Transcript of БУРГАСКИ СВОБОДЕН УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЦЕНТЪР ПО …
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
56
, 2021 .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
57
3
3
………………………………………………………………….....
1.3. …………………………………………………………………….
18
……………………………………………………………………. 20
…………………………………………………………………... 28
…………………………………………………………………… 28
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
58
1.1. , -
, , . .
. , - .
- :
; - , , , , ; ;
, - (, ), , , , (, );
, ; ;
, , ;
.
, , .
, . :
(, , , , );
(, , , );
.
- .
, , , .
, ,
, , .
. - , , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
59
, . :
- ; ;
; ;
..
, ,
- , - , - . , .
:
(), ;
, , , ;
.
,
- , .. , , ( ).
, , . , , .
, , ,
. , , .
- .
, , , , .
, ; ; , [17].
( , ,
) - ,
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
60
. ,
.
, , . ,
, .
, .
, , , [11, 12].
, .
.
( , , , .), ,
. , - , . , .
.
, , , , .
- : (3D).
, .
3D (2D) .
, , , , , .
. , .
:
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
61
, . , , ;
, (.. );
,
. ,
.
-
. , - .
. , .
, , , .
, , ,
.
- . ("TAIS", "Condor", "Arsenal") ,
, .
, .
,
. [9].
, , , - ,
, , , , .
, - , , . :
; ;
; ;
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
62
.
, - , .
1.2. -
, . , - , ,
.
, – , () .
, , ,
.
: , , . ,
. /, , „“ – , .
.
.
, , - . (mol) , ( ). ,
.
, CO2 (~2088.706 ), CO2 85 – 190000 . ,
.
, „ “, , .
, ,
, , , , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
63
, , .
„“: (), () .
, ,
. // , [1, 3].
, - . - , 70 000 psi (483 MPa) 40 000 psi (276 MPa)
, – , .
- . - - , - .
, , .
, , , ( , , .).
-
.
.
. , , EK=½ mv2 ( m , v ) , .
(
), - . , ,
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
64
, . (. 1).
(, ). „“
(F = m.g, m , g - ).
, . (. 2), , . ,
. , .
- [4 - 8].
,
, , , .
. 2. .
, , .
,
.
, , , . , , , , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
65
, , , .
(AFTE)
„ , “.
. 3. , ,
[9].
- , , , , .
,
, . - , . (. 4, ) .
. 4.
.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
66
, - , .. „“ (. 4, ), , , . .
, -
, . , , , , ( )
. , , , - .
( , - )
, . , , , , „“// .
, , ,
. , . ,
.
, , ,
, . . .
.
, , , . , , . , ,
, , , , .
(GSR, Gunshot residue) . - "" , , .
. GSR .
, :
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
67
- - ; –
, ( , .);
- ;
.
( , )
(. 5). , .
, ,
; - - , , , .
,
. , [15, 16].
. 5. – ; - : 1 --, 2 – .
, .
, , .
, , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
68
, , , , . „ “ „ “, .
, . , , , .
, , „
/ “, „ / “.
, , //, .
, , , . - , .
, .
, , , , .
, .
, .
. , 2013 ., 40 , , 15% „“ , 85% „“ , „desi“ kattas'.
, , .
. 2000 . .
:
, .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
69
80- , .
90- .
. , , .
,
, .
- , „“ : , , 2D , Z = F (x)
, 3D Z = F (x, y).
100- [6]. 80- ,
Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) [7].
, .
I = (x, y), , , ,
, , .
. 6. (A + B +) (A– B–) A B,
.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
70
, . , .
2013 . ,
Congruent Matching Cells (CMC).
"" "" . , .
. , , [12].
. 6 A B,
. (+); (-).
„∪“ ; „∩“ ( ) .
3D . „ “ ,
; „ “ , . .
. .
. 7. SRM2460 ()
SRM 2461 ().
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
71
NIST (The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST,
USA) (SRM) 2460 (SRM 2461) ,
.
,
, , (ATF).
, SRM (. 7).
. 8, (LEA) SRM .
,
„“. [8].
, .
. 8. , SRM 2460 - 001 . - ,
, - , 6.
, ± 2 ± 3, , , 0.
± 4 ± 5,
, „“ 0 .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
72
, .
80- ,
3D . - (. 9) . .
( LEA) SRM , ± 1 ± 5.
. 9.
, . , , .
(LSCM), (DSCM) (PAM).
.
(NA) . 50X, , - -.
(. 10) [11].
, , , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
73
, .
, ,
.
.
. 10.
.
Forensic Technology Incorporation (FTI) (IBIS-TRAX 3D ™). Bullet
TRAX-3D, 3D ,
3D .
, . , . , .
,
, . . .
1.3.
-
S 15 7,62x54R (. 11), – 27 , 34, , 550 94.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
74
.
. , -(H)NH H2SO4. - ,
.
. 11. (A)
().
, .
, . .
. 12. LEIKA SFM.
/ , /. ,
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
75
, .
94.
„LEIKA SFM“ (. 12). ,
. (. 13, , ) .
. 13.
(A) ().
II.
, . , ,
.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA) , , . Standard
Bullet NIST Standard Cartridge Case ,
.
, , .
.
80- – , , , . - , ,
.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
76
, . , [2].
. ,
. . .
, , - ,
- .
, , , , . , .
. , .
, , , , , . .
- .
Ballistic Explorer Ouler , .
.
. .
Ballistic Explorer ,
, . , .
Sierra Oiler, - . , , ,
. , , , .
, , , ,
[15, 16].
Applied Ballistics, 2014 .,
, , . , , ,
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
77
(), .
, . , .
, , – 10 .
, , .
.
.
„TAIS“, „“, „“, „“, , IBIS
Forensic Technologu () [13, 14].
("TAIS") , , ,
.
, , [14].
"" "-"
.
(0,6 0,6 ) , , , .
3,5 µm [10].
, (BIC) - , :
();
, ;
.
.
, „ “
, .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
78
, .
. 14. «».
"Condor" . FMVD
, .
, Kondor , , (. 14).
"Kondor"
, , , , ,
.
"Condor" , IBIS Drage Fier, , .
"" , , : , , [13].
ABIS ARSENAL :
, , ; .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
79
:
- ;
;
;
, ;
WSQ;
; ;
, / TIFF , IP .
- , :
,
AFIS PAPILLON;
- - .
CCD-, , (. 15).
( , ), (
), 20 mm 4 .
. 15. .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
80
( ).
: . .
( 3 mm)
[13].
Departmentof Forensic Sciences (DFS) Leeds Evofinder (Evofinder)
(FEU).
, , -
.
Evofinder , 2D 3D , [19].
. 16. Evofinder®.
Evofinder® : ; , (. 16). Evofinder®
.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
81
- , , .
,
. , (IP-).
:
- ; ;
; ; .
ABIS , , :
( );
;
( , .); ,
, ( 9 70 );
; ;
;
; ;
; () ,
IP ;
, ;
.
(ABIS Linux OS Windows
OS).
, , , .
. ( , ) , ,
.
.
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
82
, . „-“, .
, ""
. . . ABIS
.
ABIS , , .
1.
5,45 mm
2D – 1.5 .
EVOFINDER
EVOFINDER
2D – 1.5
2.5 .
, , 2,5–4 µm. , .
„ ”, 9, No1 (2020), ,
83
, , .
ABIS . , , (),
, .. .
( ), , ,
, - .
.
. 1[17 - 19].
,
, , .
.
.
, - , , .
, ,
, . .
[1]. . ., . ., “ “//.
, 2009, 126 .
[2]. , 1.1. Applied Ballistics Analytics / /,
http://rifleaccuracychannel.com
[3]. Song, J., Vorburger, T.V., Ballou, S., Thompson, R.M., Yen,
J., Renegar, T.B., Zheng, A., Silver, R.M., Ols, M., "The National
Ballistics Imaging Comparison
84
[4]. Pratyashee Changmai, Kangkana Bora, Rsuresh Suresh, Lipi B.
Mahanta, Nabamita Deb, On the Study of Automated Identification of
Firearms Through Associated Striations, November 2019 DOI:
10.12783/ballistics2019/33156 Conference: 31st International
Symposium on Ballistics 2019: Volume 1: Exterior Ballistics,
Interior
Ballistics, Launch Dynamics, and Others.
[5]. G. Li, Image processing for the positive identification of
forensic ballistic
specimens,, in: Proceedings of 6th Interna-tional Conference of
Information Fusion, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 2003, pp.
1494–1498 (2003).
[6]. Hamby J 1999 The history of firearm and toolmark
identification AFTE J. 31 225– 41.
[7]. IBIS Operation Manual, Forensic Technology Inc., Montreal,
Canada http://www.fti-ibis.com
[8]. J. Song1, W. Chu1, T. V. Vorburger, R. Thompson, T. B.
Renegar, Development of ballistics identification—from image
comparison to topography measurement in surface metrology,
Measurement Science And Technology, Meas. Sci. Technol. 23 (2012)
054010 (6pp).
[9]. Anthony J. Bertino, Patricia Nolan Bertino, Forensic Science:
Fundamentals and Investigations, 2012, ISBN-13:
978-0-538-73155-3.
[10]. . ., . ., «»
,
https://sud-expertiza.ru/library/ekspertiza-kompleksa-kondor
[11]. T. V. Vorburger, J Song and N. Petraco, Topography
measurements and
applications in ballistics and tool mark identifications, December
2015, Surface Topography Metrology and Properties 4(1):013002Surf.
Topogr.: Metrol. Prop. 4 (2016) 013002.
[12]. Junfeng J. Song, Surface and Topography Metrology in Firearm
Evidence Identification and Engineering Surface Quality Control,
School of Engineering, University of Warwick April, 2017.
[13]. http://www.bnti.ru/des.asp?itm=5235&tbl=01.02.02.
[14]. https://vuzlit.ru/974787/abis_tais
[15]. V. Pashinin, P. Kosyrev, V. Tatarinov, N. Posohov, he Express
Detection of Explosives, Civil SecurityTechnology, Vol. 13, 2016,
No. 1 (47), ISSN 1996- 8493.
[16]. Michael J. Kangas, Raychelle M. Burks, Jordyn Atwater, Rachel
M. Lukowicz, Pat Williams and Andrea E. Holmes, Colorimetric Sensor
Arrays for the Detection and Identification of Chemical Weapons and
Explosives, Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2017
Mar 4; 47(2): 138–153.
[17]. ,
- , . - , 1’2016, 144-146
[18]. . ., . . // - . .. . 2018. 6. . 169-175.
[19]. Jonathan Pope, Validation and Implementation of the Evofinder
Automated Ballistic Identification System at the DC Department of
Forensic Sciences, Abstracts/Forensic Science International:
Synergy 1 (2019) S1-S15.