in hex.: " ); scanf( "%x %x", &x, &y );
displayBits( "x =", x ); displayBits( "y =", y );
displayBits( "~x =", ~x ); displayBits( "~y =", ~y );
displayBits( "x & y =", x & y); displayBits( "x | y =", x | y); displayBits( "x ^ y =", x ^ y);
printf("\n"); }} /* end main */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( char*, unsigned ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x, y; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter two unsigned integers in hex.: " ); scanf( "%x %x", &x, &y );
displayBits( "x =", x ); displayBits( "y =", y );
displayBits( "~x =", ~x ); displayBits( "~y =", ~y );
displayBits( "x & y =", x & y); displayBits( "x | y =", x | y); displayBits( "x ^ y =", x ^ y);
printf("\n"); }} /* end main */
Example (II)
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// displayBits.c
void displayBits( char* heading, unsigned value ){ unsigned c; // counter unsigned displayMask = 1 << 31; // displayMask
printf( "%8s", heading );
for ( c = 1; c <= 32; c++ ) {// loop through bits putchar( value & displayMask ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 // output space per 8 bits if ( c % 8 == 0 ) putchar( ' ' ); } /* end for */
putchar( '\n' );} /* end function displayBits */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( char*, unsigned ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x, y; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter two unsigned integers in hex.: " ); scanf( "%x %x", &x, &y );
displayBits( "x =", x ); displayBits( "y =", y );
displayBits( "~x =", ~x ); displayBits( "~y =", ~y );
displayBits( "x & y =", x & y); displayBits( "x | y =", x | y); displayBits( "x ^ y =", x ^ y);
printf("\n"); }} /* end main */
// main.c#include <stdio.h>
void displayBits( char*, unsigned ); // prototype
int main( void ){ unsigned x, y; // variable to hold user input
while(1){ printf( "Enter two unsigned integers in hex.: " ); scanf( "%x %x", &x, &y );
displayBits( "x =", x ); displayBits( "y =", y );
displayBits( "~x =", ~x ); displayBits( "~y =", ~y );
displayBits( "x & y =", x & y); displayBits( "x | y =", x | y); displayBits( "x ^ y =", x ^ y);
printf("\n"); }} /* end main */
Bitwise Assignment Operators
Bitwise assignment operators
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator.
|= Bitwise inclusive OR assignment operator.
^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment operator.
<<= Left-shift assignment operator.
>>= Right-shift assignment operator.
Bitwise assignment operators
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator.
|= Bitwise inclusive OR assignment operator.
^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment operator.
<<= Left-shift assignment operator.
>>= Right-shift assignment operator.
Operator precedence and associativity
Operators Associativity Type
() [ ] . -> left to right highest
+ - ++ - ++ -- ! & * ~ sizeof (type) right to left unary
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right shiting
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
& left to right bitwise AND
Operators Associativity Type
() [ ] . -> left to right highest
+ - ++ - ++ -- ! & * ~ sizeof (type) right to left unary
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right shiting
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
& left to right bitwise AND
Operator precedence and associativity
Operators Associativity Type
() [ ] . -> left to right highest
+ - ++ - ++ -- ! & * ~ sizeof (type) right to left unary
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right shiting
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
& left to right bitwise AND
Operators Associativity Type
() [ ] . -> left to right highest
+ - ++ - ++ -- ! & * ~ sizeof (type) right to left unary
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right shiting
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
& left to right bitwise AND
Operators Associativity Type
^ left to right bitwise OR
| left to right bitwise OR
&& left to right logical AND
|| left to right logical OR
?: right to left conditional
= += -= *= /= &= |= ^= <<= >>= %= right to left assignment
, left to right comma
Operators Associativity Type
^ left to right bitwise OR
| left to right bitwise OR
&& left to right logical AND
|| left to right logical OR
?: right to left conditional
= += -= *= /= &= |= ^= <<= >>= %= right to left assignment
, left to right comma
Exercise: On-Off Bits Counting
Write a pair of functions, bitson and
bitsoff, that return the number of bits
that are on and off in a file. Use the
shorthand bit-manipulation operators.
Write a pair of functions, bitson and
bitsoff, that return the number of bits
that are on and off in a file. Use the
shorthand bit-manipulation operators.
Exercise: On-Off Bits Counting
Example:
Boy.txt
Good boy.
Good
boy.
0100 0111
0110 1111
0110 1111
0110 0100
0010 0000
0110 0010
0110 1111
0111 1001
0010 1110
on off
4
6
6
3
1
3
6
5
4
4
2
2
5
7
5
2
3
4
38 34
Exercise: On-Off Bits Counting
Example:
Boy.txt
Good boy.
Good
boy.
0100 0111
0110 1111
0110 1111
0110 0100
0010 0000
0110 0010
0110 1111
0111 1001
0010 1110
on off
4
6
6
3
1
3
6
5
4
4
2
2
5
7
5
2
3
4
38 34
There are 38 on-bits and 34 off-bits in file Boy.txt.
Exercise: On-Off Bits Counting
01101110mask 10000000&
mask
00000000
01101110
01000000&
01000000
01101110
00100000&
00100000
01101110
00010000&
00000000
01101110
00001000&
00001000
01101110
00000100&
00000100
01101110
00000010&
00000010
01101110
00000001&
00000000
On
Off
On
Off
Exercise: On-Off Bits Counting
int bitson(char c)
returns number of on-bit in c
int bitsoff(char c)
returns number of off-bit in c
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Bit Fields
Why Bit Fields?
struct Card { unsigned face; unsigned suit; unsigned color;};
struct Card { unsigned face; unsigned suit; unsigned color;};
sizeof(struct Card) = ?
Bit Fields When storage space is at a premium, it may
be necessary to pack several objects into a single machine storage unit.
face
suit
color
Defining Bit Fields
face
suit
color
struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color: 1;};
struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color: 1;};
sizeof(struct BitCard) = ?
Defining Bit Fields
face
suit
color
struct BitCard { unsigned char face : 4; unsigned char suit : 2; unsigned char color: 1;};
struct BitCard { unsigned char face : 4; unsigned char suit : 2; unsigned char color: 1;};
sizeof(struct BitCard) = ?
Defining Bit Fields
Follow unsigned or signed integer (e.g.,
int, short, or char) member with a
colon (:) and an integer constant
representing the width of the field.
struct BitCard { unsigned char face : 4; unsigned char suit : 2; unsigned char color: 1;};
struct BitCard { unsigned char face : 4; unsigned char suit : 2; unsigned char color: 1;};
struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color: 1;};
struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color: 1;};
Example
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
Example#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
Example#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Card:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Card:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Card:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Card:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"
int main( void ){ Card deck[ 52 ]; // create array of Cards
fillDeck( deck ); deal( deck );}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"
int main( void ){ Card deck[ 52 ]; // create array of Cards
fillDeck( deck ); deal( deck );}
Example
#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h"void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ){ int i; /* counter */
for ( i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; }}
void deal( const Card * const wDeck ){ int k1; /* subscripts 0-25 */ int k2; /* subscripts 26-51 */
for ( k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d ", wDeck[ k1 ].face, wDeck[ k1 ].suit, wDeck[ k1 ].color ); printf( "Face:%3d Suit:%2d Color:%2d\n", wDeck[ k2 ].face, wDeck[ k2 ].suit, wDeck[ k2 ].color ); }}
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// Cards.h
// bitCard structure definition with bit fieldsstruct bitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct bitCard
typedef struct bitCard Card; // new type name for struct bitCard
void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck ); // prototypevoid deal( const Card * const wDeck ); // prototype
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h“
int main( void ){ Card deck[ 52 ]; // create array of Cards
fillDeck( deck ); deal( deck );}
// main.c#include <stdio.h>#include "Cards.h“
int main( void ){ Card deck[ 52 ]; // create array of Cards
fillDeck( deck ); deal( deck );}
More on Defining Bit Fields
Unnamed bit field– Field used as padding in the structure– Nothing may be stored in the bits
– Unnamed bit field with zero width aligns next bit field to a new storage unit boundary
struct UnNameExample { unsigned a : 13; unsigned : 3; // unnamed unsigned b : 4;};
struct UnNameExample { unsigned a : 13; unsigned : 3; // unnamed unsigned b : 4;};
Example
struct UnnameExample { /* field 4 bits wide */ unsigned field1 :4;
/* unnamed 3 bit field * unnamed fields allow for padding */ unsigned :3; /* one-bit field * can only be 0 or -1 in two's complement! */ signed field2 :1;
/* align next field on a storage unit */ unsigned :0; unsigned field3 :6;};
struct UnnameExample { /* field 4 bits wide */ unsigned field1 :4;
/* unnamed 3 bit field * unnamed fields allow for padding */ unsigned :3; /* one-bit field * can only be 0 or -1 in two's complement! */ signed field2 :1;
/* align next field on a storage unit */ unsigned :0; unsigned field3 :6;};
C Program Design
C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations
Enumeration Constants
Enumeration
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
Set of integer constants represented by identifiers Enumeration constants are like symbolic
constants whose values are automatically set Need unique constant names Values start at 0 and are incremented by 1 Values can be set explicitly with =
Enumeration
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
Set of integer constants represented by identifiers Enumeration constants are like symbolic
constants whose values are automatically set Need unique constant names Values start at 0 and are incremented by 1 Values can be set explicitly with =
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN=1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
enum Suits {CLUB, DIMOND, SPADE, HEART};
enum Months {JAN=1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC};
Example
#include <stdio.h>
enum months {// enumeration constants represent months of the year JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC };
int main( void ){ enum months month; // can contain any of the 12 months
const char *monthName[] = { "", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" };
for ( month = JAN; month <= DEC; month++ ) printf( "%2d%11s\n", month, monthName[ month ] );}
#include <stdio.h>
enum months {// enumeration constants represent months of the year JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC };
int main( void ){ enum months month; // can contain any of the 12 months
const char *monthName[] = { "", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" };
for ( month = JAN; month <= DEC; month++ ) printf( "%2d%11s\n", month, monthName[ month ] );}
Example
#include <stdio.h>
enum months {// enumeration constants represent months of the year JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC };
int main( void ){ enum months month; // can contain any of the 12 months
const char *monthName[] = { "", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" };
for ( month = JAN; month <= DEC; month++ ) printf( "%2d%11s\n", month, monthName[ month ] );}
#include <stdio.h>
enum months {// enumeration constants represent months of the year JAN = 1, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP, OCT, NOV, DEC };
int main( void ){ enum months month; // can contain any of the 12 months
const char *monthName[] = { "", "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" };
for ( month = JAN; month <= DEC; month++ ) printf( "%2d%11s\n", month, monthName[ month ] );}
More Examples
enum boolean { NO, YES };
enum escapes { BELL = '\a', BACKSPACE = '\b', TAB = '\t', NEWLINE = '\n', VTAB = '\v', RETURN = '\r' };
enum Action {stop = 1, sit, stand = 2, walk, run}; // sit = stand =2
enum Action action = stop; // initializaiton
printf("%d\n", action + 2); // operationAction--; // operation
enum boolean { NO, YES };
enum escapes { BELL = '\a', BACKSPACE = '\b', TAB = '\t', NEWLINE = '\n', VTAB = '\v', RETURN = '\r' };
enum Action {stop = 1, sit, stand = 2, walk, run}; // sit = stand =2
enum Action action = stop; // initializaiton
printf("%d\n", action + 2); // operationAction--; // operation