Post on 20-Aug-2015
ΛNΛLIZING HΣDGΣ FUND RISKUSING
TRΛNSPΛRΣNCY ΛNΛLYTICS®
PLΛTFORM
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TEL: (212) 400‐7176FAX: (646) 512‐5819
EMAIL: CONTACT@RISK‐AI.COMWEBSITE: WWW.RISK‐AI.COM
RISK-AI, LLCRISK-AI, LLC
40 WALL STREET, 28TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY 10005‐1304
TEL: (212) 400‐7176FAX: (646) 512‐5819
EMAIL: CONTACT@RISK‐AI.COMWEBSITE: WWW.RISK‐AI.COM
1. Founded in 20082. Risk-AI offers risk management consulting and outsourcing services to Fund of Funds and Family Offices3. Recently released Transparency Analytics platform to our non-consulting clients.
OUR MANAGEMENT TEAMOUR MANAGEMENT TEAM
ALEKSEY MATIYCHENKO, CFA, FRM, CAIA - SENIOR PARTNER & CEO
ALEKSANDR MAZO, MCSE, CCA - PARTNER & COO
TRANSPARENCY ANALYTICS®TRANSPARENCY ANALYTICS®
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1. Risk Analysis and Research platform for investors managing multi fund/multi manager portfolios.2. Offered as Software as a Service (SaaS) platform.3. Includes subscription to major hedge fund database.
THIS WEBINARTHIS WEBINAR
1. This is not a live demo of Transparency Analytics platform.2. Focused on discussing concepts and methodologies.3. Includes screen shots from Transparency Analytics platform.
FOR LIVE DEMO/FREE TRIALFOR LIVE DEMO/FREE TRIAL
Contact Risk-AI at contact@risk-ai.com
THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM
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Analyzing hedge funds is akin to solving puzzles…
With missing pieces...
PIECES OF HEDGE FUND RISK ANALYSISPIECES OF HEDGE FUND RISK ANALYSIS
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Quantitative Analysis of Historical Track RecordQuantitative Analysis of Historical Track Record
Position/Exposure/Transparency AnalysisPosition/Exposure/Transparency Analysis
Due DiligenceDue Diligence
WHAT IS A HEDGE FUND?WHAT IS A HEDGE FUND?
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HEDGE FUND – OUR DEFINITIONHEDGE FUND – OUR DEFINITION
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Skill
Hedge Fund is an Investor that takes exposure to risk factors , applies leverage, uses skill and with some luck earns a profit.
Luck
EQUATION1
HEDGE FUND – OUR DEFINITIONHEDGE FUND – OUR DEFINITION
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Mathematically Hedge Fund is:
HF WiRiskFactorii1
N
Basic StatisticsTail Risk AnalysisRegime Analysis
Red Flags
Basic StatisticsTail Risk AnalysisRegime Analysis
Red Flags
Style AnalysisPeer AnalysisStyle AnalysisPeer Analysis
Style Analysis
Style Analysis
LEVERAGE LUCKSKILL
BASIC STATISTICS
STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSISSTEPS IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
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STLE ANALYSIS
REGIME ANALYSIS
TAIL RISK
RED FLAGS
Summary statistics of the fund’s performance
Analyze exposures to risk factors
Performance in different market regimes
Performance in extreme environments
Inconsistent behavior
PEER ANALYSIS Comparison of the Fund to the peers
Annualized Return
BASIC STATISTICSBASIC STATISTICS
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Standard Deviation
Annualized Std. Dev.
Semi Deviation
Downside Deviation
There are a lot of different statistics that can be calculated based on hedge fund returns. Some of these are shown below:
Sortino Ratio
Sharpe Ratio
Sterling Ratio
Skew
Kurtosis
Alpha/Beta
Maximum Drawdown
VAMI
Up Capture
Active Premium
Up %
Down %
VaR Adjusted
VaR
Down Capture
Serial Correlation
Information Ratio Omega Jensen Alpha
Not all of these are relevant. Our reports focus only on statistics we find most useful
Calmar Ratio Treynor Ratio ETL
BASIC STATISTICS EXPLANATIONSBASIC STATISTICS EXPLANATIONS
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Statistic Explanation
Annualized Return Average annualized return produced by the fund.
Annualized Volatility Annualized volatility of fund.
SkewSkew is measure of asymmetry in of the fund’s return distribution. Positive skew implies that returns above the mean are more likely than returns below the mean and vice versa. Normal distribution has a skew of 0.
Kurtosis Measures peakedness or fat tails of return distribution. High value of kurtosis suggests that the volatility of returns is driven by extreme / tail events. Normal distribution has a kurtosis of 3.0.
Serial CorrelationMeasures correlation between returns in successive months of the fund. High value of serial correlation may be indicative of return smoothing of investment in illiquid securities. In addition, Fixed income strategies often have higher value of serial correlation due to repetitive nature of coupon income,
Max Drawdown Measures the highest loss suffered by the fund from peak to trough.
Value At RiskMeasures the minimum loss that is likely to be suffered by the fund 95% of the time due to normal market fluctuations. Does not measure tail risk. Calculated using assumption of normal return distribution.
Value At Risk Adjusted VaR adjusted to incorporate Skew and Kurtosis of the return distribution. The adjustment is done using Cornish-Fisher formula.
ETL Measures losses likely to be suffered by the fund when such losses exceed VaR.
Sharpe Ratio Skill ratio that measures fund’s excess return per unit of risk (volatility)
BASIC STATISTICS in Transparency AnalyticsBASIC STATISTICS in Transparency Analytics
1. Summary of Basic Statistics2. Return Distribution3. Historical returns4. Drawdown Analysis5. Rolling Volatility Analysis
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WHY LIMIT OURSELVES?WHY LIMIT OURSELVES?
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Basic statistics provide a quick view into the fund, but do not explain fund performance and can be misleading. For example:
Downside / Upside deviation / Sortino Ratio.
Hedge fund analysts often say things such as “this fund is volatile, but the volatility is all on the up side”. They quote statistics such as Downside / Upside deviation and Sortino Ratio.
Why is it wrong ?
A fund that has not encountered any losses will have an infinitely high Sortino Ratio and downside volatility of 0. If the same fund experiences a significant increase in rolling volatility, an investor should be concerned with increased potential for losses.
What goes up…
DOWNSIDE VOLATILITY EXAMPLEDOWNSIDE VOLATILITY EXAMPLE
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This Fund is fictitious, but this example is not far fetched…
-60.00%
-50.00%
-40.00%
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
Monthly Return
DOWNSIDE VOLATILITY IS BASICALLY 0.0%
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
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This Fund is fictitious, but this example is not far fetched…
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Rolling 12 Month Volatility and Down VolatilutyAnnualized Volatilty Annualized Downside Volatility
Increase in Symmetrical Volatility would have pointed out change in
Risk Profile long before the drawdown…
Increase in Symmetrical Volatility would have pointed out change in
Risk Profile long before the drawdown…
ROLLING CHARTS
ANALYZING ROLLING VOLATILITYANALYZING ROLLING VOLATILITY
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Rolling charts are helpful in examining changes in the fund’s risk profile but suffer from slow changes
ANALYZING ROLLING VOLATILITYANALYZING ROLLING VOLATILITY
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CUMULATIVE SQUARED RETURN
CHARTAllows us to capture such changes quickly
PEER ANALYSISPEER ANALYSIS
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Peer Analysis helps fund’s returns into the context of strategy or similar funds.
Peer groups can be selected by:
1. Correlation Analysis
2. Cluster Analysis
3. Qualitative Classification
In Transparency Analytics we have two ways to set up Peer Groups:
1. Using most correlated peers approach
2. Manual Qualitative Classification (through a concept of universe)
PEER ANALYSIS – Snapshot ComparisonPEER ANALYSIS – Snapshot Comparison
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Snapshot analysis allows us to quickly compare performance, correlation and risk statistics over different overlapping periods.
PEER ANALYSIS – Compare Entire Return Distribution of All FundsPEER ANALYSIS – Compare Entire Return Distribution of All Funds
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Box Plots allow us to compare full return distribution of all peer funds
PEER ANALYSIS – Correlation & Leverage AnalysisPEER ANALYSIS – Correlation & Leverage Analysis
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This chart allows to analyze correlation (size of the circle) to peers and relative leverage (color) of the fund.
Compare Annualized Return (Y-axis) Annualized Volatility (X-axis) and relative leverage (size of circle) of most correlated peers.
EQUATION 2
STYLE ANALYSISSTYLE ANALYSIS
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Style Analysis helps explain the risk factors that influence the fund’s performance.
Style Analysis can be either Uni-Variate (e.g. CAPM), or Multi-Variate (e.g. APT). We prefer the Multi-Variate style. Analysis can be performed on either raw returns or excess returns.
E(Rfund ) iXii1
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STATIC & ROLLING ANALYSISSTATIC & ROLLING ANALYSIS
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It’s important to analyze overall exposure to risk factors as well as estimate changes in these exposures
PICKING RISK FACTORSPICKING RISK FACTORS
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Standard Risk Factors (Equity , Credit, Interest Rates, Volatility, Commodities, FX)
Economic Factors (Money supply, Merger Activity, etc.)
Hedge Fund Strategy Factors
Synthetic Factors (e.g. HML, SMB, PCA)
STEPWISE REGRESSIONSTEPWISE REGRESSION
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Stepwise Regression Analysis can be used to identify a subset of factors from a large pool of risk factors.
Analysts must be careful in setting the size of the pool. Choosing a pool that is too large is akin to throwing spaghetti at the wall. Something will always stick.
Statistical significance does not imply economic significance.
There is a positive correlation between performance of S&P 500 Index and snow falls in January (33%)
STEPWISE REGRESSION IN TRANSPARENCY ANALYTICSSTEPWISE REGRESSION IN TRANSPARENCY ANALYTICS
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EQUATION 3
FACTOR RISK ATTRIBUTIONFACTOR RISK ATTRIBUTION
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HF can be viewed as Portfolio of Risk Factors + Idiosyncratic Exposure. Therefore…
VolHF wt w
Where is a covariance of risk factors, w is fund’s exposure to risk factors (beta) and is idiosyncratic exposure
FACTOR RISK ATTRIBUTIONFACTOR RISK ATTRIBUTION
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We can, therefore, calculate each factor’s contribution to the fund’s return.
EQUATION 4-A – MULTIPLE FACTOS
NON-LINEAR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS - CONVEXITYNON-LINEAR SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS - CONVEXITY
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Style Analysis relies on linear regression.
We can, however, incorporate non linear factors into the analysis. One expansion of the model is to add factors that correspond to squared returns of our standard linear risk factors.
E(Rfund ) iXii1
N
iX2i
i1
N
E(Rfund ) X X 2
EQUATION 4-B – SINGLE FACTOR
INTERPRETATION?INTERPRETATION?
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Original Model Use - Market timing of Mutual Funds (Treynor-Mazuy model)
Hedge Funds trade in non-linear strategies so we cannot use the model to interpret as market timing.
Useful for:- Fund selection- Stress Test Analysis
REGIME ANALYSISREGIME ANALYSIS
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Market Regime Analysis provides information about the fund performance in various market environments.
Regime models can be useful in Monte Carlo simulations, stress tests and other analysis.
BUILDING REGIME MODELSBUILDING REGIME MODELS
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS1.Collect Risk Factor Time Series2.Group time series points based cluster analysis3.Examine groups and assign meaning (e.g. Flight to Quality, Treading Water, Bull Market)4.Classify every new point using Bayesian Analysis
DETERMINISTIC QUANTITATIVE RULE (E.G. LEVEL OF VIX).
DETERMINISTIC QUALITATIVE RULE (E.G. RECESSION, GROWTH)
EXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMESEXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES
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FACTOR RETURNS
EXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONSEXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONS
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CORRELATIONS
EXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONSEXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONS
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CORRELATIONS
EXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONSEXAMPLE: MODEL BASED ON THREE REGIMES - CORRELATIONS
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CORRELATIONS
MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS BASED ON REGIME SWITCHING MODELMONTE CARLO ANALYSIS BASED ON REGIME SWITCHING MODEL
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I. Identify regime model based on behavior of various risk factors (e.g. Treading Water, Flight to Quality, Bull Market).
II. Identify Expected Return model for the fund using specified risk factorsIII. Identify transition probability matrix IV. Identify average returns and covariance matrixes of the risk factors in
various regimes.V. Simulate regimes using starting regime and transition matrix.VI. Draw risk factor returns from multi variate distribution for each regimeVII.Calculate Expected Return for the fund based on expected return model.
REGIME MODEL - SIMULATIONREGIME MODEL - SIMULATION
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REGIME MODEL - SIMULATIONREGIME MODEL - SIMULATION
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TAIL RISK ANALYSISTAIL RISK ANALYSIS
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Stress Tests – Stress Tests are useful in estimating fund performance during either historical or theoretical scenarios.In absence of position data stress tests can be performed using Expected Return model calculated through either Uni-Variate or multi-variate regression.
We recommend adding the convexity calculation into the formula. Convexity calculation (described above)
In practice convexity analysis can be used with either Uni-Variate models or Multi-Variate models with limited number of variables.
E(Rfund ) iXistressi1
N
iX2istress
i1
N
E(Rfund ) iXistressi1
N
EQUATION 5
EQUATION 6
TAIL RISK ANALYSIS IN Transparency AnalyticsTAIL RISK ANALYSIS IN Transparency Analytics
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RED FLAG IDENTIFICATIONRED FLAG IDENTIFICATION
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Red flag identification is a tool that allows investors to quickly identify unusual patterns in the fund’s risk profile. We currently have six red flags calculated in TA.
FLAG DESCIPTION
High Serial Correlation High serial correlation maybe sign of return smoothing or illiquidity
High Beta to Strategy High beta to strategy Abs(Beta) > 3 is indicative of excessive leverage
Low Correlation to Strategy May be sign of misclassification
Volatility is too low Volatility that is too low (<2% on annualized basis) may be sign of fraud.
Abnormal Monthly Return (Historical) Return outside of historical s standard deviation range
Abnormal Monthly Return (strategy) Return that is either too low or too high compared to the peer group.
SAMPLE RED FLAG REPORT SAMPLE RED FLAG REPORT
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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – FUND RISK DASHBOARDPUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – FUND RISK DASHBOARD
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FINAL THOUGHTFINAL THOUGHT
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ALL MODELS ARE WRONG BUT SOME ARE USEFUL – George E. P. Box
CONTACT INFORMATIONCONTACT INFORMATION
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Σ Online: http://www.TransparencyAnalytics.com
http://www.Risk-AI.com
Σ Email: contact@risk-ai.comΣ Phone: (212) 400-7176
Σ Address:
Risk-AI, LLC
40 Wall Street, 28th Floor
New York, NY 10005