Post on 16-Nov-2015
description
weRq kvkZ
cKvkbv
wkv gYvjq, MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvi
cKvkKvj
wWm^i 2014
mv`bv
gv. bRij Bmjvg Lvb
mwPe, wkv gYvjq
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gvt njvj Dwb, AwZwi mwPe, wkv gYvjq
Avkxl Kzgvi miKvi, Pqvigvb (AwZwi mwPe), GbwUAviwmG, wkv gYvjq
cdmi W. w`jviv nvwdR, Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkv evW, XvKv
cdmi W. miKvi Ave`yj gvbvb, m`m, GbwmwUwe, wkv gYvjq
myeva P` Xvjx, Dc-cavb Z_ Awdmvi, wkv gYvjq
^cb Kzgvi bv_, cwkY wekl (mnhvMx AavcK), bvqg, wkv gYvjq
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weKvk me| gvbyli gvbexq Yvewj, mwkxjZv, Rxebi cwZ ggZeva, Amv`vwqK
Rxeb-wRvmv, hwKZvi weKvk G meB me nq mywkvi fZi w`q| mZ-wg_vi cv_K,
bvq-Abvq eva I my`i-Amy`ii eeavb eySZ nj vbvRbi Kvbv weK bB| GQvov
A_bwZK weKvk, wevb I KrKkjMZ mgw, Rxebi gvbvbqb I Mfxi `kcg evai Rb
cqvRb YMZ wkvi wevi| GLb evsjv`k AvjvwKZ gvbyl Movi mB gnvmoKi hvx|
AZ cwiZvci welq GB h, ^vaxbZvc~e `xN mgq, wekl Ki cvwKvwb kvmbvgj wkvi
h Pwi wQj Zv c~eei nvRvi eQii mswZMZ HwZn Ges GB f~Li gvbyli Rxebevai
m gvUB mwZc~Y wQj bv| h ZvgwbK wkvi ceZb Zviv KiwQj Zv G`ki gvbyli
Amv`vwqK I D`vi gvbeZvev`x Pwii m wQj mvsNwlK| dj cvwKvwb wkveevi
msKxYZvq kvmi nq DVwQj G`ki wkv_x I wkvbyivMx RbMvx| D`vi mvswZK weKvk
_gK wMqwQj| Zvi j Pv Kiv nqwQj cwZwqvkxj kwi Dvb NUvZ| wPvi ^vaxbZv,
A_bwZK gyw I mvgvwRK weKvkK KVvifve wbqY Ki GKwU AKvhKi iv cwZvi Pv
KiwQj cvwKvwb kvmKMvx| dj AwbevhfveB Zviv Avkq wbqwQj wbhvZb I wbcxobi|
evOvwj RvwZmvi mB Pig `yw`b Avwef~Z nb G`ki Awemsevw`Z bZv RvwZi RbK eez
kL gywReyi ingvb| wZwb aviY KiwQjb evOvwj RvwZi BwZnvm I HwZni wecyj cevnK|
ZvB wZwb Awfb avivq wgjvZ ciwQjb G`ki wewP kwY-ckv I ag-Mvi gvbyli
Avkv-AvKvv, AveM Ges cZq I cwZvK| dj `xN Av`vjb-msMvgi c_ ai 70-Gi
wbevPb I 71-Gi gywhy Zuvi bZZ evOvwj RvwZi HKi weqKi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
^vaxb evsjv`ki UKmB mgw I AMMwZi Rb eez mePq ewk iZvivc KiwQjb
wkvi cwZ| wZwb gb KiZb wkvq wewbqvM mePq fvjv wewbqvM| GB AvaywbK Rxeb-`kb
_K wZwb cv_wgK wkvK RvZxqKiY KiwQjb Ges mKj wki wkv MnYi AwaKviK
mvsweavb Afz KiwQjb| ZviB avivevwnKZvq eezi myhvM Kbv MYcRvZx evsjv`k
miKvii gvbbxq cavbgx kL nvwmbv `k Movi AxKvii K`we`yZ vb w`qQb wkvK|
2009 mvj _K 2014 mvj ch gvbbxq cavbgxi wePY bZZ Ges wkvgx byij Bmjvg
bvwn` Ggwc gnv`qi wbijm Zveavb G `ki wkv-eev I YMZ wkv cZvwkZ chvq
DcbxZ nqQ|
wK mgwi c_ GB hvv Anxb| weRq kvkZ mB wbii hvv-c_i Awb` my`i mw|
AmvaviY Zvrchc~Y wKQz ce, M I KweZv wbq wkv gYvjq _K cKvwkZ njv weRq
kvkZ| h mKj cwZRb, fveyK I mwkxj gvbyl jLv w`q cwKvwU mg KiQb Zuv`i
abev` vcb KiwQ| Avi h-me gnvb ew`i jLv cybgyw`Z njv Zuv`i KvQ KZZv
RvbvwQ| ce, M I KweZvq jLK`i wbR^ wKvY, Rxebeva I wfwi cwiPq NUQ|
AwZ A mgqi ga G iKg GKwU mRbkxj cKvkbv cKvk KiZ mg nIqvq mv`bv
cl`K mwekl abev` RvbvwQ|
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Gevii msMvg Avgv`i gywi msMvg,
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kvgmyvgvb Lvb evOvwji nvRvi eQii ^ci weRq hfve Gjv 01
AavcK W. dviRvbv Bmjvg ^vaxbZv-Di evsjv`k : RvZxq AMMwZ I Rvi mgZv 04
Aa KvRx dviK Avng` weRq w`em cZvkv I cZq 08
mwg kLi eezi mekl weRq w`em fvlY Ges mvbvi gvbyl cm 13
b~ij Bmjvg bvwn` Avgvi wcq cvVkvjv : kZelx Kmev cv_wgK we`vjq 16
W. AvwZDi ingvb Avgvi eo IVv 19
AavcK Lvj`v GKivg GKwesk kZvxi cKkji iciLv 22
gvvdv Revi vbwfwK mgvRi Rb wWwRUvj icvi PvB 24
miKvi Ave`yj gvbvb AahyMi AmvaviY ARb 30
myeva P` Xvjx wkv : ARbi nvjPvj 33
KvRx kvnRvnvb wWwRUvj mswZ 36
Avevnvg wjb cavb wkKi KvQ wPwV 37
nicmv` kvx wkv 38
AvjevU AvBbvBb Avgvi `wZ RMr 41
nygvqyb Kwei wekwe`vjqi K_v 44
Ave`yj Kvjvg cw_exZ KD k nq RbMnY Ki bv 56
AgZ mb gwjK wkv : RxebK mnRfve `LZ kLvq 58
Lvb mviIqvi gyiwk` wkv Ges mvgvwRK `vwqZ 60
Avwbmyvgvb evsjv`k agxq mxwZ 67
mq` kvgmyj nK weRqi w`b wcZvi cwZ 73
iwdK AvRv` Pzwbqv Avgvi AvKwWqv 74
KvRx ivRx imKvmi gq`vb : AbeiZ mv cgvY 75
Kvgvj Payix gywhvv 76
gvnv` mvw`K AgZi cyiv gi bv 77
fuBqv mwdKzj Bmjvg GKwU cvwLi K_v 78
Avmv` gvbvb RbKi Awebvkx gyL 80
w`jviv nvwdR Avwg 81
Amxg mvnv Avgv`i ivRKzgvi I evsjv`k 82
Avkxl Kzgvi miKvi fvjvevwm 84
iZb wmwKx GLvbB AvQb wZwb 85
^cb bv_ GKvi 86
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK bvgnxb Mvnxb 89
mwjbv nvmb `yiKg hy 96
gwb nvq`vi i I Afyvbi M 101
gv. ZwiKzj Bmjvg exi mbv cuvP Kwo 109
jLK cwiwPwZ 113
Avjevg 121
evOvwji nvRvi eQii ^ci weRq hfve Gjv
kvgmyvgvb Lvb
evOvwji nvRvi eQii ^c I Avkv-AvKvvi evevqb NUQ GB HwZnvwmK w`b,
AweiYxq 1971 mvj| BwZnvm jLv AvQ evOvwji ^vaxbZv Kvgbvi, ^cKzuwoi gZv ev
A AvKvvi I BQvi gZv exRvKvii, Azi DMgi Aeqei gZv wKQz w`K-wPi
K_v| jLv AvQ mB ^vaxbZv-^ci Avb cek Ki IB avi Rb cyo givi K_v|
jLv AvQ AMYb ZvM-wZwZv Avi AvZZvMi K_v| ^vaxbZv eov KwVb mvabvq ARbi
GK gwYiZ| `y-GKw`bi ev `y-GK cRb GB gnviZ ARbi e eQi Avi e cwiKbv Ges
Zvi evevqbi Rb e gvbylK axi axi Dy I AbycvwYZ Ki avc avc GK chvq
weRq Ges cii chvq wcQz nUvGgwb KiB kl ch Avm mB KvwZ, e mvabvi ab gnvg~j ^vaxbZv|
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv ARb BwZnvmi mB Pbv c_B GmQ| nVvr Ki GKw`b KvbI
gRi mvnei WvK Avmwb| Zv Avmv me bv ejB Avmwb hfve Avmvi wbqg mfveB
GmQ| mB BwZnvmB Avgv`i ^vaxbZvi BwZnvmAb BwZnvm KD ejZ PvBj Zv fyqv, weKZ, ^KcvjKwZ| evsjv`ki f, bZRvby I ^vawmwceY HwZnvwmK, Z_vKw_Z
AbyMncZvkx eywRxex I Avgjv Avi gZvwjy ivRbxwZK evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi GB
^KcvjKwZ ev gbMov BwZnvm Zwii bvbv KzgZje bvbv cwiKbv, gnvcwiKbv Ges
c~ei jLv BwZnvm mskvabi wmu`j Pvii f~wgKvq AeZxY nqQb|
Avgv`i ^vaxbZvi BwZnvm Ke _K i Zv wbwZ Ki ejv gykwKj| Phvc`i Kwe fymyK
hw`b `ytL-e`bv I ebvi AvZck we nq ejjb, AvwR fymyK evOvwj fBwj (AvR fymyK
evOvwj njv) e evOvwj wmvPvhi mB DPviY evsjvi RvMiY Avi evOvwji RvwZmv wbgvY A_vr `~i`wZ ^vaxbZvi c_iLv (GLvbKvi cwifvlvq ivWgvc) ZwiZ KvbIB
Ae`vb ivLwb Ggb Zv bq! evOvwj hLb Zvi mvswZK DivwaKvi wbgvY Phvc`K mvgb
ivL ZLb Kwe fymyKi IB evYx evOvwjZi RbwPrKvii gZv Abb ebv jvf KiQ|
gnvgwZ eyi Abymvix evOvwj KweB ZLb evOvwjZi Z_v evOvwj RvwZi weRqi bwKe nq
DVQb|
Gi KqKk eQi ci BsiR kvmbvgj kicyi-Rvgvjcyi cvB evOvwj gymjgvb KlK wUcy
cvMjv, Die wn`y I gymjgvb dwKi Ges mbvmx we`vnx`i, cwg evsjvi
bviKjewoqvi wZZzgxiK (gxi wbmvi Avjx)| Avi 1920-30-Gi `kK ^`kx Av`vjbi
bvqK gvvi`v m~h mb I cxwZjZv Iqv`v`iK `wL BsiRi wei mk jovBq
Rxeb`vb Ki Avgv`i ^vaxbZvi BwZnvm iZc~Y Ae`vb ivLZ Ges ci ^vaxbZvi mk
jovBq KlK we`vni Abb exiMv_vI Avgiv evsjvi BwZnvm LyuR cvB|
wK Gi evBi wbqgZvwK ivRbxwZ Ges wecex ivRbxwZ Ges mvwnZ I mswZi Ae`vbI
Avgv`i ^vaxbZv msMvg I evOvwji RvwZmv wbgvY Amvgvb| wbqgZvwK ivRbxwZZ
kxwPib `vk, wewcY P` cvj, kirP` emy, G. K. dRjyj nK, gIjvbv fvmvbx, nvmb
knx` mvnivIqv`x, gvwbK wgqv cgyLi Ae`vb weivU| Avi wbqgZvwK I mk ^vaxbZv
1
msMvg myfvlP` emy, kL gywReyi ingvb, ZvRDxb Avng` cgyLi bvg iYxq| Avi
Gu`i msMvgx Rxeb I ivRbxwZi mvi-mswZ I jvKR-mswZi mvaKi Ae`vbI LyeB
iZc~Y| gvBKj, we`vmvMi, gxi gkviid nvmb, wekKwe iex`bv_ VvKzi, kirP`
Pvcvavq, Kwe-we`vnx KvRx bRij Bmjvg, Rxebbv` `vk, wR`jvj ivq, jvjb dwKi,
nvQb ivRv, Aeb-Rqbyj-Kvgij-mZwRrmn AmsL Kwe wkx-mvwnwZK-AvjvKwPxi
evOvwji RvZxq mswZ wbgvY iZc~Y Ae`vb iqQ| Avi GB mswZi wfwi Ici wbwgZ
nqQ evOvwji ^vaxb iv| mRb G ivi mv kL gywRe ejZ cvib : duvwmi g
hvIqvi mgqI ejev Avwg evOvwj evsjv Avgvi fvlv|
Avmj evsjv`k ivwU mw nqQ g~jZ evOvwj mswZi wfwi Ici| ZvB Avgiv ay
ivRbwZK we`vnx`i GB iv mwZ iZc~Y gb Kwi bv, GKB m fymyK _K m`k
kZKi Aveyj nvwKg Ges Dwbk-wek kZKi gyKz` `vm, igk kxj, `y`ykvn, Rvjvj Luv,
gvBRfvvwi ZwiKvi mq` Avng`Djv Ges myKv _K kvgmyi ivngvbK evOvwji ivmwi
AbZg icKvi ej gb KiZ cvwi| G`i mKji wPvi mg^q mvab KiB kL gywRe
evsjv`k ivi MYZvwK, gvbweK, agwbic ev Amvc`vwqK Pvwi wbaviY Kib|
mvgvb KvbI ckvRxexi c BwZnvmi GZ eo KvbfvmK wPv I KgcwZZ aviY Ki
iv MVb Kiv GKeviB Ame| GLvbB kL gywRei AbbZvwZwb wfbagx ev ^Kxq iv cwqZv evOvwji kZ mnm eQii BwZnvm-HwZn-mswZ Ges `ytL-ebvK aviY KiB mw
Kib GB Abb RvwZ-ivevsjv`k|
`yB
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi BwZnvm my`xNKvji, m K_v Avgiv AvMB ejwQ| 1971-Gi 7B
gvPi fvlY gnvbvqK eez ^vaxbZv NvlYv Kib Ges 26 k gvP ^vaxb-mvefg iv
wnme AvbyvwbKfve evsjv`ki AvZcKvk NvlYv Kib|
1971-Gi gvPi c_g w`bB msm` Awaekb e NvlYvi cvwK cwmWU Bqvwnqvi wmvi
wei MR IV MvUv evsjv`k| c~eevsjvi gvbyli gb _K gyQ hvq cvwKvb ivi
eve-AwZ Ges evsjvi gvbylK GB gvbwmK i Avbb g~jZ evsjvi Rbwcq ivRbwZK
bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb| wZwb GKw`bi KvbI NvlYv ev 1971-Gi gvPi AmnhvM
Av`vjbB wecyj gvbylK GB iZi wmvi i AvbZ cvibwb| evsjvi gvbylK GB
i AvbZ Zuvi mgq jMQ cvq wmwK kZvx|
1947-1948-G wZwb kvgmyj nKi bZZ, gIjvbv fvmvbxi bZZ, AvZvDi ingvb Lvbi
mnvqZvq gymwjg jxMweivax Ges AvaywbK RbMYi ^v_wfwK AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMi
ivRbwZK Av`vjb i Kib| Zv axi axikZ wbhvZb-AZvPvi RviRyjyg mn Ki evsjvi gvbyli gb my`p cfve djZ _vK|
GB avivi c_g weRq m~wPZ nq 1954-Gi hydUi wbevPb gymwjg jxMi f~wgam civRq|
G chvq mvnivIqv`x, fvmvbx, G. K. dRjyj nKi Ae`vb gyL njI Rbwcq ZiY bZv
kL gywRei Ae`vb wKQzgv Kg bq| kL gywReyi cvwKvb MYcwil` evsjv I evOvwji
^c RvwZZvwK Aevb-cm~Z h f~wgKv cvjb Kib Zv evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I evOvwji
ivwbgvYi Dcv`vb cZ Ki| wZwb cvK MYcwil` cwg cvwKvwb kvlK`i Dk
2
ejb K. Zulum mat karo bhai (Ryjyg Kiv bv fvB), hw` Ki Zvnj wbqgZvwK c_ Qo Avgiv AmvsweavwbK cvq Pj hZ eva nev; L. The word `Bengal has a history has a tradition of its own (evsjv kwUi GK wbR^ BwZnvm I HwZn AvQ)| ZvB evsjv bvg cwieZb Ki c~e cvwKvb ivLZ PvBj Avgv`i c~eevsjvq hq RbMYi gZ wbZ
ne, Zviv ivwR nj ZeB GUv me; M. evsjvK ivfvlv Ges hywbevPbi Kx njv?
(speeches of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Pakistan Parliament, P. 12) G `ywU welqB evsjv`k iv MVbi AbZg g~j Dcv`vb; N. KivwPK GK BDwbUfy Ki cwg cvwKvb
Afy Kij (KivwP evsjvi cvUi UvKvq Mo DVQ ej) cvwKvbi ivRavbx XvKvq
vbvi KiZ ne; O. evsjvi gvbyl bv Lq AvQ Ges Zviv gviv hvQ (wKQz AvM Lyjbvq
`ywf nq MQ) cvwKvb `vweK wecyjfve mg_b Kivi GB dj? cwg cvwKvwbiv
cvwKvbi Rb GZUv ZvM ^xKvi Kiwb| Zviv Avgv`i `ytL eySe bv; P. Avgiv cvwKvwb
bv evOvwj bvg cwiwPZ nZ PvB; Q. I will here and now speak in Bagali and nobody can prevent me form doing that (Avwg GLvb GB gyn~Z evsjvq eZv Kiev| AvgvK KD evav w`Z cvieb bv)|
1962 mvj evsjvi ^vaxbZv cwZi Rb wZwb MVb Kib QvbZv`i bZZ GK wbDwKqvm|
Gi m`m Kiv nq wmivRyj Avjg Lvb, dRjyj nK gwY, Ave`yi ivvK I KvRx Avid
Avng`K| Giv eezi Abygv`b ^vaxbZvi bvbv my Kgm~wP Zwi Kib hgb K.
Zvgvi Avgvi wVKvbv, cv-gNbv hgybv ; RvM RvM evOvwj RvM; wcw bv XvKv? XvKv, XvKv vMvb Ges evOvwji ^vaxbZvi exRg Rq evsjv| 1966 mvj 6 `dv evsjv`ki
^vaxbZvi gvg A nq IV| GB gviYvcwZg 6 `dv eez ck Kib cvwKvbi
ivRbwZK kwi g~j K` jvnvi|
mvnmx, jovKz gywRe ZLb RbwcqZvi Zz| kL gywRe 6 `dv bvg GK `dvq AvmQb GUv
eySZ ciB AvBqye Luv Gi wei Ai fvlv cqvM Kivi gwK `b| 1971-G cvwKvwb
`Lj`viiv Ai fvlvB cqvM Ki evOvwj`i wei| GB fqven Ai fvlv mI
1971-Gi eezi AmnhvM Av`vjb Kgm~wPi gvag evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv NvlYv ay bq
`kK gvPB hb ^vaxb Ki djb| 1971-Gi RyjvB gvmi South Asian Review-G jLv cm ejb, When the police and servants joined the judges in pleding support for Mujib a defacto transfer of power had taken place inside Bangladesh and it had happend within a week of Yahiyas decision. During next three weeks Mujibs house became in effect this secretariat of Bangladesh (wePviK`i AbymiY Ki cywjk Ges wmwfj ckvmbi KgPvixiv hLb gywRei cwZ mg_b Rvbvq ZLbB evsjv`ki
fZi gZvi KvhZ nvi nq hvq Ges Bqvwnqvi wmvi GK mvni gaB Zv NU|
cii wZb mvn gywRei evwo KvhZ evsjv`k mUvwiqU cwiYZ nq)|
Gfve Dvj gvPi c_ eq 1971-Gi 16B wWm^i eez kL gywReyi ingvbi Abb
bZZ iv gywhy evOvwji weRq AwRZ nq| weki eyK Avwefve NU ^vaxb-mvefg
evsjv`ki|
3
^vaxbZv-Di evsjv`k : RvZxq AMMwZ I Rvi mgZv
AavcK W. dviRvbv Bmjvg
`xNw`bi ebv Avi mxgvnxb `yfvMi Aemvb NwUq bq gvmi mk msMvgi fZi w`q
evsjv`k ivi Afy`q NU| ^vaxbZv msMvgi `vkwbK I ZvwK wfw wQj bvqwfwK I
mgZvc~Y mgvR MVbi ^c I AxKvi| mvgvwRK wePvinxbZv I KvVvgvMZ elgi Aemvb
NwUq cvwK I cvrc` RbMvxi gywi cwiek Zwii welq Avgv`i RvwZi wcZvi
Aevb wQj Avcvmnxb| ^vaxbZvKvj evsjv`ki iv I mgvR mB AxKvi c~iY gk
AMmi nqQ; wK gvS `xN mgq AMMwZ KvwZ MwZ cvqwb wev gZv`kavix I
AMYZvwK kw iv gZvq AwawZ _vKvi KviY| cwZKjZv I evavi cvnvo cwiq G
`ki bvbv kwY I ckvi bvix-cyil AKv cwikg Ki hvQb `vwi`gyw I RvZxq mgw
ARbi j| Zuv`i mB cPvq mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb I evavnxb Pjvi c_ Zwi Ki `qv
iv I miKvii cavb KZe| Abw`K bvMwiK mgvRi iZc~Y KvR njv wbew`ZcvY
gvbyl`i D`gx cPvq ^xKwZ c`vb; mxgveZv I AcZzjZvi cwZ bRi `qv wKsev ivxq
e_Zv I mvgvwRK AmwZi cwZ `w wbc hgb Riwi Zgwb Riwi RbMYi ARbi
^xKwZ c`vb |
wkv, wPwKrmv, A_bxwZ, wk-evwYR, mswZ, ivRbxwZ I ckvmbi bvbv mvwZK
eQijvZ AwRZ mvdji GKwU cavb w`K njv bvix-cyili eeavb I elg Kg Avmv|
GwU mZ h G hvvq GLbI my`xN c_ cvwo `qv evwK| wK JcwbewkK DivwaKvi I
kwY-wefvwRZ mgvRKvVvgvi Ask wnme Abvh I kvlYg~jK wekvm, g~jeva I PPv
hfve Avgv`i cvZwnK Rxebi Ask nq wQj Zv _K Avgiv h ejvsk ewiq GmwQ
Zvi ^xKwZ I weklY cieZx avc DiYi RbB AvekK|
BwZnvmi bvbv Kvj-ce wewfb kvmK Mvx G f~Li gvbylK kvlY Avi kvmbi RuvZvKj
wc KiQ| we`vnx evOvwj eevi ^vwaKvi Av`vq mP nqQ; `yGK evi ^kvmb ARbI
KiwQj| wK 1971-Gi c~e KLbvB P~ov mvefg ivi AwaKvi G RvwZ cvqwb| BsiR
B Bwqv Kvvwbi kvmb ceZbi c~ei kvmKMY wfb`wk njI G`kxq Rxebaviv I
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Kib h, Kg cvm Kij wkvi gvb eo hve? wkvi gvb wbq Rvgvwbi eb Giz wewfb `ki Z_ mjb Ki Standards for Quality in Education kxlK cKvwkZ MelYv cwZe`b ejv nqQ :
In practice, the term 'standards' is used in a number of different ways. Standards can refer to different domains of education and can be classified into input standards,
10
process standards and outcome standards. Input standards refer to resource inputs and typically include standards for physical infrastructure, student-teacher ratio and textbook provision. Process standards are concerned with less quantifiable factors, such as the quality of teaching, the management of the school and the relationship with the community. Outcome standards refer to the students learning outcomes. In addition a standard can have different implications in terms of compliance. The term 'standard. can be used to refer to i) a norm, which suggests a desired level of quality , ii) a requirement, which implies mandatory compliance, or iii) a measure, which suggests a range a range of bench marks."
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mvbvi gvbyl cZvkv KiwQjb, Zviv hw` Mo bv IVb Zvnj cKZ mvbvi evsjv Movi
^c ne my`~i civnZ| mvbvi gvbyl Movi cwqvwU KejB mvgwK Zv ejv hve bv|
ewMZfveI G cwqv m~Pbv Kiv Ges Zv AevnZ ivLv evbxq|
15
Avgvi wcq cvVkvjv
kZelx Kmev cv_wgK we`vjq
b~ij Bmjvg bvwn`
1951 mvj, Lye meZ Rvbyqvwi gvm, DRbv, wKQzUv ARvbv fxwZ Ges Mei mv_ fvjv
Rvgv-Kvco ci, mKvj ejv Avgvi `v`v nvwR AvgRv` Avjxi nvZ ai Avwg c_g cvVkvjvq
wMq fwZ nqwQjvg| `vw` I gv-PvwPiv `j eua ivv ch GwMq w`q Mjb| ZLb ZvwiL
mK Avgvi Kvbv aviYvB wQj bv| GLb gb nQ m w`bwU wQj mvgevi, KviY ei
cii w`b wQj mw`bwU| ZLb mvvwnK QywU wQj iveevi| mB _KB i njv Avgvi
AvbyvwbK wkv-Rxeb| wkv-Rxeb AvRI Avgvi kl nqwb| cwZw`bB Avwg wKQz bv wKQz
wkLwQ- gvbyli KvQ, mgvR Ges Avgv`i Rxebi AwfZv _K| Ze mw`b _K wkv
cwZvbi Qv wnme wkv Rxebi h m~Pbv nqwQj Zvi cwimgvw NUwQj 1971 mvj XvKv
wekwe`vjqi Qv wnme gywhy AskMnYi ga w`q| gywhyi ci Avi fwZ nBwb|
nvBzji kl eQi _KB Qv Av`vjb I msMVbi mv_ Rwoq hvIqvi dj jLvcovi
Pq Rxeb ivRbxwZB cvavb cq hvq|
h cvVkvjvq fwZi ga w`q Avgvi QvRxeb I AvbyvwbK jLvcov i nqwQj mB cwZvb
nQ Avgvi wcq Mvgi wcq we`vjq Kmev cv_wgK we`vjq| Avgvi GB Mvg I we`vjqi
Rb Avwg MweZ| GB Kmev Mvgi gvbyli D`vM I cPvi dj `ki Di-c~ecvi
GKwU Mvgi GB we`vjqwU DV GmQ `ki ga k we`vjqi Avmb| 2000 mvj
Kmev miKvwi cv_wgK we`vjq RvZxqfve A_vr mgM `ki ga k cv_wgK we`vjq
wnme ivxq ^xKwZ jvf Ki ivcwZ KZK cyiZ nq| GiKg GKwU Mvg I Mvgi zji
Qv nIqvi Rb wbRK mfvMevb gb Kiv Ges Meeva Kiv LyeB ^vfvweK|
h cvVkvjvq Avgvi nvZLwo, mB we`vjqwU `ki k we`vjq wnme ^xKZ| AvR Zvi
kZel c~Y njv| kZvx Kvj ai Mo IVv GB we`vjq Zvi wbR^ HwZn I Kgavivq mg|
kZel D`&hvcbi GB w`b Kmev Mvgi mKj Awaevmx Ges GB we`vjqi mKj wkK,
wkwKv, cwiPvjbvi mv_ hy mKj gyiweqvb I Kgx Ges mKj QvQvxK RvbvwQ Avgvi
AvwiK Awfb`b I fQv| kZ eQi ai GB we`vjq Mo Zvjvi wcQb hv`i kg,
gav, A_ I Ae`vb iqQ Zv`i mKji cwZ wbe`b KiwQ Avgvi Mfxi kvwj|
cvVkvjvwU hLb c_g zj vwcZ njv ZLb Gi GKgv wkK wQjb Avgvi c-wcZvgn
Rbve gvRvddi Avjx| ci Ab Kvbv Aj _K GKRb cavb wkK wbqvM `Iqv nq|
GKRb wkK wbq zji hvv i nqwQj|
AvR GZ eQi A_vr cvq AakZvx ciI Avgvi cvVkvjvi w`bjv PvLi mvgb Dj nq
fm DVQ| mKj K_vB GLvb GB cwimi Zzj aiv me bq| m `ZvI Avgvi bB|
ZvQvov bvg DjL Kivi evcvi GKUv fq njv- mKji bvg GB gyn~Z iY Kiv cvq
Ame| `y-GKwU bvg nqZv cmg DjL Kie, hv`i bvg Gme cm DjLhvM wQj,
wK GZ eQi ci Zv iY KiZ cvijvg bv, Zv`i KvQ gvcv_x|
Avgiv hLb Kmev cv_wgK we`vjqi Qv wQjvg ZLb we`vjqwU wQj wgyLx evRvii Di
cvk Lvji cvi| LvjwU wQj ZLb ek eo| elvKvj QvU-LvUv b`xi gZv| we`vjq NiwU
16
wQj ek eo, wUb I KvVi Zwi| eviv`vI wQj ek ck| Ze Ni Kvbv cvwUkb wQj bv|
Nii fZi wZbwU Pqvi-Uwej Avjv`v Ki cvZv wQj, GjvK K` Ki 3wU Kvm emZ|
Qv`i Rb wQj j^v e| eviv`vq QvU`i Kvm nZv| Zv`i Rb j^v Zvi wbP 2/1 Bw
DuPy Kiv LvUi gZv|
ZLb gymjgvb gq`i zj covi welqwU Avgv`i MvgxY mgvR ejZ Mj cvq wbwl wQj|
AvR Zvi YMZ cwieZb nqQ, gqivB ewk Ges fvjv jLvcov KiQ| GB Kmev MvgB
gyiweqvb`i D`vM `k-we`k AevbiZ mKji mvnvh-mnhvwMZvq gq`i nvBzj
cwZZ nqQ| DP wkvq gqiv GLbv wcwQq wK cv_wgK I gvawgK i Zviv wcwQq
bB eis AMmi| GUv weivU AMMwZ| Kmev Mvgi AbKB gq`iK hyivR, hyivmn
cevm Ges wmjU- XvKv kni DPwkv jvf KiQ Ges gav I KwZZi cwiPq w`Qb|
Avgv`i mgq wkK`i ga wQjb wewk K_vmvwnwZK Rbve AvKvvm wmivRyj Bmjvg, cavb
wkK Rbve Bqvwmb Avjx, Rbve Ave`yi iwng, Rbve gwKg Avjx| AviI KqKRb wkK ^
mgqi Rb GmQb Avevi e`wj nq Pj MQb|
Avgiv hviv GKmv_ coZvg Zv`i ga wQjbeZgvb Kzovi evRvi DP we`vjqi cavb wkK Qvjn Avng`, eZgvb wmjUi eemvqx bqvevwoi AvwZK Avng` (gBqb), Kvbvcvovi
Ave`yi ie, PvwjKvbvi DZzj Dwb, evwMi NvUi `i Avjx (wZwb Zvi dzdzi evwoZ
_vKZb)| GQvov eoevwoi gwdRyi ingvb (byby) `y eQi Avgv`i mv_ co Ab Pj hvb|
bvg GB gyn~Z gb coQ bv| GRb gvcv_x| G`i ga `i Avjx wQjb eqm Avgv`i
Pq AbK eo| DZzjI wQjb ek KqK eQii eo| `i Avjx cyiv`i hyeK wQjb|
Zv`i Zzjbvq Avgiv wbZv wkB wQjvg|
kwYZ covi mgq Avgiv Zvi LvU (cvq gvwUZ) emZvg| Avgiv me mgq gb KiZvg Ke
Dcii kwYZ DVe Ges e emZ cvie| wkKiv wQjb ` I Awf| Zv`i mn jvfi
mfvM nqQ Avgvi| m mgq cZK wkKi GKUv Ki Mvcb bvg wQj, Kviv Kxfve
w`qwQjb Rvwb bv, Avgiv Ab`i KvQ _K b wkLwQ Ges Zv Qv`i wbR`i gaB ay
eenvi Kiv nZv| hviv GiKg bvg w`qw`jb Zviv Lye iwmK wQjbGZ Kvbv m`n bB|
ZLb wbqwgZ zj cwi`kb KiZb zj Bci, msc ejv nZv GmAvB| KLbI bv Rvwbq
AvmZbAvKwK cwi`kb, Avevi RvwbqI AvmZb| ZLb e cwZ wbZb wkKMY| Avgiv hyMcr fxZ I Avbw`Z nZvg GmAvB Gj| fxwZi KviY wQjwZwb ck KiZb Ges Zvi mwVK Di `Iqv wQj KwVb cixv| Avb`i welq wQj GmAvBqi cwi`kb Dcj Zvi
KvQ Ave`b Kij ciw`b QzwU cvIqv hZ|
GKevi Kvm GmAvB mvne Kx GKwU ck Kijb, KD Reve `qwb| Avwg w`Z ciwQjvg|
wkKiv Lywk| cwi`kb kl wkK I GmAvB mvneiv Pv-bvv LvIqvi mgq AvgvK wkK
AvKvm wmivRyj Bmjvg ILvb _K DV Gm KqUv Rg wezU w`Z PvBjb| Avwg wbZ bv
PvBj Rvi Ki cKU w`q hvb| Avwg Lye jv cvwQjvg|
c_g kwYZ covi mgq zji evBi jvBb Ki `uvwoq Rvi myi Ki 1, 2 BZvw` MYbv kLv
wQj ek gRvi| Kvm cov aiv nZv, bv cvij GKK Rb wkKi GKK cwZi kvw
cPwjZ wQj| `yzwgi RbI wQj KwVb kvw| cov-jLvi Rb ev `yzwgi Rb Avwg KLbI kvw
17
cvBwb| Kvbv KviY GKevi Kvmi mevBK kvw `Iqv nqwQj, mB mgq GKeviB Avgvi
kvw jvfi AwfZv nqwQj|
zji ci Ljvayjv nZvg~jZ evZvwejey ev Rv^yiv (vbxq bvg gvZz Rvwgi) w`q dzUej Ljv| Ljvayjv ev Ab Kvbv KviY ciii ga gvivgvwiI nZv| ciw`b Avevi me wVK
nq hZ| jyjv I PzbvBigvi Lvj Ges jqvBi Lvji msjM j AewZ ej evRvii bvg wQj
wgyLx evRvi| GB evRviB wQj zj| Avgv`i GKUv gRvi welq wQjelvKvj| jyjv b`x wQj gvUvgywU ek eo b`x Ges zji cvk w`q eq hvIqv PzbvBigvi LvjI elvKvj QvUb`xi
gZvB wQj| Lye mvZ nZv| AbK bKv AvmZ, gvbyl bKvqB hvZvqvZ KiZ| elvKvj
mKvj ejv AbK bKv zji mvgb euvav _vKZ fvov hvIqvi Rb| Mqbvi bKv hZ
MvQZjvq wmjUi Mvwo aivi Rb| ZvQvov gvjc wbq eo eo bKvI AvmZ| zji
cQb GK eUMvQ| zj QywUi ci elvKvj Avgiv KvcoPvco Lyj eUMvQi Dci DV fiv
b`xZ Suvc w`Zvg| GKevi cej mvZi Uvb Avwg Ges Aviv `yGKRb eo bKvi wbP XzK
AvUKv co hvB| ci Aek mvZi UvbB ewiq Avwm, AviI wKQzY `wi nj GB w`bB
kl nq hZvg| Ljvayjv ev Kvbv aibi mvswZK KgKvi wekl Kvbv myhvM wQj bv|
Ljvayjv KivUv gyiweiv fvjv PvL `LZb bv| jywKq-Pvwcq Ljvayjv KiZ nZv|
zj covi mgq, Lye meZ hLb PZz_ kwYZ cwo, ZLb GKwU NUbv Avgvi gb Mfxi
iLvcvZ Ki, hv cieZx Rxeb AvgvK weklfve cfvweZ KiwQj| wgyLx evRvi ZLb
PvicuvPwU `vKvb wQj| Avgv`i Kvm PjQ| nVvr Ki evRvi wgwjUvwiiv Gj| cvwKvwb
wgwjUvwi D`y K_v ej, AcwiwPZ DM Pnviv| Giv hLb-ZLb hLvb-mLvb gvbylK wbcxob I
Acgvb Ki| kxaiv Mvgi GKRbi GKwU `vKvb wQj| wgwjUvwiiv m `vKvb XzK me wKQy
ZQbQ KiwQj| Zvi ci mLvb wKQz gvgevwZ ei Kij, mjv bvwK fviZxq| Gici IB
`vKvbi gvwjKK h AgvbweK AZvPvi Kij Zv `L Avgiv mevB fxZ I AvZwZ nq
cojvg| Kviv wKQz Kivi wQj bvh K_v eje mB wbhvZbi wkKvi ne| Avgiv Zv QvU Ges G aibi AgvbweK AZvPvi Gi AvM KLbv `wLwb| GiKg AZvPvi I AgvbweK wbzi
wbhvZbi `k `L Avgvi gb h vf I Acgvb mw nqwQj, Avgvi RxebK Zv vqxfve
cfvweZ Ki iLQ| Abvq AZvPvi kvlY wbcxobi wei Ges wbhvwZZ wbcxwoZ gvbyli
c Avgvi Aevb MnYi cv_wgK m~Pbv njvGB NUbv|
QvUejvi zji w`bjvi e wZ gb coQ AvRI| GLvb Zv wevwiZ ejvi mgq ev
myhvM bB| Ze cov-jLvi nvZLwo Avgv`i wcq GB we`vjq, hv Avgvi cieZx Rxebi
wfw Zwi Ki w`qwQj| GLvb _KB Avgvi Rxebi cKZ hvv i nqwQj| AvR Avwg h
AevbB _vwK bv Kb Zvi cQb Avgvi zj, zji wkK, Avgvi Mvg Ges Avgvi Mvgi
gvbyli Ae`vb I AbyciYvB cavb wfw|
AvRKi GB w`b Avgvi wcq cvVkvjv I wcq Mvgi mKji cwZ RvbvwQ Avgvi KZZv|
mKji cwZ iBj Avgvi f Kvgbv| Kmev miKvwi cv_wgK we`vjqi kZel, Avgv`i
Miei kZel|
18
Avgvi eo IVv
W. AvwZDi ingvb
Avgvi Rb Rvgvjcyi Rjvi GK ARcvovMuvq| 14 wKjvwgUvi `~ii kni hZ nZv cvq
nuU ev mvBKj Po| cyiv Mvgi ga GKgv gvwUK cvm wQjb Avgvi PvPv gwdRDwb|
Avgvi evev GKRb AwZ `wi` f~wgnxb KlK| Avgiv cuvP fvB, wZb evb| KvbviKg Lq bv
Lq w`b KvUZv Avgv`i|
Avgvi gv mvgvb jLvcov RvbZb| Zuvi KvQB Avgvi covkvbvi nvZLwo| Zvici evwoi
cvki cv_wgK we`vjq fwZ nB| wK Avgvi cwievi GZUvB Afve h, Avwg hLb ZZxq
kwYZ DVjvg, ZLb Avi covkvbv Pvwjq hvIqvi myhvM _vKjv bv| eo fvB Aviv AvM
zj Qo KvR XzKQb| AvgvKI jLvcov Qo ivRMvii c_ bvgZ njv|
Avgv`i GKUv Mvfx Avi KqKUv Lvwm wQj| Avwg mKvj _K mv ch Ijv gvV
PivZvg| weKjejv Mvfxi `ya wbq evRvi wMq wew KiZvg| Gfve `yB fvB wgj hv Avq
KiZvg, ZvZ KvbviKg w`b KvUwQj| wKQyw`b Pjvi ci `ya wewi Avq _K mwZ AvU
UvKv w`q Avwg cvb-wewoi `vKvb w`B| cwZw`b mKvj _K mv ch `vKvb emZvg|
covkvbv Zv eB, Av` KiemB ^cI wQj bv!
GK weKj eo fvB ejjb, AvR zj gvV bvUK ne| gb AvQ, ZLb Avgvi Mvq
`Iqvi gZv Kvbv Rvgv bB| Lvwj Mv Avi jyw ci Avwg fvBqi m bvUK `LZ
PjwQ| zj cuQ Avwg Zv weq nZevK! Pviw`K GZ Avb`gq PgrKvi cwiek! Avgvi
gb njv, AvwgI Zv Avi mevi gZvB nZ cviZvg| wmv wbjvg, AvgvK Avevi zj
wdi AvmZ ne|
bvUK `L evwo divi c_ eo fvBK ejjvg, Avwg wK Avevi zj wdi AvmZ cvwi bv?
Avgvi ejvi fw ev KiY Pvnwb `LB nvK wKsev Ab Kvbv KviYB nvK K_vUv fvBqi
gb aij| wZwb ejjb, wVK AvQ Kvj nWmvii m Avjvc Kie|
ciw`b `yB fvB Avevi zj Mjvg| eo fvB AvgvK nWmvii igi evBi `uvo Kwiq iL
wfZi Mjb| Avwg evBi `uvwoq bwQ, fvB ejQb AvgvK hb evwlK cixvq
AskMnYi myhvMUzKz `Iqv nq| wK nWmvi Aevi fwZ ejjb, mevBK w`q wK
jLvcov nq!
mvii K_v b Avgvi gv_v wbPz nq Mj| hZLvwb Avkv wbq zj wMqwQjvg, mvii GK
K_vZB me a~wjmvr nq Mj| Zey eo fvB AbK cxovcxwo Ki Avgvi cixv `Iqvi
AbygwZ RvMvo Kijb| cixvi ZLb Avi gv wZb gvm evwK| evwo wdi gvK ejjvg,
AvgvK wZb gvmi QywU w`Z ne| Avwg Avi GLvb _vKe bv| KviY Ni Lvevi bB, cib
Kvco bBAvgvi Kvbv eBI bB, wK AvgvK cixvq cvm KiZ ne|
gv ejjb, Kv_vq hvwe? ejjvg, Avgvi GKKvji mncvVx Ges GLb Kvmi dveq
gvRvji evwoZ hve| Ii gvqi m Avgvi cwiPq AvQ| h Kw`b K_v ejwQ, ZvZ
Ki Lye fvjv gvbyl ej gb nqQ| Avgvi wekvm, AvgvK Dwb wdwiq w`Z cvieb bv|
19
`yi `yi gb gvRvji evwo Mjvg| mewKQy Lyj ejZB Lvjvv mvb` ivwR njb|
Avgvi Lvevi Avi Avkq RyUj; i njv bZyb Rxeb| bZzb Ki covkvbv i Kijvg|
cwZYB nWmvii mB Aevm~PK K_v gb co hvq, R` KvR Ki gb; Aviv fvjv
Ki covkvbv Kwi|
h_vmgq cixv i njv| Avwg GK-GKwU cixv kl KiwQ Avi gB hb DxweZ nwQ|
Avgvi AvZwekvmI eo hvQ| dj cKvki w`b Avwg zj wMq c_g mvwiZ emjvg|
nWmvi djvdj wbq Gjb| Avwg j Kijvg, coZ wMq wZwb Kgb hb wavw^Z|
AvoPvL Avgvi w`K ZvKvQb| Zvici dj NvlYv Kijb| Avwg c_g nqwQ! Lei b
eo fvB Avb` Ku` djjb| ay Avwg wbweKvihb GUvB nIqvi K_v wQj|
Avgvi Rxebhvv GLb m~Y e`j MQ| Avwg ivR zj hvB| Aemi msmvii KvR Kwi|
BZvga mvi`i mybRi co MwQ| dqR gjfx mvi AvgvK Zuvi mvbi gZv `Lvbv
KiZ jvMjb| mevi Av`i, hZ, mn Avwg dv nqB cg kwYZ DVjvg| GZw`b
Mvgi GKgv gvwUK cvm gwdRDwb PvPv Avgvi LuvR wbjb| Zuvi evwoZ Avgvi Avkq
RyUj|
cv_wgK wkv kl Ki Avwg w`NcvBZ Rywbqi nvBzj fwZ nB| PvPv IB zji wkK| Ab
wkKivI Avgvi msMvgi K_v RvbZb| ZvB mevi evowZ Av`i-fvjvevmv cZvg|
Avwg hLb mg kwY cwiq Ag kwYZ DVe, ZLb PvPv GKw`b KvK hb GKUv
wevcb KU wbq Gm AvgvK `Lvjb| IBUv wQj KvWU KjR fwZi wevcb|
h_vmgq dig c~iY Ki cvVvjvg| GLvb ejv `iKvi, Avgvi bvg wQj AvZvDi ingvb| wK
KvWU KjRi fwZ dig zji nWmvi Avgvi bvg AvwZDi ingvb wjL PvPvK
ejwQjb, GB Qj GKw`b AbK eo wKQy ne| `k AbK AvZvDi AvQ| Ii bvgUv
GKUy Avjv`v nIqv `iKvi; ZvB AvwZDi Ki w`jvg|
Avwg ivZ RM covkvbv Ki cwZ wbjvg| wbavwiZ w`b PvPvi m cixv w`Z iIbv
njvg| IB Avgvi Rxeb c_g gqgbwmsn hvIqv| wMq mewKQy `L Zv Pz PoKMvQ! GZ
GZ Qji ga AvwgB Kej cvqRvgv Avi ci GmwQ! Avgvi gb njv, bvAvmvUvB fvjv wQj| AnZyK K Kijvg| hvB nvK cixv w`jvg; fvejvg ne bv| wK `yB gvm ci
wPwV cjvg, Avwg wbevwPZ nqwQ| GLb P~ov cixvi Rb XvKv KvUbgU hZ ne|
mevB Lye Lywk; Kej AvwgB nZvk| Avgvi GKUv cvU bB, hUv ci hve| kl zji
Kivwb KvbvB jvj wekvmi dzjcvUUv avi Kijvg| Avi GKUv kvU hvMvo njv| Avwg Avi
PvPv APbv XvKvi Dk iIbv njvg| PvPv wkwLq w`jb, gwLK cixv w`Z wMq Avwg
hb `iRvi KvQ `uvwoq ewj : g AvB Kvg Bb mvi? wVKgZvB ejjvg| Ze GZ DP^i
ejjvg h, DcwZ mevB nv nv Ki nm DVj|
cixK`i GKRb wgRvcyi KvWU KjRi Aa Gg. WweD. wcU AvgvK Avcv`gK
wbixY Ki mewKQy AuvP Ki djjb| cig mn wZwb AvgvK emvjb| gyn~Zi ga wZwb
Avgvi Lye Avcb nq Mjb| Avgvi gb njv, wZwb _vKj Avgvi Kvbv fq bB| wcU mvi
Avgvi wjwLZ cixvi LvZvq PvL eywjq wbjb| Zvici Ab cixK`i m BsiwRZ
20
Kx-me Avjvc Kijb| Avwg meUv bv eySjI AuvP KiZ cvijvg h, AvgvK Zuv`i cQ`
nqQ| Ze Zuviv wKQyB ejjb bv| ciw`b XvKv kni Nyi `L evwo wdi Gjvg| h_vixwZ
covkvbvq gbvwbek Kijvg| KviY Avwg aiB wbqwQ, Avgvi Pv ne bv|
nVvr wZb gvm ci wPwV Gjv| Avwg Povfve wbevwPZ nqwQ| gvm 150 UvKv eZb jvMe|
Gi ga 100 UvKv ew `Iqv ne, evwK 50 UvKv Avgvi cwieviK RvMvb w`Z ne| wPwV
co gb fO Mj| hLvb Avgvi cwievii wZbejv LvIqvi wbqZv bB, Avwg PvPvi
evwoZ gvbyl nwQ, mLvb cwZgvm 50 UvKv eZb RvMvbvi K_v wPvI Kiv hvq bv!
Avwg Avi Kvbv Avkvi Avjv `LZ bv cq mB dqR gjfx mvii KvQ Mjvg| wZwb
ejjb, Avwg _vKZ Kvbv wPv Kie bv| ciw`b Aviv `yBRb mnKgx Avi AvgvK wbq
wZwb nvU Mjb| mLvb MvgQv cZ `vKvb `vKvb Nyijb| mevBK wevwiZ ej
mvnvh PvBjb| mevB mva gZv AvU Avbv, Pvi Avbv, GK UvKv, `yB UvKv w`jb| me wgwjq
150 UvKv njv| Avi PvPviv w`jb 50 UvKv| GB mvgvb UvKv m^j Ki Avwg wgRvcyi
KvWU KjR fwZ njvg| hvZvqvZ LiP ev` w`q Avwg 150 UvKvq wZb gvmi eZb
cwikva Kijvg| i njv Ab GK Rxeb|
c_g w`bB Gg. WweD. wcU mvi AvgvK `LZ Gjb| Avwg mewKQy Lyj ejjvg| Aviv
Rvbvjvg h, hnZz Avgvi Avi eZb `Iqvi mvg_ bB, ZvB wZb gvm ci KvWU KjR
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hvMvhvM chyw gYvjqK mB `vwqZ w`Z ne|
O. miKvi cavbKB wWwRUvj evsjv`k KgKvi megq mg^q KiZ ne| Ze
gYvjq wWwRUvj evsjv`k KgKv evevqb Kie|
eZ 2018 mvji gvSB Avgv`iK wWwRUvj evsjv`k MoZ ne| weMZ cuvP eQii
AwfZvq Avwg wbwZfveB GwU ejZ cviev h, mwU Avgv`i c KivI me| hw`I
cyiv KvRwUi Rb Avgv`i mvgb wekvj Pvj iqQ Z_vwc h RvwZ bq gvm ^vaxbZv
ARb KiZ cvi mB RvwZ mvgbi cuvP eQii gvSB wWwRUvj evsjv`kI MoZ cvie|
Ze 2018 mvj g~jvqb KiZ wMq Avgiv nqZv `LZ cvev h wKQz wKQz KvRi klvsk
evwK iqQ| Avgv`i 2021 mvj wWwRUvj evsjv`k Movi cwZv AvQ ej 2019, 2020
Ges 2021 ne Avgv`i Aewk QvU KvRjv mb Kivi mgq| 2020 mvj hLb GB
RvwZ Zvi wcZvi kZZg RbevwlKx cvjb Kie ZLb GKevi wnmve gjve Ges g~jvqb
Kie wWwRUvj evsjv`k Movi Avi KZUv evwK Ges Zvi cii eQi hLb GB RvwZ ^vaxbZvi
myeY Rqx D`&hvcb Kie ZLb wWwRUvj evsjv`k Movi RqxI D`&hvcb Kie|
Riwi KiYxq : weMZ cuvP eQii AwfZv _K Avgvi KvQ gb nqQ miKvii GB gyn~Z
Riwi wKQz KiYxq iqQ| Avgiv mevB Rvwb bZzb miKvii c_g KiYxq nQ `ki mvaviY
gvbyli Rvbgvji wbivcv wbwZ Kiv| GiB gvS GB c_ miKvi h_ mdjZv ARb
28
KiQ| GKB mv_ Z_chyw LvZi msKU `~ixKiY cqvRbxq eev MnY Kiv| `ki
cvkvK wkmn Abvb mKj LvZi gZvB GB LvZI mnvqZv c`vb KiZ ne|
Ze KqKwU KvR AwZ Riwifve Kiv cqvRb ej Avwg gb KiwQ| me nj miKvi
MVbi c_g cvwKB GB KvRjv Kiv hZ cvi| 1) AvBwmwU cwjwm bevqb KiZ ne|
GwU AbK AvMB chvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| GwU wWwRUvj evsjv`k bxwZgvjv nevi K_v wQjv|
wK weMZ miKvii kli eQijvZ Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw gYvjqi A_enZvi Rb
mwU bevqb nqwb| GKBfve KwDUvi evsjv fvlvi cwgZKiYi wKQz KvRI AvUK AvQ|
AvUK AvQ evsjv fvlv Dbqbi wKQz cKI| 2) `kevcx wkv cwZvb KwDUvi jve
Zwii wMZ KvR Avevi bZzb Ki i KiZ ne| Mo ZzjZ ne wWwRUvj Kvmig Ges
cK wbZ ne wWwRUvj KbUU Zwii| 3) wWwRUvj miKvi cK eZ bB| IqemvBU
Zwi Avi bUIqvK cK w`q GB KvR Kiv nQ ej Avgiv bwQ| eZ, GLbI
RvovZvwji cwiKbv wbq miKvii wWwRUvj icvii KvR PjQ| GKwU cwiKwZ c_ ai
wWwRUvj miKvii KvR KiZ ne| fwg eev, cywjk, wePvieev I mwPevjq wWwRUvj Kivi
gZv KvRjvZ miKvii wXjwg `wKUz chvq iqQmjvK mPj KiZ ne| 4) RbZv UvIqvi, gnvLvwj, KvwjqvKimn `ki Abvb vb hme nvBUK cvK Mo Zvjvi
cwiKbv AvQ mjvK evevqbi eve c`c wbZ ne| 5) BUvibUi g~j mvaviY
gvbyli q gZvi gvS AvbZ ne Ges wkv webvg~j BUvibU `evi eev KiZ
ne| 6) Pjgvb cKjvK `Z evevqbi Rb eve c`c wbZ ne|
mvweKfve GB welqwU Kiv `iKvi h GKwU vbwfwK mgvR Mo ZvjvwU eZ
mfZvi weeZb I hyM cwieZb| GwU Lye mnRmva KvR bq| wWwRUvj icvi nQ Zgb
GKwU mgvR Mo Zvjvi cavb wmuwo| wK vbwfwK mgvRi mv_ vbwfwK A_bxwZ I
Abvb mvgvwRK-ivxq cwieZbi mK AvQ| GLb _KB mBme welq wbqI Avgv`iK
fveZ ne|
29
AahyMi AmvaviY ARb
miKvi Ave`yj gvbvb
evOvwj RvwZi BwZnvm mycvPxb| my`xN mB BwZnvmi wewP euvK I gvo AwZg Ki Ki,
wewP PovB-DZivB cwiq cwiq h gni ARb Zvi bvg ^vaxbZv| BwZnvmi GK weqKi
vwjM RbMnY Kib evOvwj RvwZi nvRvi eQii k gvbyl, k evOvwj, RvwZi RbK
eez kL gywReyi ingvb| AvRb wZwb jovB KiQb G `ki gnbwZ gvbyli gywi Rb|
gvbyli A_bwZK gyw, mvgvwRK I mvswZK gyw Ges mevcwi ^vaxbZvi `xN mB jovBqi
BwZnvm P~ov mvdj cuQvq 1971 mvj| bq gvmi iqx hykl evsjv`k Zvi nvRvi
eQii civaxbZv _K gyw jvf Ki| 1971 mvji 16B wWm^i AwRZ nq P~ov weRq|
^vaxbZv Av`vjbi GKwU `vkwbK cUf~wg wQj| mB `vkwbK cUf~wg iwPZ nqwQj evOvwji
nvRvi eQii BwZnvm, HwZn I mswZi cUf~wgZ| gvqyb Kwei Zuvi weLvZ iPbv evOjvi
Kve kxlK M weqKi wbv I mZZvi m evOvwji gbvRvMwZK f~Mvj wPwZ KiZ
PqQb| wZwb `wLqQb mycvPxb Kvj _K Kxfve e gvbeZvev`x I Amv`vwqK PZbv
evOvwji gbvMob vqx ic cwiMn KiQ| Rxeb I RMZi cwZ Mfxi Avv I wekvm, gvbyli
cwZ ggZeva, ag-eY-Mv-kwY-ckv wbwekl mKj gvbyli KjvY Kvgbv I kvwc~Y
mnvevb G `ki gvbyli gbvMobi g~j wfw| eez Zuvi ivRbwZK Rxeb evOvwji GB
Rxeb-wRvmv I RxebevaK Mfxifve aviY KiwQjb| dj ^vaxbZvi Rb wZwb h `vkwbK
cZq MnY KiwQjb Zvi g~j AvQ Amv`vwqK Rxebeva| A_bwZK gyw Ges m`i
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AxKvi| wK RvZxqZvev`x PZbv I MYZvwK g~jeva I Av`k cwZv Qvov eezi ^c
evevwqZ nIqvi bq| ZvB wZwb ivKvVvgvi GB `ywU wfwKI mgvb iZ w`qQb| myZivs
ejv hvq h, AvaywbK iveevi AxKvi wbq AwRZ nqQ Avgv`i ^vaxbZv, Avgv`i weRq|
^vaxbZv jvfi ci gv mvo wZb eQii kvmbvgj eez Zuvi mB AvRbi ^cK evevqbi
Rb wbii Pv Ki MQb| wK 71-Gi civwRZ Ackw Ges Zv`i `kxq I we`wk
`vmi`i lohi wkKvi nb eez| ZuvK, Zuvi cwievieM I ivRbwZK mnKgx`i wbggfve
nZv Ki NvZKiv PqwQj wPiZi eezi ^cK evsjv`k _K wbw Ki w`Z| wK kl
ch NvZK I Zv`i `vmiiv mdjKvg nqwb| AvR evsjv`k GwMq hvQ eezi ^ci c_
ai Amv`vwhK Rxebevai wVKvbvq, MYZvwK RxebvKvvi j, A_bwZK gywi c_
Ges abx-`wi`i mxgv msKzwPZ Kivi w`K, RvZxqZveva Dy nq `k Movi AvKvvq|
eez Mfxifve Dcjw KiwQjb h, mKj Dbqbi g~j PvwjKvkw wkv| ZvB wkvq
wewbqvMK wZwb Dg wewbqvM ej wekvm KiZb| ZvB wZwb cv_wgK wkvK AvewkK I
evaZvg~jK Kib| GB wkvK Avw_Kfve mnR-^Q` Ki Zvjvi Rb RvZxqKiY Kib|
wkv-cwiKbvi mB avivevwnKZvq 2009 mvj _K miKvi wkvK mevP iZ w`q wecyj
GK Kgh MnY Ki| Gi wfw wnme cYxZ nq RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010| evsjv`ki
BwZnvm GB njv c_g wkvbxwZ hv cYqb mKj kwY-ckv I gZv`ki gvbyli mycvwik MnY
Kiv nq Ges msm` memZfve MnxZ nq| GB bZzb wkvbxwZi AvjvK cYxZ nq
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Ges cwigvwRZ nq cv_wgK, wbggvawgK, gvawgK I DP gvawgK ii
wkvg| GB wkvgjvi AvjvK jLv nq bZzb cvVcyK| GKwesk kZKi DchvMx `
30
gvbe-m` I mybvMwiK wnme bZzb cRbK Mo Zvjvi Rb wkLb-kLvbv DcKiY Dbqb
_K i Ki wkv_x`i g~jvqb eevqI Avbv nqQ wecyj cwieZb| wkv_x`i mRbkxj
gav, KbvcwZfv I weklYx, msklYx I g~jvqb `Zv weKwkZ Kivi Rb wkv_x-g~jvqb
cwZ msvi Kiv nqQ| GB wecyj Kghi ga mePq iZc~Y I Zvrchc~Y ARb njv
cwZ eQi Rvbyqvwi gvmi 1 ZvwiL wkv_x`i nvZ webvg~j bZzb cvVcyK cuQ `Iqv|
cvK-cv_wgK, cv_wgK, wbgvawgK, gvawgK, BeZ`vwq, `vwLj I KvwiMwi kwYi wkv_x`i
ga webvg~j cvVcyK weZiYi dj ay Si cov KgQ Zv bq eis wkv_x, AwffveK I
wkK`i ga wbqZvi eva Zwi nqQ|
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mek ARb ^vaxbZvi BwZnvm I gywhyi PZbvK hgb wbv I mZZvi m Dcvcb Kiv
nqQ wVK Zgwb Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Kg I RxebgyLx wkv, Rvi mgZv, bvixwkv I
bvixi gZvqb, cwiek msiY, z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ BZvKvi wewP AvaywbK
vbKvK Afz Kiv nqQ| Gi m bwZK wkvK AZxe iZi m cvVcyK
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wewfb i wecyj msLK wkK wbqvM, KvwiMwi wkvi mmviY I gv`ivmv wkvK
AvaywbKvqbi gvag miKvi wkv wece mvab KiQ| wkv miKvii GB wecyj
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ARb Avgv`i weRq w`emi PZbvK Zvrchgq Ki ZzjQ|
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cwZ| `xN cvq Qq eQi ai wbiewQbfve Kwleve Kvhgi wfZi w`q wecyj mvdj ARb
KiQ miKvi| GKwU mgw^Z cwiKbv MnYi dj Diei gv wPiZi wejy nqQ| `wi`
I wb Avqi gvbyl`i Lv` I cyw wbivcv wbwZ nqQ| fZzwK c`vb, wecyj FY`vb Kgm~wP,
webvg~j exR I mvi weZiY we`yZi wbqZv weavb Ki mPeev mmviY BZvw` Kgm~wPi
gvag Kwl wecyj Dbqb mvab Kiv nqQ| dj evsjv`k GLb Lv` D `ki
ZvwjKvq ghv`vkxj Avmb jvf KiQ| GLb `vwi`mxgvi wbP AevbKvix gvbyli msLv
Zvrchc~Yfve Kg GmQ|
RvwZi wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb hywea evsjv`ki RbMYi `y`kv jvNei Rb
mvgvwRK wbivcv ebx Pvjy KiwQjb| wZwbB c_g ikb c`vb, Lvjv evRvi fvMcY weq
I wiwjd weZiY Kgm~wP MnY KiwQjb| mB Av`ki cUf~wgZ G miKvii mgq mvgvwRK
wbivcv ebx LvZ wecyj cwigvb A_ eq Kiv nqQ| mvgvwRK myivg~jK Kgm~wPi AvIZvq
eqfvZv, weaev-fvZv, ^vgx cwiZv I `y fvZv, cy-cwZex I Amnvq`i Rb fvZv,
gvZZKvjxb fvZv, AmQj gywhvv`i Rb mvbx c`vbmn bvbv Kgm~wP cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
GZ mvgvwRK wbivcv my`p nqQ Ges Amnvq gvbyli ga wbqZveva eoQ|
31
wWwRUvj evsjv`k Movi ^c wbq eZgvb miKvi gZv MnY KiwQj| bZzb cRbi KvQ GB
vMvb wQj Avkv RvMvwbqv GK weqKi ^ci fwelr| MZ Qq eQi miKvi GB wUZ h
weqKi mvdji cwiPq w`qQ Zv mviv weki cUf~wgZI AeiYxq| `ki cwZwU BDwbqb
Z_ I mevK` Pvjy Kiv Ges Gme Z_K` _K MvgxY RbMvxi wewfb miKvwi dig,
bvwUk, cvmcvU I wfmv msv Z_ c`vb; Kwl, wkv, ^v I Abvb mev welqK Z_,
PvKwii Lei, bvMwiZ mb`, cvewjK cixvi dj, we`k PvKwi cvIqvi Rb iwRkb
BZvKvi hveZxq KvR GLb mb nq GB me Z_K` _K|
A_bxwZZ AmvaviY Dbqb mvwaZ nqQ| icK 2021 I l cevwlK (2011-2015)
cwiKbv Abyhvqx cwZ eQi jf`x evRU cYqb I evevqb wbwZ Kiv nqQ| wek
A_bxwZZ hLb Pig g`v, BDivc A_msKU hLb fqven Ges DbZ weki evRvijvZ
Pvwn`v nvmmn hLb bvbvgyLx bwZevPK cwiwwZ we`gvb ZLb evsjv`k GB wekcwiwwZ
gvKvejv Ki 6.4 kZvsk cew ARb Ki| GB cwiwwZZ 2007-2008 A_ eQii 22
nvRvi 500 KvwU UvKvi evwlK Dbqb eq 2013-2014 A_ eQi ew cq 65 nvRvi 870
KvwU UvKvq cuQvq| Avi GwWwc evevqb nvi DbxZ nq 97 kZvsk| ivR^ Avq wY ew
cvq, gv_vwcQz Avq 2008 mvji 630 Wjvi _K 1190 Wjvi DbxZ nq| `vwi`i nvi 2005
mvji 40 kZvsk _K nvm cq eZgvb 24% kZvsk (cvwjZ) cuQvq| g~jxwZ 2008
mvji 13 kZvsk _K 7 kZvsk nvm cvq| Avi e`wkK gy`vi wiRvf g ew cq
BwZnvmi mevP 22.39 wewjqb Wjvi DcbxZ nq| mvgwK A_bxwZZ GB mgw mviv weki
`w AvKlY Ki| G Qvov ZvrwYK, ^ I `xN gqvw` cwiKbvi gvag evsjv`k we`yr
Drcv`b weqKi mvdj ARb Ki| gvbyl gyw cvq `ytmn jvWkwWs-Gi hYv _K|
GKwU myyz, mg^qagx, MwZkxj I hyMvchvMx ^v-eev wbwZ Kivi j cYxZ nq RvZxq
^vbxwZ| myeewZ GB bxwZ cqvMi dj gvZ^vi wbqZv weavbi Pv PjQ, gvZgZz
I wk gZzi nvi jYxqfve KgQ| wPwKrmv mev meii gvbyli `viMvovq cuQ `Iqvi
Rb wecyj cwigvb nvmcvZvj I wKwbK vcb Kiv nqQ| nvRvi nvRvi Wvvi wbqvM Kiv
nqQ hviv MvgxY Rxeb emevm Ki mvaviY gvbyli wPwKrmvmev wbwZ Kivi Rb AxKviv|
AvBbi kvmb wbwZ Kivi Rb mKj kKvZi Acivai wePvi mb Kivi Pv PjQ|
BZvga RvwZi wcZv eez kL gywReyi ingvb I Zuvi cwievi-cwiRbK nZvi wePvi Kiv
nqQ| ^vaxbZvhy h-me ivRvKvi, Avje`i I Avj-kvgm nZv, alY, jyb, AwMmshvMi
m RwoZ wQj mB hyvcivax`i wePvi PjQ| GQvov Rw msMVbK wbg~j Ki GKwU
Amv`vwqK I kvwc~Y iveev cwZvi cwqv AbK `~i GwMq MQ| Gfve 2014 mvji
weRq w`em mwZ nq DVQ Avgv`i mevZgyLx weRqi GKwU Zvrchc~Y eQi|
gywhyi PZbv Kvbv evqexq welq bq| h Rxeb`kb I Rxebv`ki Ici wfw Ki Avgiv
^vaxbZv ARb KiwQ Zvi `wMvn I kMvn ic iqQ| `qMZ PZbvK Kgi ga w`q
dwjq bv-Zzjj ^vaxbZvi PZbv ej Kvbv gnr Abyf~wZi AwZ Abyfe Kiv hvq bv| eZgvb
miKvi evOvwj RvwZmvi wPivqZ kw I m`hK aviY Ki Pv Ki hvQ GKwU ^qsmg I
AvZwbfikxj RvwZ wnme evsjv`kK Mo ZzjZ| gnvb weRqw`em mB Pvi ew j Kiv
hvq miKvii wewP Kgcwiwai ga|
32
wkv : ARbi nvjPvj
myeva P` Xvjx
Adzi mvebvgq `k, Avgv`i GB wcq evsjv`k| G`ki gvbyl GKwU `vwi`, zav I
wbiiZvgy Amv`vwqK myLx-mg evsjv`k Movi ^c `LQb| kvlY-wbcxob Avi
wbhvZbi AvMj fO 1952, 54, 62, 66, 69 cwiq 1971-Gi `viMvovq gyLvgywL nq
wece I mwi| civaxbZv _K cZvwkZ gywi j G`ki 30 j gywKvgx evOvwj Rxeb
w`qQb, `yB j gv-evb mg nvwiqQb| Zuv`i AmvaviY ZvMi wewbgq Avgviv jvf
KiwQ ^vaxbZv|
RvwZi RbK eez kL gywReyi ingvb m` hywea ^vaxb evsjv`kK gywhyi PZbvq
Mo Zvjvi Rb mvbvi gvbyl PqwQjb| mvbvi gvbyl Ggwb nq bv, Zv-I wZj wZj MoZ
nq| Movi Rb cqvRb nq wkv| cwZwU gvbewk wK cvwYwk wnmeB Rb bq| Av`i
mvnvM wkvq m Av Av gvbyl nZ _vK| nZ _vK hvM bvMwiK| AvaywbK wkvq,
chywZ Ges bxwZ-bwZKZv I Av`k Ges mevcwi `kcg DxweZ nq m nq IV
mvbvi gvbyl| `k I `ki gvbyl Zv Zv`iKB Pvq|
MZ Aa hyM G`ki wkvq Avg~j cwieZb NUQ| GK mgq wQj Mvgi KlK-gRyi Zv`i
Qj`iK zj cvVvbvi cwieZ gvV-NvU KvR KiZ cvVvbvK AbK ewk g~jevb gb
KiZ| gq`iK zj cvVvbvi cwieZ 12/14 eQi eqm weq w`Z DV-co jvMZ| m
wP AvR Kv_vq? AvR Qj-gqK zj cvVvbv PvB AvM| Zv`i jLvcov Pvwjq bIqvi
Rb cqvRb gv-evev kl m^j Rwg-wRiZ wew KiZI wav Kib bv| GUvB cwieZb|
GUvB AMMwZ| zj-KjR-gv`ivmvq GLb Qj`i Pq gq`i msLv ewk| djvdjI
gqiv fvjv KiQ|
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mv_ Kvm iy Ki| hyMvchvMx AvaywbK KvwiKzjvgi Ici wfw Ki iwPZ Pvi iOi my`i
eB Zv`i nvZ| mviv`k GKB ckc cg kwY kl cv_wgK mgvcbx cixv, Ag kwY
kl RGmwm/RwWwm cixv w`q Zviv mvnmx I AvZwekvmx bvMwiK nq Mo IVvi ^c
`LQ| GLb cwZeQi bf^ii ZZxq mvn cv_wgK wkv mgvcbx, 1jv bf^i
RGmwm/RwWwm, 1jv deyqvwi GmGmwm, 1jv Gwcj GBPGmwm cixv iy nq| 60 w`bi
ga dj cKvwkZ nq| fwZ, Kvm iy, cixv I cixvi dj cKvk meB GLb iywUb cwiYZ
nqQ| weMZ Qq eQi GB kLjvi Kvbv eZq NUwb| evsjv`ki BwZnvm GwU GK eo
BwZevPK I jYxq cwieZb|
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bZZ cYxZ wkvbxwZ evevqbi cvvj eezK mcwievi nZvi ga w`q Zvi mgvw
NU| ci wkvbxwZ cYqb ev evevqbi ZvoRvo AbK _vKjI eve Zgb wKQz
NUwb| 2009 mvj gvbbxq cavbgx kL nvwmbv miKvii `vwqZ MnYi ciciB GKwU
hyMvchvMx AvaywbK wevbgb wkvbxwZ cYqbi D`vM bIqv nq| wkvgx Rbve byij
Bmjvg bvwn`i mivmwi Zveavb RvZxq AavcK Kexi Payixi bZZ Pvi gvmi bvbv
33
cwqvi ci GKwU Lmov wkvbxwZ Zwi Kiv nq| mKj kwY-ckvi gvbyli civgk jvfi
Rb Lmov wkvbxwZ wkv gYvjqi IqemvBU `Iqv nq Ges wecyj AskMnY j Kiv
hvq| cwigvwRZ wkvbxwZ RvZxq msm` cvm nq RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 bvg| my`~i AZxZ
_K GB c_g Kvbv wkvbxwZi weiy Kvbv wgwQj-wgwUs cwZev`-cwZiva nqwb| GwU
`jgZ wbwekl GKwU MnYhvM wkvbxwZ wnme cwZv jvf Ki| BZvga bxwZgvjvi
AvjvK cixv msvi, 17 eQii cyivbv KvwiKzjvg hyMvchvMx Kiv, mRbkxj ckcwZ
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wkv Pvjy Kivmn bvbvw`K evevqb PjQ| Avw_K mxgveZv DZivZ cvij evevqbi MwZ
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cvjb Kiv nq cvVcyK Drme w`em| 2010 mvj 2,76,62,529 Rb wkv_xi gvS
19,90,96,561wU cvVeB, 2011 mvj 3,22,36,321 Rb wkv_xi ga 23,22,21,234wU
cvVeB, 2012 mvj 3,12,13,759 Rb wkv_xi ga 22,10,68,333wU cvVeB, 2013
mvj 3,68,86,172wU eB Ges 2014 mvj cvK-cv_wgKmn gvU 4,33,53,188 Rb
wkv_xi ga 31,77,25,526wU eB weZiY Kiv nqQ| 2015 mvji 1jv Rvbyqvwi wZb
KvwU 4,44,52,374 Rb wkv_xi ga 32,63,47,923wU eB weZiYi mKj cwZ Pov|
weki BwZnvm GZ wkv_xK webvg~j GZ eB `Iqvi Kvbv bwRi bB| GwU wekiKW|
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cvVeB GKwU Avjv`v IqemvBU (www.ebook.gov.bd) AvcjvW Kiv AvQ| `ki
34
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Bangladesh Research & Education Network (BdREN) Connectivity vcb Kiv nqQ| `ki wekwe`vjqmg~ni wkv_x, wkK, MelK`i mv_ weki wewfb `ki wkv
I MelYv mK ewi j Trans Eurosia Information Network (TEIN3) mshvM vcb Kiv nqQ|
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10wU Dbqbkxj I DbZ `ki miKvi cavbK wbq GWzKkb BwbwkqwUf MVb KiQb|
evsjv`ki wkvgx Commonwealth Ministerial Working Group (MWG)-Gi m`m| mnv jgvv Abyhvqx 2015 mvji ga cv_wgK wkvq kZfvM fwZ Ges
wkv_xi msLv mgZv ARbi K_v| evsjv`k BZvga wkv_x fwZ 99.47% Ges
cv_wgKi mv_ gvawgK iI wkv_xi msLvmgZv ARb me nqQ| G evsjv`k
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