强烈推荐Ann77+python

Python ÆS)P

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LeafWang@163bj.com or AnnCharles@tom.com

2003c08�26F

annCharles@tom.com 12�,�152� Python ÆS)P

111��ÙÙÙ Python000�� 1

§1.1 m© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

§1.1.1 XÛ$1Python§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

§1.2 ��é� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3 Ä�a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.1 �.(integer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.2 2:.(float) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.3 Nonea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.4 Ü6L�ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.4 �L(list) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.1 Mïlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.2 list�eIÚflist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.3 flist�J� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

§1.4.4 ?nlist��{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

§1.4.5 ^list �[Ù¦~^êâ(� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

§1.4.6 list comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

§1.5 iÎG(string) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

§1.5.1 iÎG�L« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

§1.5.2 =�¤�Ù¦a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

§1.5.3 iÎG�ö� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

§1.6 �|(tuple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

§1.7 S�(sequence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

§1.8 i;(dictionary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

§1.8.1 {ü~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

§1.8.2 dictionary�ö� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

§1.9 §S6§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

§1.9.1 ©|(�if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

§1.9.2 Ì�(�for§while§break§continue§range() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

annCharles@tom.com 1i�,�152� Python ÆS)P

§1.10 ¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

§1.10.1 Ä�¼ê�^{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

§1.10.2 ëê�ê�À§ëêk%@� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

§1.10.3 UC¼êëêD�^S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

§1.10.4 �ê�Cëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

§1.10.5 Doc String ¼ê£ã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

§1.10.6 lambda¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

§1.10.7 ¼ê��^�(scope) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

§1.10.8 i@¼ê(nested) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

§1.10.9 function�ëêD4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

§1.11 �¬(module)Ú�(package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

§1.11.1 Mï��module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

§1.11.2 No�émodule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

§1.11.3 package(�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

§1.12 name space(·¶�m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

§1.13 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

§1.13.1 Ð©z¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

§1.13.2 �{(method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

§1.13.3 á5(property) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

§1.13.4 U«(inherit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.5 1(overload) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.6 class �attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.7 Abstrace Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.13.8 Python�¡�é�?§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.13.9 Python ¥class AÏ�methord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.14 É~?n(exception) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

§1.14.1 �o´É~?n§��o�kÉ~?n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

§1.14.2 Ó¼exception(É~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

§1.14.3 �Ñexception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

111��ÙÙÙ mmmuuuPython ¦¦¦^��óóóäää 66

§2.1 ¦^Emacs ?6Python §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

annCharles@tom.com 1ii�,�152� Python ÆS)P

§2.1.1 SCpython mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

§2.1.2 python mode �Ä�A5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

§2.1.3 ~^õUÞ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

§2.2 Ù¦?6ì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

§2.3 NÁ§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

§2.3.1 ¦^DDD Úpydb NÁpython §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

111nnnÙÙÙ Python ��~~~^��¬¬¬ 71

§3.1 S��¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§3.1.1 ~^¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§3.1.2 a.=�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

§3.1.3 ^u�1§S�S�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

§3.2 Úö�XÚ�'�N^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

§3.2.1 �m©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

§3.2.2 Ö�©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

§3.2.3 '4©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

§3.3 regular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

§3.3.1 {ü�regexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

§3.3.2 iÎ8Ü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

§3.3.3 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.4 ¦^�©iÎG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.5 ¦^re �¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.6 p?regexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

§3.3.7 ©|(Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

§3.3.8 Compile Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

§3.4 ^struct�¬?n�?�êâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

§3.5 ^Cmd �¬?�{ü�·-1�� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

§3.5.1 {ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

§3.5.2 ½Â%@·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

§3.5.3 ?nEOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

§3.5.4 ?n�·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

§3.5.5 ·-1gÄÖà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

annCharles@tom.com 1iii�,�152� Python ÆS)P

§3.5.6 UCIOÑ\ÑÑ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

§3.5.7 UCJ«Î . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

§3.5.8 Jø3��ÏõU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

§3.5.9 $1Shell �õU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

§3.5.10 getattr õU�¦^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

§3.6 ?n·-1À� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

§3.6.1 ��{ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

§3.6.2 �këê�·-1À� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

§3.6.3 optparser �¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

§3.7 'u�m��¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

111oooÙÙÙ Tkinter ???§§§ 111

§4.1 Tkinter0� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

§4.1.1 �o´Tkinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

§4.2 Hello Tkinter §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

§4.2.1 {ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

§4.2.2 ,��{ü§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

§4.3 Widget �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

§4.4 Geometry Manager(AÛ+nì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

§4.4.1 Pack +nì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

§4.4.2 Grid +nì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

§4.5 Widget ��ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

§4.5.1 ôÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

§4.5.2 iN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

§4.5.3 ©i�ªz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

§4.5.4 >µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

§4.5.5 àI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

§4.6.1 ��{ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

§4.6.2 ¯�?n¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

§4.6.3 ¯��g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

§4.6.4 Ó��¯��õ�?n¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

annCharles@tom.com 1iv�,�152� Python ÆS)P

§4.6.5 ÚWM �'�¯��½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.1 Ä�I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.2 èü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.3 óä9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

§4.7.4 G�9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

§4.7.5 IOé{µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

111ÊÊÊÙÙÙ Python��***ÐÐÐ 149

§5.1 ^C?�*Ð�¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

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1.5-1 iÎG¥�=¿iÎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5-2 iÎG=��Ù¦a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5-3 �äiÎG´Äáu,«aO�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.1-1 Python �^S�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.1-2 a.=�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.2-3 XÚN^Þ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.4-4 struct �¬¥��ª½Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

3.4-5 i!^S½Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.5-6 ·-1?6�¯$� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.7-7 L«�m� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4.5-1 tkFont |±�option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

4.6-2 ¯�£ãÞ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4.6-3 £ã¯��ëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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>>> def getTrue():

... print "debug: true"

... return 1

>>> def getFalse():

... print "debug: false"

... return 0

>>> if getTrue() and getFalse():

... print "ok"

... else:

... print "bad"

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bad # ��(J´ getFalse ��£(J.

>>> if getFalse() and getTrue():

... print "ok"

... else:

... print "bad"

debug: false #k$1 getFalse

bad #XJ getFalse �£b,@oÒØ$1 getTrue

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§1.3 Ä�a.

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cond expr_true expr_false o�(Jý ý ?Û(ØO�) expr_true

b ?Û(ØO�) ý expr_false

b ?Û(ØO�) b expr_false

ý b b expr_false

ý b ý expr_false

lù�Lþ�±w�:

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(<cond> and (<expr_true>,) or (<expr_false>,))[0]

�¡�)Òr��L�ª)å5§UCO�`k?§ÄK[0] �`k?�p"¥m�)ÒÚÏÒ§´��tuple �L�ª"ù�(<expr_true>,)[�´ý§Ï�¦´¹k��tuple§��[0] L«J�Ñù��5"3$�´§Ï~ù�L�ª´^3'�{ü��¹e§{ü�D��é§expr_trueÚexpr_false ��Ñ´~þ§ �´ý"

>>> x= cond and "OK" or "BAD"

’OK’

>>> cond = 0

>>> x= cond and "OK" or "BAD"

’BAD’

Ó��n:

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� Python0�

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list aquC++¥�vector§C �ó¥�ê|§^u�;^S(�"X§

�c¥z��Uê§�±L«�[ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ]

�c¥z��¶¡§�±L«�[ ’January’, ’February’, ’March’, ’April’, ’May’,

’June’, ’July’, ’August’, ’September’, ’October’,

’November’, ’December’ ]

z�(Ï�¶i§�±L«�[ ’Monday’,’Tuesday’, ’Wednesday’, ’Thursday’ ,

’Friday’, ’Saturday’, ’Sunday’]

§1.4.1 Mïlist

a=[’1’,’2’]

^[])å5§L«��list§¥m��±´?Ûa.§^ÏÒ©�"

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list�eIl0m©§ÚC�óaq§�´O\KeI�¦^"

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>>> a=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6]

§1.4 �L(list)

>>> i=-len(a)

>>> while i < len(a):

... print "a[",i,"]=",a[i]

... i=i+1

a[ -7 ]= 0

a[ -6 ]= 1

a[ -5 ]= 2

a[ -4 ]= 3

a[ -3 ]= 4

a[ -2 ]= 5

a[ -1 ]= 6

a[ 0 ]= 0

a[ 1 ]= 1

a[ 2 ]= 2

a[ 3 ]= 3

a[ 4 ]= 4

a[ 5 ]= 5

a[ 6 ]= 6

5¿while�é� ?"¬3�¡0�"a[-8] Úa[9] Ñ¬Úå�."

>>> a[-8]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?

IndexError: list index out of range

>>> a[7]

IndexError: list index out of range

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� Python0�

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>>> a[1:]

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>>> a[:3]

[0, 1, 2]

>>> a[:]

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> a[1:-1]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

��flist ´�5list ��§��B�§UCflist Ø¬UC�5�list"

§1.4.4 ?nlist��{

• L.append(var) §J\��"

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>>> a.append(6)

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

• L.count(var) O�var 3L¥Ñy�gê"

>>> a=[0,2,2,2,3,3]

>>> a.count(2)

>>> a.count(3)

• len(L) �£L ��Ý"

>>> a=[1,2,3]

>>> len(a)

• L.extend(list) §òlistJ\3L�¡"

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>>> a.extend([4,5,6])

§1.4 �L(list)

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• L.index(var) �£var3L¥� �§eÃ§K�ÑÉ~"

>>> a=[1,2,3,4,4,5]

>>> a.index(4)

>>> a.index(6)

ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list

• L.insert(index,var) 3index?§�\var§Ù{��í"XJindex�ulist��Ý§Ò3��V\"XJindex�u0§Ò3�m©?V\"

>>> a=[1,2]

>>> a.insert(0,1)

[1, 1, 2]

>>> a.insert(100,100)

[1, 1, 2, 100]

>>> a.insert(2,3)

[1, 1, 3, 2, 100]

• L.pop() �£��§¿�íØ��"L.pop(index) �£index?��§¿�íØT��"

>>> a=[0,1,2,3,]

>>> a.pop()

>>> a.pop(0)

[1, 2]

• L.remove(var) é�var§¿�íØ�§eÃ§�ÑÉ~"

� Python0�

>>> a=["a","b","a","c","a","d"]

>>> a.remove("a")

[’b’, ’a’, ’c’, ’a’, ’d’]

>>> a.remove("a")

[’b’, ’c’, ’a’, ’d’]

• L.reverse() òL�S"

>>> a=[1,2,3,4,5]

>>> a.reverse()

[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

• L.sort() §òaüS§a¥��ea.ØÓ§(JgCw�wj"��Ø¬ùo�"Q,\ÑØ(½list¥��a.´Ä��§\��üS§@o\Ï�´�o(J?

>>> a.sort()

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> a=[1,"abc",2,"xxx"]

>>> a.sort()

[1, 2, ’abc’, ’xxx’]

L.sort(func) §ò^func��'�¼ê§òüS"func(x,y)§�£−1§0§1©OL«�u§�u§�u"

§1.4.5 ^list �[Ù¦~^êâ(�

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>>> a=[]

>>> a.append(0) #ØÒ>>> a.append(1)

>>> a.append(2)

[0, 1, 2]

>>> a.pop() #ÑÒ2

§1.4 �L(list)

>>> a.pop()

^list�[è�queue

>>> a.insert(-1,0) #\è>>> a.insert(-1,1)

>>> a.insert(-1,2)

[2, 1, 0]

>>> a.pop() #Ñè0

>>> a.pop()

>>> a.append(0)

>>> a.append(1)

>>> a.append(2)

>>> a.append(3)

[0, 1, 2, 3]

>>> a.pop(0)

� Python0�

^list�[ätree

>>> leaf1=[0,1]

>>> leaf2=[2,3]

>>> leaf3=[4,5]

>>> leaf4=[6,7]

>>> branch1=[leaf1,leaf2]

>>> branch2=[leaf3,leaf4]

>>> root=[branch1,branch2]

>>> root

[[[0, 1], [2, 3]], [[4, 5], [6, 7]]]

§1.4.6 list comprehension

�{:[ <expr1> for k in L if <expr2> ]

�Â:returnList=[]

for k in L:

if <expr2>: returnList.append(<expr1>)

return returnList;

�£��list§list��dz��expr1 |¤§if �é^uLÈ§�k�Ã"

>>> a=["123","456","abc","Abc","AAA"]

>>> [ k.center(9) for k in a ]

[’ 123 ’, ’ 456 ’, ’ abc ’, ’ Abc ’, ’ AAA ’]

#��a¥=di1|¤�iÎG§¿r¦C¤��">>> [ k.upper() for k in a if k.isalpha() ]

[’ABC’, ’ABC’, ’AAA’]

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[’aaa’]

#��a¥=kêi�¤�iÎG§¿r¦C¤�êa.">>> [ int(k) for k in a if k.isdigit() ]

[123, 456]

LÈ(filter)§ÚN�(mapping)Ú��"

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this is a very very long string.

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>>> "THIS IS TEST".capitalize()

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>>> "This Is Test".swapcase() #��p�’tHIS iS tEST’

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>>> str="Hello"

>>> i=-len(str)

>>> while i < len(str):

... print "str[",i,"]=",str[i]

... i=i+1

str[ -5 ]= H

str[ -4 ]= e

str[ -3 ]= l

str[ -2 ]= l

str[ -1 ]= o

str[ 0 ]= H

str[ 1 ]= e

str[ 2 ]= l

str[ 3 ]= l

str[ 4 ]= o

kÒ�±L«��§��fiÎG"kÒü>�êL«e.Úþ.§e.Úþ.Ñ´�À§"�þ3�-1§e.�0"

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Charles’s height is 180cm

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’4294967286 and 10’

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>>> "%e and %e"%(-100,200)

2.000000e+02

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2.000000E+02

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’C and D’

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"{’two’: 2, ’one’: 1}"

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... ("Charles",170,"Charles",70)

Charles’s height is 170 cm, Charles’s weight is 70 kg

>>> print "%(name)s’s height is %(height)d cm" \

... ",%(name)s’s weight is %(weight)d kg" % \

... {"name":"Charles","height":170,"weight":70}

Charles’s height is 170 cm,Charles’s weight is 70 kg

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10.12, 20.13

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0000000001,0000000002

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-1, 2, 0

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-1, +2, +0

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’Hello World’

’Hello World ’

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’ Hello World’

>>> "Hello World".rjust(1)

’Hello World’

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’Hello World’

>>> "Hello World".center(16)

’ Hello World ’

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� Python0�

’ a’

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>>> testpackage.testmodule.sayHello()

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sayHello() # ÿÁ�è

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>>> def testfun():

... print locals()

� Python0�

... print globals()

>>> testfun()

{’__builtins__’: <module ’__builtin__’ (built-in)>, ’__name__’: ’__main__’,

’testfun’: <function testfun at 0x8174dd4>, ’__doc__’: None}

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>>> def sayHello():

... print "Hello"

>>> saidHello=sayHello

>>> saidHello

>>> sayHello

>>> sayHello()

>>> saidHello()

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print "1" + "2"

print 1 + "2"

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>>> class SimplestClass:

... pass

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§1.13.1 Ð©z¼ê

>>> class SampleClass:

... def __init__(self):

... print "OK, I was born."

>>> a=SampleClass()

OK, I was born.

>>> AClass = SampleClass

>>> b=AClass()

OK, I was born.

3PythonvkC++¥��E¼ê§ÚÛ�¼ê"�´kÐ©z¼ê§��objectMï�±�§¬gÄN^__init__"

§1.13 a

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� ± n ) �: z � �class �methord Ñ � � k � � ë ê " eobj ´classA � � �instance§sayHello(self) ´class A � � �methord � { § @oobj.sayHello()ÚA.sayHello(obj)´��"

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>>> class A:

... def sayHello(self):

... print "hello"

>>> obj=A()

>>> obj.sayHello()

>>> A.sayHello(obj)

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§1.13.3 á5(property)

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>>> class A:

... name="abc"

>>> obj1=A()

>>> obj2=A()

>>> obj1.name="xyz" #UC obj1 Ñ name

>>> obj2.name #Ø¬K�obj2

’abc’

>>> obj1.name #Ï�¦�� name space

’xyz’ #´Õá�.

>>> class B:

... self.a=1

>>> obj1=B()

>>> obj2=B()

>>> obj1.a #obj1 Ú obj2 Ñk1 #á5 a

>>> obj2.a

>>> del obj2.a #íØ obj2 �á5 a

>>> obj2.a #vk,ØU3^ obj2.a

AttributeError: B instance has no attribute ’a’

>>> obj2.b=1 #Mï�� obj2.b

>>> obj2.b #obj2 k b, vk a

1 #obj1 k a, vk b ¦+¦�Ó´#class B� instance

§1.13 a

§1.13.4 U«(inherit)

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class <name>(superclass1,superclass2,...):

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§1.13.5 1(overload)

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§1.13.6 class �attribute

�N\^LC++½öJava¥·�¤Cþ§Ò´Ó��class �ØÓinstance ��Ó��Cþ"python �kù«Å�§�´§Ø´Ú?�#�â�§�´^name space �Å�§¢y·��z��instance kÕá�name space§ class ��´��object §�k��Õáname space "z�instance �name space ¥Ñk��__class__�name §^5��MïTinstance �class é�"__class__dpython gÄMï§obj.__class__ ��obj�class"ù�ÒØJn)e¡�§S"

>>> class A:

... count = 0

... self.__class__.count= self.__class__.count + 1

... #5¿Ø´self.count

>>> A.count #�vkA� instance

>>> a=A() # Mï��A� instance

>>> a.count # a.count Ú A.count ´3ü�ØÓ� name space ¥

>>> a.count = 2 # UC a.count

>>> a.count

� Python0�

>>> A.count # Ø¬K� A.count

1 # y3A �k��instance

>>> a.__class__ # a �name space k�� __class__ � name

>>> a.__class__ is A # ù� name Ú A ÑÚÓ�� class é�kbind 'X.

1 # �Ò´`,¦�´�£¯,��´Ó��ÀÜ>>> b=A() #3Mï�� instance

>>> A.count # __init__ ¥ self.__class__ O\ 1

2 # self.__class__ Ú A ��´Ú��ÀÜ.

# y3 Akü� instance.

§1.13.7 Abstrace Class

Java kinterface §C++ ¥abstract class §@opython Qº

class AbstractClass:

def AbstrctMethord(self):

raise NotImplementedError

ØÉ~exception�§vk0�#�Vg"Ó��÷vabstract class ��¦"ÐÆ¡�é�?§§ú�ù´Ã��è§�o�vkZ§ÆL��§uyù´¡�é��Ø%g��§©l��Ú¢y"

§1.13.8 Python�¡�é�?§

OO (¡�é�) ´�«?§g�§Ø´?§�ó§$�^®?�ó��±¡�é�§�,vk<¬@oZk�ó�OO JøéõB|§éN´¢yµC§U«§1§õ�"Python§java§C++§SmallTalk ��"Python �¢yÅ�´�©{ü�§namespace"ù«�ª´{ü r��§�´�´N´�ÑéD��è§Ù§�ó��§X�{�Ø\�éD��è"�5�Þéõ~f§�´·ú�ù�)P´^5£ãPyton�ó��§ù�)PØU¦\¤�?§pÃ§�UÙG��ó§Ò�Æ¬`{§�´Ø�½Ñ¬üù§ �X�{�Ø\�`l�§�ó�r�§�N´Ø�¤�§��§XJéÐ�Ýº�«?§g�(Ø´?§�ó)§^�o�óÑ�±ù�é�Ù§é²x§é¤�"

§1.13.9 Python ¥class AÏ�methord

3Python ¥kéõclass �AÏmethord§�__init__Ò´Ù¥��"

• __init__ ®²0�L§Ò´3obj=A_Class(arg,...)�ÿgÄN^§§�ëêØself �kA_Class ¥D4�ëê"

• __del__(self) 3é��íØ��ÿ§gÄN^"Ò´`vkname Úù�objectkbind 'X��ÿ§¬N^¦"

§1.13 a

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• __str__(self) �B�£��iÎG£ãé��"e¡�~f`²__repr__

Ú__str__ �ØÓ"

>>> class A:

... def __repr__(self):

... return "A()"

... def __str__(self):

... return "ok, I am here"

>>> x=A()

>>> print x

ok, I am here

>>> print repr(x)

>>> b = eval(repr(x))

eval(str) ´^5O��python L�ª§¿��£ù�L�ª"ù´)º�óÏ^�A5§�±3§S¥�§S§�´rù«�è�È¤C++ ´'�(J�§Ï�I�k)º�1L�ª��¬"ù�Ø´��N´�ó�"• __cmp__(self,other) ��'�ö�Î"0 L«��§1L«�u§−1L«�u"

>>> class Dog:

... def __cmp__(self,other):

... if other > 0 : return 1;

... elif other < 0 : return -1;

... else: return 0

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> if dog > -10 : print "ok"

>>> if dog < -10 : print "ok"

>>> if dog == 0 : print "ok"

� Python0�

ùã�è�´`²__cmp__ �^{§Ù¢ù´é·Ï��ã�è§�Úêik�oÐ'��? ¦�´`²python��óA:§Ò�Æ¬��ó§��¬�ÃÔg"• __nozero__(self)§±c·�5¿�None§"" §() ��ÑL«Ü6b§Ù¦Ñ´ý§Ù¢Ø��é§ùp�±½Â��é�´Ä´Ü6b"XJ�£0 L«Ü6b§�£1 L«Ü6ý"

>>> class Dog:

... alive=0

... def __nonzero__(self):

... if self.alive==0 : return 0

... else: return 1

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> dog.alive

>>> if dog : print "the dog is alive"

... else: print " the dog is dead"

the dog is dead

>>> dog.alive =1

>>> if dog : print "the dog is alive"

... else: print " the dog is dead"

the dog is alive

ùã�èwå5'þ��~f�´N´Ã"��¦vk�`l�"• __len__(self)§3^S�¼êlenN^é��ÿ§¬�N^§�£object��Ý"XJvk½Âù�¼ê§ N^len(obj)¬��É~"

>>> class EmptyClass:

... pass

>>> obj=EmptyClass()

§1.13 a

>>> len(obj)

AttributeError: EmptyClass instance has no attribute ’__len__’

>>> class Dog :

... def __len__(self):

... return 1000

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> len(dog)

c¡�Ü©`²vk½Â__len__ ¬��É~§�¡�~f`²½Â__len__

Ò�±§�´�`²�ó��§��ãæ��è§�No¬k�ÝQºlen(dog)��Ý? ÎÃ¿Â"�´3\��kùo�«Å��±��Ý§�N\3mu��EmailBody �class ��ÿÒ�±^len(a_email_body)

�£��>fe��SN��Ý"�¡�¬��Ã¿Â��è§�´�`²�ó�A:"• __getitem__(self,key)§�£self[key] ^5�[list§dictionary§tuple �êâ(�"

>>> class Zoo:

... def __getitem__(self,key):

... if key == "dog" : return "dog"

... elif key == "pig" : return "pig"

... elif key == "wolf" : return "wolf"

... else : return "unknown"

>>> zoo=Zoo()

>>> zoo["dog"]

’dog’

>>> zoo["pig"]

’pig’

>>> zoo["wolf"]

’wolf’

5¿§__getitem__ �±¦��é��sequence ��"3python ¥�â�´§object¢y__getitem__ �protocol (�Æ)§aqjava ¥interface"�Ò´`�S��é§for �¬¦^ù��Æ"

� Python0�

>>> class A:

... def __getitem__(self,key):

... print "debug: key is %s"%key

... if key >=0 and key <=5: return key * key

... raise IndexError

... return None

>>> a=A()

>>> for k in a: print k

debug: key is 0

debug: key is 1

debug: key is 2

debug: key is 3

debug: key is 4

debug: key is 5

debug: key is 6

raise IndexError ´L«(å"return None C�vk^"for �él0 m©§^��Øä4O�key la ¥��é�"^while£ã¦Ò´

__tmp__ = 0

while(1):

k = a[__tmp__]

... # for S��é__tmp__ = __tmp__ +1

except IndexError:

ù´�`² for k in a ��Â§�,^for �é�\{ö"\[�Ø¬¦^ù«while�é�Ofor �é"

§1.13 a

• __setitem__(self,key,value)§�[ obj[key]=value"

>>> class A:

... def __setitem__(self,key,value):

... print "debug: you want to set [%s] to [%s]"%

... (key,value)

>>> a=A()

>>> a["key"]="value"

debug: you want to set [key] to [value]

• __delitem__(self,key)§�[ del obj[key] �§N^T¼ê

>>> class A:

... def __delitem__(self,key):

... print "debug: you want to del [%s]"%(key,)

>>> a=A()

>>> del a["key"]

debug: you want to del [key]

__delitem__§__setitem__§__getitem__ �´Jø�«*Ða.��{§äN�Â§ATd\�§Sû½§�±´Ð§S§��±�Ñ4<tØÃ��§S"__getslice__(self,i,j)§__setslice__(self,i,j,value)§__delsclice__(self,i,j) ´aq�"5¿XJvk�½þ�½öe�§¦^��êÚ0�O"

>>> class A:

... def __getslice__(self,i,j):

... print "you want to get the slice %d:%d"%(i,j)

... def __setslice__(self,i,j,value):

... print "you want to set the slice %d:%d to %s"%

... (i,j,value)

... def __delslice__(self,i,j):

... print "you want to del the slice %d:%d"%(i,j)

>>> a=A()

>>> print a[1:2]

you want to get the slice 1:2

� Python0�

>>> print a[:]

you want to get the slice 0:2147483647

>>> a[2:3]= [1,2]

you want to set the slice 2:3 to [1, 2]

>>> del a[:]

you want to del the slice 0:2147483647

• __contains__(self,other) �±¦object �sequence ��§?nin �é

>>> class A:

... def __contains__(self,other):

... if other=="ok" : return 1

... return 0

>>> a=A()

>>> if "ok" in a: print "ok in a"

... else : print "ok not in a"

ok in a

• __call__(self,arg1,arg2,...) 4object �¼ê��§�±N^"

>>> class A:

... def __call__(self,*arg):#ùp¦^�CëêÅ�,�<¤kD?5�ëê... for k in arg:

... print k

>>> a=A()

>>> a("hello","World")

• Ù¦�âö�Î

§1.14 É~?n(exception)

�{ (J__add__(self,other) self + other

__sub__(self,other) self - other

__mul__(self,other) self * other

__div__(self,other) self / other

__mod__(self,other) self % other

__divmod__(self,other) divmod(self,other)

__pow__(self,other) self ** other

__pow__(self,other,modulo) pow(self,other,modulo)

__lshift__(self,other) self << other

__rshift__(self,other) self >> other

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>>> callable(dir) #�N^�1

>>> a=1

>>> callable(a) #Ø�N^0

>>> a=dir #¼ê aliase �´�N^�>>> callable(a)

§3.1 S��¬

>>> a(" ") #Údir(" ")��"[’__add__’, ’__class__’, ’__contains__’, ’__delattr__’, ’__doc__’,

’__eq__’, ’__ge__’, ’__getattribute__’, ’__getitem__’,

’__getslice__’, ’__gt__’, ’__hash__’, ’__init__’, ’__le__’,

’__len__’, ’__lt__’, ’__mul__’, ’__ne__’, ’__new__’, ’__reduce__’,

’__repr__’, ’__rmul__’, ’__setattr__’, ’__str__’, ’capitalize’,

’center’, ’count’, ’decode’, ’encode’, ’endswith’, ’expandtabs’,

’find’, ’index’, ’isalnum’, ’isalpha’, ’isdigit’, ’islower’,

’isspace’, ’istitle’, ’isupper’, ’join’, ’ljust’, ’lower’, ’lstrip’,

’replace’, ’rfind’, ’rindex’, ’rjust’, ’rstrip’, ’split’,

’splitlines’, ’startswith’, ’strip’, ’swapcase’, ’title’,

’translate’, ’upper’]

>>> repr({"one":1,"two":2}) # repr ^u��iÎG§^5L«�é�"{’two’: 2, ’one’: 1}"

>>> a=[1,2]

>>> eval(repr(a)) # eval Ú repr �±��é��"[1, 2]

[1, 2]

>>> hasattr(a,"append")

>>> getattr(a,"append")(3)

>>> getattr(a,"append")(4)

[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> type(a)

§3.1.2 a.=�¼ê

~^a.=�¼êXL3.1-2

>>> chr(65)

’A’

>>> [ord(k) for k in "ABC"]

[65, 66, 67]

>>> oct(65) , oct(65000),oct(650000000)

(’0101’, ’0176750’, ’04657433200’)

n Python �~^�¬

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L 3.1-2: a.=�¼ê

>>> hex(65) , hex(65000),hex(650000000)

(’0x41’, ’0xfde8’, ’0x26be3680’)

>>> str(10),str([1,2]),str({"one":1})

(’10’, ’[1, 2]’, "{’one’: 1}")

>>> list("abc"),list((1,2,3))

([’a’, ’b’, ’c’], [1, 2, 3])

>>> tuple("abc"),tuple([1,2,3])

((’a’, ’b’, ’c’), (1, 2, 3))

>>> dict(),dict([("one",1),("two",2)])

({}, {’two’: 2, ’one’: 1})

>>> dict([ ( str(x), x) for x in [1,2] ])

{’1’: 1, ’2’: 2}

>>> int(1),int("1"),int(1.4),int(1.6)

(1, 1, 1, 1)

>>> int("1.2") #Ø1, 1.2 wå5Ø��êTraceback (most recent call last):

ValueError: invalid literal for int(): 1.2

>>> long(1),long("1"),long(1.4),long(1.6)

(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L)

§3.1 S��¬

>>> float(1),float("1.2"),float("1e-4")

(1.0, 1.2, 0.0001)

>>> min(1,2,3,4,5)

>>> min([1,2,3,4,5])

>>> max([1,2,3,4,5])

>>> max(1,2,3,4,5)

§3.1.3 ^u�1§S�S�¼ê

�\�¬

import§�\��module"

�1�è

exec code [ in globaldict[,localdict]]"

>>> exec "a=1" #3�c namespace þ�1�è.

>>> mynamespace={} #Mï��dictionary,^u�;namespace

>>> exec "a=1" in mynamespace #3 mynamespace þ�1�è.

>>> print mynamespace.keys() #�w(J[’__builtins__’, ’a’] #Ú\ü�name

>>> type(mynamespace["__builtins__"])

#e��¯<�~f>>> class A: #�� class

... pass

>>> exec "a=1" in vars(A) #O\��á5>>> A.a #¤õ1

>>> exec "def abc(self): print ’ok’ " in vars(A)

# �UO\�� methord

>>> dir(A) #5¿,k abc

n Python �~^�¬

[’__builtins__’, ’__doc__’, ’__module__’, ’a’, ’abc’]

>>> x=A()

>>> x.abc() #¤õok

ù«�ª´é(¹Úr��§�´¦éJ�È¤�C++ ½öJava �ó"Ø�§\(½^Python ��§Smu�ÌN�ó§ �éPython �5Uék&%§Ø�^Ù§�óXC++ �,õU�¬"��o¬^C++ �§ Ø´��^C++ �Q? ù�9��^�ó§��K"{ü/`§^C++ �U��§ºx��"Python ��U��§�´ºx�"C++ þ5Ò°H[�§(J��¬�UØ´^r��"Python ´�£§^r�±kw��Ó+§,�2°H[T§^C++ �,�¬"

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Ò�ØU÷v^r�I¦§�Ø�:X?U§kÿþ§ww5U´¶3=p§k��¥§O\ß§¤éõåí§5UvkUCõ�§� ØØv�ó§python kprofilemodule ^uO�python §S¥zã�è�5U"é�“´¶”§(@“´¶”§,�`z"

?È�è

compile§XJ�ã�è²~�¦^§@ok?È§2$1¬�¯"

>>> c=compile("print ’hello’","abc","single")

>>> exec c

>>> c=compile("raise 1 ","abc","single")

>>> exec c

File "abc", line 1, in ? # 5¿©�¶´ abc

TypeError: exceptions must be strings, classes, or instances,

not int

compilekn�ëê§1��èiÎG"´éA�Python §S�©�¶¡§¦^u3�1�è§�)É~��ÿ§�<Ñ�&E"1n�ëê´“single”§“exec” “eval”nö��§ù�ûu�è´á=�<(J��é§�´�|�é§�´��L�ª"e¡�~f'�?ÈÚØ?È�5U�O"

>>> code="print ’Hello World’"

§3.1 S��¬

>>> c=compile(code,"abc","exec")

>>> profile.run("for i in range(10000): exec c")

10002 function calls in 0.250 CPU seconds

Ordered by: standard name

ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)

1 0.090 0.090 0.250 0.250 <string>:1(?)

10000 0.160 0.000 0.160 0.000 abc:1(?)

1 0.000 0.000 0.250 0.250 profile:0(for i in

range(10000): exec c)

0 0.000 0.000 profile:0(profiler)

>>> profile.run("for i in range(10000): exec code")

10002 function calls (2 primitive calls) in 0.720 CPU seconds

Ordered by: standard name

ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)

10001/1 0.720 0.000 0.720 0.720 <string>:1(?)

1 0.000 0.000 0.720 0.720 profile:0(for i in

range(10000): exec code)

0 0.000 0.000 profile:0(profiler)

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>>> eval("a=1")

File "<string>", line 1

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>>> os.mkdir(’/tmp/xx’) #Mï8¹>>> os.system("echo ’hello’ > /tmp/xx/a.txt")

>>> os.listdir(’/tmp/xx’)

[’a.txt’]

>>> os.rename(’/tmp/xx/a.txt’,’/tmp/xx/b.txt’)

[’b.txt’]

>>> os.remove(’/tmp/xx/b.txt’)

>>> os.rmdir(’/tmp/xx’)

>>> os.listdir(’/tmp/xx’) #¤õíØ8¹Traceback (most recent call last):

OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ’/tmp/xx’

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>>> os.getcwd()

’/home/Charles’

>>> os.path.split(os.getcwd())

(’/home’, ’Charles’)

#^u©m��8¹¶¡¥�8¹Ü©Ú©�¶¡Ü©.

>>> print os.path.join(os.getcwd(),os.pardir,’a’,"a.doc")

/home/Charles/../backup/a.doc

#Úsplit��,Ü¤´»¶¡.

#os.pardir L«�c²�eL«þ�?8¹�iÎ ..

>>> print os.path.exists(os.getcwd())

#�ä©�´Ä�3.

>>> os.path.expanduser(’~/dir’)

’/home/Charles/dir’

#r ~ *Ð¤^r�8¹.

#3 Windows e�U´ H:\Charles\dir

>>> os.path.expandvars(’$TMP’)

’/tmp’

#*Ð�¸Cþ,Windows e�U´ c:\temp

>>> os.path.isfile(os.getcwd())

#´©�¶íº0, Ø´>>> os.path.isfile(os.path.expanduser("~/tmp/a.c"))

# ·�8¹e¡k /home/Charles/tmp/a.cù�©�>>> os.path.isdir(os.getcwd())

#´8¹íº 1, ´�>>> os.path.islink(os.getcwd())

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#´ÎÒë�íºWindows e�UØU^ù�¼ê>>> os.path.ismount(os.getcwd())

#´©�XÚSC:íºWindows e�UØU^ù�¼ê>>> os.path.samefile(os.getcwd(),’/home/Charles’)

#wwü�©�¶¡´Ø´��Ó��©�.

>>> def test_find(filename,dirname,names):

... if filename in names:

... print os.path.join(dirname,filename)

>>> os.path.walk(’/home/Charles’,test_find,"a.c")

/home/Charles/tmp/a.c

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f=open("filename","r")

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§3.2.2 Ö�©�

open�£��file é�§�±^�e�{Ö��©�"

>>> f=open("/tmp/x.txt","w")

>>> f.write("a")

>>> f.close()

>>> f=open("/tmp/x.txt","r")

>>> f.read()

’a’

>>> f.read()

n Python �~^�¬

’’

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f.open("/tmp/x.txt","r")

c=f.read(1)

while c:

print c

c=f.read(1)

f.readline() Ö��1§·^u1ö�"XJ�©�(�§Ò�£��iÎG"

f.readlines() Ö�©��¤kSN§�£��list §list ¥�z��L«�1§�¹“\n”"

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f.seek(off,where) ^5½ ©�Ö�� "where= 0 L«lm�å§1L«l�c ��å§2L«l(��å"offL«£Ä� £þ§�ê�©�(�£Ä§KêL«�©�mÞ£Ä"5¿�sys ¥�sys.stdout§sys.stderr §sys.stdin ´n��©k^�©�é�"

>>> import sys

>>> a=sys.stdin.readline()

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Hello #ÑÑ>>>

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§3.3 regular expression

regular expression (�KL�ª)§{¡regexp§´?È�n¥��Vg§3Unix�.¥Ã¤Ø3§vi!emacs!sed!awk!perl Ñ2��¦^"python ¥�re§´�

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§3.3.1 {ü�regexp

�{ü�regexp L«keZiÎ|¤§L«iÎ��"

>>> p=re.compile("abc")

>>> if p.match("abc") : print "match"

ùp0��{ü�^{§Äk�)¤^re.compile("abc") ��pattern (�ª)§pattern ��match �{§XJÚ,�iÎG��§Ò�£��match object§ÄKÒ�£None"Ø,AÏiÎmetacharacter (�iÎ) §�õêiÎÑÚg��"ùAÏiÎ´

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>>> a=".^$*+?{\\|()"

>>> p = re.compile("["+a+"]")

>>> for i in a:

... if p.match(i):

... print "[%s] is match"%i

... else:

... print "[%s] is not match"%i

[.] is match

[^] is match

[$] is match

[*] is match

n Python �~^�¬

[+] is match

[?] is match

[{] is match

[\] is not match

[|] is match

[(] is match

[)] is match

��õêmetacharacter 3[]¥ÑÚ��§�´ko�metacharacter ØÚ��§@Ò´“^[]\”§�¡¬��`²§^ L«��§�¡0�§[]XJÑy3[]¥§Ò¬©Ø�Ù=p´mÞ=p´(�"\ ��^´^5L«Ã{^�<�iÎ��"

• XÛ3[]¥�¹[]��§L«Ú“[” ½ö“]” ��?

>>> p=re.compile("[\]\[]")

>>> p.match("]")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x815de60>

>>> p.match("]")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x81585e8>

>>> p.match("[")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x8158330>

^\[ Ú\] L«• ^ Ñy3[]�mÞ§L«��§Ú[]¥�iÎÑØ��§vkÑy�Ò��"[^abc]

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• �±^-L«��"[a-zA-Z]��?Û��=©i1"[0-9]��?Û��êi"• \ �3[] ¥�Ù¦©^"

\d [0-9]

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\s [ \t\n\r\f\v]

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• {m,n} L « Ñ ym � ± þ(� ¹m�)§n� ± e(� ¹n�)" Xab{1,3}c Ò ¬Úabc§abbc§abbbc ��§�´Ø¬Úac§abbbbc ��"m´e.§n´þ."m�±�Ñ§L«e.´0§n�±�Ñ§L«þ.´Ã��"• * L«{,}§vkÑy(0g)§EÑy1g±þ"• + L«{1,}§EÑy1g±þ• ? L«{0,1}§EÑy0g½ö1g"

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�§��"python ¥Ñ´��"

>>> re.compile("a*").match(’aaaa’).end()

>>> re.compile("a*?").match(’aaaa’).end()

match object �end�±��iÎ� �"XJ��§@oÒ3*§+§?§{m,n} �¡\��?§C¤*?§+?§??§{m,n}?L«��"

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>>> a=r"\a"

>>> print a

>>> a=r"\"a"

>>> print a

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n Python �~^�¬

• k^re.compile ��RegexObject§L«��regexp"• ,�^pattern �match§search��{§��MatchObject"• 2^match object �� §��iÎG�&E"

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<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x81d43c8>

>>> print re.compile("a").match("bbab")

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>>> re.compile("a").search("abab")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x81d43c8>

>>> print re.compile("a").search("bbab")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x8184e18>

5¿Úmatch()�ØÓ"Ø7lmÞÒ��"• RE_obj.findall(str)§�£str¥|¢¤kÚRE_obj��Ü©"�£��tuple§Ù¥��´��iÎG"

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>>> for i in range(m.start(),m.end()):

... print s[i]

• m.span() �£��tuple L«(m.start(),m.end())"• m.pos()§m.endpos()§m.re()§m.string() § ù © O L « ) ¤ ù�MatchObject¼ê¥�ëê"

RE_obj.match(str,[pos[,endpos]]),RE_obj.search(str,[pos[,endpos]])

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m.re().search(m.string(),m.pos(),m.endpos())

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>>> for m in re.compile("[ab]").finditer("tatbxaxb"):

... print m.span()

(1, 2)

(3, 4)

(5, 6)

(7, 8)

§3.3.6 p?regexp

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... Address: BUPT

... telephone: 62284321

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... """

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... r"^name:(.*)\n^Address:(.*)\n^telephone:(.*)\n^email:(.*)\n",re.M)

>>> for m in p.finditer(x):

... print "here is your friends list"

... print "%s,%s,%s,%s"%m.groups()

here is your friends list

Charles, BUPT, 62281234, annCharles@tom.com

here is your friends list

Ann, BUPT, 62284321, CharlesWang@peoplemail.com.cn

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... print m.groups()

(’ Charles’, ’ BUPT’, ’ 62281234’, ’ annCharles@tom.com’)

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>>> matchs=[m for m in p.finditer(x)]

>>> matchs[0].group(’name’)

’ Charles’

>>> matchs[0].group(’address’)

’ BUPT’

>>> matchs[0].group(’telephone’)

’ 62281234’

>>> matchs[0].group(’email’)

’ annCharles@tom.com’

>>> matchs[1].group(’name’)

’ Ann’

’ BUPT’

>>> matchs[1].group(’telephone’)

’ 62284321’

’ BUPT’

>>> matchs[1].group(’email’)

’ CharlesWang@peoplemail.com.cn’

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FILE * fp = fopen("test.dat","wb");

if(!fp) return 1;

fwrite((void*)&header,1,sizeof(header),fp);

fclose(fp);

return 0;

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opts, args = do_shorts(opts, args[0][1:], shortopts, args[1:])

File "/usr/local/lib/python2.3/getopt.py", line 195, in do_shorts

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verbose = False

filename = output

%./simplyOptparser1.py --help

usage: simplyOptparser1.py [options]

options:

--version show program’s version number and exit

-h, --help show this help message and exit

-fFILE, --file=FILE write report to FILE

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print options.filename

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default=False)

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text="Hello",

command=self.say_hi

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def say_hi(self):

print "hi there, everyone!"

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XJside = LEFT ½öside = RIGHT §@oparcel �pÝÒ´cavity �pÝ§°ÝÒ´slave widget �¦�°Ý§2\þpadx Úipadx ùü�options ¤�½�ê�"

±�parcel ��UÏ�expand option ¤�½�� C�"XJ¤k�slave widget Ñ�Ð�§uymaster widget �kõ{��mvk¦^§@oÒ¬�âexpand option5UC¤kparcel ��"XJexpand option ´0 §@oÒ�§Ò4@��

/��XÐ"XJexpand option ´1 §@oÒr�e��mþ!�©��¤k�parcel"XJ��±*��slave widget �side option ´left ½öright §@orõ{�Y²ål¬²þ©�¦�"XJ��±*��slave widget �side option ´top½öbottom §@orõ{�R�ål¬²þ©�¦�"ù��é"y(¹5§grid+nìO\��Vg§´k¤U?�"

2. pack +nìslave widget ÀJÜ·�pÝÚ°Ý"°Ý��´widget ¤I°Ý\þü��ipadx §pÝ´��´widget¤IpÝ\þü��ipady §��o´ü�? ´Ï��mÑI�3Ñipadx�ål§Ó�þe�ÑI�õ3Ñ5ipady�ål"�´XJfilloption��XJ´X½öBOTH§@o*�°Ý§slave widget�°Ý¬´parcel�°Ý~�ü��padx��§Ó�XJfill option��´Y ½öBOTH §@oslave widget�°Ý¬´parcel �°Ý~�ü��pady ��§

3. pack +nìrslave widget �3parcel ¥"XJslave widget 'parcel �§@oÒ�âanchor option 5��slave widget§parcel �e��m�Ø¬�Ù¦slave widget ¦^"XJpadx option ½öpady option ��Ø´0 §@o3parcel �>.Úslavewidget �>.�mo´�3Ñ5padx Úpady @oõ��x�m"

��Ð��slave widget �§pack +nì¬~�parcel §�e��'��cavity ^5��e��slave widget"XJcavity ��mØ��slave widget §@où�slavewidget ¬Óâcavity ¤k��m"�cavity ��0 ��ÿ§Ù¦��e�slave widget ÒwØ�§Ø�master widget C�"

��¹emaster widget ¬gÄC�§â��Geometry Propragation (AÛDÂ§��DÂ)"Geometry propragation �¿gÒ´`§gÄN�master widget �°ÝÚpÝ§^5�Ð��¤k�slave widget §¿�¬3widget ��g(�¥D4��"�o��widget ��g(�? ·��master widget Úslave widget �'X" master widget q´,��widget �slave widget"ù�Ò�/¤��§I�§�f§�fù��g'X"��±`´ä�§äª§ä��'X"

ÄkO�ä�widget ��§ä�widget vkslave widget §¦�¬gCO�gC��§v±NBe¤kslave widget �¤kSN§,��¹ù�äªwidget ��Ò�±�â¦¤slave widget ��UC§ù��þD4§��TopLevel"

w.pack_propagate(’true’)

¦^Pack +nì��ÿ§²~¬¦^frame widget §^ur�|widget w¤��widget"

o Tkinter ?§

§4.4.2 Grid +nì

¦+Pack éØ�§�´§éõ§S@�Grid +nì�Ð^" � -�<¬�^Grid § Ø^Pack"�N¦´é�"·@��k��`:"

·@�Grid +nì�Vg{ü§õUr�§(¹§(¢'Pack r�"

¦^Grid ��{�é{ü§ÚPack aq§N^w.grid(options) §w ´��slave wid-get"

Grid +nìr��master widget �¤k�^�m©¤�G�éõ�°"z��°��Cell §ÚPack +nì¥�parcel �Vgé��"^row §column §rowspan§columnspan Ò�±(½��cell "ke~^option"

~^�options

row �²3@�1

column �²3@��

rowspan �²ÓA1

columnspan �²ÓA�

ipadx ipady ÚPack +nì�¿Â�Ó"L«slave widget SÜO\�W¿ål"

padx pady L«slave widget �>.Úcell �>.�m�W¿ål"

sticky �±´N §W §S §E §�¹´Pack+nì¥�fill §anchor�õU"L«�Cell'slave widget ��ÿ§XÛ{�slave widget§7��ÿ§O\slave widget �pÝ½ö°Ý"

XJ´ü��N L«§�þ�§aqPack +nì¥�anchor= N "

XJ´ü��|ÜL«§XN+S §L«O\pÝ§aquPack +nì¥�fill = Y "XE+W §L«O\°Ý§aquPack +nì¥�fill = X "

XJü��|Ü´N+E L«ØO\pÝ½°Ý§�mþ�{�§��ufill=None§anchor=NE Ù§aq"

XJ´õ�|ÜN+W+S+E L«�3¥m"aquPack +nì¥�fill=BOTH "

XJØ��sticky ��§L«ØO\pÝ�ØO\°Ý§�3¥m§aquPack +nì¥�anchor=CENTER§fill=None "

Grid +nì��{

kn�Ú½:

1. O��I�õ��/�§Ò�±{�e¤k�slave widget "

2. ^þ�ÚO��(JÚmaster widget �¢S��'�§XJØ��§@oÒO\½ö~�master widget ��"

3. �âz��slave widget �sticky options §{�¤k�slave widget "

31�Ú¥§ÄkO�¤k�Ó�1(½�)�cell �°Ý(½pÝ)§�Ò´rowspan=1(½colspan=1)�cell "z�1(½�) �°Ý(½öpÝ)Ò´ù�1(½�)¥¤I��°Ý(½öpÝ)§±�y��e¤kslave widget "z�1§z��Ñ��§ù�z��cell ��Ò(½"

,�3�ÄÓõ1(½öõ�)�cell §cell ¤Ó�ëY�1(½�)��cell group§cell group �°Ý(½öpÝ)´|S¤kcell �°Ý(½öpÝ)�Ú"XJcell group �§v��e�éA�slave widget §@o�Ð§�±|S�¤k1(½�)�°Ý(½pÝ)ØC"XJ�Øe§ÒI�O\|SCell �z�1(½�)Ý(½pÝ)"O\��{Ò´�â1(½�)�weight(�) U'~5O\cell group ¥z�1(ö�)�°Ý(öpÝ)§weight��O\�õ§weight ��O\��§weight ´0 �ÒØO"XJcell group ¥¤k�cell�weight Ñ´0§@oÒ²þO\|S¤k�cell �°Ý(½pÝ)"

�ge�§�±(½z��(½1)�°Ý(½pÝ)§ù�z��cell Úcell group ��Ò(½"

��1�weight§�±¦^grid rowconfgure ¼ê§~X

m.grid_rowconfigure(0,weigtht=2)

r101�weight ��2 "

��weight§�±¦^grid columnconfgure ¼ê§~X

m.grid_columnfigure(0,weigtht=2)

r10��weight ��2 "Ù¥m ´¤kslave widget �master widget"

31�Ú¥§XJmaster widget �~�§�kéõ��{�m§@oÒ¬rR�(½öY²)��{�m©��¤k�1(½ö�)§�âz�1(½ö�)�weight ��U'~©�§weight ��õ�§weight ��§weight �0 �Ø�"XJ¤k1(½ö�)�weightÑ´0 §@oÒrR�(½öY²)��{�m²þ©�3þe(½ö�m)üà§�Ò´Ø¥��"ù�§^weight �Vg�¤Pack +nì¥�expand option �õU"

nþ¤ã§Grid +nì¥�option ��'Pack +nì¥�option ��õ"�´õU%'��\(¹§�\r�§Pack U��§Grid A�ÑU�§Grid U��§Pack I��éõ�frame Úéõ�option âU�¤"

o Tkinter ?§

Place +nì

Place �±°(��slave widget � �Ú��§aquVB ¥�top§left§bottom §right �á5"ù�éæ�§��Ø^"XJ\ý�I�ùo�§@oÒ�ÃþÐ"��·6�Ø¬^¦"

§4.5 Widget ��ªdNõ�widget Ñ|±Ó��option §ùoption ½Âwidget �Ä��ª§�)

ôÚ§iN��"

§4.5.1 ôÚ

bg Úfg ´background Úforeground �{¡"XJ\�i'�ú½ö'�B§@oÒ^bg Úfg �Obackground Úforeground"

ôÚ�¶i

Tkinter ¹k��ôÚ�êâ¥§^u�¹¤kôÚ�¶¡ÚôÚ¢SRGB ��éA'X"êâ¥¥�¹~^�ôÚ§Xµred , yellow , blue , green §lightblue ��§��)�Ø~^��´é¤��ôÚ§XMoccasin, PeachPuff, etc.

3Windows XÚe§�±¦^Windows �XÚôÚ(�±ÏL��¡�UC)

SystemActiveBorder, SystemActiveCaption, SystemAppWorkspace, SystemBack-ground, SystemButtonFace, SystemButtonHighlight, SystemButtonShadow, SystemBut-tonText, SystemCaptionText, SystemDisabledText, SystemHighlight, SystemHighlightText,SystemInactiveBorder, SystemInactiveCaption, SystemInactiveCaptionText, SystemMenu,SystemMenuText, SystemScrollbar, SystemWindow, SystemWindowFrame, SystemWin-dowText.

3Macintosh ¥§�±¦^e¡�XÚôÚ:

SystemButtonFace, SystemButtonFrame, SystemButtonText, SystemHighlight, Sys-temHighlightText, SystemMenu, SystemMenuActive, SystemMenuActiveText, System-MenuDisabled, SystemMenuText, SystemWindowBody.

§4.5 Widget ��ª

RGB ôÚ�

#RGB,#RRGGBB, #RRRRGGGGBBBB

w["fg"]="#f00"

w["fg"]="#ff0000"

w["fg"]="#ffff00000000"

tk_rgb = "#%02x%02x%02x" % (172, 182, 220)

tk_rgb = "#%04x%04x%04x" % (172, 182, 220)

rgb = widget.winfo_rgb("red")

red, green, blue = rgb[0]/256, rgb[1]/256, rgb[2]/256

5¿winfo_rgb �£�´��´0 – 65535 §XJ��0 – 256 ��S��§�Ø±256 â�±§�Ò´m£8 "

§4.5.2 iN

Tkinter ¥�widget #N^r�½iN"��ØI��½iN§Ï�Tk ¥�õê�{ü�widget §XLabel §Button ��§ÑkéÐ�%@iN"

3�½iN��ÿ§^font option §Tkinter �±¦^ØÓ�ª£ãiN"

• iN£ãÎ(font descriptor )• ^rg½ÂiN¶¡§¦^tkFont �¬"• XÚiN¶¡• X iN£ãÎ( X font descriptor)

iN£ãÎ(font descriptor)

o Tkinter ?§

("Times", 10, "bold")

("Helvetica", 10, "bold italic")

("Symbol", 8)

iNº�(font style) ´�iN´Ø´\o§´Ø´�N"

XJ==�ÑiNx�¶¡§@oÒ¬��%@�iNpÝ§ÚiNº�"

XJiNx�¶¡¥Ø¹k��§��±==�Ñ5��iÎG^5£ãiN"��±O\iNpÝÚiNº��½Â"

"Times 10 bold"

"Helvetica 10 bold italic"

"Symbol 8"

3Windows ¥~^�iN�):

Arial (corresponds to Helvetica),

Courier New (Courier),

Comic Sans MS,

Fixedsys,

MS Sans Serif,

MS Serif,

Symbol,

System,

Times New Roman (Times),

and Verdana:

XJiNx¶¢¥¹k��§@oÒ7L^1�«L��ª5L«iN"

~^�iNº�k: normal, bold, roman, italic, underline, Úoverstrike.

3ØÓ�²�þ§Tk 8.0§gÄrù~^�iN§X§Courier, Helvetica, ÚTimesN��²��iNL��ªþ§ �§XJiNN��}�{§�¬é��bC�iN5�O"¤±3�½iN��ÿTk 8.0 l5ÑØ¬�w�Ø�"XJéØ��bC�iN§@oÒ´^%@iN"�´Tk @��bC�iN§k��ÿ¿Ø´\��§¤±Ø�Lõ��ù�A5"

Windows e�Tk 4.2 �|±ù«iN�L��ª"

¦^tkFont �Font a5�½iN

Ø^iN£ãÎ(font descriptor) £ãiN�§��±ÏLtkFont 5�½iN"Font �¬¥�tkFont a§�±^5�½iN"?ÛTkinter I�iN�ëê§\Ñ�±^tkFont 5�½"~X:

tkFont.Font(family="Times", size=10, weight=tkFont.BOLD)

tkFont.Font(family="Helvetica", size=10,

weight=tkFont.BOLD,

slant=tkFont.ITALIC)

tkFont.Font(family="Symbol", size=8)

myfont=tkFont.Font(...) � £ � � é � � �myfont § @ o Ò � ±

^w.config(font=myfont) 5�½widget w �iN´myfont ¤£ã�iN"ù�k��Ð?´§XJ¦^myfont.config(size=40) §@o¤k¦^myfont ��iN�widget �iNÑgÄ�#§â��font propagate "é¤"ù�3§S¥§�±��|aq�widget �½iNmyfont §,��?Umyfont @où�|widget �iNÑ¬�#"

tkFont.Font |±option XL4.5-1:

Option a. £ãfamily string iNx¶¡size integer iN��§ü point §XJ´Kê§ü ´pixelweight constant NORMAL �´BOLD §%@ŃORMAL.slant constant NORMAL �ÍTALIC §%@ŃORMAL.underline flag 1 �ey�"0 Ø�ey�"overstrike flag 1 ¥mkî�§0¥mØ�î�"

L 4.5-1: tkFont |±�option

XÚiN¶¡

Tk �|±XÚ½Â�iN¶¡§3X Windows e§��´�iNO¶§Xfixed, 6x10��"

Windows e§�±´ansi, ansifixed, device, oemfixed, system, and systemfixed"

3Macintosh e§XÚiN¶¡�±´application and system"

5¿�XÚiN¶¡´iN��¡§�)iNx¶¡ÚiN��§iNº�"XJl�£�5�Ä�{§�ÐØ�¦^ù«�ª"

X Font Descriptor

X Font Descriptor ´¦^e¡�ª�iÎG"(ÒL«^%@�"

-*-family-weight-slant-*--*-size-*-*-*-*-charset

family L«iNx�¶¡"

weight �±´Bold ½öNormal"

o Tkinter ?§

slant�±´RL«Roman §�~"½öIL«�N"½öOL«oblique §�N��"

charset L«iÎ8§Ï~´ISO8859-1"

-*-Times-Bold-R-*--*-120-*-*-*-*-ISO8859-1

L«�iN´12 point ��§\o�Times iN§¦^ISO Latin 1 ?è�iÎ8"

XJ\Ø'%,�§@oÒ^(Ò�O"

��;.�X Server ��Ñ|±Times, Helvetica, Courier, iN§��´8 , 10 , 12, 14,18 , 24 . �±´\o§�N"�±¦^xlsfonts Úxfontsel Unix ·-5w«iN"

§4.5.3 ©i�ªz

§4.5.4 >µ

¦+kWidget�>µ3%@��¹e´wØ��§�´¤k�Widget Ñk��>µ">µ�)3D �Relief( 2H) �JÚFocus Highlight( �:pw)«�"

relief option ^5L«XÛ±��Widget �>µ"�±´SUNKEN RAISEDGROOVE RIDGE ÚFLAT borderwidth ½öbd option L«widget �>µ��§��´2 ½ö1 §��ÒØÐw"

Focus Highlight Region (�:p�«)�´�«>µ§´3>µ��,��>µ"3widget ��Ñ\�:��ÿ§�Ò´widget �±�É^r��Ñ\¯��ÿ§±xù�Focus Highlight Region §�Ò´3>µ�¡2x��>µ§L«ù�widget ��:§�±�É��Ñ\"

highlightcolor option L«widget ��:��ÿ§Focus Highlight Region �ôÚ§��´çÚ"highlightbackground option L«widget vk��:��ÿ§Focus High-light Region �ôÚ§��Úwidget ��µÚ"highlightthickness L«Focus HighlightRegion �°Ý"��´1 ½ö2 §��ÒØÐw"

ùpk��~f§^5`²>µÚFocus Highlight Region �^{"

# border1.py

bd = range(1,9,3)

t = [ "border = " + str(k) for k in bd ]

relief= [ RAISED, SUNKEN,GROOVE ,RIDGE,FLAT]

for i in range(len(bd)):

for j in range(len(relief)) :

Button(text=t[i]+" " + relief[j],

relief=relief[j],

highlightcolor = ’blue’,

highlightbackground = ’white’,

highlightthickness = bd[i],

bd=bd[i]).grid( row=j,

column=i,

padx=2,

sticky=W)

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-3"

ã 4-3: border1.py �$1(J

o Tkinter ?§

highlightcolor Úhighlightbackground �¿�¤Ø´AOÐw�ôÚ§4Öö5¿�¦��Cz"

§4.5.5 àI

cursor option �±�½��àI/G§�àI£Ä�ù�widget þ��ÿ§w«ù��àI/G"XJØ�½ù�option §@o�àI£Ä�widget þ��ÿ§w«Ú¦�master widget �cursor option ¤�½�àI/G"

e¡�ù�~fü«cursor option ��J"

#!/usr/bin/env python

cursors =["arrow", "based_arrow_down", "based_arrow_up", "boat",

"bogosity", "bottom_left_corner", "bottom_right_corner",

"bottom_side", "bottom_tee", "box_spiral", "center_ptr",

"circle", "clock", "coffee_mug", "cross", "cross_reverse",

"crosshair", "diamond_cross", "dot", "dotbox", "double_arrow",

"draft_large", "draft_small", "draped_box", "exchange", "fleur",

"gobbler", "gumby", "hand1", "hand2", "heart", "icon",

"iron_cross", "left_ptr", "left_side", "left_tee", "leftbutton",

"ll_angle", "lr_angle", "man", "middlebutton", "mouse",

"pencil", "pirate", "plus", "question_arrow", "right_ptr",

"right_side", "right_tee", "rightbutton", "rtl_logo",

"sailboat", "sb_down_arrow", "sb_h_double_arrow",

"sb_left_arrow", "sb_right_arrow", "sb_up_arrow",

"sb_v_double_arrow", "shuttle", "sizing", "spider", "spraycan",

"star", "target", "tcross", "top_left_arrow",

"top_left_corner", "top_right_corner", "top_side", "top_tee",

"trek", "ul_angle", "umbrella", "ur_angle", "watch", "xterm"]

root = Tk()

col=0; row = 0

for i in cursors:

b=Button(text=i)

b.grid( column=col,row=row, sticky=E+S+W+N)

b.bind("<Motion>",lambda e,cur=i:root.config(cursor=cur))

col = col + 1

if col == 4 : row = row + 1 ; col = 0

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-4"

ã 4-4: cursor1.py �$1(J

�àI£Ä�z��ØÓ�UÜþ§àI�/GÒ¬C¤ØÓ�/G"

o Tkinter ?§

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½

�o´¯�§^r�U£ÄàI§½öU��§ùÑ´¯�§¯��)WM�¦widget xgC�¯�"éõwidget Ñ�±�É¯�§¿�N^�A�?n¼ê"ò¯�Ú´¯�?n¼êéX��å��{Ò´N^

w.bind(event,handler)

w ´��widget, event ´��iÎG§ûLã¯�§handler ´��callable �é�§û?n¯�§�Ò´`§3¯�u)��ÿ§¬N^ù�é�§Ó�¬D4��ëê§û£ã¯�"

§4.6.1 ��{ü�~f

# File: bind1.py

root = Tk()

def callback(event):

print "clicked at", event.x, event.y

def test(e):

D = vars(e);

for k in D:

print "%-10s:%s"%(k,D[k])

frame = Frame(root, width=100, height=100)

frame.bind("<Button-1>", callback)

root.bind("<Control-Alt-Key-colon>",test);

frame.pack(expand=1,fill=BOTH)

frame.focus_set()

root.mainloop()

ù�§SrüÂàI��¯�Úcallback ù�¼ê�½3�å§�½�¿gÒ´`��)ù�,�¯��ÿ§ÒN^�A�?n¼ê"

XJ,�¯�u)§Ó��1�A�?n¼ê§·�¡�Ó¼ù�¯�"

$1ù�§S§XJ3Frame þüÂàI§Ò¬3��þ�<àI��I"XJÓ�UeControl §Alt §ÚkÒ§Ò¬�<¯��¤k&E"

£ã¯��ª

þ��~f¥§”¡Button-1¿” £ãàIüÂ��¯�§£ã¯��ªXe:

<modifier-modifier-type-detail>

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½

0�àI��½Â3X windows ¥��k5 �àI��½Â§��´1 �� 2 ¥�

3 m� 4 E¶þE5 E¶eE

��^1 , 2 , 3 n��"

�´Ø��´�¤ØC�§�±^xmodmap ·-UC"

xmodmap -pp

�±w��càIU��½Â"

3�wu)�o¯��ÿ§±eóä´ék^�"xmodmap �wÚ?UX ��N�'XÚàIN�'X"xev ^5�w¯��"

modifier L«u)àI½ö��¯��ÿ§Ó�UeÙ¦�§Xcontrol §alt§win(super) ��§½ö��¯�3á�mSEõg"

modifier �±´Control Mod2, M2Shift Mod3, M3Lock Mod4, M4Button1, B1 Mod5, M5Button2, B2 Meta, MButton3, B3 AltButton4, B4 DoubleButton5, B5 TripleMod1, M1 Quadruple

B1 L«u)��¯��ÿ§àI��´?uUe�G�"

Meta ÚAlt Ñ´�±ÏLxmodmap UCN�'X�"äN´=��ÚX XÚ��k'X"

<Control-Alt-Key-colon>

Ù¥Control §Alt ´modifier §Key ´type §colon ´detail §��¯�£ãL«Ó�UeControl Alt ÚkÒ§�Ò´`Ó�UeControl Alt Shift Ú©Ò§Ï�Ó�UeShiftÚ©Ò§L«kÒ"

Double ^u£ãàIVÂ¯�"

type ´ � � � § § ½ Â · � � ½ = � « ¯ � " � � ´ButtonPress§ButtonRelease ½ö´KeyPress §KeyRelease §��±´Ù¦��§�±ÏL

o Tkinter ?§

man -S n bind

�w¤k¯�a."

�type ´ButtonPress ÚButton Release ��ÿ§detail �±´1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ^uL«àI�§XJØ�½detail §L«U?Û�"

5¿àIU��modifier Útype �«O§�Ò´<Button1> Ú<Button-1> �«O"cöL«�,«¯�u)��ÿ§àI�,�U�?3Ue�G�"�öL«u)àIU��¯�"

�type ´Motion � � ÿ § L « à I £ Ä ¯ � " � � � ½B1 �modifier"X<B1-Motion> L«àI��Ue¿�£ÄàI"XJØ�½modifier §@oL«¤k�àI£Ä¯�"

XJtype ´KeyPress ½öKeyRelease §@odetail ^5�½�.´=��U�"äN��±�wkeysyms ��Ï"

man keysyms

keysyms ´��<�ASCII �iÎ§½ö��Ø��<�ASCII iÎ�£ã§��±´�ASCII iÎ�£ã"

<c> ... L«Uea, b, c �iÎ�¯�"

¯�£ãÞ~§XL4.6-2µ

§4.6.2 ¯�?n¼ê

u)¯��ÿ§¬N^¯��?n¼ê§D4��ëêevent §^u£ã¯�u)��ÿ�&E"^e¡��è�±�<¤k&E"

def test(event):

D = vars(event);

for k in D:

print "%-10s:%s"%(k,D[k])

äNëêXeL4.6-3

§4.6.3 ¯��g

Ó��¯��±kõ�¯�?n¼ê§ù?n¼êáuØÓ��g"z��g��±kõ�¯�?n¼ê?nÓ��¯�"

�±3o�ØÓ�g¥�½¯�"

• widget instance ?�½,��widget instance �¯��½"�k3¯�u)3,��½�widget ��ÿ§â¬Ó¼¯�"�½�{´w.bind(...) §w ´��widget instance "

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½

<Button-1> ½<1> UeàI��<B1-Motion> UeàI��Ó�£ÄàI"<ButtonRelease-1> º�àI��"<Double-Button-1> 3éá��mS(�~¯��)§àI£Ä�3é��

��S(A�vk£Ä)§ëYUeügàI��"<Enter> àI£Ä�Widget ��S"5¿Ø´Ue

��£��§Enter L«¯��type "<Leave> àIlmWidget ��S"<Return> U e � � � £ � � " ´ � � { � § L

«<KeyPress-Return> "3keysyms ��Ï¥�±��A�¤k��<iÎ�£ã"

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o Tkinter ?§

• widget class ?¦^bind_class §L«¤k�½class �instance Ñ¬k��¯��½"

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§Sbind level.py éÐ�`²ù�:"

# File: bind_level.py

root = Tk()

def callback(event):

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½

print "clicked at", event.x, event.y

def test(e):

print "you press: " + e.keysym

return

def application_level_bind(e):

print "application level binding"

test(e)

def class_level_bind(e):

print "class level bind "

test(e)

def toplevel_bind(e):

print "top level bind"

test(e)

def widget_level_bind(e):

print "widget instance level bind"

test(e)

def myprint(a):

print a

frame = Frame(root, width=100, height=100)

root.bind("<Key>", toplevel_bind)

root.bind_class("Frame","<Key>",class_level_bind)

root.bind_all("<Key>",application_level_bind)

frame.bind("<Key>", widget_level_bind)

frame.bind("<Return>", lambda e: myprint("RETURN PRESSED") )

frame.pack(expand=1,fill=BOTH)

frame.focus_set()

root.mainloop()

§4.6.4 Ó��¯��õ�?n¼ê

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bind(e,func,"add")

Ò�±�3�5�¯�?n¼ê§�Ò´3��¯�?n¼êó��O\��?n¼ê"��¯�u)��ÿ§Ò¬�d�1¯�?n¼êóþ�z��¯�?n¼ê"XJ=��¼ê�£��iÎG“break” @oÒ¬Ê��1�¡�¯�?n¼ê§Ó��Ê�

o Tkinter ?§

N^Ù¦�g�¯�?n¼ê"

~fchange text bind.py `²ù�¯K"

# change_text_bind.py

def ignore (e):

return "break"

def ignore2(e):

print "you can only input one line"

root = Tk()

t = Text()

t.bind("<Return>",ignore2)

t.bind("<Return>",ignore,"add")

t.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=1)

root.mainloop()

ù�~f�?U��Text widget %@�¯��½§3%@��¹e§Ue£��L«Ñ\#��1§XJ==�½ignore2 ´Ø1�§¦+O�instance ?Oþ��½'X§�´<Return> ¯��?n´class ?Oþ�§¤±�Øv±UC%@ö�§^r�´�±Ñ\#��1"¤±O\ignore ��½§4¦�ä¯�?n¼ê�UY�1§ù�âU��8�"�,§3ignore2 ¥�£“break” �´�±�"

XJ¯�?n¼êó¥k��¼ê�£“break” @o2O\?n¼ê´vk¿Â�"

�k�«�{�±��§

root.bind_class("Text","<Return",ignore)

�´ù��k��":§\§S¥¤k�Text widget ÑØUÑÑ\#��1")û��{Ò´§Mï��#�a§U«Text §,�3?U#a�¯��½'X"

§4.6.5 ÚWM �'�¯��½

�u)ÚWM �'�¯��ÿ§~X§S��z(q�ãIz)§��z§'4§£Ä��"�~^�¯�Ò´WM_DELETE_WINDOW L«^r¦^WM 5'4I��¯�"

��½ù�a¯��{´

w.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW",handler)

w ´��widget é�§handle ´¯�?n¼ê§ØD4?Ûëê"

we¡�~f:

from tkMessageBox import askokcancel

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

def handler():

if askokcancel("Quit","Do you really want to exit?"):

root.destroy()

root=Tk()

root.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW",handler)

root.mainloop()

��¹e´Ø^ù��½�§Ï�§z��I�?nWM_DELETE_WINDOW ¯��%@Ä�Ò´N^destroy ¼ê5'4gC"

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

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·�®²^L§root=Tk() Ò¬Mï��root window §ù�I��'4§@oÒ'4¤k�Ù§I�§§SòÑ"

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z�I��%@IK´“Tk” §UCI��IK^

root.Title("My title")

��I��IK��{´

print root.Title()

§4.7.2 èü

~fmenubar2.py ��èü9��~f"

# menubar2.py

import sys

root = Tk()

o Tkinter ?§

mainmenu=Menu(root)

root["menu"]=mainmenu

filemenu = Menu(mainmenu)

mainmenu.add_cascade(label=’file’,menu=filemenu)

m = [ "new","open","save"]

for i in m :

filemenu.add_command( label=i,

command=lambda t = i: sys.stdout.write(t+"\n") )

filemenu.add_command(label="exit", command= root.quit)

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-5 5¿§¯�?n¼ê��E|§

ã 4-5: menubar2.py �$1(J

lambda : sys.stdout.write(i)

´Ø1�"

Ï�z��èü�?n¼êÑ´��§Ñ´�<i ��§�o�ÿ\UCi ��§�<�(JÒ¬C"

lambda t = i : sys.stdout.write(i)

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

KØÓ§z��èü�?n¼ê´Ø��§¦��%@ëêØÓ§%@ëê�D�´3¼êMï��ÿ"

�±w�lambda Mï¼ê��B�?§�±^ù«�{§�,¯�?n¼êO\%@ëê"ù��¯�?n¼ê�±?nõ�widget�)�¯�§~�¼ê�êþ§�±{z�O§�B�o"

U^�{ü��é�¤Ó��õU§ù��§Sâ´Ð§S"

�k�«�{§¦^Menubutton

~fmenubar3.py ��èü9��~f"

# menubar3.py

import sys

root = Tk()

# create a frame to contain the menu bar

menuframe = Frame()

# create a menu button

filemenuButton = Menubutton(text="File")

filemenuButton.pack(side=LEFT,anchor=N)

# create the "file" menu

filemenu = Menu(filemenuButton)

# connect the filemenu with hte filemenuButton

filemenuButton[’menu’]=filemenu

m = [ "new","open","save"]

for i in m :

filemenu.add_command(label=i,

command= lambda t = i: sys.stdout.write(t+"\n") )

filemenu.add_command(label="exit", command= root.quit)

menuframe.pack(side=TOP,fill=X,expand=1)

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-6

ü�~f�´k«O�"Menubutton ´��ÚButton aq�ÀÜ§�´¦%@�command Ä�´�Ø��èü"

¦^Menubutton k±eA�Ú½:

1. ïáMenubutton.

mb = Menubutton()

o Tkinter ?§

ã 4-6: menubar3.py �$1(J

2. 3¦þ¡w«��Ð�SN§J«^r"

mb["text"]="press me"

3. Mï��Menu §¦�master widget ´mb

m = Menu(mb)

4. rMï�Menu ÚMenubutton éX3�å"

mb["menu"] = m

5. O\menu �SN

m.add_command(label="new",

command=lambda : sys.stdout.write("Hello Menu\n")

6. w«Menubutton

mb.pack()

m.add_separator()

XJ�3menu þO\��fèü§^

submenu = Menu(m) # 5¿ master widget �½�´Ièü"m.add_cascade(menu=submenu,label="a submenu")

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

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éõA^§SÑk��óä9"Ù¢��óä9Ò´��Frame §Ù¥�¹éõ�Button"

�w~ftoolbar.py "

# toolbar1.py

root = Tk()

def callback():

print "called the callback!"

x = ["error",

"gray12",

"gray25",

"gray50",

"gray75",

"hourglass",

"info",

"question",

"warning"]

# create a toolbar

toolbar = Frame(root)

for i in x :

b = Button(toolbar, text=i, bitmap=i,

command=lambda t=i: sys.stdout.write("%s\n"%t) )

b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2,fill=BOTH,expand=1)

toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-7

z��Button Ñþ¡k��ãI§��ª´µ��§gÄUC��§UC��ÿ3X Y ��þÑ�X�åUCButton ��§þe�mÑ3Ñ52 ��Y"

toolbar ��ª´: �þ�§3X ��þgÄUC��"

Ø¦^bitmap otption ��ãI�§��±UCimage option 5w«ãI§ùI�¦^PhotoImage Mï��ã�"

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éõ§S�e�Ñk��G�9§Ù¢�´��Frame Ù¥¹k��½öõ�Label §

o Tkinter ?§

ã 4-7: toolbar1.py �$1(J

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�w~fstatusbar.py "

# toolbar1.py

root = Tk()

def callback():

print "called the callback!"

x = ["error",

"gray12",

"gray25",

"gray50",

"gray75",

"hourglass",

"info",

"question",

"warning"]

# create a toolbar

toolbar = Frame(root)

for i in x :

b = Button(toolbar, text=i, bitmap=i,

command=lambda t=i: sys.stdout.write("%s\n"%t) )

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2,fill=BOTH,expand=1)

toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)

mainloop()

¦^�tkSimpleStatus.py "

# File: tkSimpleStatusBar.py

class StatusBar(Frame):

def __init__(self, master):

Frame.__init__(self, master)

self.label = Label(self, bd=1, relief=SUNKEN, anchor=W)

self.label.pack(fill=X)

def set(self, format):

self.label.config(text=format)

self.label.update_idletasks()

def clear(self):

self.label.config(text="")

self.label.update_idletasks()

$1(JXã4-8

ã 4-8: statusbar1.py �$1(J

ù�~f¥�k��w«9§éN´O\��w«9§Ã�Ò´O\��Label "

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o Tkinter ?§

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tkMessageBox �¬Jøéõ¼ê§^5Mï��{ü��Eµ"

�´�5¿§ØUE^�Eµ§Windows e�§SÒ²~�Ñ��Eµ§¯·�Ø��§�Ø�ý�òÑ§��r^r�¤ä�§��Ð��{´1�g�Ñ5é{µ§^r��AT�%§Ó�^r�±ÀJ±�Ø�2�Ñ5ù��é{µ"

�±w�etkMessageBox.py � §S§á�h<§v��ùoá�§S�±�¤ùoõ�¯�§¦+�õê¯�Ñ´Tk ��"

�±$1

python /usr/lib/python2.2/lib-tk/tkMessageBox.py

w�¦�ÿÁ§S"

ù��¬Jø�e¼ê:

showinfo, showwarning, showerror,

askquestion, askokcancel, askyesno, Úaskretryignore.

¦��N^�{Ñ��"

tkMessageBox.function(title, message [, options]).

title ´IK"message ´�w«�^r�&E"

option k±e�ÀJ:

default �±´ABORT, RETRY, IGNORE, OK, CANCEL,YES,½öNOL«%@�^�e§=��UÜ��:"

icon L«¦^�o��IOãI"�±´ERROR, INFO,QUESTION, WARNING

message Ú1��ëêmessage ´��¿g"parent L«é{µ(å��§=��I�C¤�cI�"title Ú1��ëêtitle ´��¿g"type w«=�aUÜ§�±´ABORTRETRYIGNORE,

OK, OKCANCEL, RETRYCANCEL, YESNO,YESNOCANCEL"l �è�±w�§z��¼ê®²%@��Ðtype §ù��Ð?´Jp§S��Ö5"

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

{üêâÑ\

3tkSimpleDialg �¬¥§Jø��Ñ\{üêâ�{üé{µ"

tkSimpleDialog.askstring(title, prompt,[options])

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Ù¥µ

�kaq�tkSimpleDialog.askinteger ÚtkSimpleDialog.askfloat ^{Úþ¡��§XJ^rUCancel §@o�£None ùü�¼ê�kü�option �±ÀJ"minvalueÚmaxvalue ©OL«��§^u��^r3�½��SÑ\ê�"

�m©��é{µ

tkFileDialog �¬Jøü�¼ê:

tkFileDialog.askopenfilename

tkFileDialog.asksavefilename

¦^�{´:

tkFileDialog.askopenfilename(options)

tkFileDialog.asksavefilename(options)

�±¦^�option k:

o Tkinter ?§

Ð¶§@oÒgÄ\þù�*Ð¶¡"

openfile(filetypes=[("text file","*.txt")])

ÀJôÚ�é{µ

tkColorChooser �¬Jø��askcolor �¼ê^uJ«^rÑ\��ôÚ�"¦^�{´:

askcolor([color[,options]])

�^�options Xe:

color L«��ôÚ�§�±´��iÎG§�ÌôÚ½Â��ª§7L´“#rgb” “#rrggbb” “#rrrrggggbbbb”��ª"��±´��tuple Ù¥¹kn��§©OL«RGB �n�ØÓ©þ"ù�ôÚ�Ú1��ëê´��¿g§�²Ð©ôÚ�"

parent Óþ"title I�IK"�£�´��tuple§Ù¥kü��§1��´^tuple L�ôÚ��ª§1��´^

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g½Âé{µ

x �±þé{µØ÷v�¦��ÿ§�±¦^tkSimpleDialog �¬¥Jø�Dialog a"�±�wtkSimpleDialog.py � �è§�Ø´AOE,"

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

¦^�{é{ü"Dialog aU«Toplevel §¤±¦�´��I�é�"

we¡�~finputpassword.py

#inputpassword.py

from tkSimpleDialog import *

class DlgInputPassword(Dialog):

def body(self,master):

Label(master,text="user name:").grid(row=0,column=0)

Label(master,text="password :").grid(row=1,column=0)

self.username = Entry(master)

self.username.grid(row=0,column=1)

self.password = Entry(master)

self.password.grid(row=1,column=1)

def apply(self):

self.result = self.username.get() , self.password.get()

def validate(self):

return 0

root = Tk()

d=DlgInputPassword(root)

print d.result

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ã 4-9: inputpassword.py �$1(J

Ù¥�body ¼ê§Úapply ¼ê"kùü�¼êÒ�±�¤��õU�ö�"body ¼ê^5Mïé{µ¥�z��widget §�´Ø�¹OK ÚCancel UÜ"

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�k��¼êvalidate()�±�"vk?Ûëê"validate() ù�¼ê^5�ä^rÑ\�&E´Ä÷v�¦§�^rUOK UÜ��ÿ§Ò¬gÄN^ù�¼ê§XJù�¼ê�£1 §L«^rÑ\´÷vÜ6�¦�§ÒN^apply ��self.result ,��£"XJù�¼ê�£0§UOK �Øå�^"�Ð�^r��J«§w�^r��oØU�~�òÑ"

�k��buttonbox ¼ê�±�"�´vkõ{�ëê"ù�¼ê�%@Ä�´Mïü�UÜ§��´OK ��´Cancel "U�ù�¼ê�±Mï^rgC��UÜ/ª§ %@�ü�UÜ"Ó�§rOK UÜ�?n¼êÚself.ok �½§Cancel UÜ�?n¼êÚself.cancel �½"self.ok Úself.cancel ´ü�®²�Ð�%@¼ê"

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$ls #�c8¹�k�� demo.c

spammodule.c

$cat spammodule.c

static PyObject * /*¤k�Pythoné�Ñ´ù�a..*/

spam_system(PyObject * self, PyObject * args)

char *command;

int sts;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))

return NULL;

sts = system(command);

return Py_BuildValue("i", sts);

static PyMethodDef

SpamMethods[] = {

{"system", spam_system, METH_VARARGS,

"Execute a shell command."},

{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* L«L��(å */

void initspam(void)

Ê Python�*Ð

Py_InitModule("spam", SpamMethods);

·�F"ïá��module ¶i��spam§·�±ÏLspam.system(cmd) ��ª§�¤Úos.systemaq�ó�"

§��ÛCþ§SpamMethords "initspam´�¬Ð©z¼ê§�import��ÿ¬N^§§�´��·�¼ê"¶i´init + module_name�/ª§·��module ��spam"¦��umain ¼ê"¦�Ì�?Ö´Ï�python )ºì§·��spam ¥kõ��¼ê"Py_InitModule Ò´Zù�¯��"1��ëê´"spam" §L«module �¶¡"1��ëê´SpamMethords ´��L�§Ï�python §·��spam kõ��¼ê"SpamMethors �½�´�Û�·�Cþ§a.´PyMethodDef"

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• 1��iã´��¼ê��§spam_system§ù�¼ê��.�½�´

static PyObject *

spam_system(PyObject * self, PyObject * args);

�ÚMETH_VARARGS�éA"• 1n�iã´doc string§3python ¥�±ÏLspam.system.__doc__ ��"• � � � i ã ´ � � ÷(macro) § L « ¼ ê a . " lC� ó � * : 5w§Python ¥�¼êkü«§�«´~^�^tuple 5D4ëê§��´METH_VARARGSL«§�«´^dictionary 5D4ëê§�� keyword parameter§^METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDSL«"ùü�Macro Ò©OéAùü«¼ê"ü«�ª3C �ó¥éA�¼ê�.´Ø��"

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• argsL«D?5�ëê§´��tuple §5¿tuple 3C SÜ�´PyObject*

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PyArg_ParseTuple^5��ëê"Ù¥args ´D?5�ëê""s"L«�ª=��a.iÎG§sL«string a.§�kÙ§a."�¡�ëêÒ�Ú"s"¤�½�a.�·A"Ú"s"��·A�a.´char**§´��iÎ��"�Ò´`§Ø^·�gC5?�S�+n�¼ê§XJPython¥XÚ¼êPyArg_ParseTuple�~�£§@ocommandÒ��k��iÎG"XJ´�}§@oÒ�£NULL"�PyArg_ParseTuple �}��ÿ§¦¬gÄ�ÑÉ~�§Ø^·�gC3?��ÑÉ~��è"ù�wÑÉ~Å��Ð?"

e¡Ò´N^system §ùÚC �ó?§vk�oü�"·�rsystem��£� sts ��·�¼ê��£�"Py_BuildValue()´^5Mï��python é�^�§�£��PyObject* §¦�1��ëê^5�²é��a.""i"L«integer"�¡�ëêÚëêa.��"ÄK¬�ÑÉ~§�£NULL"

·uy*ÐPython'^Python?§I�J�õ§Ò�?�°Ä§S�'ÊÏ�A^§SJ§Ï�Ø��éXÚN^)§��éö�XÚ�SÜk)"*ÐPython �´��§I�éPython�¢yÅ�k¤)"Ð§y3·��)¤·��module"^C�ó��module ´kü«�{\�Python ¥"�«´r��ÚPython � �è�å?È"3Unix²�e§é{ü§��3Modules/Setup.local¥\þ�1§

spam spammodule.o

,�§rspammodule"c ��Modules 8¹e¡Ò�±"#?ÈPython "ù��{kw ´��":§#?ÈPython �vk�oÐ �"

setup.py spammodule.c

$cat setup.py

from distutils.core import setup, Extension

module1 = Extension(’spam’,

sources = [’spammodule.c’])

setup (name = ’spam package’,

version = ’1.0’,

description = ’This is a spam package’,

ext_modules = [module1])

äN�¿g§�±ë�distulis �Ãþ"

$python setup.py build #?È

running build

running build_ext

Ê Python�*Ð

building ’spam’ extension

creating build

creating build/temp.linux-i686-2.2

gcc -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC \

-I/usr/include/python2.2 -c spammodule.c \

-o build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/spammodule.o

creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.2

gcc -shared build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/spammodule.o \

-o build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/spam.so

$ls #õ��build �f8¹build setup.py spammodule.c

$cp build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/spam.so . #��c8¹$python #$1python )ºìPython 2.2 (#1, Apr 12 2002, 15:29:57)

[GCC 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-109)] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> import spam #Ú\·�� module

>>> print spam.system.__doc__ #�w DOC string

Execute a shell command.

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强烈推荐Ann77+python

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福建医学科技奖推荐要求及 推荐材料常见问题与要点

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第三章：光的干涉 - USTClqcc.ustc.edu.cn/fwsun/Optics/3-01.pdf · 2017-09-26 · 成立的条件 • 传播介质为线性介质。 • 振动不十分强。在振动很强烈时，线性介质会变为非线性

福建医学科技奖推荐要求及推荐材料常见问题与要点

强震过后中国救援队第一个抵达 - xmwb.xinmin.cnxmwb.xinmin.cn/resfile/2015-04-27/A04/A04.pdf强震过后!中国救援队第一个抵达 #个中国民航航班抵尼接同胞!据中央电视台报道，尼泊尔发生强烈

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一、建设项目基本情况2018/06/11 · 生强烈反应对眼睛及上呼吸道有强烈的刺激作用，高浓度有麻痹作用，有致敏作用 LD50（大鼠经口）

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报名表 - Tsinghuaemba.sem.tsinghua.edu.cn/semcms_com_www/upload/article/image/20… · 荐人。推荐信必须由推荐人本人填写并签名，放入信封内，并在封口处签名交回报考人。推荐信由招

CVA 在线考试考生操作手册 · 器打开监控页面；安卓机型扫描二维码后，请直接登录鹰眼监控；强烈建议考生使用推荐的浏览器登录监控；如考生自行选用他浏览器导致监控

《遇见·你——艺坛名流访谈录》出版股权捐赠研讨会在沪举行...程为依据，以加强风险控制为重点，始终以强烈的使命感和高度的责任心，坚

「アグレッシブ烈子」シーズン3の予告編本日解禁...2020/08/07 · 「アグレッシブ烈子」シーズン3配信概要・タイトル：Netflixオリジナルアニメシリーズ『アグレッシブ烈子』シーズン3

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