1Bone: Lower limb -

Bones of lower limbs

Including bones of pelvic girdle (hip bones) and lower limbcompared with upper limbno equivalent movements to pronation and supination in upper limb; more stable in lower limb, for weight-bearing

2Bone: Lower limb -

Bony pelvis

Iliumischiumpubis

3Bone: Lower limb -

Ilium (lateral surface) ant. sup. iliac spine:

a.s.i.s. post. sup. iliac spine:

p.s.i.s. Iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –

p.s.I.s. tubercle of crest ant. inf. iliac spine:

a.i.i.s. post. inf. iliac spine:

p.i.i.s. greater sciatic notch gluteal surface

Great sciatic notch

Obturator foramen

4Bone: Lower limb -

Ilium (medial surface)-1

obturator forameniliac fossaa.s.i.s.; p.s.i.s. iliac crest: a.s.i.s. –

p.s.i.s.greater sciatic

notch (g.s.n.) Obturator foramen

g.s.n.

a.s.i.s.

5Bone: Lower limb -

Ilium (medial surface)-2

ala (iliac fossa)Body of iliumridge between upper and lower part of iliacarcuate line

articular surface for sacrum (auricular face)attachment for ligaments (sacroiliac joint)iliac tuberosity

Obturator foramen

g.s.n.

6Bone: Lower limb -

Ilium (medial surface)-3

arcuate line: linea terminalis of pelvic brimbelow: pelvic

part; lesser/true pelvisabove:

abdominal part; greater/false pelvis

Abdominal part

7Bone: Lower limb -

8Bone: Lower limb -

Ischium

body of ischiumlesser sciatic notchischial tuberosityischial spineischial ramus: with inf.

ramus of pubis ischiopubic ramus

9Bone: Lower limb -

Pubis: ramisup. ramus contribute to acetabuluminf. ramus join ischium (ischial ramus)

10Bone: Lower limb -

Pubis:1

body of pubispubic crestpublic tuberclesup. pubic ramus:

pectineal line on its sup. border, continues into arcuate lineinf. pubic ramusobturator foramen

11Bone: Lower limb -

Obturator canal

obturator canal: at the upper, posterior angle of obturator foramen (obturator n.,a.,v.)

12Bone: Lower limb -

Iliopubic eminence

13Bone: Lower limb -

Pubis: external

acetabulum: acetabular notch, limbusGluteal lineAnteriorPosteriorInferior

14Bone: Lower limb -

Pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint (fibrous cartilage)as a landmark of

pelvic cavity

15Bone: Lower limb -

PelvisThe complete pelvis:the line (pelvic inlet)

from promontory of sacrum -- arcuate line - - pectineal line -- pubic crest separatesfalse pelvis and true

pelvissacrum + linea

terminalis + pubis symphysis

16Bone: Lower limb -

Pelvis: anatomical position

a.s.i.s. and symphysis pubis on the same coronal plane

symphysis

17Bone: Lower limb -

Pelvis: female vs. maleShape: circular in female (less distinct promontory,

broader alae); heart-shaped in maleAngle: larger in female; smaller in male

18Bone: Lower limb -

Pelvis: pelvic outletbounded by symphysis pubis - ischiopubic rami - ischial

tuberosity - sacrotuberous lig. - coccyx

19Bone: Lower limb -

Pelvic outletnot on the same plane; line joining the ischial tuberosities

of both sides divides it into two parts

20Bone: Lower limb -

The sacro-iliac joint-1synovial joint in childhood; fibrous bands in joints of adult; > 50 years old, completely fibroussupported by many tough ligaments including: interosseous lig., ant.& post. sacroiliac lig., sacrospinous

lig. , sacrotuberous lig.

21Bone: Lower limb -

Sacro-iliac joints-2

interosseous lig., ant. and post. sacroiliac lig.

22Bone: Lower limb -

Sacroiliac joints and Sciatic foramensgreater sciatic foramen; lesser sciatic foramen*posterior aspect of joint heavily armed with

ligaments (to counter body weight)

23Bone: Lower limb -

Sciatic foramen

24Bone: Lower limb -

Sciatic foramen

25Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: proximal end (anterior Surface)head: faces upward,

medially, slightly forward; fovea; neck:greater trochanter;

trochanteric fossa (obturator internus attachment) intertrochanteric line lesser trochanter

26Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: angle of inclination

27Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: proximal end (medial surface)

head; fovea; neck:greater trochanter;

trochanteric fossalesser trochanter:

(iliopsoas inserts here): on posterior aspect of femur;intertrochanteric crest:

posterior surfaceintertrochanteric line:

anterior surface

28Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: proximal end (poeterior surface)head; fovea; neck:greater trochanterlesser trochanter:

(iliopsoas inserts here): on posterior aspect of femurintertrochanteric crest:

posterior surface

29Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: shaft

gluteal tuberositylinea aspera (post.

surface)

30Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: distal end-1medial epicondyle; adductor tubercle (adductor magnus m.)lateral epicondyle intercondylar notch (fossa): deep, posteriorly locatedarticular cartilage: tibial surface; patellar surface

31Bone: Lower limb -

Femur: distal end-2medial condyleadductor tubercle

(adductor magnus m.)lateral condyle intercondylar notch

(fossa): deep, posteriorly locatedarticular cartilage: tibial

surface; patellar surface

32Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: proximal end-1medial condyle, lateral condyle; intercondylar area (intercondylar tubercles) for meniscus and lig.tibial tuberosity (tubercle): ligamentum patellae attachment

33Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: proximal end-2 intercondylar area (intercondylar tubercles): medial and lateral

attachment of cruciate lig. & horns of med. and lat. menisciarticular surface for head of fibula

post. surface

Med. Lateral

34Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: shaft

soleal line (oblique line): on upper 1/3 of post. surface

post. surface

Med. Lateral

35Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: shaft (cross-section)quadrangular in

cross sectionmed., lat., post.

surfacesant.

(subcutaneous); interosseous, posteromedial borders

36Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: distal end

medial malleolus: groove for tibialis posterior

(anterior view) (posterior view)

37Bone: Lower limb -

Tibia: with Talusinferior articular facet

for talus (trochlea)

38Bone: Lower limb -

Fibula: head

Surface anatomy of fibular headArticular surface

with tibiaapex of head

(styloid process) Common fibular nerve

39Bone: Lower limb -

Fibula: distal end

lateral malleolusarticular facet for

talus

40Bone: Lower limb -

Acetabulum

Acetabular fossaAcetabular notchArticular (lunate) surfaceLigaments

Transverse acetabular ligamentLigament of femroal headIliofemoral ligamentIschiofemoral ligamentPubofemoral ligament

41Bone: Lower limb -

Transverse acetabular ligamenttransverse acetabular lig.: connecting the ant.& post.

ends of the articular cartilagevessels, n. to head run deep to this lig.

42Bone: Lower limb -

Ligament of femoral head

lig. of the head of the femur: acetabular notch

fovea of the head of femursurrounded by

synovial sheath; conveys vessels in childhoodminimal effect for

strength

43Bone: Lower limb -

Acetabulum: Ligaments-1

Iliofemoral lig.inverted Y; aiis, ilium

intertrochanteric linePubofemoral lig.Iliopubic eminence iliofemoral lig.

44Bone: Lower limb -

Acetabulum: ligaments-2

Ischiofemoral lig.

ischium of

acetabulum rim med. aspect of

greater trochanter

45Bone: Lower limb -

Knee Joint

Weight-bearing3 joint compartments:1) medial compartment:

medial condyle (femur) + tibia2) lateral compartment:

lateral condyle (femur) + tibia3) patella + femur

46Bone: Lower limb -

Patella

ligamentum patellae (patellar lig.)Continuation of

quadriceps femoris tendon above to apex of patella, below to tibia tuberosity

47Bone: Lower limb -

Tibio-femoral joint compartment

4 ligaments:1) medial (tibial)

collateral lig.2) lateral (fibular)

collateral lig.3) ant. cruciate lig.4) post. cruciate lig.

48Bone: Lower limb -

Cruciate ligaments (anterior view)

ant. cruciate: ant. intercondylar area of tibia to lateral wall of intercondylar fossa of femurpost. intercondylar area

of tibia to medial wall of intercondylar fossa of femur(前外後內)

49Bone: Lower limb -

Knee: cruciate liagaments interconnect femur and tibiaant. cruciate: ant.

intercondylar area of tibia to lateral wall of intercondylar fossa of femurpost. intercondylar area of

tibia to medial wall of intercondylar fossa of femur limitations of extreme

anterior and posterior displacements of tibia on fixed femur

50Bone: Lower limb -

Knee: collateral ligaments

51Bone: Lower limb -

Meniscus

Medial meniscus: fibrocartilage; wide- C shaped; periphery attaches to joint capsuleLateral meniscus:

more circular in shape

52Bone: Lower limb -

Bones of the foot

Tarsal bonesMetatarsal bonesPhalanges (pl. of phalax)

53Bone: Lower limb -

Tarsal bones: proximal rowProximal row: Talus, Calcaneus (Calcaneum), Navicular

54Bone: Lower limb -

Talus-1Head: articulate with NavicularBodysuperior articular facet (trochlear)

tibiamedial facet: smaller, comma- shaped medial malleoluslateral facet: larger, triangular shape

lateral malleolus

Anterior Posterior

Medial view

55Bone: Lower limb -

Talus-2

Inferior surface: divided by sulcus tali (for interosseous lig.) into ant. & post. partsanterior part: 2 smaller

facet Calcaneumposterior part: 1 large

facet Calcaneus (post. talocalcaneal joint)

56Bone: Lower limb -

Talus-3 transfers body weight postero-inferiorly to calcaneum which relays it to ground antero-inferiorly to calcaneum and navicular, through which to distal

row of tarsus and metatarsus

57Bone: Lower limb -

Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-1

heel of foot, transfer weight to groundTalar shelf (sustentaculum tali): projection on medial sidesuperior surface:posteriorly: large facet for post.

talocalcaneal jointmiddle and anterior facets for

talus (in front of sulcus calcanei)

ant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus on its undersurface

58Bone: Lower limb -

Calcaneus (Calcaneum)-2

calcaneal tuberosityant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal

tendon (Achilles tendon)groove for tendon of

flexor hallucis longus on its undersurface

59Bone: Lower limb -

Calcaneus-3

Calcaneal sulcusant. surface for Cuboidinsertion of calcaneal

tendon (Achilles tendon)

60Bone: Lower limb -

Navicular bone

between head of talus and distal row of 3 cuneiform bonestuberosity:

attachment of Tibialis posterior

61Bone: Lower limb -

Tarsal bones: distal row-1Distal row: Cuboid + 3 Cuneiform bones

62Bone: Lower limb -

Cuboid

ant. surface: for 4th, 5th metatarsalsproximal: articulate

with calcaneummedial: with navicular

& lateral cuneiform

63Bone: Lower limb -

Cuboid-2Lateral surface: tuberositygroove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon on underside

64Bone: Lower limb -

Cuneiforms (Latin: wedge)

cuneiforms:med.Intermediatelat.medial: largestproximal: navicular bonedistal: metatarsus 1-3

65Bone: Lower limb -

Metatarsus-1

all metatarsals in the same plane (different from hand)?

Base BodyHead (distal end)

66Bone: Lower limb -

Metatarsus-2(deep) transverse

(inter)metatarsal lig. links heads (distal end) of metatarsals

67Bone: Lower limb -

Phalanges

Big toe: proximal and distal phalanx2nd-5th toe:

proximal, middle, distal phalanx

68Bone: Lower limb -

The arches of the foot: longitudinal archmedial view:ant.: head of metatarsals on the groundpost.: calcaneal tuberosity (tuber calcanei) on the ground

lateral view: lower longitudinal arch; apex at the ant. part of calcaneum

69Bone: Lower limb -

The arches of the foot: transverse arch

obvious at the distal row of tarsal bones,cuboid (laterally) close to

ground; medially, medial cuneiform off the groundmovement (of foot at ankle):

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion; inversion/eversion

70Bone: Lower limb -